soothe-cli 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

soothe_cli/tui/config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2381 @@
+"""Configuration, constants, and model creation for the CLI."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import sys
+import threading
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import StrEnum
+from importlib.metadata import PackageNotFoundError, distribution
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from urllib.parse import unquote, urlparse
+
+from soothe_sdk import SOOTHE_HOME
+
+from soothe_cli.tui._version import __version__
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Lazy bootstrap: dotenv loading, LANGSMITH_PROJECT override, and start-path
+# detection are deferred until first access of `settings` (via module
+# `__getattr__`).  This avoids disk I/O and path traversal during import for
+# callers that never touch `settings` (e.g. `Soothe --help`).
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_bootstrap_done = False
+"""Whether `_ensure_bootstrap()` has executed."""
+
+_bootstrap_lock = threading.Lock()
+"""Guards `_ensure_bootstrap()` against concurrent access from the main thread
+and the prewarm worker thread."""
+
+_singleton_lock = threading.Lock()
+"""Guards lazy singleton construction in `_get_console` / `_get_settings`."""
+
+_bootstrap_start_path: Path | None = None
+"""Working directory captured at bootstrap time for dotenv and project discovery."""
+
+_original_langsmith_project: str | None = None
+"""Caller's `LANGSMITH_PROJECT` value before the CLI overrides it for agent traces.
+
+Captured inside `_ensure_bootstrap()` after dotenv loading but before the
+`LANGSMITH_PROJECT` override, so `.env`-only values are visible.
+"""
+
+
+def _find_dotenv_from_start_path(start_path: Path) -> Path | None:
+    """Find the nearest `.env` file from an explicit start path upward.
+
+    Args:
+        start_path: Directory to start searching from.
+
+    Returns:
+        Path to the nearest `.env` file, or `None` if not found.
+    """
+    current = start_path.expanduser().resolve()
+    for parent in [current, *list(current.parents)]:
+        candidate = parent / ".env"
+        try:
+            if candidate.is_file():
+                return candidate
+        except OSError:
+            logger.warning("Could not inspect .env candidate %s", candidate)
+            continue
+    return None
+
+
+# Global user-level .env (SOOTHE_HOME/.env); sentinel when Path.home() fails.
+try:
+    _GLOBAL_DOTENV_PATH = Path(SOOTHE_HOME) / ".env"
+except RuntimeError:
+    _GLOBAL_DOTENV_PATH = Path("/nonexistent/.soothe/.env")
+
+
+def _load_dotenv(*, start_path: Path | None = None) -> bool:
+    """Load environment variables from project and global `.env` files.
+
+    Loads in order (first write wins, `override=False`):
+
+    1. Project/CWD `.env` — project-specific values
+    2. `SOOTHE_HOME/.env` — global user defaults
+
+    Both layers use `override=False` (the python-dotenv default) so that
+    shell-exported variables always take precedence over dotenv files.
+    Because project loads first, the effective precedence is:
+
+    ```text
+    shell env (incl. inline `VAR=x`)  >  project `.env`  >  global `.env`
+    ```
+
+    !!! note
+
+        To scope credentials to the CLI without colliding with
+        identically-named shell exports, use the `SOOTHE_` env-var
+        prefix (see `resolve_env_var` in `soothe.model_config`).
+
+    Args:
+        start_path: Directory to use for project `.env` discovery.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` when at least one dotenv file was loaded, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    import dotenv
+
+    loaded = False
+
+    # 1. Project/CWD .env — loads first so project values are set before the
+    # global file, which can only fill in vars not already present.
+    dotenv_path: Path | str | None = None
+    try:
+        if start_path is None:
+            loaded = dotenv.load_dotenv(override=False) or loaded
+        else:
+            dotenv_path = _find_dotenv_from_start_path(start_path)
+            if dotenv_path is not None:
+                loaded = dotenv.load_dotenv(dotenv_path=dotenv_path, override=False) or loaded
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        logger.warning(
+            "Could not read project dotenv at %s; project env vars will not be loaded",
+            dotenv_path or start_path or "cwd",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+
+    # 2. Global (SOOTHE_HOME/.env) — fills in any vars not already set by
+    # the shell or the project dotenv.
+    # try/except wraps both is_file() and load_dotenv() to cover the TOCTOU
+    # window where the file can vanish between stat and open.
+    try:
+        if _GLOBAL_DOTENV_PATH.is_file() and dotenv.load_dotenv(
+            dotenv_path=_GLOBAL_DOTENV_PATH, override=False
+        ):
+            loaded = True
+            logger.debug("Loaded global dotenv: %s", _GLOBAL_DOTENV_PATH)
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        logger.warning(
+            "Could not read global dotenv at %s; global defaults will not be applied",
+            _GLOBAL_DOTENV_PATH,
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+
+    return loaded
+
+
+def _ensure_bootstrap() -> None:
+    """Run one-time bootstrap: dotenv loading and `LANGSMITH_PROJECT` override.
+
+    Idempotent and thread-safe — subsequent calls are no-ops. Called
+    automatically by `_get_settings()` when `settings` is first accessed.
+
+    The flag is set in `finally` so that partial failures (e.g. a
+    malformed `.env`) still mark bootstrap as done — preventing infinite retry
+    loops. Exceptions are caught and logged at ERROR level; the CLI proceeds
+    with the environment as-is.
+    """
+    global _bootstrap_done, _bootstrap_start_path, _original_langsmith_project  # noqa: PLW0603
+
+    if _bootstrap_done:
+        return
+
+    with _bootstrap_lock:
+        if _bootstrap_done:  # double-check after acquiring lock
+            return
+
+        try:
+            from soothe_cli.tui.project_utils import (
+                get_server_project_context as _get_server_project_context,
+            )
+
+            ctx = _get_server_project_context()
+            _bootstrap_start_path = ctx.user_cwd if ctx else None
+            _load_dotenv(start_path=_bootstrap_start_path)
+
+            # Capture AFTER dotenv loading so .env-only values are visible,
+            # but BEFORE the override below replaces it.
+            _original_langsmith_project = os.environ.get("LANGSMITH_PROJECT")
+
+            # CRITICAL: Override LANGSMITH_PROJECT to route agent traces to a
+            # separate project. LangSmith reads LANGSMITH_PROJECT at invocation
+            # time, so we override it here and preserve the user's original
+            # value for shell commands.
+            from soothe_cli.tui._env_vars import LANGSMITH_PROJECT
+
+            soothe_project = os.environ.get(LANGSMITH_PROJECT)
+            if soothe_project:
+                os.environ["LANGSMITH_PROJECT"] = soothe_project
+
+            # Propagate prefixed LangSmith env vars to canonical names.
+            # The CLI resolves prefixed vars via resolve_env_var(), but the
+            # LangSmith SDK reads os.environ directly and has no knowledge
+            # of the SOOTHE_ prefix. Setting canonical vars here
+            # bridges that gap.
+            from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import _ENV_PREFIX
+
+            for canonical in (
+                "LANGSMITH_API_KEY",
+                "LANGCHAIN_API_KEY",
+                "LANGSMITH_TRACING",
+                "LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2",
+            ):
+                prefixed = f"{_ENV_PREFIX}{canonical}"
+                if prefixed not in os.environ:
+                    continue
+                prefixed_val = os.environ[prefixed]
+                if canonical not in os.environ:
+                    # Propagate (including empty string for explicit disable).
+                    os.environ[canonical] = prefixed_val
+                elif os.environ[canonical] != prefixed_val:
+                    os.environ[canonical] = prefixed_val
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Both %s and %s are set with different values; using %s. Unset %s to silence this warning.",
+                        canonical,
+                        prefixed,
+                        prefixed,
+                        canonical,
+                    )
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(
+                "Bootstrap failed; .env values and LANGSMITH_PROJECT override "
+                "may be missing. The CLI will proceed with environment as-is.",
+            )
+        finally:
+            _bootstrap_done = True
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.language_models import BaseChatModel
+    from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+    from rich.console import Console
+
+    # Static type stubs for lazy module attributes resolved by __getattr__.
+    # At runtime these are created on first access by _get_settings() /
+    # _get_console() and cached in globals().
+    settings: Settings
+    console: Console
+
+MODE_PREFIXES: dict[str, str] = {
+    "shell": "!",
+    "command": "/",
+}
+"""Maps each non-normal mode to its trigger character."""
+
+MODE_DISPLAY_GLYPHS: dict[str, str] = {
+    "shell": "$",
+    "command": "/",
+}
+"""Maps each non-normal mode to its display glyph shown in the prompt/UI."""
+
+if MODE_PREFIXES.keys() != MODE_DISPLAY_GLYPHS.keys():
+    _only_prefixes = MODE_PREFIXES.keys() - MODE_DISPLAY_GLYPHS.keys()
+    _only_glyphs = MODE_DISPLAY_GLYPHS.keys() - MODE_PREFIXES.keys()
+    msg = (
+        "MODE_PREFIXES and MODE_DISPLAY_GLYPHS have mismatched keys: "
+        f"only in PREFIXES={_only_prefixes}, only in GLYPHS={_only_glyphs}"
+    )
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+PREFIX_TO_MODE: dict[str, str] = {v: k for k, v in MODE_PREFIXES.items()}
+"""Reverse lookup: trigger character -> mode name."""
+
+
+class CharsetMode(StrEnum):
+    """Character set mode for TUI display."""
+
+    UNICODE = "unicode"
+    """Always use Unicode glyphs (e.g. `⏺`, `✓`, `…`)."""
+
+    ASCII = "ascii"
+    """Always use ASCII-safe fallbacks (e.g. `(*)`, `[OK]`, `...`)."""
+
+    AUTO = "auto"
+    """Detect charset support at runtime and pick Unicode or ASCII."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Glyphs:
+    """Character glyphs for TUI display."""
+
+    tool_prefix: str  # ⏺ vs (*)
+    ellipsis: str  # … vs ...
+    checkmark: str  # ✓ vs [OK]
+    error: str  # ✗ vs [X]
+    circle_empty: str  # ○ vs [ ]
+    circle_filled: str  # ● vs [*]
+    output_prefix: str  # ⎿ vs L
+    spinner_frames: tuple[str, ...]  # Braille vs ASCII spinner
+    pause: str  # ⏸ vs ||
+    newline: str  # ⏎ vs \\n
+    warning: str  # ⚠ vs [!]
+    question: str  # ? vs [?]
+    arrow_up: str  # up arrow vs ^
+    arrow_down: str  # down arrow vs v
+    bullet: str  # bullet vs -
+    cursor: str  # cursor vs >
+
+    # Box-drawing characters
+    box_vertical: str  # │ vs |
+    box_horizontal: str  # ─ vs -
+    box_double_horizontal: str  # ═ vs =
+
+    # Diff-specific
+    gutter_bar: str  # ▌ vs |
+
+    # Status bar
+    git_branch: str  # "↗" vs "git:"
+
+
+UNICODE_GLYPHS = Glyphs(
+    tool_prefix="⏺",
+    ellipsis="…",
+    checkmark="✓",
+    error="✗",
+    circle_empty="○",
+    circle_filled="●",
+    output_prefix="⎿",
+    spinner_frames=("⠋", "⠙", "⠹", "⠸", "⠼", "⠴", "⠦", "⠧", "⠇", "⠏"),
+    pause="⏸",
+    newline="⏎",
+    warning="⚠",
+    question="?",
+    arrow_up="↑",
+    arrow_down="↓",
+    bullet="•",
+    cursor="›",  # noqa: RUF001  # Intentional Unicode glyph
+    # Box-drawing characters
+    box_vertical="│",
+    box_horizontal="─",
+    box_double_horizontal="═",
+    gutter_bar="▌",
+    git_branch="↗",
+)
+"""Glyph set for terminals with full Unicode support."""
+
+ASCII_GLYPHS = Glyphs(
+    tool_prefix="(*)",
+    ellipsis="...",
+    checkmark="[OK]",
+    error="[X]",
+    circle_empty="[ ]",
+    circle_filled="[*]",
+    output_prefix="L",
+    spinner_frames=("(-)", "(\\)", "(|)", "(/)"),
+    pause="||",
+    newline="\\n",
+    warning="[!]",
+    question="[?]",
+    arrow_up="^",
+    arrow_down="v",
+    bullet="-",
+    cursor=">",
+    # Box-drawing characters
+    box_vertical="|",
+    box_horizontal="-",
+    box_double_horizontal="=",
+    gutter_bar="|",
+    git_branch="git:",
+)
+"""Glyph set for terminals limited to 7-bit ASCII."""
+
+_glyphs_cache: Glyphs | None = None
+"""Module-level cache for detected glyphs."""
+
+_editable_cache: tuple[bool, str | None] | None = None
+"""Module-level cache for editable install info: (is_editable, source_path)."""
+
+_langsmith_url_cache: tuple[str, str] | None = None
+"""Module-level cache for successful LangSmith project URL lookups."""
+
+_LANGSMITH_URL_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2.0
+"""Max seconds to wait for LangSmith project URL lookup.
+
+Kept short so tracing metadata can never stall CLI flows.
+"""
+
+
+def _resolve_editable_info() -> tuple[bool, str | None]:
+    """Parse PEP 610 `direct_url.json` once and cache both results.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (is_editable, contracted_source_path). The path is
+        `~`-contracted when it falls under the user's home directory, or
+        `None` when the install is non-editable or the path is unavailable.
+    """
+    global _editable_cache  # noqa: PLW0603  # Module-level cache requires global statement
+    if _editable_cache is not None:
+        return _editable_cache
+
+    editable = False
+    path: str | None = None
+
+    try:
+        dist = distribution("Soothe")
+        raw = dist.read_text("direct_url.json")
+        if raw:
+            data = json.loads(raw)
+            editable = data.get("dir_info", {}).get("editable", False)
+            if editable:
+                url = data.get("url", "")
+                if url.startswith("file://"):
+                    path = unquote(urlparse(url).path)
+                    home = str(Path.home())
+                    if path.startswith(home):
+                        path = "~" + path[len(home) :]
+    except (PackageNotFoundError, FileNotFoundError, json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
+        logger.debug(
+            "Failed to read editable install info from PEP 610 metadata",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+
+    _editable_cache = (editable, path)
+    return _editable_cache
+
+
+def _is_editable_install() -> bool:
+    """Check if Soothe is installed in editable mode.
+
+    Uses PEP 610 `direct_url.json` metadata to detect editable installs.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if installed in editable mode, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    return _resolve_editable_info()[0]
+
+
+def _get_editable_install_path() -> str | None:
+    """Return the `~`-contracted source directory for an editable install.
+
+    Returns `None` for non-editable installs or when the path cannot be
+    determined.
+    """
+    return _resolve_editable_info()[1]
+
+
+def _detect_charset_mode() -> CharsetMode:
+    """Auto-detect terminal charset capabilities.
+
+    Returns:
+        The detected CharsetMode based on environment and terminal encoding.
+    """
+    env_mode = os.environ.get("UI_CHARSET_MODE", "auto").lower()
+    if env_mode == "unicode":
+        return CharsetMode.UNICODE
+    if env_mode == "ascii":
+        return CharsetMode.ASCII
+
+    # Auto: check stdout encoding and LANG
+    encoding = getattr(sys.stdout, "encoding", "") or ""
+    if "utf" in encoding.lower():
+        return CharsetMode.UNICODE
+    lang = os.environ.get("LANG", "") or os.environ.get("LC_ALL", "")
+    if "utf" in lang.lower():
+        return CharsetMode.UNICODE
+    return CharsetMode.ASCII
+
+
+def get_glyphs() -> Glyphs:
+    """Get the glyph set for the current charset mode.
+
+    Returns:
+        The appropriate Glyphs instance based on charset mode detection.
+    """
+    global _glyphs_cache  # noqa: PLW0603  # Module-level cache requires global statement
+    if _glyphs_cache is not None:
+        return _glyphs_cache
+
+    mode = _detect_charset_mode()
+    _glyphs_cache = ASCII_GLYPHS if mode == CharsetMode.ASCII else UNICODE_GLYPHS
+    return _glyphs_cache
+
+
+def reset_glyphs_cache() -> None:
+    """Reset the glyphs cache (for testing)."""
+    global _glyphs_cache  # noqa: PLW0603  # Module-level cache requires global statement
+    _glyphs_cache = None
+
+
+def is_ascii_mode() -> bool:
+    """Check whether the terminal is in ASCII charset mode.
+
+    Convenience wrapper so widgets can branch on charset without importing
+    both `_detect_charset_mode` and `CharsetMode`.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` when the detected charset mode is ASCII.
+    """
+    return _detect_charset_mode() == CharsetMode.ASCII
+
+
+def newline_shortcut() -> str:
+    """Return the platform-native label for the newline keyboard shortcut.
+
+    macOS labels the modifier "Option" while other platforms use Ctrl+J
+    as the most reliable cross-terminal shortcut.
+
+    Returns:
+        A human-readable shortcut string, e.g. `'Option+Enter'` or `'Ctrl+J'`.
+    """
+    return "Option+Enter" if sys.platform == "darwin" else "Ctrl+J"
+
+
+_UNICODE_BANNER = f"""
+███████╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ ████████╗██╗  ██╗███████╗
+██╔════╝██╔═══██╗██╔═══██╗╚══██╔══╝██║  ██║██╔════╝
+███████╗██║   ██║██║   ██║   ██║   ███████║█████╗
+╚════██║██║   ██║██║   ██║   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔══╝
+███████║╚██████╔╝╚██████╔╝   ██║   ██║  ██║███████╗
+╚══════╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝    ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚══════╝
+
+                                                  v{__version__}
+"""
+_ASCII_BANNER = f"""
+ _______  _______  _______  _______  _______
+/  ___  \\/  ___  \\/  ___  \\/  ___  \\/  ___  \
+| |   | || |   | || |   | || |   | || |   | |
+| |___| || |___| || |___| || |___| || |___| |
+\\_______/\\_______/\\_______/\\_______/\\_______/
+                                    v{__version__}
+"""
+
+
+def get_banner() -> str:
+    """Get the appropriate banner for the current charset mode.
+
+    Returns:
+        The text art banner string (Unicode or ASCII based on charset mode).
+
+            Includes "(local)" suffix when installed in editable mode.
+    """
+    if _detect_charset_mode() == CharsetMode.ASCII:
+        banner = _ASCII_BANNER
+    else:
+        banner = _UNICODE_BANNER
+
+    if _is_editable_install():
+        banner = banner.replace(f"v{__version__}", f"v{__version__} (local)")
+
+    return banner
+
+
+MAX_ARG_LENGTH = 150
+"""Character limit for tool argument values in the UI.
+
+Longer values are truncated with an ellipsis by `truncate_value`
+in `tool_display`.
+"""
+
+config: RunnableConfig = {
+    "recursion_limit": 1000,
+}
+"""Default LangGraph runnable config.
+
+Sets `recursion_limit` to 1000 to accommodate deeply nested agent graphs without
+hitting the default LangGraph ceiling.
+"""
+
+_git_branch_cache: dict[str, str | None] = {}
+"""Per-cwd cache of resolved git branch names.
+
+Avoids repeated `git rev-parse` subprocess calls within the same session. Keyed
+by `str(Path.cwd())`; `None` values indicate the directory is not inside a git
+repository.
+"""
+
+
+def _get_git_branch() -> str | None:
+    """Return the current git branch name, or `None` if not in a repo."""
+    import subprocess  # noqa: S404
+
+    try:
+        cwd = str(Path.cwd())
+    except OSError:
+        logger.debug("Could not determine cwd for git branch lookup", exc_info=True)
+        return None
+    if cwd in _git_branch_cache:
+        return _git_branch_cache[cwd]
+
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            ["git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"],  # noqa: S607
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            timeout=2,
+            check=False,
+        )
+        if result.returncode == 0:
+            branch = result.stdout.strip() or None
+            _git_branch_cache[cwd] = branch
+            return branch
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired, OSError):
+        logger.debug("Could not determine git branch", exc_info=True)
+    _git_branch_cache[cwd] = None
+    return None
+
+
+def build_stream_config(
+    thread_id: str,
+    assistant_id: str | None,
+    *,
+    sandbox_type: str | None = None,
+) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Build the LangGraph stream config dict.
+
+    Injects CLI and SDK versions into `metadata["versions"]` so LangSmith traces
+    can be correlated with specific releases.
+
+    Why the CLI sets *both* versions:
+
+    * `create_deep_agent` bakes `versions: {"Soothe": "X.Y.Z"}` into the
+        compiled graph via `with_config`. At stream time, LangGraph merges
+        the graph config with the runtime config passed here. Because the
+        metadata merge is shallow (effectively `{**graph_meta, **runtime_meta}`
+        for top-level keys), both configs containing a `versions` key means
+        the runtime dict **replaces** the graph dict entirely — the SDK
+        version would be lost.
+    * Including the SDK version here ensures it survives the merge.
+
+    Includes `ls_integration` metadata so LangSmith traces originating from the CLI
+    are distinguishable from bare SDK usage.
+
+    Args:
+        thread_id: The CLI session thread identifier.
+        assistant_id: The agent/assistant identifier, if any.
+        sandbox_type: Sandbox provider name for trace metadata, or `None` if no
+            sandbox is active.
+
+    Returns:
+        Config dict with `configurable` and `metadata` keys.
+    """
+    import contextlib
+    import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
+    from datetime import UTC, datetime
+
+    try:
+        cwd = str(Path.cwd())
+    except OSError:
+        logger.warning("Could not determine working directory", exc_info=True)
+        cwd = ""
+
+    # Include SDK version alongside CLI version — see docstring for why.
+    versions: dict[str, str] = {"Soothe": __version__}
+    with contextlib.suppress(importlib_metadata.PackageNotFoundError):
+        versions["Soothe"] = importlib_metadata.version("Soothe")
+
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "versions": versions,
+        "ls_integration": "Soothe",
+    }
+    from soothe_cli.tui._env_vars import USER_ID
+
+    user_id = os.environ.get(USER_ID)
+    if user_id:
+        metadata["user_id"] = user_id
+    if cwd:
+        metadata["cwd"] = cwd
+    if assistant_id:
+        metadata.update(
+            {
+                "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                "agent_name": assistant_id,
+                "updated_at": datetime.now(UTC).isoformat(),
+            }
+        )
+    branch = _get_git_branch()
+    if branch:
+        metadata["git_branch"] = branch
+    if sandbox_type and sandbox_type != "none":
+        metadata["sandbox_type"] = sandbox_type
+    return {
+        "configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id},
+        "metadata": metadata,
+    }
+
+
+class _ShellAllowAll(list):  # noqa: FURB189  # sentinel type, not a general-purpose list subclass
+    """Sentinel subclass for unrestricted shell access.
+
+    Using a dedicated type instead of a plain list lets consumers use
+    `isinstance` checks, which survive serialization/copy unlike identity
+    checks (`is`).
+    """
+
+
+SHELL_ALLOW_ALL: list[str] = _ShellAllowAll(["__ALL__"])
+"""Sentinel value returned by `parse_shell_allow_list` for `--shell-allow-list=all`."""
+
+
+def parse_shell_allow_list(allow_list_str: str | None) -> list[str] | None:
+    """Parse shell allow-list from string.
+
+    Args:
+        allow_list_str: Comma-separated list of commands, `'recommended'` for
+            safe defaults, or `'all'` to allow any command.
+
+            `'all'` must be the sole value — it is not recognized inside a
+            comma-separated list (unlike `'recommended'`).
+
+            Can also include `'recommended'` in the list to merge with custom
+            commands.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of allowed commands, `SHELL_ALLOW_ALL` if `'all'` was specified,
+            or `None` if no allow-list configured.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If `'all'` is combined with other commands.
+    """
+    if not allow_list_str:
+        return None
+
+    # Special value 'all' allows any shell command
+    if allow_list_str.strip().lower() == "all":
+        return SHELL_ALLOW_ALL
+
+    # Special value 'recommended' uses our curated safe list
+    if allow_list_str.strip().lower() == "recommended":
+        return list(RECOMMENDED_SAFE_SHELL_COMMANDS)
+
+    # Split by comma and strip whitespace
+    commands = [cmd.strip() for cmd in allow_list_str.split(",") if cmd.strip()]
+
+    # Reject ambiguous input: 'all' mixed with other commands
+    if any(cmd.lower() == "all" for cmd in commands):
+        msg = (
+            "Cannot combine 'all' with other commands in --shell-allow-list. "
+            "Use '--shell-allow-list all' alone to allow any command."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # If "recommended" is in the list, merge with recommended commands
+    result = []
+    for cmd in commands:
+        if cmd.lower() == "recommended":
+            result.extend(RECOMMENDED_SAFE_SHELL_COMMANDS)
+        else:
+            result.append(cmd)
+
+    # Remove duplicates while preserving order
+    seen: set[str] = set()
+    unique: list[str] = []
+    for cmd in result:
+        if cmd not in seen:
+            seen.add(cmd)
+            unique.append(cmd)
+    return unique
+
+
+def _read_config_yaml_skills_dirs() -> list[str] | None:
+    """Read `[skills].extra_allowed_dirs` from `SOOTHE_HOME/config/config.yml`.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of path strings, or `None` if the key is absent or the file
+            cannot be read.
+    """
+    import yaml
+
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH
+
+    try:
+        with DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH.open("r") as f:
+            data = yaml.safe_load(f)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        return None
+    except (PermissionError, OSError, yaml.YAMLError):
+        logger.warning(
+            "Could not read skills config from %s",
+            DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH,
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    skills_section = data.get("skills", {}) if data else {}
+    dirs = skills_section.get("extra_allowed_dirs")
+    if isinstance(dirs, list):
+        return dirs
+    return None
+
+
+def _parse_extra_skills_dirs(
+    env_raw: str | None,
+    config_yaml_dirs: list[str] | None = None,
+) -> list[Path] | None:
+    """Merge extra skill directories from env var and config.yml.
+
+    Extra skills directories extend the containment allowlist used by
+    `load_skill_content` to validate that a resolved skill path lives inside a
+    trusted root. They do **not** add new skill discovery locations — skills are
+    still discovered only from the standard directories. This exists so that
+    symlinks inside standard skill directories can legitimately point to targets
+    in user-specified locations without being rejected by the path
+    containment check.
+
+    The env var (`SOOTHE_EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS`, colon-separated) takes
+    precedence: when set, `config.yml` values are ignored.
+
+    Args:
+        env_raw: Value of `SOOTHE_EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS` (colon-separated), or
+            `None` if unset.
+        config_yaml_dirs: List of path strings from
+            `[skills].extra_allowed_dirs` in `SOOTHE_HOME/config/config.yml`.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of resolved `Path` objects, or `None` if not configured.
+    """
+    # Env var takes precedence when set
+    if env_raw:
+        dirs = [Path(p.strip()).expanduser().resolve() for p in env_raw.split(":") if p.strip()]
+        return dirs or None
+
+    if config_yaml_dirs:
+        dirs = [
+            Path(p).expanduser().resolve()
+            for p in config_yaml_dirs
+            if isinstance(p, str) and p.strip()
+        ]
+        return dirs or None
+
+    return None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Settings:
+    """Global settings and environment detection for Soothe.
+
+    This class is initialized once at startup and provides access to:
+    - Available models and API keys
+    - Current project information
+    - Tool availability (e.g., Tavily)
+    - File system paths
+    """
+
+    openai_api_key: str | None
+    """OpenAI API key if available."""
+
+    anthropic_api_key: str | None
+    """Anthropic API key if available."""
+
+    google_api_key: str | None
+    """Google API key if available."""
+
+    nvidia_api_key: str | None
+    """NVIDIA API key if available."""
+
+    tavily_api_key: str | None
+    """Tavily API key if available."""
+
+    google_cloud_project: str | None
+    """Google Cloud project ID for VertexAI authentication."""
+
+    soothe_langchain_project: str | None
+    """LangSmith project name for Soothe agent tracing."""
+
+    user_langchain_project: str | None
+    """Original `LANGSMITH_PROJECT` from environment (for user code)."""
+
+    model_name: str | None = None
+    """Currently active model name, set after model creation."""
+
+    model_provider: str | None = None
+    """Provider identifier (e.g., `openai`, `anthropic`, `google_genai`)."""
+
+    model_context_limit: int | None = None
+    """Maximum input token count from the model profile."""
+
+    model_unsupported_modalities: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
+    """Input modalities not indicated as supported by the model profile."""
+
+    project_root: Path | None = None
+    """Current project root directory, or `None` if not in a git project."""
+
+    shell_allow_list: list[str] | None = None
+    """Shell commands that don't require user approval."""
+
+    extra_skills_dirs: list[Path] | None = None
+    """Extra directories added to the skill path containment allowlist.
+
+    These do NOT add new skill discovery locations — skills are still only
+    discovered from the standard directories. They exist so that symlinks inside
+    standard skill directories can point to targets in these additional
+    locations without being rejected by the containment check
+    in `load_skill_content`.
+
+    Set via `SOOTHE_EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS` env var (colon-separated) or
+    `[skills].extra_allowed_dirs` in `SOOTHE_HOME/config/config.yml`.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_environment(cls, *, start_path: Path | None = None) -> Settings:
+        """Create settings by detecting the current environment.
+
+        Args:
+            start_path: Directory to start project detection from (defaults to cwd)
+
+        Returns:
+            Settings instance with detected configuration
+        """
+        # Detect API keys (normalize empty strings to None).
+        from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import resolve_env_var
+
+        openai_key = resolve_env_var("OPENAI_API_KEY")
+        anthropic_key = resolve_env_var("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY")
+        google_key = resolve_env_var("GOOGLE_API_KEY")
+        nvidia_key = resolve_env_var("NVIDIA_API_KEY")
+        tavily_key = resolve_env_var("TAVILY_API_KEY")
+        google_cloud_project = resolve_env_var("GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT")
+
+        # Detect LangSmith configuration
+        # SOOTHE_CLI_LANGSMITH_PROJECT: Project for Soothe agent tracing
+        # user_langchain_project: User's ORIGINAL LANGSMITH_PROJECT (before override)
+        # When accessed via the module-level `settings` singleton,
+        # _ensure_bootstrap() has already run and may have overridden
+        # LANGSMITH_PROJECT. We use the saved original value, not the
+        # current os.environ value. Direct callers should ensure
+        # bootstrap has run if they depend on the override.
+        from soothe_cli.tui._env_vars import (
+            EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS,
+            LANGSMITH_PROJECT,
+            SHELL_ALLOW_LIST,
+        )
+
+        soothe_langchain_project = resolve_env_var(LANGSMITH_PROJECT)
+        user_langchain_project = _original_langsmith_project  # Use saved original!
+
+        # Detect project
+        from soothe_cli.tui.project_utils import find_project_root
+
+        project_root = find_project_root(start_path)
+
+        # Parse shell command allow-list from environment
+        # Format: comma-separated list of commands (e.g., "ls,cat,grep,pwd")
+
+        shell_allow_list_str = os.environ.get(SHELL_ALLOW_LIST)
+        shell_allow_list = parse_shell_allow_list(shell_allow_list_str)
+
+        # Parse extra skill containment roots from env var or config.yml.
+        # These extend the path allowlist for load_skill_content but do not
+        # add new skill discovery locations.
+        extra_skills_dirs = _parse_extra_skills_dirs(
+            os.environ.get(EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS),
+            _read_config_yaml_skills_dirs(),
+        )
+
+        return cls(
+            openai_api_key=openai_key,
+            anthropic_api_key=anthropic_key,
+            google_api_key=google_key,
+            nvidia_api_key=nvidia_key,
+            tavily_api_key=tavily_key,
+            google_cloud_project=google_cloud_project,
+            soothe_langchain_project=soothe_langchain_project,
+            user_langchain_project=user_langchain_project,
+            project_root=project_root,
+            shell_allow_list=shell_allow_list,
+            extra_skills_dirs=extra_skills_dirs,
+        )
+
+    def reload_from_environment(self, *, start_path: Path | None = None) -> list[str]:
+        """Reload selected settings from environment variables and project files.
+
+        This refreshes only fields that are expected to change at runtime
+        (API keys, Google Cloud project, project root, shell allow-list, and
+        LangSmith tracing project).
+
+        Runtime model state (`model_name`, `model_provider`,
+        `model_context_limit`) and the original user LangSmith project
+        (`user_langchain_project`) are intentionally preserved -- they are
+        not in `reloadable_fields` and are never touched by this method.
+
+        !!! note
+
+            `.env` files are loaded with `override=False`, so shell-exported
+            variables always take precedence.  To override a shell-exported key
+            from `.env`, use the `SOOTHE_` prefix (e.g.
+            `SOOTHE_OPENAI_API_KEY`).
+
+        Args:
+            start_path: Directory to start project detection from (defaults to cwd).
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of human-readable change descriptions.
+        """
+        _load_dotenv(start_path=start_path)
+
+        api_key_fields = {
+            "openai_api_key",
+            "anthropic_api_key",
+            "google_api_key",
+            "nvidia_api_key",
+            "tavily_api_key",
+        }
+        """Fields that hold API keys — used to mask values in change reports
+        so secrets are not logged as plaintext."""
+
+        reloadable_fields = (
+            "openai_api_key",
+            "anthropic_api_key",
+            "google_api_key",
+            "nvidia_api_key",
+            "tavily_api_key",
+            "google_cloud_project",
+            "soothe_langchain_project",
+            "project_root",
+            "shell_allow_list",
+            "extra_skills_dirs",
+        )
+        """Fields refreshed on `/reload`.
+
+        Runtime model state (`model_name`, `model_provider`, `model_context_limit`)
+        and the original user LangSmith project are intentionally excluded —
+        they are set once and should not change across reloads.
+        """
+
+        previous = {field: getattr(self, field) for field in reloadable_fields}
+
+        from soothe_cli.tui._env_vars import (
+            EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS,
+            LANGSMITH_PROJECT,
+            SHELL_ALLOW_LIST,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            shell_allow_list = parse_shell_allow_list(os.environ.get(SHELL_ALLOW_LIST))
+        except ValueError:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Invalid %s during reload; keeping previous value",
+                SHELL_ALLOW_LIST,
+            )
+            shell_allow_list = previous["shell_allow_list"]
+
+        try:
+            from soothe_cli.tui.project_utils import find_project_root
+
+            project_root = find_project_root(start_path)
+        except OSError:
+            logger.warning("Could not detect project root during reload; keeping previous value")
+            project_root = previous["project_root"]
+
+        from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import resolve_env_var
+
+        refreshed = {
+            "openai_api_key": resolve_env_var("OPENAI_API_KEY"),
+            "anthropic_api_key": resolve_env_var("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY"),
+            "google_api_key": resolve_env_var("GOOGLE_API_KEY"),
+            "nvidia_api_key": resolve_env_var("NVIDIA_API_KEY"),
+            "tavily_api_key": resolve_env_var("TAVILY_API_KEY"),
+            "google_cloud_project": resolve_env_var("GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT"),
+            "soothe_langchain_project": resolve_env_var(LANGSMITH_PROJECT),
+            "project_root": project_root,
+            "shell_allow_list": shell_allow_list,
+            "extra_skills_dirs": _parse_extra_skills_dirs(
+                os.environ.get(EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS),
+                _read_config_yaml_skills_dirs(),
+            ),
+        }
+
+        for field, value in refreshed.items():
+            setattr(self, field, value)
+
+        # Sync the LANGSMITH_PROJECT env var so LangSmith tracing picks up
+        # the change
+        new_project = refreshed["soothe_langchain_project"]
+        if new_project:
+            os.environ["LANGSMITH_PROJECT"] = new_project
+        elif previous["soothe_langchain_project"]:
+            # Override was previously active but new value is unset; restore.
+            if _original_langsmith_project:
+                os.environ["LANGSMITH_PROJECT"] = _original_langsmith_project
+            else:
+                os.environ.pop("LANGSMITH_PROJECT", None)
+
+        def _display(field: str, value: object) -> str:
+            if field in api_key_fields:
+                return "set" if value else "unset"
+            return str(value)
+
+        changes: list[str] = []
+        for field in reloadable_fields:
+            old_value = previous[field]
+            new_value = refreshed[field]
+            if old_value != new_value:
+                changes.append(
+                    f"{field}: {_display(field, old_value)} -> {_display(field, new_value)}"
+                )
+        return changes
+
+    @property
+    def has_openai(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if OpenAI API key is configured."""
+        return self.openai_api_key is not None
+
+    @property
+    def has_anthropic(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if Anthropic API key is configured."""
+        return self.anthropic_api_key is not None
+
+    @property
+    def has_google(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if Google API key is configured."""
+        return self.google_api_key is not None
+
+    @property
+    def has_nvidia(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if NVIDIA API key is configured."""
+        return self.nvidia_api_key is not None
+
+    @property
+    def has_vertex_ai(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if VertexAI is available (Google Cloud project set, no API key).
+
+        VertexAI uses Application Default Credentials (ADC) for authentication,
+        so if GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT is set and GOOGLE_API_KEY is not, we assume
+        VertexAI.
+        """
+        return self.google_cloud_project is not None and self.google_api_key is None
+
+    @property
+    def has_tavily(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if Tavily API key is configured."""
+        return self.tavily_api_key is not None
+
+    @property
+    def user_soothe_dir(self) -> Path:
+        """Get the base user-level Soothe directory (SOOTHE_HOME).
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to SOOTHE_HOME
+        """
+        return Path(SOOTHE_HOME)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_user_agent_md_path(agent_name: str) -> Path:
+        """Get user-level AGENTS.md path for a specific agent.
+
+        Returns path regardless of whether the file exists.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_name: Name of the agent
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to ~/SOOTHE_HOME/{agent_name}/AGENTS.md
+        """
+        return Path(SOOTHE_HOME) / agent_name / "AGENTS.md"
+
+    def get_project_agent_md_path(self) -> list[Path]:
+        """Get project-level AGENTS.md paths.
+
+        Checks both `{project_root}/.soothe/AGENTS.md` and
+        `{project_root}/AGENTS.md`, returning all that exist. If both are
+        present, both are loaded and their instructions are combined, with
+        `.soothe/AGENTS.md` first.
+
+        Returns:
+            Existing AGENTS.md paths.
+
+                Empty if neither file exists or not in a project, one entry if
+                only one is present, or two entries if both locations have the
+                file.
+        """
+        if not self.project_root:
+            return []
+        from soothe_cli.tui.project_utils import find_project_agent_md
+
+        return find_project_agent_md(self.project_root)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_valid_agent_name(agent_name: str) -> bool:
+        """Validate to prevent invalid filesystem paths and security issues.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the agent name is valid, False otherwise.
+        """
+        if not agent_name or not agent_name.strip():
+            return False
+        # Allow only alphanumeric, hyphens, underscores, and whitespace
+        return bool(re.match(r"^[a-zA-Z0-9_\-\s]+$", agent_name))
+
+    def get_agent_dir(self, agent_name: str) -> Path:
+        """Get the global agent directory path.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_name: Name of the agent
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to ~/SOOTHE_HOME/{agent_name}
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the agent name contains invalid characters.
+        """
+        if not self._is_valid_agent_name(agent_name):
+            msg = (
+                f"Invalid agent name: {agent_name!r}. Agent names can only "
+                "contain letters, numbers, hyphens, underscores, and spaces."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return Path(SOOTHE_HOME) / agent_name
+
+    def ensure_agent_dir(self, agent_name: str) -> Path:
+        """Ensure the global agent directory exists and return its path.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_name: Name of the agent
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to ~/SOOTHE_HOME/{agent_name}
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the agent name contains invalid characters.
+        """
+        if not self._is_valid_agent_name(agent_name):
+            msg = (
+                f"Invalid agent name: {agent_name!r}. Agent names can only "
+                "contain letters, numbers, hyphens, underscores, and spaces."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        agent_dir = self.get_agent_dir(agent_name)
+        agent_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        return agent_dir
+
+    def get_user_skills_dir(self, agent_name: str) -> Path:
+        """Get user-level skills directory path for a specific agent.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_name: Name of the agent
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to ~/SOOTHE_HOME/{agent_name}/skills/
+        """
+        return self.get_agent_dir(agent_name) / "skills"
+
+    def ensure_user_skills_dir(self, agent_name: str) -> Path:
+        """Ensure user-level skills directory exists and return its path.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_name: Name of the agent
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to ~/SOOTHE_HOME/{agent_name}/skills/
+        """
+        skills_dir = self.get_user_skills_dir(agent_name)
+        skills_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        return skills_dir
+
+    def get_project_skills_dir(self) -> Path | None:
+        """Get project-level skills directory path.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to {project_root}/.soothe/skills/, or None if not in a project
+        """
+        if not self.project_root:
+            return None
+        return self.project_root / ".soothe" / "skills"
+
+    def ensure_project_skills_dir(self) -> Path | None:
+        """Ensure project-level skills directory exists and return its path.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to {project_root}/.soothe/skills/, or None if not in a project
+        """
+        if not self.project_root:
+            return None
+        skills_dir = self.get_project_skills_dir()
+        if skills_dir is None:
+            return None
+        skills_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        return skills_dir
+
+    def get_user_agents_dir(self, agent_name: str) -> Path:
+        """Get user-level agents directory path for custom subagent definitions.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_name: Name of the CLI agent (e.g., "Soothe")
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to ~/SOOTHE_HOME/{agent_name}/agents/
+        """
+        return self.get_agent_dir(agent_name) / "agents"
+
+    def get_project_agents_dir(self) -> Path | None:
+        """Get project-level agents directory path for custom subagent definitions.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to {project_root}/.soothe/agents/, or None if not in a project
+        """
+        if not self.project_root:
+            return None
+        return self.project_root / ".soothe" / "agents"
+
+    @property
+    def user_agents_dir(self) -> Path:
+        """Get the base user-level `.agents` directory (`~/.agents`).
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to `~/.agents`
+        """
+        return Path.home() / ".agents"
+
+    def get_user_agent_skills_dir(self) -> Path:
+        """Get user-level `~/.agents/skills/` directory.
+
+        This is a generic alias path for skills that is tool-agnostic.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to `~/.agents/skills/`
+        """
+        return self.user_agents_dir / "skills"
+
+    def get_project_agent_skills_dir(self) -> Path | None:
+        """Get project-level `.agents/skills/` directory.
+
+        This is a generic alias path for skills that is tool-agnostic.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to `{project_root}/.agents/skills/`, or `None` if not in a project
+        """
+        if not self.project_root:
+            return None
+        return self.project_root / ".agents" / "skills"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_user_claude_skills_dir() -> Path:
+        """Get user-level `~/.claude/skills/` directory (experimental).
+
+        Convenience bridge for cross-tool skill sharing with Claude Code.
+        This is experimental and may be removed.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to `~/.claude/skills/`
+        """
+        return Path.home() / ".claude" / "skills"
+
+    def get_project_claude_skills_dir(self) -> Path | None:
+        """Get project-level `.claude/skills/` directory (experimental).
+
+        Convenience bridge for cross-tool skill sharing with Claude Code.
+        This is experimental and may be removed.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to `{project_root}/.claude/skills/`, or `None` if not in a project.
+        """
+        if not self.project_root:
+            return None
+        return self.project_root / ".claude" / "skills"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_built_in_skills_dir() -> Path:
+        """Get the directory containing built-in skills that ship with the CLI.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path to the `built_in_skills/` directory within the package.
+        """
+        return Path(__file__).parent / "built_in_skills"
+
+    def get_extra_skills_dirs(self) -> list[Path]:
+        """Get user-configured extra skill directories.
+
+        Set via `SOOTHE_EXTRA_SKILLS_DIRS` (colon-separated paths) or
+        `[skills].extra_allowed_dirs` in `SOOTHE_HOME/config/config.yml`.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of extra skill directory paths, or empty list if not configured.
+        """
+        return self.extra_skills_dirs or []
+
+
+class SessionState:
+    """Mutable session state shared across the app, adapter, and agent.
+
+    Tracks runtime flags like auto-approve that can be toggled during a
+    session via keybindings or the HITL approval menu's "Auto-approve all"
+    option.
+
+    The `auto_approve` flag controls whether tool calls (shell execution, file
+    writes/edits, web search, URL fetch) require user confirmation before running.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, auto_approve: bool = False, no_splash: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Initialize session state with optional flags.
+
+        Args:
+            auto_approve: Whether to auto-approve tool calls without
+                prompting.
+
+                Can be toggled at runtime via Shift+Tab or the HITL
+                approval menu.
+            no_splash: Whether to skip displaying the splash screen on startup.
+        """
+        self.auto_approve = auto_approve
+        self.no_splash = no_splash
+        self.exit_hint_until: float | None = None
+        self.exit_hint_handle = None
+        from soothe_cli.tui.sessions import generate_thread_id
+
+        self.thread_id = generate_thread_id()
+
+    def toggle_auto_approve(self) -> bool:
+        """Toggle auto-approve and return the new state.
+
+        Called by the Shift+Tab keybinding in the Textual app.
+
+        When auto-approve is on, all tool calls execute without prompting.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new `auto_approve` state after toggling.
+        """
+        self.auto_approve = not self.auto_approve
+        return self.auto_approve
+
+
+SHELL_TOOL_NAMES: frozenset[str] = frozenset({"bash", "shell", "execute"})
+"""Tool names recognized as shell/command-execution tools.
+
+Only `'execute'` is registered by the SDK and CLI backends in practice.
+`'bash'` and `'shell'` are legacy names carried over and kept as
+backwards-compatible aliases.
+"""
+
+DANGEROUS_SHELL_PATTERNS = (
+    "$(",  # Command substitution
+    "`",  # Backtick command substitution
+    "$'",  # ANSI-C quoting (can encode dangerous chars via escape sequences)
+    "\n",  # Newline (command injection)
+    "\r",  # Carriage return (command injection)
+    "\t",  # Tab (can be used for injection in some shells)
+    "<(",  # Process substitution (input)
+    ">(",  # Process substitution (output)
+    "<<<",  # Here-string
+    "<<",  # Here-doc (can embed commands)
+    ">>",  # Append redirect
+    ">",  # Output redirect
+    "<",  # Input redirect
+    "${",  # Variable expansion with braces (can run commands via ${var:-$(cmd)})
+)
+"""Literal substrings that indicate shell injection risk.
+
+Used by `contains_dangerous_patterns` to reject commands that embed arbitrary
+execution via redirects, substitution operators, or control characters — even
+when the base command is on the allow-list.
+"""
+
+RECOMMENDED_SAFE_SHELL_COMMANDS = (
+    # Directory listing
+    "ls",
+    "dir",
+    # File content viewing (read-only)
+    "cat",
+    "head",
+    "tail",
+    # Text searching (read-only)
+    "grep",
+    "wc",
+    "strings",
+    # Text processing (read-only, no shell execution)
+    "cut",
+    "tr",
+    "diff",
+    "md5sum",
+    "sha256sum",
+    # Path utilities
+    "pwd",
+    "which",
+    # System info (read-only)
+    "uname",
+    "hostname",
+    "whoami",
+    "id",
+    "groups",
+    "uptime",
+    "nproc",
+    "lscpu",
+    "lsmem",
+    # Process viewing (read-only)
+    "ps",
+)
+"""Read-only commands auto-approved in non-interactive mode.
+
+Only includes readers and formatters — shells, editors, interpreters, package
+managers, network tools, archivers, and anything on GTFOBins/LOOBins is
+intentionally excluded. File-write and injection vectors are blocked separately
+by `DANGEROUS_SHELL_PATTERNS`.
+"""
+
+
+def contains_dangerous_patterns(command: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if a command contains dangerous shell patterns.
+
+    These patterns can be used to bypass allow-list validation by embedding
+    arbitrary commands within seemingly safe commands. The check includes
+    both literal substring patterns (redirects, substitution operators, etc.)
+    and regex patterns for bare variable expansion (`$VAR`) and the background
+    operator (`&`).
+
+    Args:
+        command: The shell command to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if dangerous patterns are found, False otherwise.
+    """
+    if any(pattern in command for pattern in DANGEROUS_SHELL_PATTERNS):
+        return True
+
+    # Bare variable expansion ($VAR without braces) can leak sensitive paths.
+    # We already block ${ and $( above; this catches plain $HOME, $IFS, etc.
+    if re.search(r"\$[A-Za-z_]", command):
+        return True
+
+    # Standalone & (background execution) changes the execution model and
+    # should not be allowed.  We check for & that is NOT part of &&.
+    return bool(re.search(r"(?<![&])&(?![&])", command))
+
+
+def is_shell_command_allowed(command: str, allow_list: list[str] | None) -> bool:
+    """Check if a shell command is in the allow-list.
+
+    The allow-list matches against the first token of the command (the executable
+    name). This allows read-only commands like ls, cat, grep, etc. to be
+    auto-approved.
+
+    When `allow_list` is the `SHELL_ALLOW_ALL` sentinel, all non-empty commands
+    are approved unconditionally — dangerous pattern checks are skipped.
+
+    SECURITY: For regular allow-lists, this function rejects commands containing
+    dangerous shell patterns (command substitution, redirects, process
+    substitution, etc.) BEFORE parsing, to prevent injection attacks that could
+    bypass the allow-list.
+
+    Args:
+        command: The full shell command to check.
+        allow_list: List of allowed command names (e.g., `["ls", "cat", "grep"]`),
+            the `SHELL_ALLOW_ALL` sentinel to allow any command, or `None`.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if the command is allowed, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    if not allow_list or not command or not command.strip():
+        return False
+
+    # SHELL_ALLOW_ALL sentinel — skip pattern and token checks
+    if isinstance(allow_list, _ShellAllowAll):
+        return True
+
+    # SECURITY: Check for dangerous patterns BEFORE any parsing
+    # This prevents injection attacks like: ls "$(rm -rf /)"
+    if contains_dangerous_patterns(command):
+        return False
+
+    allow_set = set(allow_list)
+
+    # Extract the first command token
+    # Handle pipes and other shell operators by checking each command in the pipeline
+    # Split by compound operators first (&&, ||), then single-char operators (|, ;).
+    # Note: standalone & (background) is blocked by contains_dangerous_patterns above.
+    segments = re.split(r"&&|\|\||[|;]", command)
+
+    # Track if we found at least one valid command
+    found_command = False
+
+    for raw_segment in segments:
+        segment = raw_segment.strip()
+        if not segment:
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            # Try to parse as shell command to extract the executable name
+            tokens = shlex.split(segment)
+            if tokens:
+                found_command = True
+                cmd_name = tokens[0]
+                # Check if this command is in the allow set
+                if cmd_name not in allow_set:
+                    return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # If we can't parse it, be conservative and require approval
+            return False
+
+    # All segments are allowed (and we found at least one command)
+    return found_command
+
+
+def get_langsmith_project_name() -> str | None:
+    """Resolve the LangSmith project name if tracing is configured.
+
+    Checks for the required API key and tracing environment variables.
+    When both are present, resolves the project name with priority:
+    `settings.soothe_langchain_project` (from
+    `SOOTHE_CLI_LANGSMITH_PROJECT`), then `LANGSMITH_PROJECT` from the
+    environment (note: this may already have been overridden at bootstrap time
+    to match `SOOTHE_CLI_LANGSMITH_PROJECT`), then `'Soothe'`.
+
+    Returns:
+        Project name string when LangSmith tracing is active, None otherwise.
+    """
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import resolve_env_var
+
+    langsmith_key = resolve_env_var("LANGSMITH_API_KEY") or resolve_env_var("LANGCHAIN_API_KEY")
+    langsmith_tracing = resolve_env_var("LANGSMITH_TRACING") or resolve_env_var(
+        "LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2"
+    )
+    if not (langsmith_key and langsmith_tracing):
+        return None
+
+    return (
+        _get_settings().soothe_langchain_project or os.environ.get("LANGSMITH_PROJECT") or "Soothe"
+    )
+
+
+def fetch_langsmith_project_url(project_name: str) -> str | None:
+    """Fetch the LangSmith project URL via the LangSmith client.
+
+    Successful results are cached at module level so repeated calls do not
+    make additional network requests.
+
+    The network call runs in a daemon thread with a hard timeout of
+    `_LANGSMITH_URL_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS`, so this function blocks the
+    calling thread for at most that duration even if LangSmith is unreachable.
+
+    Returns None (with a debug log) on any failure: missing `langsmith` package,
+    network errors, invalid project names, client initialization issues,
+    or timeouts.
+
+    Args:
+        project_name: LangSmith project name to look up.
+
+    Returns:
+        Project URL string if found, None otherwise.
+    """
+    global _langsmith_url_cache  # noqa: PLW0603  # Module-level cache requires global statement
+
+    if _langsmith_url_cache is not None:
+        cached_name, cached_url = _langsmith_url_cache
+        if cached_name == project_name:
+            return cached_url
+        # Different project name — fall through to fetch.
+
+    try:
+        from langsmith import Client
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Could not fetch LangSmith project URL for '%s'",
+            project_name,
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    result: str | None = None
+    lookup_error: Exception | None = None
+    done = threading.Event()
+
+    def _lookup_url() -> None:
+        nonlocal result, lookup_error
+        try:
+            from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import resolve_env_var
+
+            # Explicit api_key because Client() reads os.environ directly
+            # and doesn't know about the SOOTHE_ prefix.
+            api_key = resolve_env_var("LANGSMITH_API_KEY") or resolve_env_var("LANGCHAIN_API_KEY")
+            project = Client(api_key=api_key).read_project(project_name=project_name)
+            result = project.url or None
+        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001  # LangSmith SDK error types are not stable
+            lookup_error = exc
+        finally:
+            done.set()
+
+    thread = threading.Thread(target=_lookup_url, daemon=True)
+    thread.start()
+
+    if not done.wait(_LANGSMITH_URL_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS):
+        logger.debug(
+            "Timed out fetching LangSmith project URL for '%s' after %.1fs",
+            project_name,
+            _LANGSMITH_URL_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    if lookup_error is not None:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Could not fetch LangSmith project URL for '%s'",
+            project_name,
+            exc_info=(
+                type(lookup_error),
+                lookup_error,
+                lookup_error.__traceback__,
+            ),
+        )
+        return None
+
+    if result is not None:
+        _langsmith_url_cache = (project_name, result)
+    return result
+
+
+def build_langsmith_thread_url(thread_id: str) -> str | None:
+    """Build a full LangSmith thread URL if tracing is configured.
+
+    Combines `get_langsmith_project_name` and `fetch_langsmith_project_url`
+    into a single convenience helper.
+
+    Args:
+        thread_id: Thread identifier to build the URL for.
+
+    Returns:
+        Full thread URL string, or `None` if unavailable (LangSmith is not
+            configured or the project URL cannot be resolved.)
+    """
+    project_name = get_langsmith_project_name()
+    if not project_name:
+        return None
+
+    project_url = fetch_langsmith_project_url(project_name)
+    if not project_url:
+        return None
+
+    return f"{project_url.rstrip('/')}/t/{thread_id}?utm_source=Soothe"
+
+
+def reset_langsmith_url_cache() -> None:
+    """Reset the LangSmith URL cache (for testing)."""
+    global _langsmith_url_cache  # noqa: PLW0603  # Module-level cache requires global statement
+    _langsmith_url_cache = None
+
+
+def get_default_coding_instructions() -> str:
+    """Get the default coding agent instructions.
+
+    These are the immutable base instructions that cannot be modified by the agent.
+    Long-term memory (AGENTS.md) is handled separately by the middleware.
+
+    Returns:
+        The default agent instructions as a string.
+    """
+    default_prompt_path = Path(__file__).parent / "default_agent_prompt.md"
+    return default_prompt_path.read_text()
+
+
+def detect_provider(model_name: str) -> str | None:
+    """Auto-detect provider from model name.
+
+    Intentionally duplicates a subset of LangChain's
+    `_attempt_infer_model_provider` because we need to resolve the provider
+    **before** calling `init_chat_model` in order to:
+
+    1. Build provider-specific kwargs (API base URLs, headers, etc.) that are
+       passed *into* `init_chat_model`.
+    2. Validate credentials early to surface user-friendly errors.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: Model name to detect provider from.
+
+    Returns:
+        Provider name (openai, anthropic, google_genai, google_vertexai,
+            nvidia) or `None` if the provider cannot be determined from the
+            name alone.
+    """
+    model_lower = model_name.lower()
+
+    if model_lower.startswith(("gpt-", "o1", "o3", "o4", "chatgpt")):
+        return "openai"
+
+    if model_lower.startswith("claude"):
+        s = _get_settings()
+        if not s.has_anthropic and s.has_vertex_ai:
+            return "google_vertexai"
+        return "anthropic"
+
+    if model_lower.startswith("gemini"):
+        s = _get_settings()
+        if s.has_vertex_ai and not s.has_google:
+            return "google_vertexai"
+        return "google_genai"
+
+    if model_lower.startswith(("nemotron", "nvidia/")):
+        return "nvidia"
+
+    return None
+
+
+def _get_default_model_spec() -> str:
+    """Get default model specification based on available credentials.
+
+    Checks in order:
+
+    1. `[models].default` in config file (user's intentional preference).
+    2. `[models].recent` in config file (last `/model` switch).
+    3. Auto-detection based on available API credentials.
+
+    Returns:
+        Model specification in provider:model format.
+
+    Raises:
+        ModelConfigError: If no credentials are configured.
+    """
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import ModelConfig, ModelConfigError
+
+    config = ModelConfig.load()
+    if config.default_model:
+        return config.default_model
+
+    if config.recent_model:
+        return config.recent_model
+
+    s = _get_settings()
+    if s.has_openai:
+        return "openai:gpt-5.2"
+    if s.has_anthropic:
+        return "anthropic:claude-sonnet-4-6"
+    if s.has_google:
+        return "google_genai:gemini-3.1-pro-preview"
+    if s.has_vertex_ai:
+        return "google_vertexai:gemini-3.1-pro-preview"
+    if s.has_nvidia:
+        return "nvidia:nvidia/nemotron-3-super-120b-a12b"
+
+    msg = (
+        "No credentials configured. Please set one of: "
+        "ANTHROPIC_API_KEY, OPENAI_API_KEY, GOOGLE_API_KEY, "
+        "GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT, or NVIDIA_API_KEY"
+    )
+    raise ModelConfigError(msg)
+
+
+_OPENROUTER_APP_URL = "https://pypi.org/project/Soothe/"
+"""Default `app_url` (maps to `HTTP-Referer`) for OpenRouter attribution.
+
+See https://openrouter.ai/docs/app-attribution for details.
+"""
+
+_OPENROUTER_APP_TITLE = "Deep Agents CLI"
+"""Default `app_title` (maps to `X-Title`) for OpenRouter attribution."""
+
+_OPENROUTER_APP_CATEGORIES: list[str] = ["cli-agent"]
+"""Default `app_categories` (maps to `X-OpenRouter-Categories`) for OpenRouter."""
+
+
+def _apply_openrouter_defaults(kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    """Inject default OpenRouter attribution kwargs.
+
+    Sets `app_url`, `app_title`, and `app_categories` via `setdefault` so
+    that user-supplied values in config take precedence. These map to the
+    `HTTP-Referer`, `X-Title`, and `X-OpenRouter-Categories` headers that
+    `ChatOpenRouter` sends for app attribution
+    (see https://openrouter.ai/docs/app-attribution).
+
+    Users can override either value provider-wide or per-model in
+    `SOOTHE_HOME/config/config.yml`:
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Provider-wide
+    [models.providers.openrouter.params]
+    app_url = "https://myapp.com"
+    app_title = "My App"
+
+    # Per-model (shallow-merges on top of provider-wide)
+    [models.providers.openrouter.params."openai/gpt-oss-120b"]
+    app_title = "My App (GPT)"
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        kwargs: Mutable kwargs dict to update in place.
+    """
+    kwargs.setdefault("app_url", _OPENROUTER_APP_URL)
+    kwargs.setdefault("app_title", _OPENROUTER_APP_TITLE)
+    kwargs.setdefault("app_categories", _OPENROUTER_APP_CATEGORIES)
+
+
+def _get_provider_kwargs(provider: str, *, model_name: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Get provider-specific kwargs from the config file.
+
+    Reads `base_url`, `api_key_env`, and the `params` table from the user's
+    `config.yml` for the given provider.
+
+    When `model_name` is provided, per-model overrides from the `params`
+    sub-table are shallow-merged on top.
+
+    Args:
+        provider: Provider name (e.g., openai, anthropic, fireworks, ollama).
+        model_name: Optional model name for per-model overrides.
+
+    Returns:
+        Dictionary of provider-specific kwargs.
+    """
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import ModelConfig
+
+    config = ModelConfig.load()
+    result: dict[str, Any] = config.get_kwargs(provider, model_name=model_name)
+    base_url = config.get_base_url(provider)
+    if base_url:
+        result["base_url"] = base_url
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import PROVIDER_API_KEY_ENV, resolve_env_var
+
+    api_key_env = config.get_api_key_env(provider)
+    if not api_key_env:
+        api_key_env = PROVIDER_API_KEY_ENV.get(provider)
+        if api_key_env:
+            logger.debug(
+                "No api_key_env in config.yml for '%s'; using hardcoded provider env var",
+                provider,
+            )
+    if api_key_env:
+        api_key = resolve_env_var(api_key_env)
+        if api_key:
+            result["api_key"] = api_key
+
+    if provider == "openrouter":
+        _apply_openrouter_defaults(result)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _create_model_from_class(
+    class_path: str,
+    model_name: str,
+    provider: str,
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+) -> BaseChatModel:
+    """Import and instantiate a custom `BaseChatModel` class.
+
+    Args:
+        class_path: Fully-qualified class in `module.path:ClassName` format.
+        model_name: Model identifier to pass as `model` kwarg.
+        provider: Provider name (for error messages).
+        kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for the constructor.
+
+    Returns:
+        Instantiated `BaseChatModel`.
+
+    Raises:
+        ModelConfigError: If the class cannot be imported, is not a
+            `BaseChatModel` subclass, or fails to instantiate.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.language_models import (
+        BaseChatModel as _BaseChatModel,  # Runtime import; module level is typing only
+    )
+
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import ModelConfigError
+
+    if ":" not in class_path:
+        msg = f"Invalid class_path '{class_path}' for provider '{provider}': must be in module.path:ClassName format"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg)
+
+    module_path, class_name = class_path.rsplit(":", 1)
+
+    try:
+        module = importlib.import_module(module_path)
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = f"Could not import module '{module_path}' for provider '{provider}': {e}"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg) from e
+
+    cls = getattr(module, class_name, None)
+    if cls is None:
+        msg = f"Class '{class_name}' not found in module '{module_path}' for provider '{provider}'"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg)
+
+    if not (isinstance(cls, type) and issubclass(cls, _BaseChatModel)):
+        msg = f"'{class_path}' is not a BaseChatModel subclass (got {type(cls).__name__})"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg)
+
+    try:
+        return cls(model=model_name, **kwargs)
+    except Exception as e:
+        msg = f"Failed to instantiate '{class_path}' for '{provider}:{model_name}': {e}"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg) from e
+
+
+def _create_model_via_init(
+    model_name: str,
+    provider: str,
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+) -> BaseChatModel:
+    """Create a model using langchain's `init_chat_model`.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: Model identifier.
+        provider: Provider name (may be empty for auto-detection).
+        kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+        Instantiated `BaseChatModel`.
+
+    Raises:
+        ModelConfigError: On import, value, or runtime errors.
+    """
+    from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import ModelConfigError
+
+    try:
+        if provider:
+            return init_chat_model(model_name, model_provider=provider, **kwargs)
+        return init_chat_model(model_name, **kwargs)
+    except ImportError as e:
+        import importlib.util
+
+        package_map = {
+            "anthropic": "langchain-anthropic",
+            "openai": "langchain-openai",
+            "google_genai": "langchain-google-genai",
+            "google_vertexai": "langchain-google-vertexai",
+            "nvidia": "langchain-nvidia-ai-endpoints",
+        }
+        package = package_map.get(provider, f"langchain-{provider}")
+        # Convert pip package name to Python module name for import check.
+        module_name = package.replace("-", "_")
+        try:
+            spec_found = importlib.util.find_spec(module_name) is not None
+        except (ImportError, ValueError):
+            spec_found = False
+        if spec_found:
+            # Package is installed but an internal import failed — surface
+            # the real error instead of the misleading "missing package" hint.
+            msg = f"Provider package '{package}' is installed but failed to import for provider '{provider}': {e}"
+        else:
+            msg = f"Missing package for provider '{provider}'. Install: pip install {package}"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg) from e
+    except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
+        spec = f"{provider}:{model_name}" if provider else model_name
+        msg = f"Invalid model configuration for '{spec}': {e}"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg) from e
+    except Exception as e:  # provider SDK auth/network errors
+        spec = f"{provider}:{model_name}" if provider else model_name
+        msg = f"Failed to initialize model '{spec}': {e}"
+        raise ModelConfigError(msg) from e
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ModelResult:
+    """Result of creating a chat model, bundling the model with its metadata.
+
+    This separates model creation from settings mutation so callers can decide
+    when to commit the metadata to global settings.
+
+    Attributes:
+        model: The instantiated chat model.
+        model_name: Resolved model name.
+        provider: Resolved provider name.
+        context_limit: Max input tokens from the model profile, or `None`.
+        unsupported_modalities: Input modalities not indicated as supported by
+            the model profile (e.g. `{"audio", "video"}`).
+    """
+
+    model: BaseChatModel
+    model_name: str
+    provider: str
+    context_limit: int | None = None
+    unsupported_modalities: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
+
+    def apply_to_settings(self) -> None:
+        """Commit this result's metadata to global `settings`."""
+        s = _get_settings()
+        s.model_name = self.model_name
+        s.model_provider = self.provider
+        s.model_context_limit = self.context_limit
+        s.model_unsupported_modalities = self.unsupported_modalities
+
+
+def _apply_profile_overrides(
+    model: BaseChatModel,
+    overrides: dict[str, Any],
+    model_name: str,
+    *,
+    label: str,
+    raise_on_failure: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Merge `overrides` into `model.profile`.
+
+    If the model already has a dict profile, overrides are layered on top
+    so existing keys (e.g., `tool_calling`) are preserved unchanged.
+
+    Args:
+        model: The chat model whose profile will be updated.
+        overrides: Key/value pairs to merge into the profile.
+        model_name: Model name used in log/error messages.
+        label: Human-readable source label for messages
+            (e.g., `"config.yml"`, `"CLI --profile-override"`).
+        raise_on_failure: When `True`, raise `ModelConfigError` instead
+            of logging a warning if assignment fails.
+
+    Raises:
+        ModelConfigError: If `raise_on_failure` is `True` and the model
+            rejects profile assignment.
+    """
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import ModelConfigError
+
+    logger.debug("Applying %s profile overrides: %s", label, overrides)
+    profile = getattr(model, "profile", None)
+    merged = {**profile, **overrides} if isinstance(profile, dict) else overrides
+    try:
+        model.profile = merged  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+        if raise_on_failure:
+            msg = f"Could not apply {label} to model '{model_name}': {exc}. The model may not support profile assignment."
+            raise ModelConfigError(msg) from exc
+        logger.warning(
+            "Could not apply %s profile overrides to model '%s': %s. Overrides will be ignored.",
+            label,
+            model_name,
+            exc,
+        )
+
+
+def create_model(
+    model_spec: str | None = None,
+    *,
+    extra_kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    profile_overrides: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> ModelResult:
+    """Create a chat model.
+
+    Uses `init_chat_model` for standard providers, or imports a custom
+    `BaseChatModel` subclass when the provider has a `class_path` in config.
+
+    Supports `provider:model` format (e.g., `'anthropic:claude-sonnet-4-5'`)
+    for explicit provider selection, or bare model names for auto-detection.
+
+    Args:
+        model_spec: Model specification in `provider:model` format (e.g.,
+            `'anthropic:claude-sonnet-4-5'`, `'openai:gpt-4o'`) or just the model
+            name for auto-detection (e.g., `'claude-sonnet-4-5'`).
+
+                If not provided, uses environment-based defaults.
+        extra_kwargs: Additional kwargs to pass to the model constructor.
+
+            These take highest priority, overriding values from the config file.
+        profile_overrides: Extra profile fields from `--profile-override`.
+
+            Merged on top of config file profile overrides (CLI wins).
+
+    Returns:
+        A `ModelResult` containing the model and its metadata.
+
+    Raises:
+        ModelConfigError: If provider cannot be determined from the model name,
+            required provider package is not installed, or no credentials are
+            configured.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> model = create_model("anthropic:claude-sonnet-4-5")
+        >>> model = create_model("openai:gpt-4o")
+        >>> model = create_model("gpt-4o")  # Auto-detects openai
+        >>> model = create_model()  # Uses environment defaults
+    """
+    from soothe_cli.tui.model_config import (
+        IMPLICIT_AUTH_PROVIDERS,
+        ModelConfig,
+        ModelConfigError,
+        ModelSpec,
+        get_credential_env_var,
+        has_provider_credentials,
+    )
+
+    if not model_spec:
+        model_spec = _get_default_model_spec()
+
+    # Parse provider:model syntax
+    provider: str
+    model_name: str
+    parsed = ModelSpec.try_parse(model_spec)
+    if parsed:
+        # Explicit provider:model (e.g., "anthropic:claude-sonnet-4-5")
+        provider, model_name = parsed.provider, parsed.model
+    elif ":" in model_spec:
+        # Contains colon but ModelSpec rejected it (empty provider or model)
+        _, _, after = model_spec.partition(":")
+        if after:
+            # Leading colon (e.g., ":claude-opus-4-6") — treat as bare model name
+            model_name = after
+            provider = detect_provider(model_name) or ""
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                f"Invalid model spec '{model_spec}': model name is required "
+                "(e.g., 'anthropic:claude-sonnet-4-5' or 'claude-sonnet-4-5')"
+            )
+            raise ModelConfigError(msg)
+    else:
+        # Bare model name — auto-detect provider or let init_chat_model infer
+        model_name = model_spec
+        provider = detect_provider(model_spec) or ""
+
+    # Early credential check — fail fast with an actionable message instead of
+    # letting the provider SDK raise an opaque auth error on first invocation.
+    # Providers that support implicit auth (e.g., Vertex AI ADC) are excluded
+    # because their env-var mapping is not a reliable indicator.
+    if provider and provider not in IMPLICIT_AUTH_PROVIDERS:
+        cred_status = has_provider_credentials(provider)
+        if cred_status is False:
+            env_var = get_credential_env_var(provider) or f"<{provider} API key>"
+            msg = f"No credentials found for provider '{provider}'. Please set the {env_var} environment variable."
+            raise ModelConfigError(msg)
+
+    # Provider-specific kwargs (with per-model overrides)
+    kwargs = _get_provider_kwargs(provider, model_name=model_name)
+
+    # CLI --model-params take highest priority
+    if extra_kwargs:
+        kwargs.update(extra_kwargs)
+
+    # Check if this provider uses a custom BaseChatModel class
+    config = ModelConfig.load()
+    class_path = config.get_class_path(provider) if provider else None
+
+    if class_path:
+        model = _create_model_from_class(class_path, model_name, provider, kwargs)
+    else:
+        model = _create_model_via_init(model_name, provider, kwargs)
+
+    resolved_provider = provider or getattr(model, "_model_provider", provider)
+
+    # Apply profile overrides from config.yml (e.g., max_input_tokens)
+    if provider:
+        config_profile_overrides = config.get_profile_overrides(provider, model_name=model_name)
+        if config_profile_overrides:
+            _apply_profile_overrides(
+                model,
+                config_profile_overrides,
+                model_name,
+                label=f"config.yml (provider '{provider}')",
+            )
+
+    # CLI --profile-override takes highest priority (on top of config.yml)
+    if profile_overrides:
+        _apply_profile_overrides(
+            model,
+            profile_overrides,
+            model_name,
+            label="CLI --profile-override",
+            raise_on_failure=True,
+        )
+
+    # Extract context limit and modality support from model profile
+    context_limit: int | None = None
+    unsupported_modalities: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
+    profile = getattr(model, "profile", None)
+    if isinstance(profile, dict):
+        if isinstance(profile.get("max_input_tokens"), int):
+            context_limit = profile["max_input_tokens"]
+
+        modality_keys = {
+            "image_inputs": "image",
+            "audio_inputs": "audio",
+            "video_inputs": "video",
+            "pdf_inputs": "pdf",
+        }
+        unsupported_modalities = frozenset(
+            label for key, label in modality_keys.items() if profile.get(key) is False
+        )
+
+    return ModelResult(
+        model=model,
+        model_name=model_name,
+        provider=resolved_provider,
+        context_limit=context_limit,
+        unsupported_modalities=unsupported_modalities,
+    )
+
+
+def validate_model_capabilities(model: BaseChatModel, model_name: str) -> None:
+    """Validate that the model has required capabilities for `Soothe`.
+
+    Checks the model's profile (if available) to ensure it supports tool calling, which
+    is required for agent functionality. Issues warnings for models without profiles or
+    with limited context windows.
+
+    Args:
+        model: The instantiated model to validate.
+        model_name: Model name for error/warning messages.
+
+    Note:
+        This validation is best-effort. Models without profiles will pass with
+        a warning. Calls `sys.exit(1)` if the model's profile explicitly
+        indicates `tool_calling=False`.
+    """
+    console = _get_console()
+    profile = getattr(model, "profile", None)
+
+    if profile is None:
+        # Model doesn't have profile data - warn but allow
+        console.print(
+            f"[dim][yellow]Note:[/yellow] No capability profile for "
+            f"'{model_name}'. Cannot verify tool calling support.[/dim]"
+        )
+        return
+
+    if not isinstance(profile, dict):
+        return
+
+    # Check required capability: tool_calling
+    tool_calling = profile.get("tool_calling")
+    if tool_calling is False:
+        console.print(
+            f"[bold red]Error:[/bold red] Model '{model_name}' does not support tool calling."
+        )
+        console.print(
+            "\nDeep Agents requires tool calling for agent functionality. "
+            "Please choose a model that supports tool calling."
+        )
+        console.print("\nSee MODELS.md for supported models.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    # Warn about potentially limited context (< 8k tokens)
+    max_input_tokens = profile.get("max_input_tokens")
+    if max_input_tokens and max_input_tokens < 8000:  # noqa: PLR2004  # Model context window default
+        console.print(
+            f"[dim][yellow]Warning:[/yellow] Model '{model_name}' has limited context "
+            f"({max_input_tokens:,} tokens). Agent performance may be affected.[/dim]"
+        )
+
+
+def _get_console() -> Console:
+    """Return the lazily-initialized global `Console` instance.
+
+    Defers the `rich.console` import until console output is actually
+    needed. The result is cached in `globals()["console"]`.
+
+    Returns:
+        The global Rich `Console` singleton.
+    """
+    cached = globals().get("console")
+    if cached is not None:
+        return cached
+    with _singleton_lock:
+        cached = globals().get("console")
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+        from rich.console import Console
+
+        inst = Console(highlight=False)
+        globals()["console"] = inst
+        return inst
+
+
+def _get_settings() -> Settings:
+    """Return the lazily-initialized global `Settings` instance.
+
+    Ensures bootstrap has run before constructing settings. The result is cached
+    in `globals()["settings"]` so subsequent access — including
+    `from config import settings` in other modules — resolves instantly.
+
+    Returns:
+        The global `Settings` singleton.
+    """
+    cached = globals().get("settings")
+    if cached is not None:
+        return cached
+    with _singleton_lock:
+        cached = globals().get("settings")
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+        _ensure_bootstrap()
+        try:
+            inst = Settings.from_environment(start_path=_bootstrap_start_path)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(
+                "Failed to initialize settings from environment (start_path=%s)",
+                _bootstrap_start_path,
+            )
+            raise
+        globals()["settings"] = inst
+        return inst
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Settings | Console:
+    """Lazy module attributes for `settings` and `console`.
+
+    Defers heavy initialization until first access. Subsequent accesses hit
+    the module-level attribute directly (no `__getattr__` overhead).
+
+    Returns:
+        The requested lazy singleton.
+
+    Raises:
+        AttributeError: If *name* is not a lazily-provided attribute.
+    """
+    if name == "settings":
+        return _get_settings()
+    if name == "console":
+        return _get_console()
+    msg = f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}"
+    raise AttributeError(msg)