skinoptics 0.0.1__py3-none-any.whl

skinoptics/absorption_coefficient.py

@@ -0,0 +1,893 @@
+'''
+| SkinOptics
+| Copyright (C) 2024-2025 Victor Lima
+
+    | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    | (at your option) any later version.
+
+    | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    | GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    | along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+    
+| Victor Lima
+| victorporto\@ifsc.usp.br
+| victor.lima\@ufscar.br
+| victorportog.github.io
+
+| Release date:
+| October 2024
+| Last modification:
+| October 2024
+
+| References:
+
+| [HQ73] Hale & Querry 1973.
+| Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region.
+| https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.12.000555
+
+| [S81] Segelstein 1981.
+| The complex refractive index of water.
+| https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/11599
+
+| [AF90] Agati & Fusi 1990.
+| New trends in photobiology recent advances in bilirubin photophysics.
+| https://doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(90)85138-M
+
+| [B90] Billett 1990.
+| Hemoglobin and Hematocrit.
+| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK259/
+
+| [v*05] van Veen, Sterenborg, Pifferi, Torricelli, Chikoidze & Cubeddu 2005.
+| Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved
+| diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy.
+| https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2085149
+
+| [H02] Hecht 2002.
+| Optics. (4th Edition)
+
+| [S*06] Salomatina, Jiang, Novak & Yaroslavsky 2006.
+| Optical properties of normal and cancerous human skin in the visible and near-infrared spectral range.
+| https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2398928
+
+| [SS06] Sarna & Swartz 2006.
+| The Physical Properties of Melanins.
+| https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470987100.ch16
+
+| [DJV11] Delgado Atencio, Jacques & Vázquez y Montiel 2011.
+| Monte Carlo Modeling of Light Propagation in Neonatal Skin.
+| https://doi.org/10.5772/15853
+
+| [J13] Jacques 2013.
+| Optical properties of biological tissues: a review.
+| https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/58/14/5007
+
+| [B*14] Bosschaart, Edelman, Aalders, van Leeuwen & Faber 2014.
+| A literature review and novel theoretical approach on the optical properties of whole blood.
+| https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1446-7
+
+| [G17] Griffiths 2017.
+| Introduction to Electrodynamics. (4th Edition)
+| https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108333511
+
+| [TL23] Taniguchi & Lindsey 2023.
+| Absorption and fluorescence spectra of open-chain tetrapyrrole pigments – bilirubins, biliverdins, phycobilins, and synthetic analogues.
+| https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2023.100585
+
+| [S*23] Sá, Bacal, Gomes, Silva, Gonçalves & Malta 2023.
+| Blood count reference intervals for the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey.
+| https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720230004.supl.1
+'''
+
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
+
+from skinoptics.utils import *
+from skinoptics.dataframes import *
+
+
+def Cmass_from_Cmolar(Cmolar, molar_mass):
+    r'''
+    Calculate the mass concentration from the molar concentration and the molar mass.
+
+    :math:`C_{mass} = M \mbox{ } C_{molar}`
+
+    :param Cmolar: molar concentration [M]
+    :type Cmolar: float or np.ndarray
+
+    :param molar_mass: molar mass [g mol^-1]
+    :type molar_mass: float
+    
+    :return: - **Cmass** (*float or np.ndarray*) – mass concentration [g L^-1]
+    '''
+
+    return Cmolar*molar_mass
+    
+def Cmolar_from_Cmass(Cmass, molar_mass):
+    r'''
+    Calculate the molar concentration from the mass concentration and the molar mass.
+
+    :math:`C_{molar} = \frac{C_{mass}}{M}`
+ 
+    :param Cmass: mass concentration [g L^-1]
+    :type Cmass: float or np.ndarray
+
+    :param molar_mass: molar mass [g mol^-1]
+    :type molar_mass: float
+
+    :return: - **Cmolar** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar concentration [M]
+    '''
+
+    return Cmass/molar_mass
+
+def ext_from_Abs_and_Cmass(Abs, Cmass, pathlength):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the extinction coefficient from the absorbance, the mass concentration
+    | and the pathlength.
+
+    :math:`\varepsilon_{mass}(\lambda) = \frac{Abs(\lambda)}{L \mbox{ } C_{mass}}`
+    
+    :param Abs: absorbance [-]
+    :type Abs: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmass: mass concentration [g L^-1]
+    :type Cmass: float
+    
+    :param pathlength: pathlength [cm]
+    :type pathlength: float
+    
+    :return: - **ext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – extinction coefficient [cm^-1 mL mg^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return Abs/Cmass/pathlength
+
+def molarext_from_Abs_and_Cmolar(Abs, Cmolar, pathlength):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the molar extinction coefficient from the absorbance, the molar concentration
+    | and the pathlength.
+    
+    :math:`\varepsilon_{molar}(\lambda) = \frac{Abs(\lambda)}{L \mbox{ } C_{molar}}`
+    
+    :param Abs: absorbance [-]
+    :type Abs: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmolar: molar concentration [g L^-1]
+    :type Cmolar: float
+    
+    :param pathlength: pathlength [cm]
+    :type pathlength: float
+
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return Abs/Cmolar/pathlength
+
+def ext_from_molarext(molarext, molar_mass):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the extinction coefficient from the molar extinction coefficient
+    | and the molar mass.
+
+    :math:`\varepsilon_{mass}(\lambda) = \frac{\varepsilon_{molar}(\lambda)}{M}`
+    
+    :param molarext: molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    :type molarext: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param molar_mass: molar mass [g mol^-1]
+    :type molar_mass: float
+    
+    :return: - **ext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – extinction coefficient [cm^-1 mL mg^-1]
+    '''
+        
+    return molarext/molar_mass
+
+def molarext_from_ext(ext, molar_mass):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the molar extinction coefficient from the extinction coefficient
+    | and the molar mass.
+
+    :math:`\varepsilon_{molar}(\lambda) = M \mbox{ } \varepsilon_{mass}(\lambda)`
+    
+    :param ext: extinction coefficient [cm^-1 mL mg^-1]
+    :type ext: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param molar_mass: molar mass [g mol^-1]
+    :type molar_mass: float
+    
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return ext*molar_mass
+    
+def mua_from_ext_and_Cmass(ext, Cmass):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the absorption coefficient from the extinction coefficient and the mass concentration.
+    | For details please check Jacques 2013 [J13].
+
+    :math:`\mu_a(\lambda) = \mbox{ln}(10) \mbox{ } C_{mass} \mbox{ } \varepsilon_{mass}(\lambda)`
+    
+    :param ext: extinction coefficient [cm^-1 mL mg^-1]
+    :type ext: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmass: mass concentration [g L^-1]
+    :type Cmass: float
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+        
+    return np.log(10)*ext*Cmass/10
+
+def mua_from_molarext_and_Cmolar(molarext, Cmolar):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the absorption coefficient from the molar extinction coefficient
+    | and the molar concentration.
+    | For details please check Jacques 2013 [J13].
+
+    :math:`\mu_a(\lambda) = \mbox{ln}(10) \mbox{ } C_{molar} \mbox{ } \varepsilon_{molar}(\lambda)`
+    
+    :param molarext: molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    :type molarext: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmolar: molar concentration [M]
+    :type Cmolar: float
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+        
+    return np.log(10)*molarext*Cmolar/10
+
+def ext_from_mua_and_Cmass(mua, Cmass):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the extinction coefficient from the absorption coefficient
+    | and the mass concentration.
+    | For details please check Jacques 2013 [J13].
+
+    :math:`\varepsilon_{mass}(\lambda) = \frac{1}{\mbox{ln}(10)}\frac{\mu_a(\lambda)}{C_{mass}}`
+    
+    :param mua: absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    :type mua: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmass: mass concentration [g L^-1]
+    :type Cmass: float
+    
+    :return: - **ext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – extinction coefficient [cm^-1 mL mg^-1]
+    '''
+        
+    return 10*mua/np.log(10)/Cmass
+
+def molarext_from_mua_Cmolar(mua, Cmolar):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the molar extinction coefficient from the absorption coefficient
+    | and the molar concentration.
+    | For details please check Jacques 2013 [J13].
+
+    :math:`\varepsilon_{molar}(\lambda) = \frac{1}{\mbox{ln}(10)}\frac{\mu_a(\lambda)}{C_{molar}}`
+    
+    :param mua: absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    :type mua: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmolar: molar concentration [M]
+    :type Cmolar: float
+    
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return 10*mua/np.log(10)/Cmolar
+
+def mua_from_k(k, lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the absorption coefficient from the imaginary part of the complex refractive index
+    | and the wavelength.
+    | For details please check Hecht 2002 [H02], Jacques 2013 [J13] and Griffiths 2017 [G17].
+    
+    :math:`\mu_a(\lambda) = 4\pi \frac{k(\lambda)}{\lambda}`
+    
+    :param k: imaginary part of the complex refractive index [-]
+    :type k: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return 4*np.pi*k/lambda0/1E-6
+
+def k_from_mua(mua, lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | Calculate the imaginary part of the complex refractive index from the absorption coefficient
+    | and the wavelength.
+    | For details please check Hecht 2002 [H02], Jacques 2013 [J13] and Griffiths 2017 [G17].
+    
+    :math:`k(\lambda) = \frac{\mu_a(\lambda)}{4\pi}\lambda`
+    
+    :param mua: absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    :type mua: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **k** (*float or np.ndarray*) – imaginary part of the complex refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    return mua*lambda0*1E-6/4/np.pi
+
+def k_wat_Hale(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The imaginary part of the complex refractive index of WATER as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Hale & Querry 1973 [HQ73] (see their Table I).
+    
+    | wavelength range: [200 nm, 200 μm]
+    | temperature: 25 ºC
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **k** (*float or np.ndarray*) – imaginary part of the complex refractive index [-]
+    '''
+            
+    return interp1d(np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def k_wat_Segelstein(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The imaginary part of the complex refractive index of WATER as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from D. J. Segelstein's M.S. Thesis 1981 [S81] collected
+    | by S. Prahl and publicly available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/water/abs/index.html>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [10 nm, 10 m]
+        
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **k** (*float or np.ndarray*) – imaginary part of the complex refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,0]*1E3,
+                    np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def ext_eum_Sarna(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The extinction coefficient of EUMELANIN in phosphate buffer as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Sarna & Swartz 2006 [SS06] (see their Fig. 16.3-a)
+    | graphically deduced by Jacques and publicly available at
+    | <https://omlc.org/spectra/melanin/extcoeff.html>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [210 nm, 820 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **ext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – extinction coefficient [cm^-1 mL mg^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def molarext_eum_Sarna(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The molar extinction coefficient of EUMELANIN in phosphate buffer as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Sarna & Swartz 2006 [SS06] (see their Fig. 16.3-a)
+    | graphically deduced by Jacques and publicly available at
+    | <https://omlc.org/spectra/melanin/extcoeff.html>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [210 nm, 820 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(ext_and_molarext_eum_Sarna_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def ext_phe_Sarna(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The extinction coefficient of PHEOMELANIN in phosphate buffer as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Sarna & Swartz 2006 [SS06] (see their Fig. 16.3-a)
+    | graphically deduced by Jacques and publicly available at
+    | <https://omlc.org/spectra/melanin/extcoeff.html>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [210 nm, 820 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **ext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – extinction coefficient [cm^-1 mL mg^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def molarext_phe_Sarna(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The molar extinction coefficient of PHEOMELANIN in phosphate buffer as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Sarna & Swartz 2006 [SS06] (see their Fig. 16.3-a)
+    | graphically deduced by Jacques and publicly available at
+    | <https://omlc.org/spectra/melanin/extcoeff.html>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [210 nm, 820 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(ext_and_molarext_phe_Sarna_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def molarext_oxy_Prahl(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The molar extinction coefficient of OXYHEMOGLOBIN in water as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from various sources compiled by S. Prahl and publicly
+    | available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/hemoglobin/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1000 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def molarext_deo_Prahl(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The molar extinction coefficient for DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN in water as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from various sources compiled by S. Prahl and publicly
+    | available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/hemoglobin/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1000 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(ext_and_molarext_oxy_and_deo_Prahl_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def molarext_bil_Li(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The molar extinction coefficient of BILIRUBIN in chloroform as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data obtained with a Cary 3 by J. Li on 1997,
+    | scaled to match 55,000 cm^-1 M^-1 at 450.8 nm [AF90] and publicly available by S. Prahl
+    | at <https://omlc.org/spectra/PhotochemCAD/html/119.html>.
+    | The data is also available at PhotochemCAD [TL23]
+    | <https://www.photochemcad.com/databases/common-compounds/oligopyrroles/bilirubin>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [239.75 nm, 700 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **molarext** (*float or np.ndarray*) – molar extinction coefficient [cm^-1 M^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(molarext_bil_Li_dataframe)[:,0], 
+                    np.array(molarext_bil_Li_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(molarext_bil_Li_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(molarext_bil_Li_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+            
+def mua_baseline(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The baseline absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength.
+    | Equation proposed by S. Jacques based on data for bloodless rat skin.
+    | For details please check <https://omlc.org/news/jan98/skinoptics.html>.
+    
+    :math:`\mu_a^{bas}(\lambda) = 0.0244 + 8.53\mbox{ exp}(-(\lambda-154)/66.2)`
+
+    | wavelength range: [350 nm, 1100 nm]
+
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return (0.244 + 85.3*np.exp(-(lambda0 - 154.)/66.2))/10
+
+def mua_baseline2(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The baseline absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength.
+    | Equation based on data for neonatal skin.
+    | For details please check <https://omlc.org/news/jan98/skinoptics.html>.
+    
+    :math:`\mu_a^{bas}(\lambda) = 7.84 \times 10^7 \times \lambda^{-3.255}`
+
+    | wavelength range: [450 nm, 750 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return 7.84E7*lambda0**(-3.255)        
+        
+def mua_wat_Hale(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of WATER as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Hale & Querry 1973 [HQ73] collected and processed 
+    | by S. Prahl and publicly available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/water/abs/index.html>.
+    
+    wavelength range: [200 nm, 200 μm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(mua_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(mua_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,1]/10,
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(mua_wat_Hale_dataframe)[0,1]/10,
+                                  np.array(mua_wat_Hale_dataframe)[-1,1]/10))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_wat_Segelstein(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of WATER as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from D. J. Segelstein's M.S. Thesis 1981 [S81],
+    | collected by S. Prahl and publicly available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/water/abs/index.html>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [10 nm, 10 m].
+        
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(mua_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(mua_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,1]/10,
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(mua_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[0,1]/10,
+                                  np.array(mua_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[-1,1]/10))(lambda0)
+    
+def mua_mel_Jacques(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absoption coefficient of a MELANOSOME as a function of wavelength.
+    | Equation proposed by S. Jacques based on data from various sources.
+    | For details please check <https://omlc.org/news/jan98/skinoptics.html>.
+
+    :math:`\mu_a^{mel} (\lambda) = 6.6 \times 10^{10} \times \lambda^{-3.33}`
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return 6.6E10*lambda0**(-3.33) 
+
+def mua_oxy_Prahl(lambda0, Cmass_oxy = 150, molar_mass_oxy = 64500):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of OXYHEMOGLOBIN in water as a function of wavelength.
+    | Calculated from :meth:`skinoptics.absorption_coefficient.molarext_oxy_Prahl` for a specific
+    | oxyhemoglobin mass concentration.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1000 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmass_oxy: oxyhemoglobin mass concentration [g/L] (default to 150. [S*23])
+    :type Cmass_oxy: float
+    
+    :param molar_mass_oxy: molar mass of oxyhemoglobin [g/mol] (default  to 64500. [B90])
+    :type molar_mass_oxy: float
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return mua_from_molarext_and_Cmolar(molarext_oxy_Prahl(lambda0),
+                                        Cmolar = Cmolar_from_Cmass(Cmass = Cmass_oxy, molar_mass = molar_mass_oxy))
+
+def mua_deo_Prahl(lambda0, Cmass_deo = 150, molar_mass_deo = 64500):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN in water as a function of wavelength.
+    | Calculated from :meth:`skinoptics.absorption_coefficient.molarext_deo_Prahl` for a specific
+    | deoxyhemoglobin mass concentration.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1000 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray.
+    
+    :param Cmass_oxy: deoxyhemoglobin mass concentration [g/L] (default to 150. [S*23])
+    :type Cmass_oxy: float
+    
+    :param molar_mass_deo: molar mass of deoxyhemoglobin [g/mol] (default to 64500. [B90])
+    :type molar_mass_deo: float
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return mua_from_molarext_and_Cmolar(molarext_deo_Prahl(lambda0),
+                                        Cmolar = Cmolar_from_Cmass(Cmass = Cmass_deo, molar_mass = molar_mass_deo))
+
+def mua_oxy_Bosschaart(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of OXYGENIZED BLOOD (saturation > 98%) as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Bosschaart et. al. 2014 [B*14].
+    
+    | wavelength range: [251 nm, 1995 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return interp1d(np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_deo_Bosschaart(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of DEOXIGENIZED BLOOD (saturation = 0%) as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Bosschaart et. al. 2014 [B*14].
+    
+    | wavelength range: [251 nm, 1995 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return interp1d(np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(oxy_and_deo_Bosschaart_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_bil_Li(lambda0, Cmass_bil, molar_mass_bil = 585):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of BILIRUBIN in chloroform as a function of wavelength.
+    | Calculated from :meth:`skinoptics.absorption_coefficient.molarext_bil_Li` for a specific
+    | bilirubin mass concentration.
+
+    | wavelength range: [239.75 nm, 700 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmass_bil: bilirubin mass concentration [g/L]
+    :type Cmass_bil: float
+    
+    :param molarmass_bil: molar mass of bilirubin [g/mol] (default to 585. [DJV11])
+    :type molarmass_bil: float
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return mua_from_molarext_and_Cmolar(molarext_bil_Li(lambda0),
+                                        Cmolar = Cmolar_from_Cmass(Cmass = Cmass_bil, molar_mass = molar_mass_bil))
+
+def mua_fat_vanVeen(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absorption coefficient of (pig lard) FAT as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from van Veen et al. 2005 [v*05] collected and processed
+    | by S. Prahl and publicly available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/fat/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [429 nm, 1098 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return interp1d(np.array(mua_fat_vanVeen_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(mua_fat_vanVeen_dataframe)[:,1]/1E3,
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(mua_fat_vanVeen_dataframe)[0,1]/1E3,
+                                  np.array(mua_fat_vanVeen_dataframe)[-1,1]/1E3))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_EP_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absoption coefficient of human EPIDERMIS as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0], 
+                    np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_DE_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absoption coefficient of human DERMIS as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return interp1d(np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_HY_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absoption coefficient of human HYPODERMIS as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [374 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return interp1d(np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_iBCC_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absoption coefficient of INFILTRATIVE BASAL CELL CARCINOMA as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    return interp1d(np.array(iBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(iBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(iBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(iBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_nBCC_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absoption coefficient of NODULAR BASAL CELL CARCINOMA as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(nBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(nBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(nBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(nBCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def mua_SCC_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The absoption coefficient of SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(SCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(SCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(SCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(SCC_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def std_mua_EP_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The standard deviation respective to :meth:`skinoptics.absorption_coefficient.mua_EP_Salomatina`.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **std_mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – standard deviation of the absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0], 
+                    np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(EP_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def std_mua_DE_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The standard deviation respective to :meth:`skinoptics.absorption_coefficient.mua_DE_Salomatina`.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **std_mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – standard deviation of the absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0], 
+                    np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(DE_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def std_mua_HY_Salomatina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The standard deviation respective to :meth:`skinoptics.absorption_coefficient.mua_HY_Salomatina`.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Salomatina et al. 2006 [S*06],
+    | publicly available at <https://sites.uml.edu/abl/optical-properties-2/>.
+
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 1600 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **std_mua** (*float or np.ndarray*) – standard deviation of the absorption coefficient [mm^-1]
+    '''
+    
+    return interp1d(np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,0], 
+                    np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(HY_Salomatina_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)