structuralcodes 0.0.1__py3-none-any.whl

structuralcodes/materials/constitutive_laws.py

@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+"""Collection of some standard constitutive laws."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations  # To have clean hints of ArrayLike in docs
+
+import typing as t
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
+
+from ..core.base import ConstitutiveLaw, Material
+
+
+class Elastic(ConstitutiveLaw):
+    """Class for elastic constitutive law."""
+
+    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = (
+        'concrete',
+        'steel',
+        'rebars',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, E: float, name: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize an Elastic Material.
+
+        Arguments:
+            E (float): The elastic modulus.
+
+        Keyword Arguments:
+            name (str): A descriptive name for the constitutive law.
+        """
+        name = name if name is not None else 'ElasticLaw'
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self._E = E
+        self._eps_su = None
+
+    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return stress given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        return self._E * eps
+
+    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the tangent."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        return np.ones_like(eps) * self._E
+
+    def __marin__(
+        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
+    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
+        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
+        simply formatted way.
+
+        Arguments:
+            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
+                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
+
+        Example:
+            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
+            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
+        """
+        strains = None
+        a0 = self._E * strain[0]
+        a1 = self._E * strain[1]
+        coeff = [(a0, a1)]
+        return strains, coeff
+
+    def get_ultimate_strain(self, **kwargs) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Return the ultimate strain (positive and negative)."""
+        # There is no real strain limit, so set it to very large values
+        # unlesse specified by the user differently
+        del kwargs
+        return self._eps_su or (100, -100)
+
+    def set_ultimate_strain(
+        self, eps_su=t.Union[float, t.Tuple[float, float]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set ultimate strains for Elastic Material if needed.
+
+        Arguments:
+            eps_su (float or (float, float)): Defining ultimate strain if a
+                single value is provided the same is adopted for both positive
+                and negative strains.
+        """
+        if isinstance(eps_su, float):
+            self._eps_su = (abs(eps_su), -abs(eps_su))
+        elif isinstance(eps_su, tuple):
+            if len(eps_su) < 2:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Two values need to be provided when setting the tuple'
+                )
+            eps_su_p = eps_su[0]
+            eps_su_n = eps_su[1]
+            if eps_su_p < eps_su_n:
+                eps_su_p, eps_su_n = eps_su_n, eps_su_p
+            if eps_su_p < 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Positive ultimate strain should be non-negative'
+                )
+            if eps_su_n > 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Negative utimate strain should be non-positive'
+                )
+            self._eps_su = (eps_su_p, eps_su_n)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'set_ultimate_strain requires a single value or a tuple \
+                with  two values'
+            )
+
+
+class ElasticPlastic(ConstitutiveLaw):
+    """Class for elastic-plastic Constitutive Law."""
+
+    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = (
+        'steel',
+        'rebars',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        E: float,
+        fy: float,
+        Eh: float = 0.0,
+        eps_su: t.Optional[float] = None,
+        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize an Elastic-Plastic Material.
+
+        Arguments:
+            E (float): The elastic modulus.
+            fy (float): The yield strength.
+
+        Keyword Arguments:
+            Eh (float): The hardening modulus.
+            eps_su (float): The ultimate strain.
+            name (str): A descriptive name for the constitutive law.
+        """
+        name = name if name is not None else 'ElasticPlasticLaw'
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        if E > 0:
+            self._E = E
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Elastic modulus E must be greater than zero')
+        self._fy = fy
+        self._Eh = Eh
+        self._eps_su = eps_su
+        self._eps_sy = fy / E
+
+    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the stress given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # Preprocess eps array in order
+        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
+        # Compute stress
+        sig = self._E * eps
+        delta_sig = self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
+        sig[sig < -self._fy] = eps[sig < -self._fy] * self._Eh - delta_sig
+        sig[sig > self._fy] = eps[sig > self._fy] * self._Eh + delta_sig
+        if self._eps_su is not None:
+            sig[eps > self._eps_su] = 0
+            sig[eps < -self._eps_su] = 0  # pylint: disable=E1130
+        return sig
+
+    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the tangent for given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        tangent = np.ones_like(eps) * self._E
+        tangent[eps > self._eps_sy] = self._Eh
+        tangent[eps < -self._eps_sy] = self._Eh
+
+        return tangent
+
+    def __marin__(
+        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
+    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
+        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
+        simply formatted way.
+
+        Arguments:
+            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
+                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
+
+        Example:
+            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
+            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
+        """
+        strains = []
+        coeff = []
+        eps_sy_p, eps_sy_n = self.get_ultimate_strain(yielding=True)
+        eps_su_p, eps_su_n = self.get_ultimate_strain()
+        if strain[1] == 0:
+            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
+            # Understand in which branch are we
+            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
+            if strain[0] > eps_sy_p and strain[0] <= eps_su_p:
+                # We are in the Hardening part positive
+                strains = None
+                a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] + self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
+                a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
+                coeff.append((a0, a1))
+            elif strain[0] < eps_sy_n and strain[0] >= eps_su_n:
+                # We are in the Hardening part negative
+                strains = None
+                a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] - self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
+                a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
+                coeff.append((a0, a1))
+            elif abs(strain[0]) <= self._eps_sy:
+                # We are in the elastic part
+                strains = None
+                a0 = self._E * strain[0]
+                a1 = self._E * strain[1]
+                coeff.append((a0, a1))
+            else:
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((0.0,))
+        else:
+            # Hardening part negative
+            strains.append((eps_su_n, eps_sy_n))
+            a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] - self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
+            a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
+            coeff.append((a0, a1))
+            # Elastic part
+            strains.append((eps_sy_n, eps_sy_p))
+            a0 = self._E * strain[0]
+            a1 = self._E * strain[1]
+            coeff.append((a0, a1))
+            # Hardening part positive
+            strains.append((eps_sy_p, eps_su_p))
+            a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] + self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
+            a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
+            coeff.append((a0, a1))
+        return strains, coeff
+
+    def get_ultimate_strain(
+        self, yielding: bool = False
+    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Return the ultimate strain (positive and negative)."""
+        if yielding:
+            return (self._eps_sy, -self._eps_sy)
+        # If not specified eps
+        if self._eps_su is None:
+            return (self._eps_sy * 2, -self._eps_sy * 2)
+        return (self._eps_su, -self._eps_su)
+
+
+class ParabolaRectangle(ConstitutiveLaw):
+    """Class for parabola rectangle constitutive law.
+
+    The stresses and strains are assumed negative in compression and positive
+    in tension.
+    """
+
+    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fc: float,
+        eps_0: float = -0.002,
+        eps_u: float = -0.0035,
+        n: float = 2.0,
+        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Parabola-Rectangle Material.
+
+        Arguments:
+            fc (float): The strength of concrete in compression.
+
+        Keyword Arguments:
+            eps_0 (float): Peak strain of concrete in compression. Default
+                value = -0.002.
+            eps_u (float): Ultimate strain of concrete in compression. Default
+                value = -0.0035.
+            n (float): Exponent for the pre-peak branch. Default value = 2.
+            name (str): A name for the constitutive law.
+        """
+        name = name if name is not None else 'ParabolaRectangleLaw'
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self._fc = -abs(fc)
+        self._eps_0 = -abs(eps_0)
+        self._eps_u = -abs(eps_u)
+        self._n = n
+
+    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the stress given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # Preprocess eps array in order
+        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
+        # Compute stress
+        sig = np.zeros_like(eps)
+        # Parabolic branch
+        sig[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] = self._fc * (
+            1
+            - (1 - (eps[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] / self._eps_0))
+            ** self._n
+        )
+        # Rectangle branch
+        sig[eps < self._eps_0] = self._fc
+        # Zero elsewhere
+        sig[eps < self._eps_u] = 0
+        sig[eps > 0] = 0
+        return sig
+
+    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the tangent given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # parabolic branch
+        tangent = np.zeros_like(eps)
+        tangent[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] = (
+            self._n
+            * self._fc
+            / self._eps_0
+            * (1 - (eps[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] / self._eps_0))
+            ** (self._n - 1)
+        )
+        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
+        tangent[eps < self._eps_0] = 0.0
+        tangent[eps > 0] = 0.0
+        return tangent
+
+    def __marin__(
+        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
+    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[float], t.List[float]]:
+        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
+        simply formatted way.
+
+        Arguments:
+            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
+                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
+
+        Example:
+            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
+            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
+        """
+        if self._n != 2:
+            # The constitutive law is not writtable as a polynomial,
+            # Call the generic distretizing method
+            return super().__marin__(strain=strain)
+
+        strains = []
+        coeff = []
+        if strain[1] == 0:
+            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
+            # understand in which branch are we
+            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
+            if strain[0] > 0:
+                # We are in tensile branch
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((0.0,))
+            elif strain[0] > self._eps_0:
+                # We are in the parabolic branch
+                strains = None
+                a0 = (
+                    2
+                    * self._fc
+                    * strain[0]
+                    / self._eps_0
+                    * (1 - 0.5 * (strain[0] / self._eps_0))
+                )
+                a1 = (
+                    2
+                    * self._fc
+                    / self._eps_0
+                    * strain[1]
+                    * (1 - strain[0] / self._eps_0)
+                )
+                coeff.append((a0, a1, 0.0))
+            elif strain[0] >= self._eps_u:
+                # We are in the constant branch
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((self._fc,))
+            else:
+                # We are in a branch of non-resisting concrete
+                # Too much compression
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((0.0,))
+        else:
+            # Parabolic part
+            strains.append((self._eps_0, 0))
+            a0 = (
+                2
+                * self._fc
+                * strain[0]
+                / self._eps_0
+                * (1 - 0.5 * (strain[0] / self._eps_0))
+            )
+            a1 = (
+                2
+                * self._fc
+                / self._eps_0
+                * strain[1]
+                * (1 - strain[0] / self._eps_0)
+            )
+            a2 = -self._fc * strain[1] ** 2 / self._eps_0**2
+            coeff.append((a0, a1, a2))
+            # Constant part
+            strains.append((self._eps_u, self._eps_0))
+            coeff.append((self._fc,))
+        return strains, coeff
+
+    def get_ultimate_strain(
+        self, yielding: bool = False
+    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Return the ultimate strain (positive and negative)."""
+        if yielding:
+            return (100, self._eps_0)
+        return (100, self._eps_u)
+
+
+class BilinearCompression(ConstitutiveLaw):
+    """Class for Bilinear Elastic-PerfectlyPlastic Constitutive Law for
+    Concrete (only compression behavior).
+    """
+
+    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fc: float,
+        eps_c: float,
+        eps_cu: t.Optional[float] = None,
+        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a BilinearCompression Material.
+
+        Arguments:
+            fc (float): Compressive strength (negative number).
+            eps_c (float): Strain at compressive strength (pure number).
+
+        Keyword Arguments:
+            eps_cu (float): Ultimate strain (pure number).
+            name (str): A descriptive name for the constitutive law.
+        """
+        name = name if name is not None else 'BilinearCompressionLaw'
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self._fc = -abs(fc)
+        self._eps_c = -abs(eps_c)
+        self._eps_cu = -abs(eps_cu)
+        self._E = self._fc / self._eps_c
+
+    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the stress given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # Preprocess eps array in order
+        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
+        # Compute stress
+        sig = self._E * eps
+        sig[sig < self._fc] = self._fc
+        sig[eps > 0] = 0
+        sig[eps < self._eps_cu] = 0
+        return sig
+
+    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the tangent for given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        tangent = np.ones_like(eps) * self._E
+        tangent[eps < self._eps_c] = 0.0
+
+        return tangent
+
+    def __marin__(
+        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
+    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
+        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
+        simply formatted way.
+
+        Arguments:
+            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
+                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
+
+        Example:
+            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
+            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
+        """
+        strains = []
+        coeff = []
+        if strain[1] == 0:
+            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
+            # understand in which branch we are
+            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
+            if strain[0] > 0:
+                # We are in tensile branch
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((0.0,))
+            elif strain[0] > self._eps_0:
+                # We are in the linear branch
+                strains = None
+                a0 = self._E * strain[0]
+                a1 = self._E * strain[1]
+                coeff.append((a0, a1))
+            elif strain[0] >= self._eps_cu:
+                # We are in the constant branch
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((self._fc,))
+            else:
+                # We are in a branch of non-resisting concrete
+                # Too much compression
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((0.0,))
+        else:
+            # linear part
+            strains.append((self._eps_c, 0))
+            a0 = self._E * strain[0]
+            a1 = self._E * strain[1]
+            coeff.append((a0, a1))
+            # Constant part
+            strains.append((self._eps_cu, self._eps_c))
+            coeff.append((self._fc,))
+        return strains, coeff
+
+    def get_ultimate_strain(
+        self, yielding: bool = False
+    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Return the ultimate strain (positive and negative)."""
+        if yielding:
+            return (100, self._eps_c)
+        return (100, self._eps_cu)
+
+
+class Sargin(ConstitutiveLaw):
+    """Class for Sargin constitutive law.
+
+    The stresses and strains are assumed negative in compression and positive
+    in tension.
+
+    References:
+    Sargin, M. (1971), "Stress-strain relationship for concrete and the
+    analysis of structural concrete section, Study No. 4,
+    Solid Mechanics Division, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
+    """
+
+    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fc: float,
+        eps_c1: float = -0.0023,
+        eps_cu1: float = -0.0035,
+        k: float = 2.04,
+        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Sargin Material.
+
+        Arguments:
+            fc (float): The strength of concrete in compression
+
+        Keyword Arguments:
+            eps_c1 (float): Peak strain of concrete in compression. Default
+                value = -0.0023.
+            eps_u (float): Ultimate strain of concrete in compression. Default
+                value = -0.0035.
+            k (float): Plasticity number. Default value = 2.04.
+            name (str): A name for the constitutive law.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If k is less or equal to 0.
+
+        Note:
+            If positive values are input for fc, eps_c1 and eps_cu1 are input,
+            they will be assumed negative.
+        """
+        name = name if name is not None else 'SarginLaw'
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self._fc = -abs(fc)
+        self._eps_c1 = -abs(eps_c1)
+        self._eps_cu1 = -abs(eps_cu1)
+        self._k = k
+
+    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the stress given the strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # Preprocess eps array in order
+        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
+        # Compute stress
+        # Polynomial branch
+        eta = eps / self._eps_c1
+
+        sig = self._fc * (self._k * eta - eta**2) / (1 + (self._k - 2) * eta)
+
+        # Elsewhere stress is 0.0
+        sig[eps < self._eps_cu1] = 0.0
+        sig[eps > 0] = 0.0
+
+        return sig
+
+    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the tangent given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # polynomial branch
+        eta = eps / self._eps_c1
+
+        tangent = (
+            self._fc
+            / self._eps_c1
+            * ((2 - self._k) * eta**2 - 2 * eta + self._k)
+            / (1 + (self._k - 2) * eta) ** 2
+        )
+        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
+        tangent[eps < self._eps_cu1] = 0.0
+        tangent[eps > 0] = 0.0
+
+        return tangent
+
+    def get_ultimate_strain(
+        self, yielding: bool = False
+    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Return the ultimate strain (positive and negative)."""
+        if yielding:
+            return (100, self._eps_c1)
+        return (100, self._eps_cu1)
+
+
+class Popovics(ConstitutiveLaw):
+    """Class for Popovics-Mander constitutive law.
+
+    The stresses and strains are assumed negative in compression and positive
+    in tension.
+
+    If the relation Ec = 5000 * sqrt(fc) is used for elastic modulus, the
+    constitutive law is identical to the one proposed by Mander et al. (1988).
+
+    References:
+    Popovics, S., 1973, “A Numerical Approach to the Complete Stress-Strain
+    Curve of Concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research, 3(4), 583-599.
+
+    Mander, J.B., Priestley, M.J.N., Park, R., 1988, "Theoretical Stress-Strain
+    Model for Confined Concrete", Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(8),
+    1804-1826.
+    """
+
+    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fc: float,
+        eps_c: float = -0.002,
+        eps_cu: float = -0.0035,
+        Ec: t.Optional[float] = None,
+        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Popovics Material.
+
+        Arguments:
+            fc (float): the strength of concrete in compression
+
+        Keyword Arguments:
+            eps_c (float): Peak strain of concrete in compression. Default
+                value = -0.002.
+            eps_cu (float): Ultimate strain of concrete in compression. Default
+                value = -0.0035.
+            E (optional float): Elastic modulus of concrete. If None, the
+                equation Ec = 5000 * fc**0.5 proposed by Mander et al. (1988)
+                is adopted (fc in MPa). Default value = None.
+            name (str): A name for the constitutive law.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If E is less or equal to 0.
+
+        Note:
+            If positive values are input for fc, eps_c and eps_cu are input,
+            they will be assumed negative.
+        """
+        name = name if name is not None else 'PopovicsLaw'
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self._fc = -abs(fc)
+        self._eps_c = -abs(eps_c)
+        self._eps_cu = -abs(eps_cu)
+        if Ec is None:
+            # fc in MPa, relation of Mander et al. (1988)
+            Ec = 5000 * abs(fc) ** 0.5
+        if Ec <= 0:
+            raise ValueError('Elastic modulus must be a positive number.')
+        E_sec = self._fc / self._eps_c
+        self._n = Ec / (Ec - E_sec)
+
+    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the stress given the strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # Preprocess eps array in order
+        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
+        # Compute stress
+        # Compression branch
+        eta = eps / self._eps_c
+
+        sig = self._fc * eta * self._n / (self._n - 1 + eta**self._n)
+
+        # Elsewhere stress is 0.0
+        sig[eps < self._eps_cu] = 0.0
+        sig[eps > 0] = 0.0
+
+        return sig
+
+    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the tangent given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # Preprocess eps array in order
+        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
+        # Compression branch
+        eta = eps / self._eps_c
+
+        tangent = (
+            (1 - eta**self._n)
+            / (self._n - 1 + eta**self._n) ** 2
+            * self._n
+            * (self._n - 1)
+            * self._fc
+            / self._eps_c
+        )
+        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
+        tangent[eps < self._eps_cu] = 0.0
+        tangent[eps > 0] = 0.0
+
+        return tangent
+
+    def get_ultimate_strain(
+        self, yielding: bool = False
+    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Return the ultimate strain (positive and negative)."""
+        if yielding:
+            return (100, self._eps_c)
+        return (100, self._eps_cu)
+
+
+class UserDefined(ConstitutiveLaw):
+    """Class for a user defined constitutive law.
+
+    The curve is defined with positive and optionally negative values. After
+    the last value, the stress can go to zero to simulate failure (default), or
+    be maintained constante, or the last tanget or secant values may be
+    maintained indefinetely. The flag parameter controls this behavior.
+    """
+
+    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete', 'steel', 'rebars')
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        x: ArrayLike,
+        y: ArrayLike,
+        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        flag: int = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a UserDefined constitutive law.
+
+        Arguments:
+            x (ArrayLike): Data for strains.
+            y (ArrayLike): Data for stresses. Must be of same length as x.
+
+        Keyword Arguments:
+            name (Optional, str): A name for the constitutive law.
+            flag (Optional): A flag specifying the behavior after the last
+                point. Admissible values: 0 (default): stress drops to zero
+                after ultimate strain, 1: stress is mantained constant, 2:
+                last tangent is used, 3: last secant is used.
+        """
+        name = name if name is not None else 'UserDefinedLaw'
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        x = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(x))
+        y = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(y))
+        if len(x) != len(y):
+            raise ValueError('The two arrays should have the same length')
+        if not np.any(x < 0):
+            # User provided only positive part, reflect in negative
+            self._x = np.concatenate((-np.flip(x)[:-1], x))
+            self._y = np.concatenate((-np.flip(y)[:-1], y))
+        else:
+            # User gave both positive and negative parts
+            self._x = x
+            self._y = y
+        # Define what happens after last strain
+        if flag not in (0, 1, 2, 3):
+            raise ValueError('Flag can assume values 0, 1, 2 or 3.')
+        self._ultimate_strain_p = self._x[-1]
+        self._ultimate_strain_n = self._x[0]
+        if flag in (1, 2, 3):
+            x = np.insert(self._x, 0, self._x[0] * 100)
+            x = np.append(x, self._x[-1] * 100)
+            if flag == 1:
+                y = np.insert(self._y, 0, self._y[0])
+                y = np.append(y, self._y[-1])
+            elif flag == 2:
+                tangent_p = (self._y[-1] - self._y[-2]) / (
+                    self._x[-1] - self._x[-2]
+                )
+                tangent_n = (self._y[1] - self._y[0]) / (
+                    self._x[1] - self._x[0]
+                )
+                y = np.insert(
+                    self._y, 0, (x[0] - x[1]) * tangent_n + self._y[0]
+                )
+                y = np.append(y, (x[-1] - x[-2]) * tangent_p + self._y[-1])
+            elif flag == 3:
+                secant_p = self._y[-1] / self._x[-1]
+                secant_n = self._y[0] / self._x[0]
+                y = np.insert(
+                    self._y, 0, (x[0] - x[1]) * secant_n + self._y[0]
+                )
+                y = np.append(y, (x[-1] - x[-2]) * secant_p + self._y[-1])
+            self._x = x
+            self._y = y
+
+        # Compute slope of each segment
+        self._slopes = np.diff(self._y) / np.diff(self._x)
+
+    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the stress given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
+        # Preprocess eps array in order
+        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
+        # Compute stress
+        return np.interp(eps, self._x, self._y, left=0, right=0)
+
+    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
+        """Return the tangent given strain."""
+        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.array(eps))
+
+        # Find the segment index for each x value
+        indices = np.searchsorted(self._x, eps) - 1
+
+        # Check that indices are within vlaid range
+        indices = np.clip(indices, 0, len(self._slopes) - 1)
+
+        # Get the corresponding slopes
+        tangent = self._slopes[indices]
+
+        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
+        tangent[eps < self._x[0]] = 0.0
+        tangent[eps > self._x[-1]] = 0.0
+
+        return tangent
+
+    def __marin__(
+        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
+    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
+        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
+        simply formatted way.
+
+        Arguments:
+            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
+                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
+
+        Example:
+            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
+            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
+        """
+        strains = []
+        coeff = []
+        if strain[1] == 0:
+            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
+            # understand in which branch are we
+            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
+            found = False
+            for i in range(len(self._x) - 1):
+                if self._x[i] <= strain[0] and self._x[i + 1] >= strain[0]:
+                    strains = None
+                    stiffness = (self._y[i + 1] - self._y[i]) / (
+                        self._x[i + 1] - self._x[i]
+                    )
+                    a0 = stiffness * (strain[0] - self._x[i]) + self._y[i]
+                    a1 = stiffness * strain[1]
+                    coeff.append((a0, a1))
+                    found = True
+                    break
+            if not found:
+                strains = None
+                coeff.append((0.0,))
+        else:
+            for i in range(len(self._x) - 1):
+                # For each branch of the linear piecewise function
+                stiffness = (self._y[i + 1] - self._y[i]) / (
+                    self._x[i + 1] - self._x[i]
+                )
+                strains.append((self._x[i], self._x[i + 1]))
+                a0 = stiffness * (strain[0] - self._x[i]) + self._y[i]
+                a1 = stiffness * strain[1]
+                coeff.append((a0, a1))
+
+        return strains, coeff
+
+    def get_ultimate_strain(self, **kwargs) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Return the ultimate strain (positive and negative)."""
+        del kwargs
+        return (self._ultimate_strain_p, self._ultimate_strain_n)
+
+    def set_ultimate_strain(
+        self, eps_su=t.Union[float, t.Tuple[float, float]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set ultimate strains for Elastic Material if needed.
+
+        Arguments:
+            eps_su (float or (float, float)): Defining ultimate strain if a
+                single value is provided the same is adopted for both positive
+                and negative strains.
+        """
+        if isinstance(eps_su, float):
+            self._ultimate_strain_p = abs(eps_su)
+            self._ultimate_strain_n = -abs(eps_su)
+        elif isinstance(eps_su, tuple):
+            if len(eps_su) < 2:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Two values need to be provided when setting the tuple'
+                )
+            eps_su_p = eps_su[0]
+            eps_su_n = eps_su[1]
+            if eps_su_p < eps_su_n:
+                eps_su_p, eps_su_n = eps_su_n, eps_su_p
+            if eps_su_p < 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Positive ultimate strain should be non-negative'
+                )
+            if eps_su_n > 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Negative utimate strain should be non-positive'
+                )
+            self._ultimate_strain_p = eps_su_p
+            self._ultimate_strain_n = eps_su_n
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'set_ultimate_strain requires a single value or a tuple \
+                with  two values'
+            )
+
+
+CONSTITUTIVE_LAWS: t.Dict[str, ConstitutiveLaw] = {
+    'elastic': Elastic,
+    'elasticplastic': ElasticPlastic,
+    'elasticperfectlyplastic': ElasticPlastic,
+    'bilinearcompression': BilinearCompression,
+    'parabolarectangle': ParabolaRectangle,
+    'popovics': Popovics,
+    'sargin': Sargin,
+}
+
+
+def get_constitutive_laws_list() -> t.List[str]:
+    """Returns a list with valid keywords for constitutive law factory."""
+    return list(CONSTITUTIVE_LAWS.keys())
+
+
+def create_constitutive_law(
+    constitutive_law_name: str, material: Material
+) -> ConstitutiveLaw:
+    """A factory function to create the constitutive law.
+
+    Arguments:
+        constitutive_law_name (str): A string defining a valid constitutive law
+            type. The available keys can be get with the method
+            `get_constitutive_laws_list`.
+        material (Material): The material containing the properties needed for
+            the definition of the constitutive law.
+
+    Note:
+        For working with this facotry function, the material class
+        implementations need to provide special dunder methods (__elastic__,
+        __parabolarectangle__, etc.) needed for the specific material that
+        return the kwargs needed to create the corresponding constitutive
+        law object. If the special dunder method is not found an exception
+        will be raised.
+
+        If the consitutive law selected is not available for the specific
+        material, an exception will be raised.
+    """
+    law = None
+    const_law = CONSTITUTIVE_LAWS.get(constitutive_law_name.lower())
+    if const_law is not None:
+        method_name = f'__{constitutive_law_name}__'
+        # check if the material object has the special method needed
+        if hasattr(material, method_name):
+            method = getattr(material, method_name)
+            if callable(method):
+                # get the kwargs from the special dunder method
+                kwargs = method()
+                # create the constitutive law
+                law = const_law(**kwargs)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'Constitutive law {constitutive_law_name} not available for'
+                f' material {material.__class__.__name__}'
+            )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'Unknown constitutive law: {constitutive_law_name}')
+    return law