scipy 1.16.0rc1__cp313-cp313-macosx_10_14_x86_64.whl

scipy/optimize/_minimize.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1200 @@
+"""
+Unified interfaces to minimization algorithms.
+
+Functions
+---------
+- minimize : minimization of a function of several variables.
+- minimize_scalar : minimization of a function of one variable.
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['minimize', 'minimize_scalar']
+
+
+import inspect
+from warnings import warn
+
+import numpy as np
+
+# unconstrained minimization
+from ._optimize import (_minimize_neldermead, _minimize_powell, _minimize_cg,
+                        _minimize_bfgs, _minimize_newtoncg,
+                        _minimize_scalar_brent, _minimize_scalar_bounded,
+                        _minimize_scalar_golden, MemoizeJac, OptimizeResult,
+                        _wrap_callback, _recover_from_bracket_error)
+from ._trustregion_dogleg import _minimize_dogleg
+from ._trustregion_ncg import _minimize_trust_ncg
+from ._trustregion_krylov import _minimize_trust_krylov
+from ._trustregion_exact import _minimize_trustregion_exact
+from ._trustregion_constr import _minimize_trustregion_constr
+
+# constrained minimization
+from ._lbfgsb_py import _minimize_lbfgsb
+from ._tnc import _minimize_tnc
+from ._cobyla_py import _minimize_cobyla
+from ._cobyqa_py import _minimize_cobyqa
+from ._slsqp_py import _minimize_slsqp
+from ._constraints import (old_bound_to_new, new_bounds_to_old,
+                           old_constraint_to_new, new_constraint_to_old,
+                           NonlinearConstraint, LinearConstraint, Bounds,
+                           PreparedConstraint)
+from ._differentiable_functions import FD_METHODS
+
+MINIMIZE_METHODS = ['nelder-mead', 'powell', 'cg', 'bfgs', 'newton-cg',
+                    'l-bfgs-b', 'tnc', 'cobyla', 'cobyqa', 'slsqp',
+                    'trust-constr', 'dogleg', 'trust-ncg', 'trust-exact',
+                    'trust-krylov']
+
+# These methods support the new callback interface (passed an OptimizeResult)
+MINIMIZE_METHODS_NEW_CB = ['nelder-mead', 'powell', 'cg', 'bfgs', 'newton-cg',
+                           'l-bfgs-b', 'trust-constr', 'dogleg', 'trust-ncg',
+                           'trust-exact', 'trust-krylov', 'cobyqa', 'cobyla']
+
+MINIMIZE_SCALAR_METHODS = ['brent', 'bounded', 'golden']
+
+def minimize(fun, x0, args=(), method=None, jac=None, hess=None,
+             hessp=None, bounds=None, constraints=(), tol=None,
+             callback=None, options=None):
+    """Minimization of scalar function of one or more variables.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        The objective function to be minimized::
+
+            fun(x, *args) -> float
+
+        where ``x`` is a 1-D array with shape (n,) and ``args``
+        is a tuple of the fixed parameters needed to completely
+        specify the function.
+
+        Suppose the callable has signature ``f0(x, *my_args, **my_kwargs)``, where
+        ``my_args`` and ``my_kwargs`` are required positional and keyword arguments.
+        Rather than passing ``f0`` as the callable, wrap it to accept
+        only ``x``; e.g., pass ``fun=lambda x: f0(x, *my_args, **my_kwargs)`` as the
+        callable, where ``my_args`` (tuple) and ``my_kwargs`` (dict) have been
+        gathered before invoking this function.
+    x0 : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Initial guess. Array of real elements of size (n,),
+        where ``n`` is the number of independent variables.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments passed to the objective function and its
+        derivatives (`fun`, `jac` and `hess` functions).
+    method : str or callable, optional
+        Type of solver.  Should be one of
+
+        - 'Nelder-Mead' :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-neldermead>`
+        - 'Powell'      :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-powell>`
+        - 'CG'          :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-cg>`
+        - 'BFGS'        :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-bfgs>`
+        - 'Newton-CG'   :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-newtoncg>`
+        - 'L-BFGS-B'    :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-lbfgsb>`
+        - 'TNC'         :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-tnc>`
+        - 'COBYLA'      :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-cobyla>`
+        - 'COBYQA'      :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-cobyqa>`
+        - 'SLSQP'       :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-slsqp>`
+        - 'trust-constr':ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-trustconstr>`
+        - 'dogleg'      :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-dogleg>`
+        - 'trust-ncg'   :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-trustncg>`
+        - 'trust-exact' :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-trustexact>`
+        - 'trust-krylov' :ref:`(see here) <optimize.minimize-trustkrylov>`
+        - custom - a callable object, see below for description.
+
+        If not given, chosen to be one of ``BFGS``, ``L-BFGS-B``, ``SLSQP``,
+        depending on whether or not the problem has constraints or bounds.
+    jac : {callable,  '2-point', '3-point', 'cs', bool}, optional
+        Method for computing the gradient vector. Only for CG, BFGS,
+        Newton-CG, L-BFGS-B, TNC, SLSQP, dogleg, trust-ncg, trust-krylov,
+        trust-exact and trust-constr.
+        If it is a callable, it should be a function that returns the gradient
+        vector::
+
+            jac(x, *args) -> array_like, shape (n,)
+
+        where ``x`` is an array with shape (n,) and ``args`` is a tuple with
+        the fixed parameters. If `jac` is a Boolean and is True, `fun` is
+        assumed to return a tuple ``(f, g)`` containing the objective
+        function and the gradient.
+        Methods 'Newton-CG', 'trust-ncg', 'dogleg', 'trust-exact', and
+        'trust-krylov' require that either a callable be supplied, or that
+        `fun` return the objective and gradient.
+        If None or False, the gradient will be estimated using 2-point finite
+        difference estimation with an absolute step size.
+        Alternatively, the keywords  {'2-point', '3-point', 'cs'} can be used
+        to select a finite difference scheme for numerical estimation of the
+        gradient with a relative step size. These finite difference schemes
+        obey any specified `bounds`.
+    hess : {callable, '2-point', '3-point', 'cs', HessianUpdateStrategy}, optional
+        Method for computing the Hessian matrix. Only for Newton-CG, dogleg,
+        trust-ncg, trust-krylov, trust-exact and trust-constr.
+        If it is callable, it should return the Hessian matrix::
+
+            hess(x, *args) -> {LinearOperator, spmatrix, array}, (n, n)
+
+        where ``x`` is a (n,) ndarray and ``args`` is a tuple with the fixed
+        parameters.
+        The keywords {'2-point', '3-point', 'cs'} can also be used to select
+        a finite difference scheme for numerical estimation of the hessian.
+        Alternatively, objects implementing the `HessianUpdateStrategy`
+        interface can be used to approximate the Hessian. Available
+        quasi-Newton methods implementing this interface are:
+
+        - `BFGS`
+        - `SR1`
+
+        Not all of the options are available for each of the methods; for
+        availability refer to the notes.
+    hessp : callable, optional
+        Hessian of objective function times an arbitrary vector p. Only for
+        Newton-CG, trust-ncg, trust-krylov, trust-constr.
+        Only one of `hessp` or `hess` needs to be given. If `hess` is
+        provided, then `hessp` will be ignored. `hessp` must compute the
+        Hessian times an arbitrary vector::
+
+            hessp(x, p, *args) ->  ndarray shape (n,)
+
+        where ``x`` is a (n,) ndarray, ``p`` is an arbitrary vector with
+        dimension (n,) and ``args`` is a tuple with the fixed
+        parameters.
+    bounds : sequence or `Bounds`, optional
+        Bounds on variables for Nelder-Mead, L-BFGS-B, TNC, SLSQP, Powell,
+        trust-constr, COBYLA, and COBYQA methods. There are two ways to specify
+        the bounds:
+
+        1. Instance of `Bounds` class.
+        2. Sequence of ``(min, max)`` pairs for each element in `x`. None
+           is used to specify no bound.
+
+    constraints : {Constraint, dict} or List of {Constraint, dict}, optional
+        Constraints definition. Only for COBYLA, COBYQA, SLSQP and trust-constr.
+
+        Constraints for 'trust-constr', 'cobyqa', and 'cobyla' are defined as a single
+        object or a list of objects specifying constraints to the optimization problem.
+        Available constraints are:
+
+        - `LinearConstraint`
+        - `NonlinearConstraint`
+
+        Constraints for COBYLA, SLSQP are defined as a list of dictionaries.
+        Each dictionary with fields:
+
+        type : str
+            Constraint type: 'eq' for equality, 'ineq' for inequality.
+        fun : callable
+            The function defining the constraint.
+        jac : callable, optional
+            The Jacobian of `fun` (only for SLSQP).
+        args : sequence, optional
+            Extra arguments to be passed to the function and Jacobian.
+
+        Equality constraint means that the constraint function result is to
+        be zero whereas inequality means that it is to be non-negative.
+        Note that COBYLA only supports inequality constraints.
+
+    tol : float, optional
+        Tolerance for termination. When `tol` is specified, the selected
+        minimization algorithm sets some relevant solver-specific tolerance(s)
+        equal to `tol`. For detailed control, use solver-specific
+        options.
+    options : dict, optional
+        A dictionary of solver options. All methods except `TNC` accept the
+        following generic options:
+
+        maxiter : int
+            Maximum number of iterations to perform. Depending on the
+            method each iteration may use several function evaluations.
+
+            For `TNC` use `maxfun` instead of `maxiter`.
+        disp : bool
+            Set to True to print convergence messages.
+
+        For method-specific options, see :func:`show_options()`.
+    callback : callable, optional
+        A callable called after each iteration.
+
+        All methods except TNC and SLSQP support a callable with
+        the signature::
+
+            callback(intermediate_result: OptimizeResult)
+
+        where ``intermediate_result`` is a keyword parameter containing an
+        `OptimizeResult` with attributes ``x`` and ``fun``, the present values
+        of the parameter vector and objective function. Not all attributes of
+        `OptimizeResult` may be present. The name of the parameter must be
+        ``intermediate_result`` for the callback to be passed an `OptimizeResult`.
+        These methods will also terminate if the callback raises ``StopIteration``.
+
+        All methods except trust-constr (also) support a signature like::
+
+            callback(xk)
+
+        where ``xk`` is the current parameter vector.
+
+        Introspection is used to determine which of the signatures above to
+        invoke.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : OptimizeResult
+        The optimization result represented as a ``OptimizeResult`` object.
+        Important attributes are: ``x`` the solution array, ``success`` a
+        Boolean flag indicating if the optimizer exited successfully and
+        ``message`` which describes the cause of the termination. See
+        `OptimizeResult` for a description of other attributes.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    minimize_scalar : Interface to minimization algorithms for scalar
+        univariate functions
+    show_options : Additional options accepted by the solvers
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This section describes the available solvers that can be selected by the
+    'method' parameter. The default method is *BFGS*.
+
+    **Unconstrained minimization**
+
+    Method :ref:`CG <optimize.minimize-cg>` uses a nonlinear conjugate
+    gradient algorithm by Polak and Ribiere, a variant of the
+    Fletcher-Reeves method described in [5]_ pp.120-122. Only the
+    first derivatives are used.
+
+    Method :ref:`BFGS <optimize.minimize-bfgs>` uses the quasi-Newton
+    method of Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfarb, and Shanno (BFGS) [5]_
+    pp. 136. It uses the first derivatives only. BFGS has proven good
+    performance even for non-smooth optimizations. This method also
+    returns an approximation of the Hessian inverse, stored as
+    `hess_inv` in the OptimizeResult object.
+
+    Method :ref:`Newton-CG <optimize.minimize-newtoncg>` uses a
+    Newton-CG algorithm [5]_ pp. 168 (also known as the truncated
+    Newton method). It uses a CG method to the compute the search
+    direction. See also *TNC* method for a box-constrained
+    minimization with a similar algorithm. Suitable for large-scale
+    problems.
+
+    Method :ref:`dogleg <optimize.minimize-dogleg>` uses the dog-leg
+    trust-region algorithm [5]_ for unconstrained minimization. This
+    algorithm requires the gradient and Hessian; furthermore the
+    Hessian is required to be positive definite.
+
+    Method :ref:`trust-ncg <optimize.minimize-trustncg>` uses the
+    Newton conjugate gradient trust-region algorithm [5]_ for
+    unconstrained minimization. This algorithm requires the gradient
+    and either the Hessian or a function that computes the product of
+    the Hessian with a given vector. Suitable for large-scale problems.
+
+    Method :ref:`trust-krylov <optimize.minimize-trustkrylov>` uses
+    the Newton GLTR trust-region algorithm [14]_, [15]_ for unconstrained
+    minimization. This algorithm requires the gradient
+    and either the Hessian or a function that computes the product of
+    the Hessian with a given vector. Suitable for large-scale problems.
+    On indefinite problems it requires usually less iterations than the
+    `trust-ncg` method and is recommended for medium and large-scale problems.
+
+    Method :ref:`trust-exact <optimize.minimize-trustexact>`
+    is a trust-region method for unconstrained minimization in which
+    quadratic subproblems are solved almost exactly [13]_. This
+    algorithm requires the gradient and the Hessian (which is
+    *not* required to be positive definite). It is, in many
+    situations, the Newton method to converge in fewer iterations
+    and the most recommended for small and medium-size problems.
+
+    **Bound-Constrained minimization**
+
+    Method :ref:`Nelder-Mead <optimize.minimize-neldermead>` uses the
+    Simplex algorithm [1]_, [2]_. This algorithm is robust in many
+    applications. However, if numerical computation of derivative can be
+    trusted, other algorithms using the first and/or second derivatives
+    information might be preferred for their better performance in
+    general.
+
+    Method :ref:`L-BFGS-B <optimize.minimize-lbfgsb>` uses the L-BFGS-B
+    algorithm [6]_, [7]_ for bound constrained minimization.
+
+    Method :ref:`Powell <optimize.minimize-powell>` is a modification
+    of Powell's method [3]_, [4]_ which is a conjugate direction
+    method. It performs sequential one-dimensional minimizations along
+    each vector of the directions set (`direc` field in `options` and
+    `info`), which is updated at each iteration of the main
+    minimization loop. The function need not be differentiable, and no
+    derivatives are taken. If bounds are not provided, then an
+    unbounded line search will be used. If bounds are provided and
+    the initial guess is within the bounds, then every function
+    evaluation throughout the minimization procedure will be within
+    the bounds. If bounds are provided, the initial guess is outside
+    the bounds, and `direc` is full rank (default has full rank), then
+    some function evaluations during the first iteration may be
+    outside the bounds, but every function evaluation after the first
+    iteration will be within the bounds. If `direc` is not full rank,
+    then some parameters may not be optimized and the solution is not
+    guaranteed to be within the bounds.
+
+    Method :ref:`TNC <optimize.minimize-tnc>` uses a truncated Newton
+    algorithm [5]_, [8]_ to minimize a function with variables subject
+    to bounds. This algorithm uses gradient information; it is also
+    called Newton Conjugate-Gradient. It differs from the *Newton-CG*
+    method described above as it wraps a C implementation and allows
+    each variable to be given upper and lower bounds.
+
+    **Constrained Minimization**
+
+    Method :ref:`COBYLA <optimize.minimize-cobyla>` uses the PRIMA
+    implementation [19]_ of the
+    Constrained Optimization BY Linear Approximation (COBYLA) method
+    [9]_, [10]_, [11]_. The algorithm is based on linear
+    approximations to the objective function and each constraint.
+
+    Method :ref:`COBYQA <optimize.minimize-cobyqa>` uses the Constrained
+    Optimization BY Quadratic Approximations (COBYQA) method [18]_. The
+    algorithm is a derivative-free trust-region SQP method based on quadratic
+    approximations to the objective function and each nonlinear constraint. The
+    bounds are treated as unrelaxable constraints, in the sense that the
+    algorithm always respects them throughout the optimization process.
+
+    Method :ref:`SLSQP <optimize.minimize-slsqp>` uses Sequential
+    Least SQuares Programming to minimize a function of several
+    variables with any combination of bounds, equality and inequality
+    constraints. The method wraps the SLSQP Optimization subroutine
+    originally implemented by Dieter Kraft [12]_. Note that the
+    wrapper handles infinite values in bounds by converting them into
+    large floating values.
+
+    Method :ref:`trust-constr <optimize.minimize-trustconstr>` is a
+    trust-region algorithm for constrained optimization. It switches
+    between two implementations depending on the problem definition.
+    It is the most versatile constrained minimization algorithm
+    implemented in SciPy and the most appropriate for large-scale problems.
+    For equality constrained problems it is an implementation of Byrd-Omojokun
+    Trust-Region SQP method described in [17]_ and in [5]_, p. 549. When
+    inequality constraints are imposed as well, it switches to the trust-region
+    interior point method described in [16]_. This interior point algorithm,
+    in turn, solves inequality constraints by introducing slack variables
+    and solving a sequence of equality-constrained barrier problems
+    for progressively smaller values of the barrier parameter.
+    The previously described equality constrained SQP method is
+    used to solve the subproblems with increasing levels of accuracy
+    as the iterate gets closer to a solution.
+
+    **Finite-Difference Options**
+
+    For Method :ref:`trust-constr <optimize.minimize-trustconstr>`
+    the gradient and the Hessian may be approximated using
+    three finite-difference schemes: {'2-point', '3-point', 'cs'}.
+    The scheme 'cs' is, potentially, the most accurate but it
+    requires the function to correctly handle complex inputs and to
+    be differentiable in the complex plane. The scheme '3-point' is more
+    accurate than '2-point' but requires twice as many operations. If the
+    gradient is estimated via finite-differences the Hessian must be
+    estimated using one of the quasi-Newton strategies.
+
+    **Method specific options for the** `hess` **keyword**
+
+    +--------------+------+----------+-------------------------+-----+
+    | method/Hess  | None | callable | '2-point/'3-point'/'cs' | HUS |
+    +==============+======+==========+=========================+=====+
+    | Newton-CG    | x    | (n, n)   | x                       | x   |
+    |              |      | LO       |                         |     |
+    +--------------+------+----------+-------------------------+-----+
+    | dogleg       |      | (n, n)   |                         |     |
+    +--------------+------+----------+-------------------------+-----+
+    | trust-ncg    |      | (n, n)   | x                       | x   |
+    +--------------+------+----------+-------------------------+-----+
+    | trust-krylov |      | (n, n)   | x                       | x   |
+    +--------------+------+----------+-------------------------+-----+
+    | trust-exact  |      | (n, n)   |                         |     |
+    +--------------+------+----------+-------------------------+-----+
+    | trust-constr | x    | (n, n)   |  x                      | x   |
+    |              |      | LO       |                         |     |
+    |              |      | sp       |                         |     |
+    +--------------+------+----------+-------------------------+-----+
+
+    where LO=LinearOperator, sp=Sparse matrix, HUS=HessianUpdateStrategy
+
+    **Custom minimizers**
+
+    It may be useful to pass a custom minimization method, for example
+    when using a frontend to this method such as `scipy.optimize.basinhopping`
+    or a different library.  You can simply pass a callable as the ``method``
+    parameter.
+
+    The callable is called as ``method(fun, x0, args, **kwargs, **options)``
+    where ``kwargs`` corresponds to any other parameters passed to `minimize`
+    (such as `callback`, `hess`, etc.), except the `options` dict, which has
+    its contents also passed as `method` parameters pair by pair.  Also, if
+    `jac` has been passed as a bool type, `jac` and `fun` are mangled so that
+    `fun` returns just the function values and `jac` is converted to a function
+    returning the Jacobian.  The method shall return an `OptimizeResult`
+    object.
+
+    The provided `method` callable must be able to accept (and possibly ignore)
+    arbitrary parameters; the set of parameters accepted by `minimize` may
+    expand in future versions and then these parameters will be passed to
+    the method.  You can find an example in the scipy.optimize tutorial.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Nelder, J A, and R Mead. 1965. A Simplex Method for Function
+        Minimization. The Computer Journal 7: 308-13.
+    .. [2] Wright M H. 1996. Direct search methods: Once scorned, now
+        respectable, in Numerical Analysis 1995: Proceedings of the 1995
+        Dundee Biennial Conference in Numerical Analysis (Eds. D F
+        Griffiths and G A Watson). Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, UK.
+        191-208.
+    .. [3] Powell, M J D. 1964. An efficient method for finding the minimum of
+       a function of several variables without calculating derivatives. The
+       Computer Journal 7: 155-162.
+    .. [4] Press W, S A Teukolsky, W T Vetterling and B P Flannery.
+       Numerical Recipes (any edition), Cambridge University Press.
+    .. [5] Nocedal, J, and S J Wright. 2006. Numerical Optimization.
+       Springer New York.
+    .. [6] Byrd, R H and P Lu and J. Nocedal. 1995. A Limited Memory
+       Algorithm for Bound Constrained Optimization. SIAM Journal on
+       Scientific and Statistical Computing 16 (5): 1190-1208.
+    .. [7] Zhu, C and R H Byrd and J Nocedal. 1997. L-BFGS-B: Algorithm
+       778: L-BFGS-B, FORTRAN routines for large scale bound constrained
+       optimization. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 23 (4):
+       550-560.
+    .. [8] Nash, S G. Newton-Type Minimization Via the Lanczos Method.
+       1984. SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis 21: 770-778.
+    .. [9] Powell, M J D. A direct search optimization method that models
+       the objective and constraint functions by linear interpolation.
+       1994. Advances in Optimization and Numerical Analysis, eds. S. Gomez
+       and J-P Hennart, Kluwer Academic (Dordrecht), 51-67.
+    .. [10] Powell M J D. Direct search algorithms for optimization
+       calculations. 1998. Acta Numerica 7: 287-336.
+    .. [11] Powell M J D. A view of algorithms for optimization without
+       derivatives. 2007.Cambridge University Technical Report DAMTP
+       2007/NA03
+    .. [12] Kraft, D. A software package for sequential quadratic
+       programming. 1988. Tech. Rep. DFVLR-FB 88-28, DLR German Aerospace
+       Center -- Institute for Flight Mechanics, Koln, Germany.
+    .. [13] Conn, A. R., Gould, N. I., and Toint, P. L.
+       Trust region methods. 2000. Siam. pp. 169-200.
+    .. [14] F. Lenders, C. Kirches, A. Potschka: "trlib: A vector-free
+       implementation of the GLTR method for iterative solution of
+       the trust region problem", :arxiv:`1611.04718`
+    .. [15] N. Gould, S. Lucidi, M. Roma, P. Toint: "Solving the
+       Trust-Region Subproblem using the Lanczos Method",
+       SIAM J. Optim., 9(2), 504--525, (1999).
+    .. [16] Byrd, Richard H., Mary E. Hribar, and Jorge Nocedal. 1999.
+        An interior point algorithm for large-scale nonlinear  programming.
+        SIAM Journal on Optimization 9.4: 877-900.
+    .. [17] Lalee, Marucha, Jorge Nocedal, and Todd Plantenga. 1998. On the
+        implementation of an algorithm for large-scale equality constrained
+        optimization. SIAM Journal on Optimization 8.3: 682-706.
+    .. [18] Ragonneau, T. M. *Model-Based Derivative-Free Optimization Methods
+        and Software*. PhD thesis, Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong
+        Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, 2022. URL:
+        https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/200/12294.
+    .. [19] Zhang, Z. "PRIMA: Reference Implementation for Powell's Methods with
+        Modernization and Amelioration", https://www.libprima.net,
+        :doi:`10.5281/zenodo.8052654`
+    .. [20] Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions,
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karush%E2%80%93Kuhn%E2%80%93Tucker_conditions
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Let us consider the problem of minimizing the Rosenbrock function. This
+    function (and its respective derivatives) is implemented in `rosen`
+    (resp. `rosen_der`, `rosen_hess`) in the `scipy.optimize`.
+
+    >>> from scipy.optimize import minimize, rosen, rosen_der
+
+    A simple application of the *Nelder-Mead* method is:
+
+    >>> x0 = [1.3, 0.7, 0.8, 1.9, 1.2]
+    >>> res = minimize(rosen, x0, method='Nelder-Mead', tol=1e-6)
+    >>> res.x
+    array([ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.,  1.])
+
+    Now using the *BFGS* algorithm, using the first derivative and a few
+    options:
+
+    >>> res = minimize(rosen, x0, method='BFGS', jac=rosen_der,
+    ...                options={'gtol': 1e-6, 'disp': True})
+    Optimization terminated successfully.
+             Current function value: 0.000000
+             Iterations: 26
+             Function evaluations: 31
+             Gradient evaluations: 31
+    >>> res.x
+    array([ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.,  1.])
+    >>> print(res.message)
+    Optimization terminated successfully.
+    >>> res.hess_inv
+    array([
+        [ 0.00749589,  0.01255155,  0.02396251,  0.04750988,  0.09495377],  # may vary
+        [ 0.01255155,  0.02510441,  0.04794055,  0.09502834,  0.18996269],
+        [ 0.02396251,  0.04794055,  0.09631614,  0.19092151,  0.38165151],
+        [ 0.04750988,  0.09502834,  0.19092151,  0.38341252,  0.7664427 ],
+        [ 0.09495377,  0.18996269,  0.38165151,  0.7664427,   1.53713523]
+    ])
+
+    Next, consider a minimization problem with several constraints (namely
+    Example 16.4 from [5]_). The objective function is:
+
+    >>> fun = lambda x: (x[0] - 1)**2 + (x[1] - 2.5)**2
+
+    There are three constraints defined as:
+
+    >>> cons = ({'type': 'ineq', 'fun': lambda x:  x[0] - 2 * x[1] + 2},
+    ...         {'type': 'ineq', 'fun': lambda x: -x[0] - 2 * x[1] + 6},
+    ...         {'type': 'ineq', 'fun': lambda x: -x[0] + 2 * x[1] + 2})
+
+    And variables must be positive, hence the following bounds:
+
+    >>> bnds = ((0, None), (0, None))
+
+    The optimization problem is solved using the SLSQP method as:
+
+    >>> res = minimize(fun, (2, 0), method='SLSQP', bounds=bnds, constraints=cons)
+
+    It should converge to the theoretical solution ``[1.4 ,1.7]``. *SLSQP* also
+    returns the multipliers that are used in the solution of the problem. These
+    multipliers, when the problem constraints are linear, can be thought of as the
+    Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) multipliers, which are a generalization
+    of Lagrange multipliers to inequality-constrained optimization problems ([20]_).
+
+    Notice that at the solution, the first constraint is active. Let's evaluate the
+    function at solution:
+
+    >>> cons[0]['fun'](res.x)
+    np.float64(1.4901224698604665e-09)
+
+    Also, notice that at optimality there is a non-zero multiplier:
+
+    >>> res.multipliers
+    array([0.8, 0. , 0. ])
+
+    This can be understood as the local sensitivity of the optimal value of the
+    objective function with respect to changes in the first constraint. If we
+    tighten the constraint by a small amount ``eps``:
+
+    >>> eps = 0.01
+    >>> cons[0]['fun'] = lambda x: x[0] - 2 * x[1] + 2 - eps
+
+    we expect the optimal value of the objective function to increase by
+    approximately ``eps * res.multipliers[0]``:
+
+    >>> eps * res.multipliers[0]  # Expected change in f0
+    np.float64(0.008000000027153205)
+    >>> f0 = res.fun  # Keep track of the previous optimal value
+    >>> res = minimize(fun, (2, 0), method='SLSQP', bounds=bnds, constraints=cons)
+    >>> f1 = res.fun  # New optimal value
+    >>> f1 - f0
+    np.float64(0.008019998807885509)
+
+    """
+    x0 = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(x0))
+
+    if x0.ndim != 1:
+        raise ValueError("'x0' must only have one dimension.")
+
+    if x0.dtype.kind in np.typecodes["AllInteger"]:
+        x0 = np.asarray(x0, dtype=float)
+
+    if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+        args = (args,)
+
+    if method is None:
+        # Select automatically
+        if constraints:
+            method = 'SLSQP'
+        elif bounds is not None:
+            method = 'L-BFGS-B'
+        else:
+            method = 'BFGS'
+
+    if callable(method):
+        meth = "_custom"
+    else:
+        meth = method.lower()
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = {}
+    # check if optional parameters are supported by the selected method
+    # - jac
+    if meth in ('nelder-mead', 'powell', 'cobyla', 'cobyqa') and bool(jac):
+        warn(f'Method {method} does not use gradient information (jac).',
+             RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    # - hess
+    if meth not in ('newton-cg', 'dogleg', 'trust-ncg', 'trust-constr',
+                    'trust-krylov', 'trust-exact', '_custom') and hess is not None:
+        warn(f'Method {method} does not use Hessian information (hess).',
+             RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    # - hessp
+    if meth not in ('newton-cg', 'trust-ncg', 'trust-constr',
+                    'trust-krylov', '_custom') \
+       and hessp is not None:
+        warn(f'Method {method} does not use Hessian-vector product'
+             ' information (hessp).',
+             RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    # - constraints or bounds
+    if (meth not in ('cobyla', 'cobyqa', 'slsqp', 'trust-constr', '_custom') and
+            np.any(constraints)):
+        warn(f'Method {method} cannot handle constraints.',
+             RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    if meth not in (
+            'nelder-mead', 'powell', 'l-bfgs-b', 'cobyla', 'cobyqa', 'slsqp',
+            'tnc', 'trust-constr', '_custom') and bounds is not None:
+        warn(f'Method {method} cannot handle bounds.',
+             RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    # - return_all
+    if (meth in ('l-bfgs-b', 'tnc', 'cobyla', 'cobyqa', 'slsqp') and
+            options.get('return_all', False)):
+        warn(f'Method {method} does not support the return_all option.',
+             RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    # check gradient vector
+    if callable(jac):
+        pass
+    elif jac is True:
+        # fun returns func and grad
+        fun = MemoizeJac(fun)
+        jac = fun.derivative
+    elif (jac in FD_METHODS and
+          meth in ['trust-constr', 'bfgs', 'cg', 'l-bfgs-b', 'tnc', 'slsqp']):
+        # finite differences with relative step
+        pass
+    elif meth in ['trust-constr']:
+        # default jac calculation for this method
+        jac = '2-point'
+    elif jac is None or bool(jac) is False:
+        # this will cause e.g. LBFGS to use forward difference, absolute step
+        jac = None
+    else:
+        # default if jac option is not understood
+        jac = None
+
+    # set default tolerances
+    if tol is not None:
+        options = dict(options)
+        if meth == 'nelder-mead':
+            options.setdefault('xatol', tol)
+            options.setdefault('fatol', tol)
+        if meth in ('newton-cg', 'powell', 'tnc'):
+            options.setdefault('xtol', tol)
+        if meth in ('powell', 'l-bfgs-b', 'tnc', 'slsqp'):
+            options.setdefault('ftol', tol)
+        if meth in ('bfgs', 'cg', 'l-bfgs-b', 'tnc', 'dogleg',
+                    'trust-ncg', 'trust-exact', 'trust-krylov'):
+            options.setdefault('gtol', tol)
+        if meth in ('cobyla', '_custom'):
+            options.setdefault('tol', tol)
+        if meth == 'cobyqa':
+            options.setdefault('final_tr_radius', tol)
+        if meth == 'trust-constr':
+            options.setdefault('xtol', tol)
+            options.setdefault('gtol', tol)
+            options.setdefault('barrier_tol', tol)
+
+    if meth == '_custom':
+        # custom method called before bounds and constraints are 'standardised'
+        # custom method should be able to accept whatever bounds/constraints
+        # are provided to it.
+        return method(fun, x0, args=args, jac=jac, hess=hess, hessp=hessp,
+                      bounds=bounds, constraints=constraints,
+                      callback=callback, **options)
+
+    constraints = standardize_constraints(constraints, x0, meth)
+
+    remove_vars = False
+    if bounds is not None:
+        # convert to new-style bounds so we only have to consider one case
+        bounds = standardize_bounds(bounds, x0, 'new')
+        bounds = _validate_bounds(bounds, x0, meth)
+
+        if meth in {"tnc", "slsqp", "l-bfgs-b"}:
+            # These methods can't take the finite-difference derivatives they
+            # need when a variable is fixed by the bounds. To avoid this issue,
+            # remove fixed variables from the problem.
+            # NOTE: if this list is expanded, then be sure to update the
+            # accompanying tests and test_optimize.eb_data. Consider also if
+            # default OptimizeResult will need updating.
+
+            # determine whether any variables are fixed
+            i_fixed = (bounds.lb == bounds.ub)
+
+            if np.all(i_fixed):
+                # all the parameters are fixed, a minimizer is not able to do
+                # anything
+                return _optimize_result_for_equal_bounds(
+                    fun, bounds, meth, args=args, constraints=constraints
+                )
+
+            # determine whether finite differences are needed for any grad/jac
+            fd_needed = (not callable(jac))
+            for con in constraints:
+                if not callable(con.get('jac', None)):
+                    fd_needed = True
+
+            # If finite differences are ever used, remove all fixed variables
+            # Always remove fixed variables for TNC; see gh-14565
+            remove_vars = i_fixed.any() and (fd_needed or meth == "tnc")
+            if remove_vars:
+                x_fixed = (bounds.lb)[i_fixed]
+                x0 = x0[~i_fixed]
+                bounds = _remove_from_bounds(bounds, i_fixed)
+                fun = _Remove_From_Func(fun, i_fixed, x_fixed)
+
+                if callable(callback):
+                    sig = inspect.signature(callback)
+                    if set(sig.parameters) == {'intermediate_result'}:
+                        # callback(intermediate_result)
+                        print(callback)
+                        callback = _Patch_Callback_Equal_Variables(
+                            callback, i_fixed, x_fixed
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        # callback(x)
+                        callback = _Remove_From_Func(callback, i_fixed, x_fixed)
+
+                if callable(jac):
+                    jac = _Remove_From_Func(jac, i_fixed, x_fixed, remove=1)
+
+                # make a copy of the constraints so the user's version doesn't
+                # get changed. (Shallow copy is ok)
+                constraints = [con.copy() for con in constraints]
+                for con in constraints:  # yes, guaranteed to be a list
+                    con['fun'] = _Remove_From_Func(con['fun'], i_fixed,
+                                                   x_fixed, min_dim=1,
+                                                   remove=0)
+                    if callable(con.get('jac', None)):
+                        con['jac'] = _Remove_From_Func(con['jac'], i_fixed,
+                                                       x_fixed, min_dim=2,
+                                                       remove=1)
+        bounds = standardize_bounds(bounds, x0, meth)
+
+    # selects whether to use callback(x) or callback(intermediate_result)
+    callback = _wrap_callback(callback, meth)
+
+    if meth == 'nelder-mead':
+        res = _minimize_neldermead(fun, x0, args, callback, bounds=bounds,
+                                   **options)
+    elif meth == 'powell':
+        res = _minimize_powell(fun, x0, args, callback, bounds, **options)
+    elif meth == 'cg':
+        res = _minimize_cg(fun, x0, args, jac, callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'bfgs':
+        res = _minimize_bfgs(fun, x0, args, jac, callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'newton-cg':
+        res = _minimize_newtoncg(fun, x0, args, jac, hess, hessp, callback,
+                                 **options)
+    elif meth == 'l-bfgs-b':
+        res = _minimize_lbfgsb(fun, x0, args, jac, bounds,
+                               callback=callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'tnc':
+        res = _minimize_tnc(fun, x0, args, jac, bounds, callback=callback,
+                            **options)
+    elif meth == 'cobyla':
+        res = _minimize_cobyla(fun, x0, args, constraints, callback=callback,
+                               bounds=bounds, **options)
+    elif meth == 'cobyqa':
+        res = _minimize_cobyqa(fun, x0, args, bounds, constraints, callback,
+                               **options)
+    elif meth == 'slsqp':
+        res = _minimize_slsqp(fun, x0, args, jac, bounds,
+                              constraints, callback=callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'trust-constr':
+        res = _minimize_trustregion_constr(fun, x0, args, jac, hess, hessp,
+                                           bounds, constraints,
+                                           callback=callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'dogleg':
+        res = _minimize_dogleg(fun, x0, args, jac, hess,
+                               callback=callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'trust-ncg':
+        res = _minimize_trust_ncg(fun, x0, args, jac, hess, hessp,
+                                  callback=callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'trust-krylov':
+        res = _minimize_trust_krylov(fun, x0, args, jac, hess, hessp,
+                                     callback=callback, **options)
+    elif meth == 'trust-exact':
+        res = _minimize_trustregion_exact(fun, x0, args, jac, hess,
+                                          callback=callback, **options)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'Unknown solver {method}')
+
+    if remove_vars:
+        res.x = _add_to_array(res.x, i_fixed, x_fixed)
+        res.jac = _add_to_array(res.jac, i_fixed, np.nan)
+        if "hess_inv" in res:
+            res.hess_inv = None  # unknown
+
+    if getattr(callback, 'stop_iteration', False):
+        res.success = False
+        res.status = 99
+        res.message = "`callback` raised `StopIteration`."
+
+    return res
+
+
+def minimize_scalar(fun, bracket=None, bounds=None, args=(),
+                    method=None, tol=None, options=None):
+    """Local minimization of scalar function of one variable.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Objective function.
+        Scalar function, must return a scalar.
+
+        Suppose the callable has signature ``f0(x, *my_args, **my_kwargs)``, where
+        ``my_args`` and ``my_kwargs`` are required positional and keyword arguments.
+        Rather than passing ``f0`` as the callable, wrap it to accept
+        only ``x``; e.g., pass ``fun=lambda x: f0(x, *my_args, **my_kwargs)`` as the
+        callable, where ``my_args`` (tuple) and ``my_kwargs`` (dict) have been
+        gathered before invoking this function.
+
+    bracket : sequence, optional
+        For methods 'brent' and 'golden', `bracket` defines the bracketing
+        interval and is required.
+        Either a triple ``(xa, xb, xc)`` satisfying ``xa < xb < xc`` and
+        ``func(xb) < func(xa) and  func(xb) < func(xc)``, or a pair
+        ``(xa, xb)`` to be used as initial points for a downhill bracket search
+        (see `scipy.optimize.bracket`).
+        The minimizer ``res.x`` will not necessarily satisfy
+        ``xa <= res.x <= xb``.
+    bounds : sequence, optional
+        For method 'bounded', `bounds` is mandatory and must have two finite
+        items corresponding to the optimization bounds.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments passed to the objective function.
+    method : str or callable, optional
+        Type of solver.  Should be one of:
+
+        - :ref:`Brent <optimize.minimize_scalar-brent>`
+        - :ref:`Bounded <optimize.minimize_scalar-bounded>`
+        - :ref:`Golden <optimize.minimize_scalar-golden>`
+        - custom - a callable object (added in version 0.14.0), see below
+
+        Default is "Bounded" if bounds are provided and "Brent" otherwise.
+        See the 'Notes' section for details of each solver.
+
+    tol : float, optional
+        Tolerance for termination. For detailed control, use solver-specific
+        options.
+    options : dict, optional
+        A dictionary of solver options.
+
+        maxiter : int
+            Maximum number of iterations to perform.
+        disp : bool
+            Set to True to print convergence messages.
+
+        See :func:`show_options()` for solver-specific options.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : OptimizeResult
+        The optimization result represented as a ``OptimizeResult`` object.
+        Important attributes are: ``x`` the solution array, ``success`` a
+        Boolean flag indicating if the optimizer exited successfully and
+        ``message`` which describes the cause of the termination. See
+        `OptimizeResult` for a description of other attributes.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    minimize : Interface to minimization algorithms for scalar multivariate
+        functions
+    show_options : Additional options accepted by the solvers
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This section describes the available solvers that can be selected by the
+    'method' parameter. The default method is the ``"Bounded"`` Brent method if
+    `bounds` are passed and unbounded ``"Brent"`` otherwise.
+
+    Method :ref:`Brent <optimize.minimize_scalar-brent>` uses Brent's
+    algorithm [1]_ to find a local minimum.  The algorithm uses inverse
+    parabolic interpolation when possible to speed up convergence of
+    the golden section method.
+
+    Method :ref:`Golden <optimize.minimize_scalar-golden>` uses the
+    golden section search technique [1]_. It uses analog of the bisection
+    method to decrease the bracketed interval. It is usually
+    preferable to use the *Brent* method.
+
+    Method :ref:`Bounded <optimize.minimize_scalar-bounded>` can
+    perform bounded minimization [2]_ [3]_. It uses the Brent method to find a
+    local minimum in the interval x1 < xopt < x2.
+
+    Note that the Brent and Golden methods do not guarantee success unless a
+    valid ``bracket`` triple is provided. If a three-point bracket cannot be
+    found, consider `scipy.optimize.minimize`. Also, all methods are intended
+    only for local minimization. When the function of interest has more than
+    one local minimum, consider :ref:`global_optimization`.
+
+    **Custom minimizers**
+
+    It may be useful to pass a custom minimization method, for example
+    when using some library frontend to minimize_scalar. You can simply
+    pass a callable as the ``method`` parameter.
+
+    The callable is called as ``method(fun, args, **kwargs, **options)``
+    where ``kwargs`` corresponds to any other parameters passed to `minimize`
+    (such as `bracket`, `tol`, etc.), except the `options` dict, which has
+    its contents also passed as `method` parameters pair by pair.  The method
+    shall return an `OptimizeResult` object.
+
+    The provided `method` callable must be able to accept (and possibly ignore)
+    arbitrary parameters; the set of parameters accepted by `minimize` may
+    expand in future versions and then these parameters will be passed to
+    the method. You can find an example in the scipy.optimize tutorial.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.11.0
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Press, W., S.A. Teukolsky, W.T. Vetterling, and B.P. Flannery.
+           Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge University Press.
+    .. [2] Forsythe, G.E., M. A. Malcolm, and C. B. Moler. "Computer Methods
+           for Mathematical Computations." Prentice-Hall Series in Automatic
+           Computation 259 (1977).
+    .. [3] Brent, Richard P. Algorithms for Minimization Without Derivatives.
+           Courier Corporation, 2013.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Consider the problem of minimizing the following function.
+
+    >>> def f(x):
+    ...     return (x - 2) * x * (x + 2)**2
+
+    Using the *Brent* method, we find the local minimum as:
+
+    >>> from scipy.optimize import minimize_scalar
+    >>> res = minimize_scalar(f)
+    >>> res.fun
+    -9.9149495908
+
+    The minimizer is:
+
+    >>> res.x
+    1.28077640403
+
+    Using the *Bounded* method, we find a local minimum with specified
+    bounds as:
+
+    >>> res = minimize_scalar(f, bounds=(-3, -1), method='bounded')
+    >>> res.fun  # minimum
+    3.28365179850e-13
+    >>> res.x  # minimizer
+    -2.0000002026
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+        args = (args,)
+
+    if callable(method):
+        meth = "_custom"
+    elif method is None:
+        meth = 'brent' if bounds is None else 'bounded'
+    else:
+        meth = method.lower()
+    if options is None:
+        options = {}
+
+    if bounds is not None and meth in {'brent', 'golden'}:
+        message = f"Use of `bounds` is incompatible with 'method={method}'."
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    if tol is not None:
+        options = dict(options)
+        if meth == 'bounded' and 'xatol' not in options:
+            warn("Method 'bounded' does not support relative tolerance in x; "
+                 "defaulting to absolute tolerance.",
+                 RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            options['xatol'] = tol
+        elif meth == '_custom':
+            options.setdefault('tol', tol)
+        else:
+            options.setdefault('xtol', tol)
+
+    # replace boolean "disp" option, if specified, by an integer value.
+    disp = options.get('disp')
+    if isinstance(disp, bool):
+        options['disp'] = 2 * int(disp)
+
+    if meth == '_custom':
+        res = method(fun, args=args, bracket=bracket, bounds=bounds, **options)
+    elif meth == 'brent':
+        res = _recover_from_bracket_error(_minimize_scalar_brent,
+                                          fun, bracket, args, **options)
+    elif meth == 'bounded':
+        if bounds is None:
+            raise ValueError('The `bounds` parameter is mandatory for '
+                             'method `bounded`.')
+        res = _minimize_scalar_bounded(fun, bounds, args, **options)
+    elif meth == 'golden':
+        res = _recover_from_bracket_error(_minimize_scalar_golden,
+                                          fun, bracket, args, **options)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'Unknown solver {method}')
+
+    # gh-16196 reported inconsistencies in the output shape of `res.x`. While
+    # fixing this, future-proof it for when the function is vectorized:
+    # the shape of `res.x` should match that of `res.fun`.
+    res.fun = np.asarray(res.fun)[()]
+    res.x = np.reshape(res.x, res.fun.shape)[()]
+    return res
+
+
+def _remove_from_bounds(bounds, i_fixed):
+    """Removes fixed variables from a `Bounds` instance"""
+    lb = bounds.lb[~i_fixed]
+    ub = bounds.ub[~i_fixed]
+    return Bounds(lb, ub)  # don't mutate original Bounds object
+
+
+class _Patch_Callback_Equal_Variables:
+    # Patches a callback that accepts an intermediate_result
+    def __init__(self, callback, i_fixed, x_fixed):
+        self.callback = callback
+        self.i_fixed = i_fixed
+        self.x_fixed = x_fixed
+
+    def __call__(self, intermediate_result):
+        x_in = intermediate_result.x
+        x_out = np.zeros_like(self.i_fixed, dtype=x_in.dtype)
+        x_out[self.i_fixed] = self.x_fixed
+        x_out[~self.i_fixed] = x_in
+        intermediate_result.x = x_out
+        return self.callback(intermediate_result)
+
+
+class _Remove_From_Func:
+    """Wraps a function such that fixed variables need not be passed in"""
+    def __init__(self, fun_in, i_fixed, x_fixed, min_dim=None, remove=0):
+        self.fun_in = fun_in
+        self.i_fixed = i_fixed
+        self.x_fixed = x_fixed
+        self.min_dim = min_dim
+        self.remove = remove
+
+    def __call__(self, x_in, *args, **kwargs):
+        x_out = np.zeros_like(self.i_fixed, dtype=x_in.dtype)
+        x_out[self.i_fixed] = self.x_fixed
+        x_out[~self.i_fixed] = x_in
+        y_out = self.fun_in(x_out, *args, **kwargs)
+        y_out = np.array(y_out)
+
+        if self.min_dim == 1:
+            y_out = np.atleast_1d(y_out)
+        elif self.min_dim == 2:
+            y_out = np.atleast_2d(y_out)
+
+        if self.remove == 1:
+            y_out = y_out[..., ~self.i_fixed]
+        elif self.remove == 2:
+            y_out = y_out[~self.i_fixed, ~self.i_fixed]
+
+        return y_out
+
+
+def _add_to_array(x_in, i_fixed, x_fixed):
+    """Adds fixed variables back to an array"""
+    i_free = ~i_fixed
+    if x_in.ndim == 2:
+        i_free = i_free[:, None] @ i_free[None, :]
+    x_out = np.zeros_like(i_free, dtype=x_in.dtype)
+    x_out[~i_free] = x_fixed
+    x_out[i_free] = x_in.ravel()
+    return x_out
+
+
+def _validate_bounds(bounds, x0, meth):
+    """Check that bounds are valid."""
+
+    msg = "An upper bound is less than the corresponding lower bound."
+    if np.any(bounds.ub < bounds.lb):
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    msg = "The number of bounds is not compatible with the length of `x0`."
+    try:
+        bounds.lb = np.broadcast_to(bounds.lb, x0.shape)
+        bounds.ub = np.broadcast_to(bounds.ub, x0.shape)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ValueError(msg) from e
+
+    return bounds
+
+def standardize_bounds(bounds, x0, meth):
+    """Converts bounds to the form required by the solver."""
+    if meth in {'trust-constr', 'powell', 'nelder-mead', 'cobyla', 'cobyqa',
+                'new'}:
+        if not isinstance(bounds, Bounds):
+            lb, ub = old_bound_to_new(bounds)
+            bounds = Bounds(lb, ub)
+    elif meth in ('l-bfgs-b', 'tnc', 'slsqp', 'old'):
+        if isinstance(bounds, Bounds):
+            bounds = new_bounds_to_old(bounds.lb, bounds.ub, x0.shape[0])
+    return bounds
+
+
+def standardize_constraints(constraints, x0, meth):
+    """Converts constraints to the form required by the solver."""
+    all_constraint_types = (NonlinearConstraint, LinearConstraint, dict)
+    new_constraint_types = all_constraint_types[:-1]
+    if constraints is None:
+        constraints = []
+    elif isinstance(constraints, all_constraint_types):
+        constraints = [constraints]
+    else:
+        constraints = list(constraints)  # ensure it's a mutable sequence
+
+    if meth in ['trust-constr', 'cobyqa', 'new', 'cobyla']:
+        for i, con in enumerate(constraints):
+            if not isinstance(con, new_constraint_types):
+                constraints[i] = old_constraint_to_new(i, con)
+    else:
+        # iterate over copy, changing original
+        for i, con in enumerate(list(constraints)):
+            if isinstance(con, new_constraint_types):
+                old_constraints = new_constraint_to_old(con, x0)
+                constraints[i] = old_constraints[0]
+                constraints.extend(old_constraints[1:])  # appends 1 if present
+
+    return constraints
+
+
+def _optimize_result_for_equal_bounds(
+        fun, bounds, method, args=(), constraints=()
+):
+    """
+    Provides a default OptimizeResult for when a bounded minimization method
+    has (lb == ub).all().
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun: callable
+    bounds: Bounds
+    method: str
+    constraints: Constraint
+    """
+    success = True
+    message = 'All independent variables were fixed by bounds.'
+
+    # bounds is new-style
+    x0 = bounds.lb
+
+    if constraints:
+        message = ("All independent variables were fixed by bounds at values"
+                   " that satisfy the constraints.")
+        constraints = standardize_constraints(constraints, x0, 'new')
+
+    maxcv = 0
+    for c in constraints:
+        pc = PreparedConstraint(c, x0)
+        violation = pc.violation(x0)
+        if np.sum(violation):
+            maxcv = max(maxcv, np.max(violation))
+            success = False
+            message = (f"All independent variables were fixed by bounds, but "
+                       f"the independent variables do not satisfy the "
+                       f"constraints exactly. (Maximum violation: {maxcv}).")
+
+    return OptimizeResult(
+        x=x0, fun=fun(x0, *args), success=success, message=message, nfev=1,
+        njev=0, nhev=0,
+    )