sqlspec 0.16.1__cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sqlspec/_sql.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1780 @@
+"""Unified SQL factory for creating SQL builders and column expressions with a clean API.
+
+Provides both statement builders (select, insert, update, etc.) and column expressions.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union, cast
+
+import sqlglot
+from mypy_extensions import trait
+from sqlglot import exp
+from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import DialectType
+from sqlglot.errors import ParseError as SQLGlotParseError
+
+from sqlspec.builder import (
+    AlterTable,
+    Column,
+    CommentOn,
+    CreateIndex,
+    CreateMaterializedView,
+    CreateSchema,
+    CreateTable,
+    CreateTableAsSelect,
+    CreateView,
+    Delete,
+    DropIndex,
+    DropSchema,
+    DropTable,
+    DropView,
+    Insert,
+    Merge,
+    RenameTable,
+    Select,
+    Truncate,
+    Update,
+)
+from sqlspec.exceptions import SQLBuilderError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sqlspec.builder._column import ColumnExpression
+    from sqlspec.core.statement import SQL
+
+__all__ = (
+    "AlterTable",
+    "Case",
+    "Column",
+    "CommentOn",
+    "CreateIndex",
+    "CreateMaterializedView",
+    "CreateSchema",
+    "CreateTable",
+    "CreateTableAsSelect",
+    "CreateView",
+    "Delete",
+    "DropIndex",
+    "DropSchema",
+    "DropTable",
+    "DropView",
+    "Insert",
+    "Merge",
+    "RenameTable",
+    "SQLFactory",
+    "Select",
+    "Truncate",
+    "Update",
+    "WindowFunctionBuilder",
+    "sql",
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("sqlspec")
+
+MIN_SQL_LIKE_STRING_LENGTH = 6
+MIN_DECODE_ARGS = 2
+SQL_STARTERS = {
+    "SELECT",
+    "INSERT",
+    "UPDATE",
+    "DELETE",
+    "MERGE",
+    "WITH",
+    "CALL",
+    "DECLARE",
+    "BEGIN",
+    "END",
+    "CREATE",
+    "DROP",
+    "ALTER",
+    "TRUNCATE",
+    "RENAME",
+    "GRANT",
+    "REVOKE",
+    "SET",
+    "SHOW",
+    "USE",
+    "EXPLAIN",
+    "OPTIMIZE",
+    "VACUUM",
+    "COPY",
+}
+
+
+class SQLFactory:
+    """Unified factory for creating SQL builders and column expressions with a fluent API."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def detect_sql_type(cls, sql: str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> str:
+        try:
+            parsed_expr = sqlglot.parse_one(sql, read=dialect)
+            if parsed_expr and parsed_expr.key:
+                return parsed_expr.key.upper()
+            if parsed_expr:
+                command_type = type(parsed_expr).__name__.upper()
+                if command_type == "COMMAND" and parsed_expr.this:
+                    return str(parsed_expr.this).upper()
+                return command_type
+        except SQLGlotParseError:
+            logger.debug("Failed to parse SQL for type detection: %s", sql[:100])
+        except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError) as e:
+            logger.warning("Unexpected error during SQL type detection for '%s...': %s", sql[:50], e)
+        return "UNKNOWN"
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize the SQL factory.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Default SQL dialect to use for all builders.
+        """
+        self.dialect = dialect
+
+    # ===================
+    # Callable Interface
+    # ===================
+    def __call__(self, statement: str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "Any":
+        """Create a SelectBuilder from a SQL string, only allowing SELECT/CTE queries.
+
+        Args:
+            statement: The SQL statement string.
+            parameters: Optional parameters for the query.
+            *filters: Optional filters.
+            config: Optional config.
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect.
+            **kwargs: Additional parameters.
+
+        Returns:
+            SelectBuilder instance.
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the SQL is not a SELECT/CTE statement.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            parsed_expr = sqlglot.parse_one(statement, read=dialect or self.dialect)
+        except Exception as e:
+            msg = f"Failed to parse SQL: {e}"
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg) from e
+        actual_type = type(parsed_expr).__name__.upper()
+        expr_type_map = {
+            "SELECT": "SELECT",
+            "INSERT": "INSERT",
+            "UPDATE": "UPDATE",
+            "DELETE": "DELETE",
+            "MERGE": "MERGE",
+            "WITH": "WITH",
+        }
+        actual_type_str = expr_type_map.get(actual_type, actual_type)
+        if actual_type_str == "SELECT" or (
+            actual_type_str == "WITH" and parsed_expr.this and isinstance(parsed_expr.this, exp.Select)
+        ):
+            builder = Select(dialect=dialect or self.dialect)
+            builder._expression = parsed_expr
+            return builder
+        msg = (
+            f"sql(...) only supports SELECT statements. Detected type: {actual_type_str}. "
+            f"Use sql.{actual_type_str.lower()}() instead."
+        )
+        raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+    # ===================
+    # Statement Builders
+    # ===================
+    def select(self, *columns_or_sql: Union[str, exp.Expression, Column], dialect: DialectType = None) -> "Select":
+        builder_dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        if len(columns_or_sql) == 1 and isinstance(columns_or_sql[0], str):
+            sql_candidate = columns_or_sql[0].strip()
+            if self._looks_like_sql(sql_candidate):
+                detected = self.detect_sql_type(sql_candidate, dialect=builder_dialect)
+                if detected not in {"SELECT", "WITH"}:
+                    msg = (
+                        f"sql.select() expects a SELECT or WITH statement, got {detected}. "
+                        f"Use sql.{detected.lower()}() if a dedicated builder exists, or ensure the SQL is SELECT/WITH."
+                    )
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                select_builder = Select(dialect=builder_dialect)
+                return self._populate_select_from_sql(select_builder, sql_candidate)
+        select_builder = Select(dialect=builder_dialect)
+        if columns_or_sql:
+            select_builder.select(*columns_or_sql)
+        return select_builder
+
+    def insert(self, table_or_sql: Optional[str] = None, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "Insert":
+        builder_dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        builder = Insert(dialect=builder_dialect)
+        if table_or_sql:
+            if self._looks_like_sql(table_or_sql):
+                detected = self.detect_sql_type(table_or_sql, dialect=builder_dialect)
+                if detected not in {"INSERT", "SELECT"}:
+                    msg = (
+                        f"sql.insert() expects INSERT or SELECT (for insert-from-select), got {detected}. "
+                        f"Use sql.{detected.lower()}() if a dedicated builder exists, "
+                        f"or ensure the SQL is INSERT/SELECT."
+                    )
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                return self._populate_insert_from_sql(builder, table_or_sql)
+            return builder.into(table_or_sql)
+        return builder
+
+    def update(self, table_or_sql: Optional[str] = None, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "Update":
+        builder_dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        builder = Update(dialect=builder_dialect)
+        if table_or_sql:
+            if self._looks_like_sql(table_or_sql):
+                detected = self.detect_sql_type(table_or_sql, dialect=builder_dialect)
+                if detected != "UPDATE":
+                    msg = f"sql.update() expects UPDATE statement, got {detected}. Use sql.{detected.lower()}() if a dedicated builder exists."
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                return self._populate_update_from_sql(builder, table_or_sql)
+            return builder.table(table_or_sql)
+        return builder
+
+    def delete(self, table_or_sql: Optional[str] = None, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "Delete":
+        builder_dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        builder = Delete(dialect=builder_dialect)
+        if table_or_sql and self._looks_like_sql(table_or_sql):
+            detected = self.detect_sql_type(table_or_sql, dialect=builder_dialect)
+            if detected != "DELETE":
+                msg = f"sql.delete() expects DELETE statement, got {detected}. Use sql.{detected.lower()}() if a dedicated builder exists."
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            return self._populate_delete_from_sql(builder, table_or_sql)
+        return builder
+
+    def merge(self, table_or_sql: Optional[str] = None, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "Merge":
+        builder_dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        builder = Merge(dialect=builder_dialect)
+        if table_or_sql:
+            if self._looks_like_sql(table_or_sql):
+                detected = self.detect_sql_type(table_or_sql, dialect=builder_dialect)
+                if detected != "MERGE":
+                    msg = f"sql.merge() expects MERGE statement, got {detected}. Use sql.{detected.lower()}() if a dedicated builder exists."
+                    raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+                return self._populate_merge_from_sql(builder, table_or_sql)
+            return builder.into(table_or_sql)
+        return builder
+
+    # ===================
+    # DDL Statement Builders
+    # ===================
+
+    def create_table(self, table_name: str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "CreateTable":
+        """Create a CREATE TABLE builder.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Name of the table to create
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            CreateTable builder instance
+        """
+        builder = CreateTable(table_name)
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    def create_table_as_select(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "CreateTableAsSelect":
+        """Create a CREATE TABLE AS SELECT builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            CreateTableAsSelect builder instance
+        """
+        builder = CreateTableAsSelect()
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    def create_view(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "CreateView":
+        """Create a CREATE VIEW builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            CreateView builder instance
+        """
+        builder = CreateView()
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    def create_materialized_view(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "CreateMaterializedView":
+        """Create a CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            CreateMaterializedView builder instance
+        """
+        builder = CreateMaterializedView()
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    def create_index(self, index_name: str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "CreateIndex":
+        """Create a CREATE INDEX builder.
+
+        Args:
+            index_name: Name of the index to create
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            CreateIndex builder instance
+        """
+        return CreateIndex(index_name, dialect=dialect or self.dialect)
+
+    def create_schema(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "CreateSchema":
+        """Create a CREATE SCHEMA builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            CreateSchema builder instance
+        """
+        builder = CreateSchema()
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    def drop_table(self, table_name: str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "DropTable":
+        """Create a DROP TABLE builder.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Name of the table to drop
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            DropTable builder instance
+        """
+        return DropTable(table_name, dialect=dialect or self.dialect)
+
+    def drop_view(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "DropView":
+        """Create a DROP VIEW builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            DropView builder instance
+        """
+        return DropView(dialect=dialect or self.dialect)
+
+    def drop_index(self, index_name: str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "DropIndex":
+        """Create a DROP INDEX builder.
+
+        Args:
+            index_name: Name of the index to drop
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            DropIndex builder instance
+        """
+        return DropIndex(index_name, dialect=dialect or self.dialect)
+
+    def drop_schema(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "DropSchema":
+        """Create a DROP SCHEMA builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            DropSchema builder instance
+        """
+        return DropSchema(dialect=dialect or self.dialect)
+
+    def alter_table(self, table_name: str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "AlterTable":
+        """Create an ALTER TABLE builder.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Name of the table to alter
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            AlterTable builder instance
+        """
+        builder = AlterTable(table_name)
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    def rename_table(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "RenameTable":
+        """Create a RENAME TABLE builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            RenameTable builder instance
+        """
+        builder = RenameTable()
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    def comment_on(self, dialect: DialectType = None) -> "CommentOn":
+        """Create a COMMENT ON builder.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: Optional SQL dialect
+
+        Returns:
+            CommentOn builder instance
+        """
+        builder = CommentOn()
+        builder.dialect = dialect or self.dialect
+        return builder
+
+    # ===================
+    # SQL Analysis Helpers
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _looks_like_sql(candidate: str, expected_type: Optional[str] = None) -> bool:
+        """Efficiently determine if a string looks like SQL.
+
+        Args:
+            candidate: String to check
+            expected_type: Expected SQL statement type (SELECT, INSERT, etc.)
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the string appears to be SQL
+        """
+        if not candidate or len(candidate.strip()) < MIN_SQL_LIKE_STRING_LENGTH:
+            return False
+
+        candidate_upper = candidate.strip().upper()
+
+        if expected_type:
+            return candidate_upper.startswith(expected_type.upper())
+
+        # More sophisticated check for SQL vs column names
+        # Column names that start with SQL keywords are common (user_id, insert_date, etc.)
+        if any(candidate_upper.startswith(starter) for starter in SQL_STARTERS):
+            # Additional checks to distinguish real SQL from column names:
+            # 1. Real SQL typically has spaces (SELECT ... FROM, INSERT INTO, etc.)
+            # 2. Check for common SQL syntax patterns
+            return " " in candidate
+
+        return False
+
+    def _populate_insert_from_sql(self, builder: "Insert", sql_string: str) -> "Insert":
+        """Parse SQL string and populate INSERT builder using SQLGlot directly."""
+        try:
+            # Use SQLGlot directly for parsing - no validation here
+            parsed_expr = exp.maybe_parse(sql_string, dialect=self.dialect)  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
+
+            if isinstance(parsed_expr, exp.Insert):
+                builder._expression = parsed_expr
+                return builder
+
+            if isinstance(parsed_expr, exp.Select):
+                # The actual conversion logic can be handled by the builder itself
+                logger.info("Detected SELECT statement for INSERT - may need target table specification")
+                return builder
+
+            # For other statement types, just return the builder as-is
+            logger.warning("Cannot create INSERT from %s statement", type(parsed_expr).__name__)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning("Failed to parse INSERT SQL, falling back to traditional mode: %s", e)
+        return builder
+
+    def _populate_select_from_sql(self, builder: "Select", sql_string: str) -> "Select":
+        """Parse SQL string and populate SELECT builder using SQLGlot directly."""
+        try:
+            # Use SQLGlot directly for parsing - no validation here
+            parsed_expr = exp.maybe_parse(sql_string, dialect=self.dialect)  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
+
+            if isinstance(parsed_expr, exp.Select):
+                builder._expression = parsed_expr
+                return builder
+
+            logger.warning("Cannot create SELECT from %s statement", type(parsed_expr).__name__)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning("Failed to parse SELECT SQL, falling back to traditional mode: %s", e)
+        return builder
+
+    def _populate_update_from_sql(self, builder: "Update", sql_string: str) -> "Update":
+        """Parse SQL string and populate UPDATE builder using SQLGlot directly."""
+        try:
+            # Use SQLGlot directly for parsing - no validation here
+            parsed_expr = exp.maybe_parse(sql_string, dialect=self.dialect)  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
+
+            if isinstance(parsed_expr, exp.Update):
+                builder._expression = parsed_expr
+                return builder
+
+            logger.warning("Cannot create UPDATE from %s statement", type(parsed_expr).__name__)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning("Failed to parse UPDATE SQL, falling back to traditional mode: %s", e)
+        return builder
+
+    def _populate_delete_from_sql(self, builder: "Delete", sql_string: str) -> "Delete":
+        """Parse SQL string and populate DELETE builder using SQLGlot directly."""
+        try:
+            # Use SQLGlot directly for parsing - no validation here
+            parsed_expr = exp.maybe_parse(sql_string, dialect=self.dialect)  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
+
+            if isinstance(parsed_expr, exp.Delete):
+                builder._expression = parsed_expr
+                return builder
+
+            logger.warning("Cannot create DELETE from %s statement", type(parsed_expr).__name__)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning("Failed to parse DELETE SQL, falling back to traditional mode: %s", e)
+        return builder
+
+    def _populate_merge_from_sql(self, builder: "Merge", sql_string: str) -> "Merge":
+        """Parse SQL string and populate MERGE builder using SQLGlot directly."""
+        try:
+            # Use SQLGlot directly for parsing - no validation here
+            parsed_expr = exp.maybe_parse(sql_string, dialect=self.dialect)  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
+
+            if isinstance(parsed_expr, exp.Merge):
+                builder._expression = parsed_expr
+                return builder
+
+            logger.warning("Cannot create MERGE from %s statement", type(parsed_expr).__name__)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning("Failed to parse MERGE SQL, falling back to traditional mode: %s", e)
+        return builder
+
+    # ===================
+    # Column References
+    # ===================
+
+    def column(self, name: str, table: Optional[str] = None) -> Column:
+        """Create a column reference.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Column name.
+            table: Optional table name.
+
+        Returns:
+            Column object that supports method chaining and operator overloading.
+        """
+        return Column(name, table)
+
+    @property
+    def case_(self) -> "Case":
+        """Create a CASE expression builder with improved syntax.
+
+        Returns:
+            Case builder instance for fluent CASE expression building.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            case_expr = (
+                sql.case_.when("x = 1", "one")
+                .when("x = 2", "two")
+                .else_("other")
+                .end()
+            )
+            aliased_case = (
+                sql.case_.when("status = 'active'", 1)
+                .else_(0)
+                .as_("is_active")
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        return Case()
+
+    @property
+    def row_number_(self) -> "WindowFunctionBuilder":
+        """Create a ROW_NUMBER() window function builder."""
+        return WindowFunctionBuilder("row_number")
+
+    @property
+    def rank_(self) -> "WindowFunctionBuilder":
+        """Create a RANK() window function builder."""
+        return WindowFunctionBuilder("rank")
+
+    @property
+    def dense_rank_(self) -> "WindowFunctionBuilder":
+        """Create a DENSE_RANK() window function builder."""
+        return WindowFunctionBuilder("dense_rank")
+
+    @property
+    def lag_(self) -> "WindowFunctionBuilder":
+        """Create a LAG() window function builder."""
+        return WindowFunctionBuilder("lag")
+
+    @property
+    def lead_(self) -> "WindowFunctionBuilder":
+        """Create a LEAD() window function builder."""
+        return WindowFunctionBuilder("lead")
+
+    @property
+    def exists_(self) -> "SubqueryBuilder":
+        """Create an EXISTS subquery builder."""
+        return SubqueryBuilder("exists")
+
+    @property
+    def in_(self) -> "SubqueryBuilder":
+        """Create an IN subquery builder."""
+        return SubqueryBuilder("in")
+
+    @property
+    def any_(self) -> "SubqueryBuilder":
+        """Create an ANY subquery builder."""
+        return SubqueryBuilder("any")
+
+    @property
+    def all_(self) -> "SubqueryBuilder":
+        """Create an ALL subquery builder."""
+        return SubqueryBuilder("all")
+
+    @property
+    def inner_join_(self) -> "JoinBuilder":
+        """Create an INNER JOIN builder."""
+        return JoinBuilder("inner join")
+
+    @property
+    def left_join_(self) -> "JoinBuilder":
+        """Create a LEFT JOIN builder."""
+        return JoinBuilder("left join")
+
+    @property
+    def right_join_(self) -> "JoinBuilder":
+        """Create a RIGHT JOIN builder."""
+        return JoinBuilder("right join")
+
+    @property
+    def full_join_(self) -> "JoinBuilder":
+        """Create a FULL OUTER JOIN builder."""
+        return JoinBuilder("full join")
+
+    @property
+    def cross_join_(self) -> "JoinBuilder":
+        """Create a CROSS JOIN builder."""
+        return JoinBuilder("cross join")
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> "Column":
+        """Dynamically create column references.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Column name.
+
+        Returns:
+            Column object for the given name.
+
+        Note:
+            Special SQL constructs like case_, row_number_, etc. are now
+            handled as properties for better type safety.
+        """
+        return Column(name)
+
+    # ===================
+    # Raw SQL Expressions
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def raw(sql_fragment: str, **parameters: Any) -> "Union[exp.Expression, SQL]":
+        """Create a raw SQL expression from a string fragment with optional parameters.
+
+        This method makes it explicit that you are passing raw SQL that should
+        be parsed and included directly in the query. Useful for complex expressions,
+        database-specific functions, or when you need precise control over the SQL.
+
+        Args:
+            sql_fragment: Raw SQL string to parse into an expression.
+            **parameters: Named parameters for parameter binding.
+
+        Returns:
+            SQLGlot expression from the parsed SQL fragment (if no parameters).
+            SQL statement object (if parameters provided).
+
+        Raises:
+            SQLBuilderError: If the SQL fragment cannot be parsed.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # Raw expression without parameters (current behavior)
+            expr = sql.raw("COALESCE(name, 'Unknown')")
+
+            # Raw SQL with named parameters (new functionality)
+            stmt = sql.raw(
+                "LOWER(name) LIKE LOWER(:pattern)", pattern=f"%{query}%"
+            )
+
+            # Raw complex expression with parameters
+            expr = sql.raw(
+                "price BETWEEN :min_price AND :max_price",
+                min_price=100,
+                max_price=500,
+            )
+
+            # Raw window function
+            query = sql.select(
+                "name",
+                sql.raw(
+                    "ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC)"
+                ),
+            ).from_("employees")
+            ```
+        """
+        if not parameters:
+            # Original behavior - return pure expression
+            try:
+                parsed: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(sql_fragment)
+                if parsed is not None:
+                    return parsed
+                if sql_fragment.strip().replace("_", "").replace(".", "").isalnum():
+                    return exp.to_identifier(sql_fragment)
+                return exp.Literal.string(sql_fragment)
+            except Exception as e:
+                msg = f"Failed to parse raw SQL fragment '{sql_fragment}': {e}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg) from e
+
+        # New behavior - return SQL statement with parameters
+        from sqlspec.core.statement import SQL
+
+        return SQL(sql_fragment, parameters)
+
+    # ===================
+    # Aggregate Functions
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def count(column: Union[str, exp.Expression] = "*", distinct: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a COUNT expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to count (default "*").
+            distinct: Whether to use COUNT DISTINCT.
+
+        Returns:
+            COUNT expression.
+        """
+        if column == "*":
+            return exp.Count(this=exp.Star(), distinct=distinct)
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Count(this=col_expr, distinct=distinct)
+
+    def count_distinct(self, column: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a COUNT(DISTINCT column) expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to count distinct values.
+
+        Returns:
+            COUNT DISTINCT expression.
+        """
+        return self.count(column, distinct=True)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def sum(column: Union[str, exp.Expression], distinct: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a SUM expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to sum.
+            distinct: Whether to use SUM DISTINCT.
+
+        Returns:
+            SUM expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Sum(this=col_expr, distinct=distinct)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def avg(column: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create an AVG expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to average.
+
+        Returns:
+            AVG expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Avg(this=col_expr)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def max(column: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a MAX expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to find maximum.
+
+        Returns:
+            MAX expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Max(this=col_expr)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def min(column: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a MIN expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to find minimum.
+
+        Returns:
+            MIN expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Min(this=col_expr)
+
+    # ===================
+    # Advanced SQL Operations
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def rollup(*columns: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a ROLLUP expression for GROUP BY clauses.
+
+        Args:
+            *columns: Columns to include in the rollup.
+
+        Returns:
+            ROLLUP expression.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # GROUP BY ROLLUP(product, region)
+            query = (
+                sql.select("product", "region", sql.sum("sales"))
+                .from_("sales_data")
+                .group_by(sql.rollup("product", "region"))
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        column_exprs = [exp.column(col) if isinstance(col, str) else col for col in columns]
+        return exp.Rollup(expressions=column_exprs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def cube(*columns: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a CUBE expression for GROUP BY clauses.
+
+        Args:
+            *columns: Columns to include in the cube.
+
+        Returns:
+            CUBE expression.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # GROUP BY CUBE(product, region)
+            query = (
+                sql.select("product", "region", sql.sum("sales"))
+                .from_("sales_data")
+                .group_by(sql.cube("product", "region"))
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        column_exprs = [exp.column(col) if isinstance(col, str) else col for col in columns]
+        return exp.Cube(expressions=column_exprs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def grouping_sets(*column_sets: Union[tuple[str, ...], list[str]]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a GROUPING SETS expression for GROUP BY clauses.
+
+        Args:
+            *column_sets: Sets of columns to group by.
+
+        Returns:
+            GROUPING SETS expression.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((product), (region), ())
+            query = (
+                sql.select("product", "region", sql.sum("sales"))
+                .from_("sales_data")
+                .group_by(
+                    sql.grouping_sets(("product",), ("region",), ())
+                )
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        set_expressions = []
+        for column_set in column_sets:
+            if isinstance(column_set, (tuple, list)):
+                if len(column_set) == 0:
+                    set_expressions.append(exp.Tuple(expressions=[]))
+                else:
+                    columns = [exp.column(col) for col in column_set]
+                    set_expressions.append(exp.Tuple(expressions=columns))
+            else:
+                set_expressions.append(exp.column(column_set))
+
+        return exp.GroupingSets(expressions=set_expressions)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def any(values: Union[list[Any], exp.Expression, str]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create an ANY expression for use with comparison operators.
+
+        Args:
+            values: Values, expression, or subquery for the ANY clause.
+
+        Returns:
+            ANY expression.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # WHERE id = ANY(subquery)
+            subquery = sql.select("user_id").from_("active_users")
+            query = (
+                sql.select("*")
+                .from_("users")
+                .where(sql.id.eq(sql.any(subquery)))
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        if isinstance(values, list):
+            literals = [SQLFactory._to_literal(v) for v in values]
+            return exp.Any(this=exp.Array(expressions=literals))
+        if isinstance(values, str):
+            # Parse as SQL
+            parsed = exp.maybe_parse(values)  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
+            if parsed:
+                return exp.Any(this=parsed)
+            return exp.Any(this=exp.Literal.string(values))
+        return exp.Any(this=values)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def not_any_(values: Union[list[Any], exp.Expression, str]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a NOT ANY expression for use with comparison operators.
+
+        Args:
+            values: Values, expression, or subquery for the NOT ANY clause.
+
+        Returns:
+            NOT ANY expression.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # WHERE id <> ANY(subquery)
+            subquery = sql.select("user_id").from_("blocked_users")
+            query = (
+                sql.select("*")
+                .from_("users")
+                .where(sql.id.neq(sql.not_any(subquery)))
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        return SQLFactory.any(values)  # NOT ANY is handled by the comparison operator
+
+    # ===================
+    # String Functions
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def concat(*expressions: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a CONCAT expression.
+
+        Args:
+            *expressions: Expressions to concatenate.
+
+        Returns:
+            CONCAT expression.
+        """
+        exprs = [exp.column(expr) if isinstance(expr, str) else expr for expr in expressions]
+        return exp.Concat(expressions=exprs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def upper(column: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create an UPPER expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to convert to uppercase.
+
+        Returns:
+            UPPER expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Upper(this=col_expr)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def lower(column: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a LOWER expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to convert to lowercase.
+
+        Returns:
+            LOWER expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Lower(this=col_expr)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def length(column: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a LENGTH expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to get length of.
+
+        Returns:
+            LENGTH expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Length(this=col_expr)
+
+    # ===================
+    # Math Functions
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def round(column: Union[str, exp.Expression], decimals: int = 0) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a ROUND expression.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to round.
+            decimals: Number of decimal places.
+
+        Returns:
+            ROUND expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        if decimals == 0:
+            return exp.Round(this=col_expr)
+        return exp.Round(this=col_expr, expression=exp.Literal.number(decimals))
+
+    # ===================
+    # Conversion Functions
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _to_literal(value: Any) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Convert a Python value to a SQLGlot literal expression.
+
+        Uses SQLGlot's built-in exp.convert() function for optimal dialect-agnostic
+        literal creation. Handles all Python primitive types correctly:
+        - None -> exp.Null (renders as NULL)
+        - bool -> exp.Boolean (renders as TRUE/FALSE or 1/0 based on dialect)
+        - int/float -> exp.Literal with is_number=True
+        - str -> exp.Literal with is_string=True
+        - exp.Expression -> returned as-is (passthrough)
+
+        Args:
+            value: Python value or SQLGlot expression to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            SQLGlot expression representing the literal value.
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, exp.Expression):
+            return value
+        return exp.convert(value)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def decode(column: Union[str, exp.Expression], *args: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a DECODE expression (Oracle-style conditional logic).
+
+        DECODE compares column to each search value and returns the corresponding result.
+        If no match is found, returns the default value (if provided) or NULL.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to compare.
+            *args: Alternating search values and results, with optional default at the end.
+                  Format: search1, result1, search2, result2, ..., [default]
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If fewer than two search/result pairs are provided.
+
+        Returns:
+            CASE expression equivalent to DECODE.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # DECODE(status, 'A', 'Active', 'I', 'Inactive', 'Unknown')
+            sql.decode(
+                "status", "A", "Active", "I", "Inactive", "Unknown"
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+
+        if len(args) < MIN_DECODE_ARGS:
+            msg = "DECODE requires at least one search/result pair"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        conditions = []
+        default = None
+
+        for i in range(0, len(args) - 1, 2):
+            if i + 1 >= len(args):
+                # Odd number of args means last one is default
+                default = SQLFactory._to_literal(args[i])
+                break
+
+            search_val = args[i]
+            result_val = args[i + 1]
+
+            search_expr = SQLFactory._to_literal(search_val)
+            result_expr = SQLFactory._to_literal(result_val)
+
+            condition = exp.EQ(this=col_expr, expression=search_expr)
+            conditions.append(exp.When(this=condition, then=result_expr))
+
+        return exp.Case(ifs=conditions, default=default)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def cast(column: Union[str, exp.Expression], data_type: str) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a CAST expression for type conversion.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column or expression to cast.
+            data_type: Target data type (e.g., 'INT', 'VARCHAR(100)', 'DECIMAL(10,2)').
+
+        Returns:
+            CAST expression.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        return exp.Cast(this=col_expr, to=exp.DataType.build(data_type))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def coalesce(*expressions: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a COALESCE expression.
+
+        Args:
+            *expressions: Expressions to coalesce.
+
+        Returns:
+            COALESCE expression.
+        """
+        exprs = [exp.column(expr) if isinstance(expr, str) else expr for expr in expressions]
+        return exp.Coalesce(expressions=exprs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def nvl(column: Union[str, exp.Expression], substitute_value: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create an NVL (Oracle-style) expression using COALESCE.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to check for NULL.
+            substitute_value: Value to use if column is NULL.
+
+        Returns:
+            COALESCE expression equivalent to NVL.
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        sub_expr = SQLFactory._to_literal(substitute_value)
+        return exp.Coalesce(expressions=[col_expr, sub_expr])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def nvl2(
+        column: Union[str, exp.Expression],
+        value_if_not_null: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any],
+        value_if_null: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any],
+    ) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create an NVL2 (Oracle-style) expression using CASE.
+
+        NVL2 returns value_if_not_null if column is not NULL,
+        otherwise returns value_if_null.
+
+        Args:
+            column: Column to check for NULL.
+            value_if_not_null: Value to use if column is NOT NULL.
+            value_if_null: Value to use if column is NULL.
+
+        Returns:
+            CASE expression equivalent to NVL2.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # NVL2(salary, 'Has Salary', 'No Salary')
+            sql.nvl2("salary", "Has Salary", "No Salary")
+            ```
+        """
+        col_expr = exp.column(column) if isinstance(column, str) else column
+        not_null_expr = SQLFactory._to_literal(value_if_not_null)
+        null_expr = SQLFactory._to_literal(value_if_null)
+
+        # Create CASE WHEN column IS NOT NULL THEN value_if_not_null ELSE value_if_null END
+        is_null = exp.Is(this=col_expr, expression=exp.Null())
+        condition = exp.Not(this=is_null)
+        when_clause = exp.If(this=condition, true=not_null_expr)
+
+        return exp.Case(ifs=[when_clause], default=null_expr)
+
+    # ===================
+    # Bulk Operations
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def bulk_insert(table_name: str, column_count: int, placeholder_style: str = "?") -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create bulk INSERT expression for executemany operations.
+
+        This is specifically for bulk loading operations like CSV ingestion where
+        we need an INSERT expression with placeholders for executemany().
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Name of the table to insert into
+            column_count: Number of columns (for placeholder generation)
+            placeholder_style: Placeholder style ("?" for SQLite/PostgreSQL, "%s" for MySQL, ":1" for Oracle)
+
+        Returns:
+            INSERT expression with proper placeholders for bulk operations
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            from sqlspec import sql
+
+            # SQLite/PostgreSQL style
+            insert_expr = sql.bulk_insert("my_table", 3)
+            # Creates: INSERT INTO "my_table" VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+
+            # MySQL style
+            insert_expr = sql.bulk_insert(
+                "my_table", 3, placeholder_style="%s"
+            )
+            # Creates: INSERT INTO "my_table" VALUES (%s, %s, %s)
+
+            # Oracle style
+            insert_expr = sql.bulk_insert(
+                "my_table", 3, placeholder_style=":1"
+            )
+            # Creates: INSERT INTO "my_table" VALUES (:1, :2, :3)
+            ```
+        """
+        return exp.Insert(
+            this=exp.Table(this=exp.to_identifier(table_name)),
+            expression=exp.Values(
+                expressions=[
+                    exp.Tuple(expressions=[exp.Placeholder(this=placeholder_style) for _ in range(column_count)])
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def truncate(self, table_name: str) -> "Truncate":
+        """Create a TRUNCATE TABLE builder.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Name of the table to truncate
+
+        Returns:
+            TruncateTable builder instance
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            from sqlspec import sql
+
+            # Simple truncate
+            truncate_sql = sql.truncate_table("my_table").build().sql
+
+            # Truncate with options
+            truncate_sql = (
+                sql.truncate_table("my_table")
+                .cascade()
+                .restart_identity()
+                .build()
+                .sql
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        builder = Truncate(dialect=self.dialect)
+        builder._table_name = table_name
+        return builder
+
+    # ===================
+    # Case Expressions
+    # ===================
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def case() -> "Case":
+        """Create a CASE expression builder.
+
+        Returns:
+            CaseExpressionBuilder for building CASE expressions.
+        """
+        return Case()
+
+    # ===================
+    # Window Functions
+    # ===================
+
+    def row_number(
+        self,
+        partition_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+    ) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a ROW_NUMBER() window function.
+
+        Args:
+            partition_by: Columns to partition by.
+            order_by: Columns to order by.
+
+        Returns:
+            ROW_NUMBER window function expression.
+        """
+        return self._create_window_function("ROW_NUMBER", [], partition_by, order_by)
+
+    def rank(
+        self,
+        partition_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+    ) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a RANK() window function.
+
+        Args:
+            partition_by: Columns to partition by.
+            order_by: Columns to order by.
+
+        Returns:
+            RANK window function expression.
+        """
+        return self._create_window_function("RANK", [], partition_by, order_by)
+
+    def dense_rank(
+        self,
+        partition_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+    ) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Create a DENSE_RANK() window function.
+
+        Args:
+            partition_by: Columns to partition by.
+            order_by: Columns to order by.
+
+        Returns:
+            DENSE_RANK window function expression.
+        """
+        return self._create_window_function("DENSE_RANK", [], partition_by, order_by)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_window_function(
+        func_name: str,
+        func_args: list[exp.Expression],
+        partition_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[Union[str, list[str], exp.Expression]] = None,
+    ) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Helper to create window function expressions.
+
+        Args:
+            func_name: Name of the window function.
+            func_args: Arguments to the function.
+            partition_by: Columns to partition by.
+            order_by: Columns to order by.
+
+        Returns:
+            Window function expression.
+        """
+        func_expr = exp.Anonymous(this=func_name, expressions=func_args)
+
+        over_args: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if partition_by:
+            if isinstance(partition_by, str):
+                over_args["partition_by"] = [exp.column(partition_by)]
+            elif isinstance(partition_by, list):
+                over_args["partition_by"] = [exp.column(col) for col in partition_by]
+            elif isinstance(partition_by, exp.Expression):
+                over_args["partition_by"] = [partition_by]
+
+        if order_by:
+            if isinstance(order_by, str):
+                over_args["order"] = [exp.column(order_by).asc()]
+            elif isinstance(order_by, list):
+                over_args["order"] = [exp.column(col).asc() for col in order_by]
+            elif isinstance(order_by, exp.Expression):
+                over_args["order"] = [order_by]
+
+        return exp.Window(this=func_expr, **over_args)
+
+
+@trait
+class Case:
+    """Builder for CASE expressions using the SQL factory.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from sqlspec import sql
+
+        case_expr = (
+            sql.case()
+            .when(sql.age < 18, "Minor")
+            .when(sql.age < 65, "Adult")
+            .else_("Senior")
+            .end()
+        )
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the CASE expression builder."""
+        self._conditions: list[exp.If] = []
+        self._default: Optional[exp.Expression] = None
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> "ColumnExpression":  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Equal to (==) - convert to expression then compare."""
+        from sqlspec.builder._column import ColumnExpression
+
+        case_expr = exp.Case(ifs=self._conditions, default=self._default)
+        if other is None:
+            return ColumnExpression(exp.Is(this=case_expr, expression=exp.Null()))
+        return ColumnExpression(exp.EQ(this=case_expr, expression=exp.convert(other)))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """Make Case hashable."""
+        return hash(id(self))
+
+    def when(self, condition: Union[str, exp.Expression], value: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any]) -> "Case":
+        """Add a WHEN clause.
+
+        Args:
+            condition: Condition to test.
+            value: Value to return if condition is true.
+
+        Returns:
+            Self for method chaining.
+        """
+        cond_expr = exp.maybe_parse(condition) or exp.column(condition) if isinstance(condition, str) else condition
+        val_expr = SQLFactory._to_literal(value)
+
+        # SQLGlot uses exp.If for CASE WHEN clauses, not exp.When
+        when_clause = exp.If(this=cond_expr, true=val_expr)
+        self._conditions.append(when_clause)
+        return self
+
+    def else_(self, value: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any]) -> "Case":
+        """Add an ELSE clause.
+
+        Args:
+            value: Default value to return.
+
+        Returns:
+            Self for method chaining.
+        """
+        self._default = SQLFactory._to_literal(value)
+        return self
+
+    def end(self) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Complete the CASE expression.
+
+        Returns:
+            Complete CASE expression.
+        """
+        return exp.Case(ifs=self._conditions, default=self._default)
+
+    def as_(self, alias: str) -> exp.Alias:
+        """Complete the CASE expression with an alias.
+
+        Args:
+            alias: Alias name for the CASE expression.
+
+        Returns:
+            Aliased CASE expression.
+        """
+        case_expr = exp.Case(ifs=self._conditions, default=self._default)
+        return cast("exp.Alias", exp.alias_(case_expr, alias))
+
+
+@trait
+class WindowFunctionBuilder:
+    """Builder for window functions with fluent syntax.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from sqlspec import sql
+
+        # sql.row_number_.partition_by("department").order_by("salary")
+        window_func = (
+            sql.row_number_.partition_by("department")
+            .order_by("salary")
+            .as_("row_num")
+        )
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, function_name: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize the window function builder.
+
+        Args:
+            function_name: Name of the window function (row_number, rank, etc.)
+        """
+        self._function_name = function_name
+        self._partition_by_cols: list[exp.Expression] = []
+        self._order_by_cols: list[exp.Expression] = []
+        self._alias: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> "ColumnExpression":  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Equal to (==) - convert to expression then compare."""
+        from sqlspec.builder._column import ColumnExpression
+
+        window_expr = self._build_expression()
+        if other is None:
+            return ColumnExpression(exp.Is(this=window_expr, expression=exp.Null()))
+        return ColumnExpression(exp.EQ(this=window_expr, expression=exp.convert(other)))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """Make WindowFunctionBuilder hashable."""
+        return hash(id(self))
+
+    def partition_by(self, *columns: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> "WindowFunctionBuilder":
+        """Add PARTITION BY clause.
+
+        Args:
+            *columns: Columns to partition by.
+
+        Returns:
+            Self for method chaining.
+        """
+        for col in columns:
+            col_expr = exp.column(col) if isinstance(col, str) else col
+            self._partition_by_cols.append(col_expr)
+        return self
+
+    def order_by(self, *columns: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> "WindowFunctionBuilder":
+        """Add ORDER BY clause.
+
+        Args:
+            *columns: Columns to order by.
+
+        Returns:
+            Self for method chaining.
+        """
+        for col in columns:
+            if isinstance(col, str):
+                col_expr = exp.column(col).asc()
+                self._order_by_cols.append(col_expr)
+            else:
+                # Convert to ordered expression
+                self._order_by_cols.append(exp.Ordered(this=col, desc=False))
+        return self
+
+    def as_(self, alias: str) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Complete the window function with an alias.
+
+        Args:
+            alias: Alias name for the window function.
+
+        Returns:
+            Aliased window function expression.
+        """
+        window_expr = self._build_expression()
+        return cast("exp.Alias", exp.alias_(window_expr, alias))
+
+    def build(self) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Complete the window function without an alias.
+
+        Returns:
+            Window function expression.
+        """
+        return self._build_expression()
+
+    def _build_expression(self) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Build the complete window function expression."""
+        # Create the function expression
+        func_expr = exp.Anonymous(this=self._function_name.upper(), expressions=[])
+
+        # Build the OVER clause arguments
+        over_args: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if self._partition_by_cols:
+            over_args["partition_by"] = self._partition_by_cols
+
+        if self._order_by_cols:
+            over_args["order"] = exp.Order(expressions=self._order_by_cols)
+
+        return exp.Window(this=func_expr, **over_args)
+
+
+@trait
+class SubqueryBuilder:
+    """Builder for subquery operations with fluent syntax.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from sqlspec import sql
+
+        # sql.exists_(subquery)
+        exists_check = sql.exists_(
+            sql.select("1")
+            .from_("orders")
+            .where_eq("user_id", sql.users.id)
+        )
+
+        # sql.in_(subquery)
+        in_check = sql.in_(
+            sql.select("category_id")
+            .from_("categories")
+            .where_eq("active", True)
+        )
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, operation: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize the subquery builder.
+
+        Args:
+            operation: Type of subquery operation (exists, in, any, all)
+        """
+        self._operation = operation
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> "ColumnExpression":  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Equal to (==) - not typically used but needed for type consistency."""
+        from sqlspec.builder._column import ColumnExpression
+
+        # SubqueryBuilder doesn't have a direct expression, so this is a placeholder
+        # In practice, this shouldn't be called as subqueries are used differently
+        placeholder_expr = exp.Literal.string(f"subquery_{self._operation}")
+        if other is None:
+            return ColumnExpression(exp.Is(this=placeholder_expr, expression=exp.Null()))
+        return ColumnExpression(exp.EQ(this=placeholder_expr, expression=exp.convert(other)))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """Make SubqueryBuilder hashable."""
+        return hash(id(self))
+
+    def __call__(self, subquery: Union[str, exp.Expression, Any]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Build the subquery expression.
+
+        Args:
+            subquery: The subquery - can be a SQL string, SelectBuilder, or expression
+
+        Returns:
+            The subquery expression (EXISTS, IN, ANY, ALL, etc.)
+        """
+        subquery_expr: exp.Expression
+        if isinstance(subquery, str):
+            # Parse as SQL
+            parsed: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(subquery)
+            if not parsed:
+                msg = f"Could not parse subquery SQL: {subquery}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            subquery_expr = parsed
+        elif hasattr(subquery, "build") and callable(getattr(subquery, "build", None)):
+            # It's a query builder - build it to get the SQL and parse
+            built_query = subquery.build()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+            subquery_expr = exp.maybe_parse(built_query.sql)
+            if not subquery_expr:
+                msg = f"Could not parse built query: {built_query.sql}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+        elif isinstance(subquery, exp.Expression):
+            subquery_expr = subquery
+        else:
+            # Try to convert to expression
+            parsed = exp.maybe_parse(str(subquery))
+            if not parsed:
+                msg = f"Could not convert subquery to expression: {subquery}"
+                raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+            subquery_expr = parsed
+
+        # Build the appropriate expression based on operation
+        if self._operation == "exists":
+            return exp.Exists(this=subquery_expr)
+        if self._operation == "in":
+            # For IN, we create a subquery that can be used with WHERE column IN (subquery)
+            return exp.In(expressions=[subquery_expr])
+        if self._operation == "any":
+            return exp.Any(this=subquery_expr)
+        if self._operation == "all":
+            return exp.All(this=subquery_expr)
+        msg = f"Unknown subquery operation: {self._operation}"
+        raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+
+@trait
+class JoinBuilder:
+    """Builder for JOIN operations with fluent syntax.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from sqlspec import sql
+
+        # sql.left_join_("posts").on("users.id = posts.user_id")
+        join_clause = sql.left_join_("posts").on(
+            "users.id = posts.user_id"
+        )
+
+        # Or with query builder
+        query = (
+            sql.select("users.name", "posts.title")
+            .from_("users")
+            .join(
+                sql.left_join_("posts").on(
+                    "users.id = posts.user_id"
+                )
+            )
+        )
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, join_type: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize the join builder.
+
+        Args:
+            join_type: Type of join (inner, left, right, full, cross)
+        """
+        self._join_type = join_type.upper()
+        self._table: Optional[Union[str, exp.Expression]] = None
+        self._condition: Optional[exp.Expression] = None
+        self._alias: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> "ColumnExpression":  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Equal to (==) - not typically used but needed for type consistency."""
+        from sqlspec.builder._column import ColumnExpression
+
+        # JoinBuilder doesn't have a direct expression, so this is a placeholder
+        # In practice, this shouldn't be called as joins are used differently
+        placeholder_expr = exp.Literal.string(f"join_{self._join_type.lower()}")
+        if other is None:
+            return ColumnExpression(exp.Is(this=placeholder_expr, expression=exp.Null()))
+        return ColumnExpression(exp.EQ(this=placeholder_expr, expression=exp.convert(other)))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """Make JoinBuilder hashable."""
+        return hash(id(self))
+
+    def __call__(self, table: Union[str, exp.Expression], alias: Optional[str] = None) -> "JoinBuilder":
+        """Set the table to join.
+
+        Args:
+            table: Table name or expression to join
+            alias: Optional alias for the table
+
+        Returns:
+            Self for method chaining
+        """
+        self._table = table
+        self._alias = alias
+        return self
+
+    def on(self, condition: Union[str, exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
+        """Set the join condition and build the JOIN expression.
+
+        Args:
+            condition: JOIN condition (e.g., "users.id = posts.user_id")
+
+        Returns:
+            Complete JOIN expression
+        """
+        if not self._table:
+            msg = "Table must be set before calling .on()"
+            raise SQLBuilderError(msg)
+
+        # Parse the condition
+        condition_expr: exp.Expression
+        if isinstance(condition, str):
+            parsed: Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.maybe_parse(condition)
+            condition_expr = parsed or exp.condition(condition)
+        else:
+            condition_expr = condition
+
+        # Build table expression
+        table_expr: exp.Expression
+        if isinstance(self._table, str):
+            table_expr = exp.to_table(self._table)
+            if self._alias:
+                table_expr = cast("exp.Expression", exp.alias_(table_expr, self._alias))
+        else:
+            table_expr = self._table
+            if self._alias:
+                table_expr = cast("exp.Expression", exp.alias_(table_expr, self._alias))
+
+        # Create the appropriate join type using same pattern as existing JoinClauseMixin
+        if self._join_type == "INNER JOIN":
+            return exp.Join(this=table_expr, on=condition_expr)
+        if self._join_type == "LEFT JOIN":
+            return exp.Join(this=table_expr, on=condition_expr, side="LEFT")
+        if self._join_type == "RIGHT JOIN":
+            return exp.Join(this=table_expr, on=condition_expr, side="RIGHT")
+        if self._join_type == "FULL JOIN":
+            return exp.Join(this=table_expr, on=condition_expr, side="FULL", kind="OUTER")
+        if self._join_type == "CROSS JOIN":
+            # CROSS JOIN doesn't use ON condition
+            return exp.Join(this=table_expr, kind="CROSS")
+        return exp.Join(this=table_expr, on=condition_expr)
+
+
+# Create a default SQL factory instance
+sql = SQLFactory()