sqlspec 0.16.2__cp39-cp39-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sqlspec/builder/mixins/_merge_operations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+"""Merge operation mixins for SQL builders."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from mypy_extensions import trait
+from sqlglot import exp
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from sqlspec.exceptions import SQLBuilderError
+from sqlspec.utils.type_guards import has_query_builder_parameters
+
+__all__ = (
+    "MergeIntoClauseMixin",
+    "MergeMatchedClauseMixin",
+    "MergeNotMatchedBySourceClauseMixin",
+    "MergeNotMatchedClauseMixin",
+    "MergeOnClauseMixin",
+    "MergeUsingClauseMixin",
+)
+
+
+@trait
+class MergeIntoClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing INTO clause for MERGE builders."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def into(self, table: Union[str, exp.Expression], alias: Optional[str] = None) -> Self:
+        """Set the target table for the MERGE operation (INTO clause).
+
+        Args:
+            table: The target table name or expression for the MERGE operation.
+                   Can be a string (table name) or an sqlglot Expression.
+            alias: Optional alias for the target table.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        if self._expression is None:
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))
+        if not isinstance(self._expression, exp.Merge):
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))
+        self._expression.set("this", exp.to_table(table, alias=alias) if isinstance(table, str) else table)
+        return self
+
+
+@trait
+class MergeUsingClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing USING clause for MERGE builders."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def add_parameter(self, value: Any, name: Optional[str] = None) -> tuple[Any, str]:
+        """Add parameter - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def using(self, source: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any], alias: Optional[str] = None) -> Self:
+        """Set the source data for the MERGE operation (USING clause).
+
+        Args:
+            source: The source data for the MERGE operation.
+                    Can be a string (table name), an sqlglot Expression, or a SelectBuilder instance.
+            alias: Optional alias for the source table.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the current expression is not a MERGE statement or if the source type is unsupported.
+        """
+        if self._expression is None:
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))
+        if not isinstance(self._expression, exp.Merge):
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))
+
+        source_expr: exp.Expression
+        if isinstance(source, str):
+            source_expr = exp.to_table(source, alias=alias)
+        elif has_query_builder_parameters(source) and hasattr(source, "_expression"):
+            subquery_builder_parameters = source.parameters
+            if subquery_builder_parameters:
+                for p_name, p_value in subquery_builder_parameters.items():
+                    self.add_parameter(p_value, name=p_name)
+
+            subquery_exp = exp.paren(getattr(source, "_expression", exp.select()))
+            source_expr = exp.alias_(subquery_exp, alias) if alias else subquery_exp
+        elif isinstance(source, exp.Expression):
+            source_expr = source
+            if alias:
+                source_expr = exp.alias_(source_expr, alias)
+        else:
+            msg = f"Unsupported source type for USING clause: {type(source)}"
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+        self._expression.set("using", source_expr)
+        return self
+
+
+@trait
+class MergeOnClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing ON clause for MERGE builders."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def on(self, condition: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> Self:
+        """Set the join condition for the MERGE operation (ON clause).
+
+        Args:
+            condition: The join condition for the MERGE operation.
+                       Can be a string (SQL condition) or an sqlglot Expression.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the current expression is not a MERGE statement or if the condition type is unsupported.
+        """
+        if self._expression is None:
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))
+        if not isinstance(self._expression, exp.Merge):
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))
+
+        condition_expr: exp.Expression
+        if isinstance(condition, str):
+            parsed_condition: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(
+                condition, dialect=getattr(self, "dialect", None)
+            )
+            if not parsed_condition:
+                msg = f"Could not parse ON condition: {condition}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            condition_expr = parsed_condition
+        elif isinstance(condition, exp.Expression):
+            condition_expr = condition
+        else:
+            msg = f"Unsupported condition type for ON clause: {type(condition)}"
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+        self._expression.set("on", condition_expr)
+        return self
+
+
+@trait
+class MergeMatchedClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing WHEN MATCHED THEN ... clauses for MERGE builders."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def add_parameter(self, value: Any, name: Optional[str] = None) -> tuple[Any, str]:
+        """Add parameter - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _generate_unique_parameter_name(self, base_name: str) -> str:
+        """Generate unique parameter name - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _add_when_clause(self, when_clause: exp.When) -> None:
+        """Helper to add a WHEN clause to the MERGE statement.
+
+        Args:
+            when_clause: The WHEN clause to add.
+        """
+        if self._expression is None:
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))  # type: ignore[misc]
+        if not isinstance(self._expression, exp.Merge):
+            self._expression = exp.Merge(this=None, using=None, on=None, whens=exp.Whens(expressions=[]))  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+        whens = self._expression.args.get("whens")
+        if not whens:
+            whens = exp.Whens(expressions=[])
+            self._expression.set("whens", whens)
+
+        whens.append("expressions", when_clause)
+
+    def when_matched_then_update(
+        self,
+        set_values: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: Optional[Union[str, exp.Expression]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Define the UPDATE action for matched rows.
+
+        Supports:
+        - when_matched_then_update({"column": value})
+        - when_matched_then_update(column=value, other_column=other_value)
+        - when_matched_then_update({"column": value}, other_column=other_value)
+
+        Args:
+            set_values: A dictionary of column names and their new values to set.
+                        The values will be parameterized.
+            condition: An optional additional condition for this specific action.
+            **kwargs: Column-value pairs to update on match.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the condition type is unsupported.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        # Combine set_values dict and kwargs
+        all_values = dict(set_values or {}, **kwargs)
+
+        if not all_values:
+            msg = "No update values provided. Use set_values dict or kwargs."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+        update_expressions: list[exp.EQ] = []
+        for col, val in all_values.items():
+            if hasattr(val, "expression") and hasattr(val, "sql"):
+                # Handle SQL objects (from sql.raw with parameters)
+                expression = getattr(val, "expression", None)
+                if expression is not None and isinstance(expression, exp.Expression):
+                    # Merge parameters from SQL object into builder
+                    if hasattr(val, "parameters"):
+                        sql_parameters = getattr(val, "parameters", {})
+                        for param_name, param_value in sql_parameters.items():
+                            self.add_parameter(param_value, name=param_name)
+                    value_expr = expression
+                else:
+                    # If expression is None, fall back to parsing the raw SQL
+                    sql_text = getattr(val, "sql", "")
+                    # Merge parameters even when parsing raw SQL
+                    if hasattr(val, "parameters"):
+                        sql_parameters = getattr(val, "parameters", {})
+                        for param_name, param_value in sql_parameters.items():
+                            self.add_parameter(param_value, name=param_name)
+                    # Check if sql_text is callable (like Expression.sql method)
+                    if callable(sql_text):
+                        sql_text = str(val)
+                    value_expr = exp.maybe_parse(sql_text) or exp.convert(str(sql_text))
+            elif isinstance(val, exp.Expression):
+                value_expr = val
+            else:
+                column_name = col if isinstance(col, str) else str(col)
+                if "." in column_name:
+                    column_name = column_name.split(".")[-1]
+                param_name = self._generate_unique_parameter_name(column_name)
+                param_name = self.add_parameter(val, name=param_name)[1]
+                value_expr = exp.Placeholder(this=param_name)
+
+            update_expressions.append(exp.EQ(this=exp.column(col), expression=value_expr))
+
+        when_args: dict[str, Any] = {"matched": True, "then": exp.Update(expressions=update_expressions)}
+
+        if condition:
+            condition_expr: exp.Expression
+            if isinstance(condition, str):
+                parsed_cond: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(
+                    condition, dialect=getattr(self, "dialect", None)
+                )
+                if not parsed_cond:
+                    msg = f"Could not parse WHEN clause condition: {condition}"
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                condition_expr = parsed_cond
+            elif isinstance(condition, exp.Expression):
+                condition_expr = condition
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unsupported condition type for WHEN clause: {type(condition)}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            when_args["this"] = condition_expr
+
+        when_clause = exp.When(**when_args)
+        self._add_when_clause(when_clause)
+        return self
+
+    def when_matched_then_delete(self, condition: Optional[Union[str, exp.Expression]] = None) -> Self:
+        """Define the DELETE action for matched rows.
+
+        Args:
+            condition: An optional additional condition for this specific action.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the condition type is unsupported.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        when_args: dict[str, Any] = {"matched": True, "then": exp.Delete()}
+
+        if condition:
+            condition_expr: exp.Expression
+            if isinstance(condition, str):
+                parsed_cond: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(
+                    condition, dialect=getattr(self, "dialect", None)
+                )
+                if not parsed_cond:
+                    msg = f"Could not parse WHEN clause condition: {condition}"
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                condition_expr = parsed_cond
+            elif isinstance(condition, exp.Expression):
+                condition_expr = condition
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unsupported condition type for WHEN clause: {type(condition)}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            when_args["this"] = condition_expr
+
+        when_clause = exp.When(**when_args)
+        self._add_when_clause(when_clause)
+        return self
+
+
+@trait
+class MergeNotMatchedClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN ... clauses for MERGE builders."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def add_parameter(self, value: Any, name: Optional[str] = None) -> tuple[Any, str]:
+        """Add parameter - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _generate_unique_parameter_name(self, base_name: str) -> str:
+        """Generate unique parameter name - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _add_when_clause(self, when_clause: exp.When) -> None:
+        """Helper to add a WHEN clause to the MERGE statement - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def when_not_matched_then_insert(
+        self,
+        columns: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        values: Optional[list[Any]] = None,
+        condition: Optional[Union[str, exp.Expression]] = None,
+        by_target: bool = True,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Define the INSERT action for rows not matched.
+
+        Args:
+            columns: A list of column names to insert into. If None, implies INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or matching source columns.
+            values: A list of values corresponding to the columns.
+                    These values will be parameterized. If None, implies INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or subquery source.
+            condition: An optional additional condition for this specific action.
+            by_target: If True (default), condition is "WHEN NOT MATCHED [BY TARGET]".
+                       If False, condition is "WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE".
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If columns and values are provided but do not match in length,
+                             or if columns are provided without values.
+        """
+        insert_args: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if columns and values:
+            if len(columns) != len(values):
+                msg = "Number of columns must match number of values for INSERT."
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+            parameterized_values: list[exp.Expression] = []
+            for i, val in enumerate(values):
+                column_name = columns[i] if isinstance(columns[i], str) else str(columns[i])
+                if "." in column_name:
+                    column_name = column_name.split(".")[-1]
+                param_name = self._generate_unique_parameter_name(column_name)
+                param_name = self.add_parameter(val, name=param_name)[1]
+                parameterized_values.append(exp.var(param_name))
+
+            insert_args["this"] = exp.Tuple(expressions=[exp.column(c) for c in columns])
+            insert_args["expression"] = exp.Tuple(expressions=parameterized_values)
+        elif columns and not values:
+            msg = "Specifying columns without values for INSERT action is complex and not fully supported yet. Consider providing full expressions."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+        elif not columns and not values:
+            pass
+        else:
+            msg = "Cannot specify values without columns for INSERT action."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+        when_args: dict[str, Any] = {"matched": False, "then": exp.Insert(**insert_args)}
+
+        if not by_target:
+            when_args["source"] = True
+
+        if condition:
+            condition_expr: exp.Expression
+            if isinstance(condition, str):
+                parsed_cond: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(
+                    condition, dialect=getattr(self, "dialect", None)
+                )
+                if not parsed_cond:
+                    msg = f"Could not parse WHEN clause condition: {condition}"
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                condition_expr = parsed_cond
+            elif isinstance(condition, exp.Expression):
+                condition_expr = condition
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unsupported condition type for WHEN clause: {type(condition)}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            when_args["this"] = condition_expr
+
+        when_clause = exp.When(**when_args)
+        self._add_when_clause(when_clause)
+        return self
+
+
+@trait
+class MergeNotMatchedBySourceClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN ... clauses for MERGE builders."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def add_parameter(self, value: Any, name: Optional[str] = None) -> tuple[Any, str]:
+        """Add parameter - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _generate_unique_parameter_name(self, base_name: str) -> str:
+        """Generate unique parameter name - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _add_when_clause(self, when_clause: exp.When) -> None:
+        """Helper to add a WHEN clause to the MERGE statement - provided by QueryBuilder."""
+        msg = "Method must be provided by QueryBuilder subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def when_not_matched_by_source_then_update(
+        self,
+        set_values: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: Optional[Union[str, exp.Expression]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Define the UPDATE action for rows not matched by source.
+
+        This is useful for handling rows that exist in the target but not in the source.
+
+        Supports:
+        - when_not_matched_by_source_then_update({"column": value})
+        - when_not_matched_by_source_then_update(column=value, other_column=other_value)
+        - when_not_matched_by_source_then_update({"column": value}, other_column=other_value)
+
+        Args:
+            set_values: A dictionary of column names and their new values to set.
+            condition: An optional additional condition for this specific action.
+            **kwargs: Column-value pairs to update when not matched by source.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the condition type is unsupported.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        # Combine set_values dict and kwargs
+        all_values = dict(set_values or {}, **kwargs)
+
+        if not all_values:
+            msg = "No update values provided. Use set_values dict or kwargs."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+        update_expressions: list[exp.EQ] = []
+        for col, val in all_values.items():
+            if hasattr(val, "expression") and hasattr(val, "sql"):
+                # Handle SQL objects (from sql.raw with parameters)
+                expression = getattr(val, "expression", None)
+                if expression is not None and isinstance(expression, exp.Expression):
+                    # Merge parameters from SQL object into builder
+                    if hasattr(val, "parameters"):
+                        sql_parameters = getattr(val, "parameters", {})
+                        for param_name, param_value in sql_parameters.items():
+                            self.add_parameter(param_value, name=param_name)
+                    value_expr = expression
+                else:
+                    # If expression is None, fall back to parsing the raw SQL
+                    sql_text = getattr(val, "sql", "")
+                    # Merge parameters even when parsing raw SQL
+                    if hasattr(val, "parameters"):
+                        sql_parameters = getattr(val, "parameters", {})
+                        for param_name, param_value in sql_parameters.items():
+                            self.add_parameter(param_value, name=param_name)
+                    # Check if sql_text is callable (like Expression.sql method)
+                    if callable(sql_text):
+                        sql_text = str(val)
+                    value_expr = exp.maybe_parse(sql_text) or exp.convert(str(sql_text))
+            elif isinstance(val, exp.Expression):
+                value_expr = val
+            else:
+                column_name = col if isinstance(col, str) else str(col)
+                if "." in column_name:
+                    column_name = column_name.split(".")[-1]
+                param_name = self._generate_unique_parameter_name(column_name)
+                param_name = self.add_parameter(val, name=param_name)[1]
+                value_expr = exp.Placeholder(this=param_name)
+
+            update_expressions.append(exp.EQ(this=exp.column(col), expression=value_expr))
+
+        when_args: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "matched": False,
+            "source": True,
+            "then": exp.Update(expressions=update_expressions),
+        }
+
+        if condition:
+            condition_expr: exp.Expression
+            if isinstance(condition, str):
+                parsed_cond: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(
+                    condition, dialect=getattr(self, "dialect", None)
+                )
+                if not parsed_cond:
+                    msg = f"Could not parse WHEN clause condition: {condition}"
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                condition_expr = parsed_cond
+            elif isinstance(condition, exp.Expression):
+                condition_expr = condition
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unsupported condition type for WHEN clause: {type(condition)}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            when_args["this"] = condition_expr
+
+        when_clause = exp.When(**when_args)
+        self._add_when_clause(when_clause)
+        return self
+
+    def when_not_matched_by_source_then_delete(self, condition: Optional[Union[str, exp.Expression]] = None) -> Self:
+        """Define the DELETE action for rows not matched by source.
+
+        This is useful for cleaning up rows that exist in the target but not in the source.
+
+        Args:
+            condition: An optional additional condition for this specific action.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the condition type is unsupported.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        when_args: dict[str, Any] = {"matched": False, "source": True, "then": exp.Delete()}
+
+        if condition:
+            condition_expr: exp.Expression
+            if isinstance(condition, str):
+                parsed_cond: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(
+                    condition, dialect=getattr(self, "dialect", None)
+                )
+                if not parsed_cond:
+                    msg = f"Could not parse WHEN clause condition: {condition}"
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                condition_expr = parsed_cond
+            elif isinstance(condition, exp.Expression):
+                condition_expr = condition
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unsupported condition type for WHEN clause: {type(condition)}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            when_args["this"] = condition_expr
+
+        when_clause = exp.When(**when_args)
+        self._add_when_clause(when_clause)
+        return self

sqlspec/builder/mixins/_order_limit_operations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+"""Order, Limit, Offset and Returning operations mixins for SQL builders."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from mypy_extensions import trait
+from sqlglot import exp
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from sqlspec.builder._parsing_utils import parse_order_expression
+from sqlspec.exceptions import SQLBuilderError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sqlspec.protocols import SQLBuilderProtocol
+
+__all__ = ("LimitOffsetClauseMixin", "OrderByClauseMixin", "ReturningClauseMixin")
+
+
+@trait
+class OrderByClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing ORDER BY clause."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # Type annotation for PyRight - this will be provided by the base class
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def order_by(self, *items: Union[str, exp.Ordered], desc: bool = False) -> Self:
+        """Add ORDER BY clause.
+
+        Args:
+            *items: Columns to order by. Can be strings (column names) or sqlglot.exp.Ordered instances for specific directions (e.g., exp.column("name").desc()).
+            desc: Whether to order in descending order (applies to all items if they are strings).
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the current expression is not a SELECT statement or if the item type is unsupported.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        builder = cast("SQLBuilderProtocol", self)
+        if not isinstance(builder._expression, exp.Select):
+            msg = "ORDER BY is only supported for SELECT statements."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+        current_expr = builder._expression
+        for item in items:
+            if isinstance(item, str):
+                order_item = parse_order_expression(item)
+                if desc:
+                    order_item = order_item.desc()
+            else:
+                order_item = item
+            current_expr = current_expr.order_by(order_item, copy=False)
+        builder._expression = current_expr
+        return cast("Self", builder)
+
+
+@trait
+class LimitOffsetClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing LIMIT and OFFSET clauses."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # Type annotation for PyRight - this will be provided by the base class
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def limit(self, value: int) -> Self:
+        """Add LIMIT clause.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The maximum number of rows to return.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the current expression is not a SELECT statement.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        builder = cast("SQLBuilderProtocol", self)
+        if not isinstance(builder._expression, exp.Select):
+            msg = "LIMIT is only supported for SELECT statements."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+        builder._expression = builder._expression.limit(exp.convert(value), copy=False)
+        return cast("Self", builder)
+
+    def offset(self, value: int) -> Self:
+        """Add OFFSET clause.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The number of rows to skip before starting to return rows.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the current expression is not a SELECT statement.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        builder = cast("SQLBuilderProtocol", self)
+        if not isinstance(builder._expression, exp.Select):
+            msg = "OFFSET is only supported for SELECT statements."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+        builder._expression = builder._expression.offset(exp.convert(value), copy=False)
+        return cast("Self", builder)
+
+
+@trait
+class ReturningClauseMixin:
+    """Mixin providing RETURNING clause."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    # Type annotation for PyRight - this will be provided by the base class
+    _expression: Optional[exp.Expression]
+
+    def returning(self, *columns: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> Self:
+        """Add RETURNING clause to the statement.
+
+        Args:
+            *columns: Columns to return. Can be strings or sqlglot expressions.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the current expression is not INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current builder instance for method chaining.
+        """
+        if self._expression is None:
+            msg = "Cannot add RETURNING: expression is not initialized."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+        valid_types = (exp.Insert, exp.Update, exp.Delete)
+        if not isinstance(self._expression, valid_types):
+            msg = "RETURNING is only supported for INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements."
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+        returning_exprs = [exp.column(c) if isinstance(c, str) else c for c in columns]
+        self._expression.set("returning", exp.Returning(expressions=returning_exprs))
+        return self