sdf-xarray 0.5.0__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sdf_xarray/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,905 @@
+import contextlib
+import os
+import re
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from importlib.metadata import version
+from itertools import product
+from os import PathLike as os_PathLike
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import ClassVar
+
+import numpy as np
+import xarray as xr
+from packaging.version import Version
+from xarray.backends import AbstractDataStore, BackendArray, BackendEntrypoint
+from xarray.backends.file_manager import CachingFileManager
+from xarray.backends.locks import ensure_lock
+from xarray.core import indexing
+from xarray.core.types import T_Chunks
+from xarray.core.utils import close_on_error, try_read_magic_number_from_path
+from xarray.core.variable import Variable
+
+# NOTE: Do not delete these lines, otherwise the "epoch" dataset and dataarray
+# accessors will not be imported when the user imports sdf_xarray
+import sdf_xarray.dataset_accessor
+import sdf_xarray.download
+import sdf_xarray.plotting  # noqa: F401
+
+# NOTE: This attempts to initialise with the "pint" accessor if the user
+# has installed the package
+with contextlib.suppress(ImportError):
+    import pint_xarray  # noqa: F401
+
+from .sdf_interface import Constant, SDFFile  # type: ignore  # noqa: PGH003
+
+# TODO Remove this once the new kwarg options are fully implemented
+if Version(version("xarray")) >= Version("2025.8.0"):
+    xr.set_options(use_new_combine_kwarg_defaults=True)
+
+PathLike = str | os_PathLike
+
+
+def _rename_with_underscore(name: str) -> str:
+    """A lot of the variable names have spaces, forward slashes and dashes in them, which
+    are not valid in netCDF names so we replace them with underscores."""
+    return name.replace("/", "_").replace(" ", "_").replace("-", "_")
+
+
+def _process_latex_name(variable_name: str) -> str:
+    """Converts variable names to LaTeX format where possible
+    using the following rules:
+    - E -> $E_x$
+    - E -> $E_y$
+    - E -> $E_z$
+
+    This repeats for B, J and P. It only changes the variable
+    name if there are spaces around the affix (prefix + suffix)
+    or if there is no trailing space. This is to avoid changing variable
+    names that may contain these affixes as part of the variable name itself.
+    """
+    prefixes = ["E", "B", "J", "P"]
+    suffixes = ["x", "y", "z"]
+    for prefix, suffix in product(prefixes, suffixes):
+        # Match affix with preceding space and trailing space or end of string
+        affix_pattern = rf"\b{prefix}{suffix}\b"
+        # Insert LaTeX format while preserving spaces
+        replacement = rf"${prefix}_{suffix}$"
+        variable_name = re.sub(affix_pattern, replacement, variable_name)
+    return variable_name
+
+
+def _resolve_glob(path_glob: PathLike | Iterable[PathLike]):
+    """
+    Normalise input path_glob into a sorted list of absolute, resolved Path objects.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        p = Path(path_glob)
+        paths = list(p.parent.glob(p.name)) if p.name == "*.sdf" else list(p)
+    except TypeError:
+        paths = list({Path(p) for p in path_glob})
+
+    paths = sorted(p.resolve() for p in paths)
+    if not paths:
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"No files matched pattern or input: {path_glob!r}")
+    return paths
+
+
+def _build_datatree_from_dataset(
+    ds: xr.Dataset,
+) -> xr.DataTree:
+    """
+    An `xarray.DataTree` is constructed utilising the original names in the SDF
+    file. This is due to the fact that these names include slashes which `xarray`
+    can use to automatically build up a datatree. We do additionally replace
+    spaces with underscores to be more pythonic. You can find the
+    `xarray.Dataset` name under the ``attrs["flat_structure_name"]`` for referencing.
+
+    In some cases the user may output the ``always + species`` dumpmask which
+    means that SDF variable will have species data plus a general one. When
+    defining a `xarray.DataTree` you cannot have a node of that tree contain both
+    variable information and have leaves with variables so we move the node
+    information to a leaf named ``node/All`` (see example of
+    ``Dervied/Number_Density/All`` in below table)
+
+    Below are some examples of how variable names are translated from the
+    regular `xarray.open_dataset` result into their more traditional names.
+
+    =================================== ===================================
+    Dataset variable name               DataTree variable name
+    =================================== ===================================
+    ``Derived_Number_Density``          ``Derived/Number_Density/All``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Electron`` ``Derived/Number_Density/Electron``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Ion``      ``Derived/Number_Density/Ion``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Photon``   ``Derived/Number_Density/Photon``
+    ``Derived_Average_Particle_Energy`` ``Derived/Average_Particle_Energy``
+    =================================== ===================================
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds
+        Incoming `xarray.Dataset` to convert to a `xarray.DataTree`
+    """
+    renames = {}
+    for name, var in ds.data_vars.items():
+        # Append the current variable name to the attributes
+        var.attrs["flat_structure_name"] = name
+        renames.update({name: var.attrs["full_name"].replace(" ", "_")})
+
+    new_names = renames.values()
+
+    final_renames = {
+        key: (
+            f"{path}/All"
+            if any(other.startswith(f"{path}/") for other in new_names)
+            else path
+        )
+        for key, path in renames.items()
+    }
+
+    ds = ds.rename_vars(final_renames)
+    dt = xr.DataTree.from_dict(ds)
+    dt.attrs = ds.attrs
+    return dt
+
+
+def purge_unselected_data_vars(ds: xr.Dataset, data_vars: list[str]) -> xr.Dataset:
+    """
+    If the user has exclusively requested only certain variables be
+    loaded in then we purge all other variables and dimensions
+    """
+    existing_data_vars = set(ds.data_vars.keys())
+    vars_to_keep = set(data_vars) & existing_data_vars
+    vars_to_drop = existing_data_vars - vars_to_keep
+    ds = ds.drop_vars(vars_to_drop)
+
+    existing_dims = set(ds.sizes)
+    dims_to_keep = set()
+    for var in vars_to_keep:
+        dims_to_keep.update(ds[var].coords._names)
+        dims_to_keep.update(ds[var].dims)
+
+    coords_to_drop = existing_dims - dims_to_keep
+    return ds.drop_dims(coords_to_drop)
+
+
+def combine_datasets(
+    path_glob: Iterable | str, data_vars: list[str], **kwargs
+) -> xr.Dataset:
+    """
+    Combine all datasets using a single time dimension, optionally extract
+    data from only the listed data_vars
+    """
+
+    if data_vars is not None:
+        return xr.open_mfdataset(
+            path_glob,
+            join="outer",
+            coords="different",
+            compat="no_conflicts",
+            combine="nested",
+            concat_dim="time",
+            preprocess=SDFPreprocess(data_vars=data_vars),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    return xr.open_mfdataset(
+        path_glob,
+        data_vars="all",
+        coords="different",
+        compat="no_conflicts",
+        join="outer",
+        preprocess=SDFPreprocess(),
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def open_mfdataset(
+    path_glob: Iterable | str | Path | Callable[..., Iterable[Path]],
+    *,
+    separate_times: bool = False,
+    keep_particles: bool = False,
+    probe_names: list[str] | None = None,
+    data_vars: list[str] | None = None,
+    chunks: T_Chunks = "auto",
+) -> xr.Dataset:
+    """Open a set of EPOCH SDF files as one `xarray.Dataset`
+
+    EPOCH can output variables at different periods, so each individal
+    SDF file from one EPOCH run may have different variables in it. In
+    order to combine all files into one `xarray.Dataset`, we need to
+    concatenate variables across their time dimension.
+
+    We have two choices:
+
+    1. One time dimension where some variables may not be defined at all time
+       points, and so will be filled with NaNs at missing points; or
+    2. Multiple time dimensions, one for each output frequency
+
+    The second option is better for memory consumption, as the missing data with
+    the first option still takes up space. However, proper lazy-loading may
+    mitigate this.
+
+    The ``separate_times`` argument can be used to switch between these choices.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    path_glob :
+        List of filenames or string glob pattern
+    separate_times :
+        If ``True``, create separate time dimensions for variables defined at
+        different output frequencies
+    keep_particles :
+        If ``True``, also load particle data (this may use a lot of memory!)
+    probe_names :
+        List of EPOCH probe names
+    data_vars :
+        List of data vars to load in (If not specified loads in all variables)
+    chunks :
+        Dictionary with keys given by dimension names and values given by chunk sizes.
+        In general, these should divide the dimensions of each dataset. By default
+        chunks are automatically set so that they are the same size as the dimensions
+        stored in each of the SDF files. See `Xarray chunking-and-performance
+        <https://docs.xarray.dev/en/stable/user-guide/dask.html#chunking-and-performance>`_
+        for details on why this is useful for large datasets. The default behaviour is
+        to do this automatically and can be disabled by ``chunks=None``.
+    """
+
+    path_glob = _resolve_glob(path_glob)
+
+    if not separate_times:
+        return combine_datasets(
+            path_glob,
+            data_vars=data_vars,
+            keep_particles=keep_particles,
+            probe_names=probe_names,
+            chunks=chunks,
+        )
+
+    _, var_times_map = make_time_dims(path_glob)
+
+    all_dfs = []
+    for f in path_glob:
+        ds = xr.open_dataset(
+            f, keep_particles=keep_particles, probe_names=probe_names, chunks=chunks
+        )
+
+        # If the data_vars are specified then only load them in and disregard the rest.
+        # If there are no remaining data variables then skip adding the dataset to list
+        if data_vars is not None:
+            ds = purge_unselected_data_vars(ds, data_vars)
+            if not ds.data_vars:
+                continue
+
+        all_dfs.append(ds)
+
+    for df in all_dfs:
+        for da in df:
+            df[da] = df[da].expand_dims(
+                dim={var_times_map[str(da)]: [df.attrs["time"]]}
+            )
+        for coord in df.coords:
+            if df.coords[coord].attrs.get("point_data", False):
+                # We need to undo our renaming of the coordinates
+                base_name = coord.split("_", maxsplit=1)[-1]
+                sdf_coord_name = f"Grid_{base_name}"
+                df.coords[coord] = df.coords[coord].expand_dims(
+                    dim={var_times_map[sdf_coord_name]: [df.attrs["time"]]}
+                )
+
+    return xr.combine_by_coords(
+        all_dfs,
+        coords="different",
+        combine_attrs="drop_conflicts",
+        join="outer",
+        compat="no_conflicts",
+    )
+
+
+def open_datatree(
+    path: PathLike,
+    *,
+    keep_particles: bool = False,
+    probe_names: list[str] | None = None,
+) -> xr.DataTree:
+    """
+    An `xarray.DataTree` is constructed utilising the original names in the SDF
+    file. This is due to the fact that these names include slashes which `xarray`
+    can use to automatically build up a datatree. We do additionally replace
+    spaces with underscores to be more pythonic. You can find the
+    `xarray.Dataset` name under the ``attrs["flat_structure_name"]`` for referencing.
+
+    In some cases the user may output the ``always + species`` dumpmask which
+    means that SDF variable will have species data plus a general one. When
+    defining a `xarray.DataTree` you cannot have a node of that tree contain both
+    variable information and have leaves with variables so we move the node
+    information to a leaf named ``node/All`` (see example of
+    ``Dervied/Number_Density/All`` in below table)
+
+    Below are some examples of how variable names are translated from the
+    regular `xarray.open_dataset` result into their more traditional names.
+
+    =================================== ===================================
+    Dataset variable name               DataTree variable name
+    =================================== ===================================
+    ``Derived_Number_Density``          ``Derived/Number_Density/All``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Electron`` ``Derived/Number_Density/Electron``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Ion``      ``Derived/Number_Density/Ion``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Photon``   ``Derived/Number_Density/Photon``
+    ``Derived_Average_Particle_Energy`` ``Derived/Average_Particle_Energy``
+    =================================== ===================================
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    path
+        The path to the SDF file
+    keep_particles
+        If ``True``, also load particle data (this may use a lot of memory!)
+    probe_names
+        List of EPOCH probe names
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> dt = open_datatree("0000.sdf")
+    >>> dt["Electric_Field"]["Ex"].values  # Access all Electric_Field_Ex data
+    """
+
+    return xr.open_datatree(
+        path, keep_particles=keep_particles, probe_names=probe_names
+    )
+
+
+def open_mfdatatree(
+    path_glob: Iterable | str | Path | Callable[..., Iterable[Path]],
+    *,
+    separate_times: bool = False,
+    keep_particles: bool = False,
+    probe_names: list[str] | None = None,
+    data_vars: list[str] | None = None,
+) -> xr.DataTree:
+    """Open a set of EPOCH SDF files as one `xarray.DataTree`
+
+    EPOCH can output variables at different periods, so each individal
+    SDF file from one EPOCH run may have different variables in it. In
+    order to combine all files into one `xarray.Dataset`, we need to
+    concatenate variables across their time dimension.
+
+    We have two choices:
+
+    1. One time dimension where some variables may not be defined at all time
+       points, and so will be filled with NaNs at missing points; or
+    2. Multiple time dimensions, one for each output frequency
+
+    The second option is better for memory consumption, as the missing data with
+    the first option still takes up space. However, proper lazy-loading may
+    mitigate this.
+
+    The ``separate_times`` argument can be used to switch between these choices.
+
+    An `xarray.DataTree` is constructed utilising the original names in the SDF
+    file. This is due to the fact that these names include slashes which `xarray`
+    can use to automatically build up a datatree. We do additionally replace
+    spaces with underscores to be more pythonic. You can find the
+    `xarray.Dataset` name under the ``attrs["flat_structure_name"]`` for referencing.
+
+    This function combines multiple SDF files into a single `xarray.DataTree` with a
+    unified time dimension and hierarchical organization of variables.
+
+    In some cases the user may output the ``always + species`` dumpmask which
+    means that SDF variable will have species data plus a general one. When
+    defining a `xarray.DataTree` you cannot have a node of that tree contain both
+    variable information and have leaves with variables so we move the node
+    information to a leaf named ``node/All`` (see example of
+    ``Dervied/Number_Density/All`` in below table)
+
+    Below are some examples of how variable names are translated from the
+    regular `xarray.open_dataset` result into their more traditional names.
+
+    =================================== ===================================
+    Dataset variable name               DataTree variable name
+    =================================== ===================================
+    ``Derived_Number_Density``          ``Derived/Number_Density/All``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Electron`` ``Derived/Number_Density/Electron``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Ion``      ``Derived/Number_Density/Ion``
+    ``Derived_Number_Density_Photon``   ``Derived/Number_Density/Photon``
+    ``Derived_Average_Particle_Energy`` ``Derived/Average_Particle_Energy``
+    =================================== ===================================
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    path_glob
+        List of filenames or string glob pattern
+    separate_times
+        If ``True``, create separate time dimensions for variables defined at
+        different output frequencies
+    keep_particles
+        If ``True``, also load particle data (this may use a lot of memory!)
+    probe_names
+        List of EPOCH probe names
+    data_vars
+        List of data vars to load in (If not specified loads in all variables)
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> dt = open_mfdatatree("*.sdf")
+    >>> dt["Electric_Field"]["Ex"].values  # Access all Electric_Field_Ex data
+    >>> dt.coords["time"].values  # Access combined time dimension
+    """
+    # First, combine the datasets as usual
+    combined_ds = open_mfdataset(
+        path_glob,
+        separate_times=separate_times,
+        keep_particles=keep_particles,
+        probe_names=probe_names,
+        data_vars=data_vars,
+    )
+
+    return _build_datatree_from_dataset(combined_ds)
+
+
+def make_time_dims(path_glob):
+    """Extract the distinct set of time arrays from a collection of
+    SDF files, along with a mapping from variable names to their time
+    dimension.
+    """
+    # Map variable names to list of times
+    vars_count = defaultdict(list)
+    for f in path_glob:
+        with SDFFile(str(f)) as sdf_file:
+            for key in sdf_file.variables:
+                vars_count[_rename_with_underscore(key)].append(sdf_file.header["time"])
+            for grid in sdf_file.grids.values():
+                vars_count[_rename_with_underscore(grid.name)].append(
+                    sdf_file.header["time"]
+                )
+
+    # Count the unique set of lists of times
+    times_count = Counter(tuple(v) for v in vars_count.values())
+
+    # Give each set of times a unique name
+    time_dims = {}
+    for count, t in enumerate(times_count):
+        time_dims[f"time{count}"] = t
+
+    # Map each variable to the name of its time dimension
+    var_times_map = {}
+    for key, value in vars_count.items():
+        v_tuple = tuple(value)
+        for time_name, time_dim in time_dims.items():
+            if v_tuple == time_dim:
+                var_times_map[key] = time_name
+                break
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Didn't find time dim for {key!r} with {v_tuple}")
+
+    return time_dims, var_times_map
+
+
+class SDFBackendArray(BackendArray):
+    """Adapater class required for lazy loading"""
+
+    __slots__ = ("datastore", "dtype", "shape", "variable_name")
+
+    def __init__(self, variable_name, datastore, shape, dtype):
+        self.datastore = datastore
+        self.variable_name = variable_name
+        self.shape = shape
+        self.dtype = dtype
+
+    def get_array(self, needs_lock=True):
+        with self.datastore.acquire_context(needs_lock) as ds:
+            return ds.variables[self.variable_name]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: indexing.ExplicitIndexer) -> np.typing.ArrayLike:
+        return indexing.explicit_indexing_adapter(
+            key,
+            self.shape,
+            indexing.IndexingSupport.OUTER,
+            self._raw_indexing_method,
+        )
+
+    def _raw_indexing_method(self, key: tuple) -> np.typing.ArrayLike:
+        # thread safe method that access to data on disk
+        with self.datastore.acquire_context():
+            original_array = self.get_array(needs_lock=False)
+            return original_array.data[key]
+
+
+class SDFDataStore(AbstractDataStore):
+    """Store for reading and writing data via the SDF library."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_filename",
+        "_manager",
+        "drop_variables",
+        "keep_particles",
+        "lock",
+        "probe_names",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        manager,
+        drop_variables=None,
+        keep_particles=False,
+        lock=None,
+        probe_names=None,
+    ):
+        self._manager = manager
+        self._filename = self.ds.filename
+        self.drop_variables = drop_variables
+        self.keep_particles = keep_particles
+        self.lock = ensure_lock(lock)
+        self.probe_names = probe_names
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open(
+        cls,
+        filename,
+        lock=None,
+        drop_variables=None,
+        keep_particles=False,
+        probe_names=None,
+    ):
+        if isinstance(filename, os.PathLike):
+            filename = os.fspath(filename)
+
+        manager = CachingFileManager(SDFFile, filename, lock=lock)
+        return cls(
+            manager,
+            lock=lock,
+            drop_variables=drop_variables,
+            keep_particles=keep_particles,
+            probe_names=probe_names,
+        )
+
+    def _acquire(self, needs_lock=True):
+        with self._manager.acquire_context(needs_lock) as ds:
+            return ds
+
+    @property
+    def ds(self):
+        return self._acquire()
+
+    def acquire_context(self, needs_lock=True):
+        return self._manager.acquire_context(needs_lock)
+
+    def load(self):  # noqa: PLR0912, PLR0915
+        # Drop any requested variables
+        if self.drop_variables:
+            # Build a mapping from underscored names to real variable names
+            name_map = {_rename_with_underscore(var): var for var in self.ds.variables}
+
+            for variable in self.drop_variables:
+                key = _rename_with_underscore(variable)
+                original_name = name_map.get(key)
+
+                if original_name is None:
+                    raise KeyError(
+                        f"Variable '{variable}' not found (interpreted as '{key}')."
+                    )
+                self.ds.variables.pop(original_name)
+
+        # These two dicts are global metadata about the run or file
+        attrs = {**self.ds.header, **self.ds.run_info}
+
+        data_vars = {}
+        coords = {}
+
+        def _norm_grid_name(grid_name: str) -> str:
+            """There may be multiple grids all with the same coordinate names, so
+            drop the "Grid/" from the start, and append the rest to the
+            dimension name. This lets us disambiguate them all. Probably"""
+            return grid_name.split("/", maxsplit=1)[-1]
+
+        def _grid_species_name(grid_name: str) -> str:
+            return grid_name.split("/")[-1]
+
+        def _process_grid_name(grid_name: str, transform_func) -> str:
+            """Apply the given transformation function and then rename with underscores."""
+            transformed_name = transform_func(grid_name)
+            return _rename_with_underscore(transformed_name)
+
+        for key, value in self.ds.grids.items():
+            if "cpu" in key.lower():
+                # Had some problems with these variables, so just ignore them for now
+                continue
+
+            if not self.keep_particles and value.is_point_data:
+                continue
+
+            base_name = _process_grid_name(value.name, _norm_grid_name)
+
+            for label, coord, unit in zip(value.labels, value.data, value.units):
+                full_name = f"{label}_{base_name}"
+                dim_name = (
+                    f"ID_{_process_grid_name(key, _grid_species_name)}"
+                    if value.is_point_data
+                    else full_name
+                )
+                coords[full_name] = (
+                    dim_name,
+                    coord,
+                    {
+                        "long_name": label.replace("_", " "),
+                        "units": unit,
+                        "point_data": value.is_point_data,
+                        "full_name": value.name,
+                    },
+                )
+
+        # Read and convert SDF variables and meshes to xarray DataArrays and Coordinates
+        for key, value in self.ds.variables.items():
+            # Had some problems with these variables, so just ignore them for now
+            if "cpu" in key.lower():
+                continue
+            if "boundary" in key.lower():
+                continue
+            if "output file" in key.lower():
+                continue
+
+            if not self.keep_particles and value.is_point_data:
+                continue
+
+            if isinstance(value, Constant) or value.grid is None:
+                # We don't have a grid, either because it's just a
+                # scalar, or because it's an array over something
+                # else. We have no more information, so just make up
+                # some (hopefully) unique dimension names
+                shape = getattr(value.data, "shape", ())
+                dims = [f"dim_{key}_{n}" for n, _ in enumerate(shape)]
+                base_name = _rename_with_underscore(key)
+
+                data_attrs = {}
+                data_attrs["full_name"] = key
+                data_attrs["long_name"] = base_name.replace("_", " ")
+                if value.units is not None:
+                    data_attrs["units"] = value.units
+
+                var = Variable(dims, value.data, attrs=data_attrs)
+
+                # Provide preferred_chunks for constants so dask aligns to natural shapes
+                var.encoding["preferred_chunks"] = dict(zip(dims, shape))
+
+                data_vars[base_name] = var
+                continue
+
+            if value.is_point_data:
+                # Point (particle) variables are 1D
+
+                # Particle data does not maintain a fixed dimension size
+                # throughout the simulation. An example of a particle name comes
+                # in the form of `Particles/Px/Ion_H` which is then modified
+                # using `_process_grid_name()` into `Ion_H`. This is fine as the
+                # other components of the momentum (`Py`, `Pz`) will have the same
+                # size as they represent the same bunch of particles.
+
+                # Probes however have names in the form of `Electron_Front_Probe/Px`
+                # which are changed to just `Px`; this is fine when there is only one
+                # probe in the system but when there are multiple they will have
+                # conflicting sizes so we can't keep the names as simply `Px` so we
+                # instead set their dimension as the full name `Electron_Front_Probe_Px`.
+                is_probe_name_match = self.probe_names is not None and any(
+                    name in key for name in self.probe_names
+                )
+                name_processor = (
+                    _rename_with_underscore
+                    if is_probe_name_match
+                    else _grid_species_name
+                )
+                var_coords = (f"ID_{_process_grid_name(key, name_processor)}",)
+            else:
+                # These are DataArrays
+
+                # SDF makes matching up the coordinates a bit convoluted. Each
+                # dimension on a variable can be defined either on "grid" or
+                # "grid_mid", and the only way to tell which one is to compare the
+                # variable's dimension sizes for each grid. We do this by making a
+                # nested dict that looks something like:
+                #
+                #     {"X": {129: "X_Grid", 129: "X_Grid_mid"}}
+                #
+                # Then we can look up the dimension label and size to get *our* name
+                # for the corresponding coordinate
+                dim_size_lookup = defaultdict(dict)
+                grid = self.ds.grids[value.grid]
+                grid_base_name = _process_grid_name(grid.name, _norm_grid_name)
+                for dim_size, dim_name in zip(grid.shape, grid.labels):
+                    dim_size_lookup[dim_name][dim_size] = f"{dim_name}_{grid_base_name}"
+
+                grid_mid = self.ds.grids[value.grid_mid]
+                grid_mid_base_name = _process_grid_name(grid_mid.name, _norm_grid_name)
+                for dim_size, dim_name in zip(grid_mid.shape, grid_mid.labels):
+                    dim_size_lookup[dim_name][dim_size] = (
+                        f"{dim_name}_{grid_mid_base_name}"
+                    )
+
+                var_coords = [
+                    dim_size_lookup[dim_name][dim_size]
+                    for dim_name, dim_size in zip(grid.labels, value.shape)
+                ]
+
+            # TODO: error handling here? other attributes?
+            base_name = _rename_with_underscore(key)
+            long_name = _process_latex_name(base_name.replace("_", " "))
+            data_attrs = {
+                "units": value.units,
+                "point_data": value.is_point_data,
+                "full_name": key,
+                "long_name": long_name,
+            }
+            lazy_data = indexing.LazilyIndexedArray(
+                SDFBackendArray(key, self, shape=value.shape, dtype=value.data.dtype)
+            )
+            var = Variable(var_coords, lazy_data, data_attrs)
+            # Set preferred chunks to match on-disk layout
+            # For point data (1D): full dimension
+            # For grid data (N-D): individual grid chunk sizes
+            if value.is_point_data:
+                var.encoding["preferred_chunks"] = {var_coords[0]: len(value.data)}
+            else:
+                # Align with on-disk grid structure
+                chunk_dict = {}
+                for dim_name, size in zip(var_coords, value.shape):
+                    # Use natural on-disk boundaries
+                    chunk_dict[dim_name] = size
+                var.encoding["preferred_chunks"] = chunk_dict
+
+            data_vars[base_name] = var
+
+        # TODO: might need to decode if mult is set?
+
+        # #  see also conventions.decode_cf_variables
+        # vars, attrs, coords = my_decode_variables(
+        #     vars, attrs, decode_times, decode_timedelta, decode_coords
+        # )
+
+        ds = xr.Dataset(data_vars, attrs=attrs, coords=coords)
+        ds.set_close(self.ds.close)
+
+        return ds
+
+    def close(self, **kwargs):
+        self._manager.close(**kwargs)
+
+
+class SDFEntrypoint(BackendEntrypoint):
+    supports_groups = True
+    open_dataset_parameters: ClassVar[list[str]] = [
+        "filename_or_obj",
+        "drop_variables",
+        "keep_particles",
+        "probe_names",
+    ]
+
+    def open_dataset(
+        self,
+        filename_or_obj,
+        *,
+        drop_variables=None,
+        keep_particles=False,
+        probe_names=None,
+    ):
+        if isinstance(filename_or_obj, Path):
+            # sdf library takes a filename only
+            # TODO: work out if we need to deal with file handles
+            filename_or_obj = str(filename_or_obj)
+
+        store = SDFDataStore.open(
+            filename_or_obj,
+            drop_variables=drop_variables,
+            keep_particles=keep_particles,
+            probe_names=probe_names,
+        )
+        with close_on_error(store):
+            return store.load()
+
+    open_datatree_parameters: ClassVar[list[str]] = [
+        "filename_or_obj",
+        "drop_variables",
+        "keep_particles",
+        "probe_names",
+    ]
+
+    def open_datatree(
+        self,
+        filename_or_obj,
+        *,
+        drop_variables=None,
+        keep_particles=False,
+        probe_names=None,
+    ):
+        ds = self.open_dataset(
+            filename_or_obj,
+            drop_variables=drop_variables,
+            keep_particles=keep_particles,
+            probe_names=probe_names,
+        )
+        return _build_datatree_from_dataset(ds)
+
+    def guess_can_open(self, filename_or_obj):
+        magic_number = try_read_magic_number_from_path(filename_or_obj)
+        if magic_number is not None:
+            return magic_number.startswith(b"SDF1")
+
+        return Path(filename_or_obj).suffix in {".sdf", ".SDF"}
+
+    description = "Use .sdf files in Xarray"
+
+    url = "https://epochpic.github.io/documentation/visualising_output/python_beam.html"
+
+
+class XrTUIEntrpoint:
+    def open_mfdatatree(self, paths: list[Path]) -> xr.DataTree:
+        return open_mfdatatree(paths)
+
+
+class SDFPreprocess:
+    """Preprocess SDF files for xarray ensuring matching job ids and sets
+    time dimension.
+
+    This class is used as a 'preprocess' function within ``xr.open_mfdataset``. It
+    performs three main duties on each individual file's Dataset:
+
+    1. Checks for a **matching job ID** across all files to ensure dataset consistency.
+    2. **Filters** the Dataset to keep only the variables specified in `data_vars`
+       and their required coordinates.
+    3. **Expands dimensions** to include a single 'time' coordinate, preparing the
+       Dataset for concatenation.
+
+    EPOCH can output variables at different intervals, so some SDF files
+    may not contain the requested variable. We combine this data into one
+    dataset by concatenating across the time dimension.
+
+    The combination is performed using ``join="outer"`` (in the calling ``open_mfdataset`` function),
+    meaning that the final combined dataset will contain the variable across the
+    entire time span, with NaNs filling the time steps where the variable was absent in
+    the individual file.
+
+    With large SDF files, this filtering method will save on memory consumption when
+    compared to loading all variables from all files before concatenation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    data_vars :
+        A list of data variables to load in (If not specified loads
+        in all variables)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data_vars: list[str] | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.job_id: int | None = None
+        self.data_vars = data_vars
+
+    def __call__(self, ds: xr.Dataset) -> xr.Dataset:
+        if self.job_id is None:
+            self.job_id = ds.attrs["jobid1"]
+
+        if self.job_id != ds.attrs["jobid1"]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Mismatching job ids (got {ds.attrs['jobid1']}, expected {self.job_id})"
+            )
+
+        # If the user has exclusively requested only certain variables be
+        # loaded in then we purge all other variables and coordinates
+        if self.data_vars:
+            ds = purge_unselected_data_vars(ds, self.data_vars)
+
+        time_val = ds.attrs.get("time", np.nan)
+        ds = ds.expand_dims(time=[time_val])
+        ds = ds.assign_coords(
+            time=(
+                "time",
+                [time_val],
+                {"units": "s", "long_name": "Time", "full_name": "time"},
+            )
+        )
+        # Particles' spartial coordinates also evolve in time
+        for coord, value in ds.coords.items():
+            if value.attrs.get("point_data", False):
+                ds.coords[coord] = value.expand_dims(time=[time_val])
+
+        return ds