servalcat 0.4.99__cp39-cp39-macosx_10_14_x86_64.whl

servalcat/utils/model.py

@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+"""
+Author: "Keitaro Yamashita, Garib N. Murshudov"
+MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
+    
+This software is released under the
+Mozilla Public License, version 2.0; see LICENSE.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, generators
+import gemmi
+import numpy
+import pandas
+import scipy.sparse
+import os
+import time
+import itertools
+import string
+
+gemmi.IT92_normalize()
+gemmi.IT92_set_ignore_charge(False)
+gemmi.Element("X").it92.set_coefs(gemmi.Element("O").it92.get_coefs()) # treat X (unknown) as O
+
+u_to_b = 8 * numpy.pi**2
+b_to_u = 1. / u_to_b
+
+from servalcat.utils import logger
+from servalcat.utils import restraints
+from servalcat.utils import maps
+
+def shake_structure(st, sigma, copy=True):
+    print("Randomizing structure with rmsd of {}".format(sigma))
+    if copy:
+        st2 = st.clone()
+    else:
+        st2 = st
+        
+    sigma /= numpy.sqrt(3)
+    for model in st2:
+        for cra in model.all():
+            r = numpy.random.normal(0, sigma, 3)
+            cra.atom.pos += gemmi.Position(*r)
+
+    return st2
+# shake_structure()
+
+def setup_entities(st, clear=False, overwrite_entity_type=False, force_subchain_names=False):
+    if clear:
+        st.entities.clear()
+        st.add_entity_ids(overwrite=True) # clear entity_id so that ensure_entities() will work properly
+    st.add_entity_types(overwrite_entity_type)
+    st.assign_subchains(force_subchain_names)
+    st.ensure_entities()
+    st.add_entity_ids()
+    st.deduplicate_entities()
+# setup_entities()
+
+def determine_blur_for_dencalc(st, grid):
+    b_min = st[0].calculate_b_aniso_range()[0]
+    b_need = grid**2*8*numpy.pi**2/1.1 # Refmac's way
+    b_add = b_need - b_min
+    return b_add
+# determine_blur_for_dencalc()
+
+def remove_charge(sts):
+    nonzero = False
+    for st in sts:
+        for cra in st[0].all():
+            if cra.atom.charge != 0: nonzero = True
+            cra.atom.charge = 0
+    if nonzero:
+        logger.writeln("Warning: all atomic charges were set to zero.")
+# remove_charge()
+
+def check_atomsf(sts, source, mott_bethe=True):
+    assert source in ("xray", "electron", "neutron")
+    if source != "electron": mott_bethe = False
+    logger.writeln("Atomic scattering factors for {}".format("electron (Mott-Bethe)" if mott_bethe else source))
+    if source != "xray" and not mott_bethe:
+        logger.writeln("  Note that charges will be ignored")
+    el_charges = {(cra.atom.element, cra.atom.charge) for st in sts for cra in st[0].all()}
+    elems = {x[0] for x in el_charges}
+    if source == "xray" or mott_bethe:
+        shown = set()
+        for el, charge in sorted(el_charges, key=lambda x: (x[0].atomic_number, x[1])):
+            sf = gemmi.IT92_get_exact(el, charge)
+            if not sf:
+                logger.writeln("  Warning: no scattering factor found for {}{:+}".format(el.name, charge))
+                sf = el.it92
+                charge = 0
+            if (el, charge) in shown: continue
+            label = el.name if charge == 0 else "{}{:+}".format(el.name, charge)
+            logger.writeln("  {} {}".format(label, tuple(sf.get_coefs())))
+            shown.add((el, charge))
+    else:
+        for el in sorted(elems, key=lambda x: x.atomic_number):
+            sf = el.c4322 if source == "electron" else el.neutron92
+            logger.writeln("  {} {}".format(el.name, tuple(sf.get_coefs())))
+    logger.writeln("")
+# check_atomsf()
+
+def calc_sum_ab(st):
+    sum_ab = dict()
+    ret = 0.
+    for cra in st[0].all():
+        if cra.atom.element not in sum_ab:
+            it92 = cra.atom.element.it92
+            sum_ab[cra.atom.element] = sum(x*y for x,y in zip(it92.a, it92.b))
+        ret += sum_ab[cra.atom.element] * cra.atom.occ
+    return ret
+# calc_sum_ab()
+
+def calc_fc_fft(st, d_min, source, mott_bethe=True, monlib=None, blur=None, cutoff=1e-5, rate=1.5,
+                omit_proton=False, omit_h_electron=False, miller_array=None):
+    assert source in ("xray", "electron", "neutron")
+    if source != "electron": mott_bethe = False
+    if blur is None: blur = determine_blur_for_dencalc(st, d_min/2/rate)
+    #blur = max(0, blur) # negative blur may cause non-positive definite in case of anisotropic Bs
+    logger.writeln("Setting blur= {:.2f} in density calculation (unblurred later)".format(blur))
+    topo = None
+    if st[0].has_hydrogen():
+        st = st.clone()
+        if source == "neutron":
+            # nothing happens if not st.has_d_fraction
+            st.store_deuterium_as_fraction(False)
+        if omit_proton or omit_h_electron:
+            assert mott_bethe
+            if omit_proton and omit_h_electron:
+                logger.writeln("omit_proton and omit_h_electron requested. removing hydrogens")
+                st.remove_hydrogens()
+                omit_proton = omit_h_electron = False
+        if mott_bethe and not omit_proton and monlib is not None:
+            topo = gemmi.prepare_topology(st, monlib, warnings=logger, ignore_unknown_links=True)
+            resnames = st[0].get_all_residue_names()
+            restraints.check_monlib_support_nucleus_distances(monlib, resnames)
+            # Shift electron positions
+            topo.adjust_hydrogen_distances(gemmi.Restraints.DistanceOf.ElectronCloud)
+    elif omit_proton or omit_h_electron:
+        logger.writeln("WARNING: omit_proton/h_electron requested, but no hydrogen exists!")
+        omit_proton = omit_h_electron = False
+        
+    if source == "xray" or mott_bethe:
+        dc = gemmi.DensityCalculatorX()
+    elif source == "electron":
+        dc = gemmi.DensityCalculatorE()
+    elif source == "neutron":
+        dc = gemmi.DensityCalculatorN()
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("unknown source")
+
+    dc.d_min = d_min
+    dc.blur = blur
+    dc.cutoff = cutoff
+    dc.rate = rate
+    dc.grid.setup_from(st)
+
+    t_start = time.time()
+    if mott_bethe:
+        if omit_proton:
+            method_str = "proton-omit Fc"
+        elif omit_h_electron:
+            if topo is None:
+                method_str = "hydrogen electron-omit Fc"
+            else:
+                method_str = "hydrogen electron-omit, proton-shifted Fc"
+        elif topo is not None:
+            method_str = "proton-shifted Fc"
+        else:
+            method_str = "Fc"
+
+        logger.writeln("Calculating {} using Mott-Bethe formula".format(method_str))
+        
+        dc.initialize_grid()
+        dc.addends.subtract_z(except_hydrogen=True)
+
+        if omit_h_electron:
+            st2 = st.clone()
+            st2.remove_hydrogens()
+            dc.add_model_density_to_grid(st2[0])
+        else:
+            dc.add_model_density_to_grid(st[0])
+
+        # Subtract hydrogen Z
+        if not omit_proton and st[0].has_hydrogen():
+            if topo is not None:
+                # Shift proton positions
+                topo.adjust_hydrogen_distances(gemmi.Restraints.DistanceOf.Nucleus,
+                                               default_scale=restraints.default_proton_scale)
+            for cra in st[0].all():
+                if cra.atom.is_hydrogen():
+                    dc.add_c_contribution_to_grid(cra.atom, -1)
+
+        dc.grid.symmetrize_sum()
+        sum_ab = calc_sum_ab(st) * len(st.find_spacegroup().operations())
+        mb_000 = sum_ab * gemmi.mott_bethe_const() / 4
+    else:
+        logger.writeln("Calculating Fc")
+        dc.put_model_density_on_grid(st[0])
+        mb_000 = 0
+
+    logger.writeln(" done. Fc calculation time: {:.1f} s".format(time.time() - t_start))
+    grid = gemmi.transform_map_to_f_phi(dc.grid)
+    
+    if miller_array is None:
+        return grid.prepare_asu_data(dmin=d_min, mott_bethe=mott_bethe, unblur=dc.blur)
+    else:
+        return grid.get_value_by_hkl(miller_array, mott_bethe=mott_bethe, unblur=dc.blur,
+                                     mott_bethe_000=mb_000)
+# calc_fc_fft()
+
+def calc_fc_direct(st, d_min, source, mott_bethe, monlib=None, miller_array=None):
+    assert source in ("xray", "electron")
+    if source != "electron": mott_bethe = False
+
+    miller_array_given = miller_array is not None
+    unit_cell = st.cell
+    spacegroup = gemmi.SpaceGroup(st.spacegroup_hm)
+    if not miller_array_given: miller_array = gemmi.make_miller_array(unit_cell, spacegroup, d_min)
+    topo = None
+
+    if source == "xray" or mott_bethe:
+        calc = gemmi.StructureFactorCalculatorX(st.cell)
+    else:
+        calc = gemmi.StructureFactorCalculatorE(st.cell)
+        
+    
+    if source == "electron" and mott_bethe:
+        if monlib is not None and st[0].has_hydrogen():
+            st = st.clone()
+            topo = gemmi.prepare_topology(st, monlib, warnings=logger, ignore_unknown_links=True)
+            resnames = st[0].get_all_residue_names()
+            restraints.check_monlib_support_nucleus_distances(monlib, resnames)
+
+        calc.addends.clear()
+        calc.addends.subtract_z(except_hydrogen=True)
+
+    vals = []
+    for hkl in miller_array:
+        sf = calc.calculate_sf_from_model(st[0], hkl) # attention: traverse cell.images
+        if mott_bethe: sf *= calc.mott_bethe_factor()
+        vals.append(sf)
+
+    if topo is not None:
+        topo.adjust_hydrogen_distances(gemmi.Restraints.DistanceOf.Nucleus,
+                                       default_scale=restraints.default_proton_scale)
+
+        for i, hkl in enumerate(miller_array):
+            sf = calc.calculate_mb_z(st[0], hkl, only_h=True)
+            if mott_bethe: sf *= calc.mott_bethe_factor()
+            vals[i] += sf
+
+    if miller_array_given:
+        return numpy.array(vals)
+    else:
+        asu = gemmi.ComplexAsuData(unit_cell, spacegroup,
+                                   miller_array, vals)
+        return asu
+# calc_fc_direct()
+
+def get_em_expected_hydrogen(st, d_min, monlib, weights=None, blur=None, cutoff=1e-5, rate=1.5, optimize=False):
+    # Very crude implementation to find peak from calculated map
+    assert st[0].has_hydrogen()
+    if blur is None: blur = determine_blur_for_dencalc(st, d_min/2/rate)
+    blur = max(0, blur)
+    logger.writeln("Setting blur= {:.2f} in density calculation".format(blur))
+
+    st = st.clone()
+    topo = gemmi.prepare_topology(st, monlib, warnings=logger, ignore_unknown_links=True)
+    resnames = st[0].get_all_residue_names()
+    restraints.check_monlib_support_nucleus_distances(monlib, resnames)
+
+    topo.adjust_hydrogen_distances(gemmi.Restraints.DistanceOf.ElectronCloud)
+    st_e = st.clone()
+    topo.adjust_hydrogen_distances(gemmi.Restraints.DistanceOf.Nucleus)
+    st_n = st.clone()
+    
+    dc = gemmi.DensityCalculatorX()
+    dc.d_min = d_min
+    dc.blur = blur
+    dc.cutoff = cutoff
+    dc.rate = rate
+
+    # Decide box_size
+    max_r = max([dc.estimate_radius(cra.atom) for cra in st[0].all()])
+    logger.writeln("max_r= {:.2f}".format(max_r))
+    box_size = max_r*2 + 1 # padding
+    logger.writeln("box_size= {:.2f}".format(box_size))
+    mode_all = False #True
+    if mode_all:
+        dc.grid.setup_from(st)
+    else:
+        dc.grid.unit_cell = gemmi.UnitCell(box_size, box_size, box_size, 90, 90, 90)
+        dc.grid.spacegroup = gemmi.SpaceGroup("P1")
+        cbox = gemmi.Position(box_size/2, box_size/2, box_size/2)
+    
+    if mode_all: dc.initialize_grid()
+
+    if weights is not None:
+        w_s, w_w = weights # s_list and w_list
+    else:
+        w_s, w_w = None, None
+        
+    for ichain in range(len(st[0])):
+        chain = st[0][ichain]
+        for ires in range(len(chain)):
+            residue = chain[ires]
+            for iatom in range(len(residue)):
+                atom = residue[iatom]
+                if not atom.is_hydrogen(): continue
+                h_n = st_n[0][ichain][ires][iatom]
+                h_e = st_e[0][ichain][ires][iatom]
+                if not mode_all:
+                    dc.initialize_grid()
+                    h_n.occ = 1.
+                    h_e.occ = 1.
+                    n_pos = gemmi.Position(h_n.pos)
+                    h_n.pos = cbox
+                    h_e.pos = cbox + h_e.pos - n_pos
+                dc.add_atom_density_to_grid(h_e)
+                dc.add_c_contribution_to_grid(h_n, -1)
+                if not mode_all:
+                    grid = gemmi.transform_map_to_f_phi(dc.grid)
+                    asu_data = grid.prepare_asu_data(dmin=d_min, mott_bethe=True, unblur=dc.blur)
+                    if w_s is not None:
+                        asu_data.value_array[:] *= numpy.interp(1./asu_data.make_d_array(), w_s, w_w)
+                        
+                    denmap = asu_data.transform_f_phi_to_map(exact_size=(int(box_size*10), int(box_size*10), int(box_size*10)))
+                    m = numpy.unravel_index(numpy.argmax(denmap), denmap.shape)
+                    peakpos = denmap.get_position(m[0], m[1], m[2])
+                    if optimize: peakpos = maps.optimize_peak(denmap, peakpos)
+                    atom.pos = peakpos - cbox + n_pos
+
+    if mode_all:
+        grid = gemmi.transform_map_to_f_phi(dc.grid)
+        asu_data = grid.prepare_asu_data(dmin=d_min, mott_bethe=True, unblur=dc.blur)
+        if w_s is not None:
+            asu_data.value_array[:] *= numpy.interp(1./asu_data.make_d_array(), w_s, w_w)
+        denmap = asu_data.transform_f_phi_to_map(sample_rate=3)
+        ccp4 = gemmi.Ccp4Map()
+        ccp4.grid = denmap
+        ccp4.update_ccp4_header(2, True) # float, update stats
+        ccp4.write_ccp4_map("debug.ccp4")
+
+    return st
+
+# get_em_expected_hydrogen()
+
+def translate_into_box(st, origin=None, apply_shift=True):
+    if origin is None: origin = gemmi.Position(0,0,0)
+    
+    # apply unit cell translations to put model into a box (unit cell)
+    omat = st.cell.orth.mat.array
+    fmat = st.cell.frac.mat.array.transpose()
+    com = numpy.array((st[0].calculate_center_of_mass() - origin).tolist())
+    shift = sum([omat[:,i]*numpy.floor(1-numpy.dot(com, fmat[:,i])) for i in range(3)])
+    tr = gemmi.Transform(gemmi.Mat33(), gemmi.Vec3(*shift))
+    if apply_shift:
+        for m in st: m.transform_pos_and_adp(tr)
+    return shift
+# translate_into_box()
+
+def box_from_model(model, padding):
+    allpos = numpy.array([cra.atom.pos.tolist() for cra in model.all()])
+    ext = numpy.max(allpos, axis=0) - numpy.min(allpos, axis=0) + padding
+    cell = gemmi.UnitCell(ext[0], ext[1], ext[2], 90, 90, 90)
+    return cell
+# box_from_model()
+
+def cra_to_indices(cra, model):
+    ret = [None, None, None]
+    for ic in range(len(model)):
+        chain = model[ic]
+        if cra.chain != chain: continue
+        ret[0] = ic
+        for ir in range(len(chain)):
+            res = chain[ir]
+            if cra.residue != res: continue
+            ret[1] = ir
+            for ia in range(len(res)):
+                if cra.atom == res[ia]:
+                    ret[2] = ia
+
+    return tuple(ret)
+# cra_to_indices()
+
+def cra_to_atomaddress(cra):
+    aa = gemmi.AtomAddress(cra.chain.name,
+                           cra.residue.seqid, cra.residue.name,
+                           cra.atom.name, cra.atom.altloc)
+    aa.res_id.segment = cra.residue.segment
+    return aa
+# cra_to_atomaddress()
+
+def check_occupancies(st, raise_error=False):
+    bad = []
+    for cra in st[0].all():
+        if not 0 <= cra.atom.occ <= 1 + 1e-6:
+            bad.append(cra)
+    if bad:
+        logger.writeln("Bad occupancies:")
+        for cra in bad:
+            logger.writeln(f" {cra} occ= {cra.atom.occ:.4f}")
+        if raise_error:
+            raise RuntimeError("Please check your model and fix bad occupancies")
+# check_occupancies()
+
+def find_special_positions(st, special_pos_threshold=0.2, fix_occ=True, fix_pos=True, fix_adp=True):
+    ns = gemmi.NeighborSearch(st[0], st.cell, 3).populate()
+    cs = gemmi.ContactSearch(special_pos_threshold * 2)
+    cs.ignore = gemmi.ContactSearch.Ignore.SameAsu
+    cs.special_pos_cutoff_sq = 0
+    results = cs.find_contacts(ns)
+    found = {}
+    cra = {}
+    for r in results:
+        if r.partner1.atom != r.partner2.atom: continue
+        found.setdefault(r.partner1.atom, []).append(r.image_idx)
+        cra[r.partner1.atom] = r.partner1
+
+    if found: logger.writeln("Atoms on special position detected.")
+    tostr = lambda x: ", ".join("{:.3e}".format(v) for v in x)
+    ret = []
+    for atom in found:
+        images = found[atom]
+        n_images = len(images) + 1
+        sum_occ = atom.occ * n_images
+        logger.writeln(" {} multiplicity= {} images= {} occupancies_total= {:.2f}".format(cra[atom], n_images, images, sum_occ))
+        if sum_occ > 1.001 and fix_occ:
+            new_occ = atom.occ / n_images
+            logger.writeln("  correcting occupancy= {:.2f}".format(new_occ))
+            atom.occ = new_occ
+        if fix_pos:
+            fpos = gemmi.Fractional(st.cell.frac.apply(atom.pos))
+            fdiff = sum([(st.cell.images[i-1].apply(fpos) - fpos).wrap_to_zero() for i in images], gemmi.Fractional(0,0,0)) / n_images
+            diff = st.cell.orth.apply(fdiff)
+            atom.pos += gemmi.Position(diff)
+            logger.writeln("  correcting position= {}".format(tostr(atom.pos.tolist())))
+            logger.writeln("             pos_viol= {}".format(tostr(diff.tolist())))
+        if fix_adp and atom.aniso.nonzero():
+            aniso_bak = atom.aniso.elements_pdb()
+            fani = atom.aniso.transformed_by(st.cell.frac.mat)
+            fani_avg = sum([fani.transformed_by(st.cell.images[i-1].mat) for i in images], fani).scaled(1/n_images)
+            atom.aniso = fani_avg.transformed_by(st.cell.orth.mat)
+            diff = numpy.array(atom.aniso.elements_pdb()) - aniso_bak
+            logger.writeln("  correcting aniso= {}".format(tostr(atom.aniso.elements_pdb())))
+            logger.writeln("        aniso_viol= {}".format(tostr(diff)))
+
+        mats = [st.cell.orth.combine(st.cell.images[i-1]).combine(st.cell.frac).mat.array for i in images]
+        mat_total = (numpy.identity(3) + sum(numpy.array(m) for m in mats)) / n_images
+        mat_total_aniso = (numpy.identity(6) + sum(mat33_as66(m.tolist()) for m in mats)) / n_images
+        mat_total_aniso = numpy.linalg.pinv(mat_total_aniso)
+        ret.append((atom, images, mat_total, mat_total_aniso))
+
+    return ret
+# find_special_positions()    
+
+def expand_ncs(st, special_pos_threshold=0.01, howtoname=gemmi.HowToNameCopiedChain.Short):
+    # TODO modify st.connections for atoms at special positions
+    if len(st.ncs) == 0: return
+    find_special_positions(st, special_pos_threshold) # just to show info, a bit waste of cpu time..
+    logger.writeln("Expanding symmetry..")
+    st.expand_ncs(howtoname, merge_dist=1e-4)
+# expand_ncs()
+
+def prepare_assembly(name, chains, ops, is_helical=False):
+    a = gemmi.Assembly(name)
+    g = gemmi.Assembly.Gen()
+    if sum(map(lambda x: x.tr.is_identity(), ops)) == 0:
+        g.operators.append(gemmi.Assembly.Operator()) # add identity
+    for i, nop in enumerate(ops):
+        op = gemmi.Assembly.Operator()
+        op.transform = nop.tr
+        if not nop.tr.is_identity():
+            if is_helical:
+                op.type = "helical symmetry operation"
+            else:
+                op.type = "point symmetry operation"
+        g.operators.append(op)
+    g.chains = chains
+    a.generators.append(g)
+    if is_helical:
+        a.special_kind = gemmi.AssemblySpecialKind.RepresentativeHelical
+    else:
+        a.special_kind = gemmi.AssemblySpecialKind.CompletePoint
+    return a
+# prepare_assembly()
+
+def filter_contacting_ncs(st, cutoff=5.):
+    if len(st.ncs) == 0: return
+    logger.writeln("Filtering out non-contacting NCS copies with cutoff={:.2f} A".format(cutoff))
+    st.setup_cell_images()
+    ns = gemmi.NeighborSearch(st[0], st.cell, cutoff*2).populate() # This is considered crystallographic cell if not 1 1 1. Undesirable result may be seen.
+    cs = gemmi.ContactSearch(cutoff)
+    cs.ignore = gemmi.ContactSearch.Ignore.SameAsu
+    results = cs.find_contacts(ns)
+    indices = set([r.image_idx for r in results])
+    logger.writeln(" contacting copies: {}".format(indices))
+    ops = [st.ncs[i-1] for i in indices] # XXX is this correct? maybe yes as long as identity operator is not there
+    st.ncs.clear()
+    st.ncs.extend(ops)
+# filter_contacting_ncs()
+
+def check_symmetry_related_model_duplication(st, distance_cutoff=0.5, max_allowed_ratio=0.5):
+    logger.writeln("Checking if model in asu is given.")
+    n_atoms = st[0].count_atom_sites()
+    st.setup_cell_images()
+    ns = gemmi.NeighborSearch(st[0], st.cell, 3).populate()
+    cs = gemmi.ContactSearch(distance_cutoff)
+    cs.ignore = gemmi.ContactSearch.Ignore.SameAsu
+    results = cs.find_contacts(ns)
+    n_contacting_atoms = len(set([a for r in results for a in (r.partner1.atom, r.partner2.atom)]))
+    logger.writeln(" N_atoms= {} N_contacting_atoms= {}".format(n_atoms, n_contacting_atoms))
+    return n_contacting_atoms / n_atoms > max_allowed_ratio # return True if too many contacts
+# check_symmetry_related_model_duplication()
+
+def adp_analysis(st, ignore_zero_occ=True):
+    logger.writeln("= ADP analysis =")
+    if ignore_zero_occ:
+        logger.writeln("(zero-occupancy atoms are ignored)")
+
+    all_B = []
+    for i, mol in enumerate(st):
+        if len(st) > 1: logger.writeln("Model {}:".format(i))
+        logger.writeln("            min    Q1   med    Q3   max")
+        stats = adp_stats_per_chain(mol, ignore_zero_occ)
+        for chain, natoms, qs in stats:
+            logger.writeln(("Chain {:3s}".format(chain) if chain!="*" else "All      ") + " {:5.1f} {:5.1f} {:5.1f} {:5.1f} {:5.1f}".format(*qs))
+    logger.writeln("")
+# adp_analysis()
+
+def adp_stats_per_chain(model, ignore_zero_occ=True):
+    bs = {}
+    for cra in model.all():
+        if not ignore_zero_occ or cra.atom.occ > 0:
+            bs.setdefault(cra.chain.name, []).append(cra.atom.b_iso)
+
+    ret = []
+    for chain in model:
+        if chain.name in [x[0] for x in ret]: continue
+        qs = numpy.quantile(bs[chain.name], [0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1])
+        ret.append((chain.name, len(bs[chain.name]), qs))
+
+    if len(bs) > 1:
+        all_bs = sum(bs.values(), [])
+        qs = numpy.quantile(all_bs, [0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1])
+        ret.append(("*", len(all_bs), qs))
+        
+    return ret
+# adp_stats_per_chain()
+
+def reset_adp(model, bfactor=None, adp_mode="iso"):
+    for cra in model.all():
+        if bfactor is not None:
+            cra.atom.b_iso = bfactor
+        if adp_mode == "iso" or (adp_mode == "fix" and bfactor is not None):
+            cra.atom.aniso = gemmi.SMat33f(0,0,0,0,0,0)
+        elif adp_mode == "aniso":
+            if not cra.atom.aniso.nonzero() or bfactor is not None:
+                u = cra.atom.b_iso * b_to_u
+                cra.atom.aniso = gemmi.SMat33f(u, u, u, 0, 0, 0)
+# reset_adp()
+
+def shift_b(model, b):
+    u = b * b_to_u
+    for cra in model.all():
+        cra.atom.b_iso += b
+        if cra.atom.aniso.nonzero():
+            cra.atom.aniso.u11 += u
+            cra.atom.aniso.u22 += u
+            cra.atom.aniso.u33 += u
+# shift_b()
+
+def all_chain_ids(st):
+    return [chain.name for model in st for chain in model]
+# all_chain_ids()
+
+def all_B(st, ignore_zero_occ=True):
+    ret = []
+    for mol in st:
+        for cra in mol.all():
+            if not ignore_zero_occ or cra.atom.occ > 0:
+                ret.append(cra.atom.b_iso)
+
+    return ret
+# all_B()
+
+def mat33_as66(m):
+    # suppose R is a transformation matrix that is applied to 3x3 symmetric matrix U: R U R^T
+    # this function constructs equivalent transformation for 6-element vector: R' u
+    r = numpy.zeros((6,6))
+    for k, (i, j) in enumerate(((0,0), (1,1), (2,2), (0,1), (0,2), (1,2))):
+        r[k,:] = (m[i][0] * m[j][0],
+                  m[i][1] * m[j][1],
+                  m[i][2] * m[j][2],
+                  m[i][0] * m[j][1] + m[i][1] * m[j][0],
+                  m[i][0] * m[j][2] + m[i][2] * m[j][0],
+                  m[i][1] * m[j][2] + m[i][2] * m[j][1])
+    return r
+def adp_constraints(ops, cell, tr0=True):
+    # think about f = (b-Rb)^T (b-Rb) = b^T b - b^T R b -b^T R^T b + b^T R^T R b
+    # d^2f/db db^T = 2I - 2(R+R^T) + 2(R^T R)
+    # eigenvectors of this second derivative matrix corresponding to 0-valeud eigenvalues are directions to refine
+    x = numpy.zeros((6,6))
+    if tr0:
+        x[:3,:3] += numpy.ones((3,3)) * 2
+    for op in ops:
+        r = mat33_as66(cell.op_as_transform(op).mat.tolist())
+        x += 2 * numpy.identity(6) - 2 * (r + r.T) + 2 * numpy.dot(r.T, r)
+
+    evals, evecs = numpy.linalg.eigh(x)
+    ret = []
+    for i in range(6):
+        if numpy.isclose(evals[i], 0):
+            ret.append(evecs[:, i])
+
+    if len(ret) > 0:
+        ret = numpy.vstack(ret)
+        ret = numpy.where(numpy.abs(ret) < 1e-9, 0, ret)
+        return ret
+    return numpy.empty((0, 6))
+# adp_constraints()
+
+def to_dataframe(st):
+    keys = ("model", "chain", "resn", "subchain", "segment", "seqnum", "icode", "altloc",
+            "u11", "u22", "u33", "u12", "u13", "u23",
+            "b_iso", "charge", "elem", "atom", "occ",
+            "x", "y", "z", "tlsgroup")
+    d = dict([(x,[]) for x in keys])
+    app = lambda k, v: d[k].append(v)
+    
+    for m in st:
+        for cra in m.all():
+            c,r,a = cra.chain, cra.residue, cra.atom
+            # TODO need support r.het_flag, r.flag, a.calc_flag, a.flag, a.serial?
+            app("model", m.num)
+            app("chain", c.name)
+            app("resn", r.name)
+            app("subchain", r.subchain)
+            app("segment", r.segment)
+            app("seqnum", r.seqid.num)
+            app("icode", r.seqid.icode)
+            app("altloc", a.altloc)
+            app("u11", a.aniso.u11)
+            app("u22", a.aniso.u22)
+            app("u33", a.aniso.u33)
+            app("u12", a.aniso.u12)
+            app("u13", a.aniso.u13)
+            app("u23", a.aniso.u23)
+            app("b_iso", a.b_iso)
+            app("charge", a.charge)
+            app("elem", a.element.name)
+            app("atom", a.name)
+            app("occ", a.occ)
+            app("x", a.pos.x)
+            app("y", a.pos.y)
+            app("z", a.pos.z)
+            app("tlsgroup", a.tls_group_id)
+
+    return pandas.DataFrame(data=d)
+# to_dataframe()
+
+def from_dataframe(df, st=None): # Slow!
+    if st is None:
+        st = gemmi.Structure()
+    else:
+        st = st.clone()
+        for i in range(len(st)):
+            del st[0]
+        
+    for m_num, dm in df.groupby("model"):
+        st.add_model(gemmi.Model(m_num))
+        m = st[-1]
+        for c_name, dc in dm.groupby("chain"):
+            m.add_chain(gemmi.Chain(c_name))
+            c = m[-1]
+            for rkey, dr in dc.groupby(["seqnum","icode","resn","segment","subchain"]):
+                c.add_residue(gemmi.Residue())
+                r = c[-1]
+                r.seqid.num = rkey[0]
+                r.seqid.icode = rkey[1]
+                r.name = rkey[2]
+                r.segment = rkey[3]
+                r.subchain = rkey[4]
+                for _, row in dr.iterrows():
+                    r.add_atom(gemmi.Atom())
+                    a = r[-1]
+                    a.altloc = row["altloc"]
+                    a.name = row["atom"]
+                    a.aniso.u11 = row["u11"]
+                    a.aniso.u22 = row["u22"]
+                    a.aniso.u33 = row["u33"]
+                    a.aniso.u12 = row["u12"]
+                    a.aniso.u13 = row["u13"]
+                    a.aniso.u23 = row["u23"]
+                    a.b_iso = row["b_iso"]
+                    a.charge = row["charge"]
+                    a.element = gemmi.Element(row["elem"])
+                    a.occ = row["occ"]
+                    a.pos.x = row["x"]
+                    a.pos.y = row["y"]
+                    a.pos.z = row["z"]
+                    a.tls_group_id = row["tlsgroup"]
+                    
+    return st
+# from_dataframe()
+
+def st_from_positions(positions, bs=None, qs=None):
+    st = gemmi.Structure()
+    st.add_model(gemmi.Model(1))
+    st[0].add_chain(gemmi.Chain("A"))
+    c = st[0][0]
+    if bs is None: bs = (0. for _ in range(len(positions)))
+    if qs is None: qs = (1. for _ in range(len(positions)))
+    for i, (pos, b, q) in enumerate(zip(positions, bs, qs)):
+        c.add_residue(gemmi.Residue())
+        r = c[-1]
+        r.seqid.num = i
+        r.name = "HOH"
+        r.add_atom(gemmi.Atom())
+        a = r[-1]
+        a.name = "O"
+        a.element = gemmi.Element("O")
+        a.pos = pos
+        a.b_iso = b
+        a.occ = q
+                    
+    return st
+# st_from_positions()
+            
+def invert_model(st):
+    # invert x-axis
+    A = st.cell.orth.mat.array
+    center = numpy.sum(A,axis=1) / 2
+    center = gemmi.Vec3(*center)
+    mat = gemmi.Mat33([[-1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]]) 
+    vec = mat.multiply(-center) + center
+    tr = gemmi.Transform(mat, vec)
+    st[0].transform_pos_and_adp(tr)
+
+    # invert peptides
+# invert_model()
+
+def cx_to_mx(ss): #SmallStructure to Structure
+    st = gemmi.Structure()
+    st.spacegroup_hm = ss.spacegroup.xhm()
+    st.cell = ss.cell
+    st.add_model(gemmi.Model(1))
+    st[-1].add_chain(gemmi.Chain("A"))
+    st[-1][-1].add_residue(gemmi.Residue())
+    st[-1][-1][-1].seqid.num = 1
+    st[-1][-1][-1].name = "00"
+
+    ruc = ss.cell.reciprocal()
+    cif2cart = ss.cell.orth.mat.multiply_by_diagonal(gemmi.Vec3(ruc.a, ruc.b, ruc.c))
+    as_smat33f = lambda x: gemmi.SMat33f(x.u11, x.u22, x.u33, x.u12, x.u13, x.u23)
+    
+    for site in ss.sites:
+        st[-1][-1][-1].add_atom(gemmi.Atom())
+        a = st[-1][-1][-1][-1]
+        a.name = site.label
+        a.aniso = as_smat33f(site.aniso.transformed_by(cif2cart))
+        a.b_iso = site.u_iso * u_to_b
+        #a.charge = ?
+        a.element = site.element
+        a.occ = site.occ
+        a.pos = site.orth(ss.cell)
+        
+    return st
+# cx_to_mx()
+
+def fix_deuterium_residues(st):
+    # we do not have DOD. will not change ND4->NH4 and SPW->SPK, as hydrogen atom names are different
+    n_changed = 0
+    for chain in st[0]:
+        for res in chain:
+            if res.name == "DOD":
+                res.name = "HOH"
+                n_changed += 1
+    for con in st.connections:
+        for p in (con.partner1, con.partner2):
+            if p.res_id.name == "DOD":
+                p.res_id.name = "HOH"
+    if n_changed > 0:
+        logger.writeln("Warning: {} DOD residues have been renamed to HOH".format(n_changed))