riskfolio-lib 7.1.0__cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_24_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

riskfolio/src/AuxFunctions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1488 @@
+""""""  #
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2020-2025, Dany Cajas
+All rights reserved.
+This work is licensed under BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License.
+License available at https://github.com/dcajasn/Riskfolio-Lib/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import matplotlib as mpl
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import scipy.stats as st
+import scipy.cluster.hierarchy as hr
+from scipy import linalg as LA
+from statsmodels.stats.correlation_tools import cov_nearest
+from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix
+from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform
+from scipy.optimize import minimize
+from sklearn.metrics import mutual_info_score
+from sklearn.neighbors import KernelDensity
+from sklearn.metrics import silhouette_samples
+from astropy.stats import knuth_bin_width, freedman_bin_width, scott_bin_width
+from itertools import product
+import riskfolio.external.cppfunctions as cf
+import riskfolio.src.GerberStatistic as gs
+import re
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "is_pos_def",
+    "cov2corr",
+    "corr2cov",
+    "cov_fix",
+    "cov_returns",
+    "block_vec_pq",
+    "dcorr",
+    "dcorr_matrix",
+    "numBins",
+    "mutual_info_matrix",
+    "var_info_matrix",
+    "ltdi_matrix",
+    "two_diff_gap_stat",
+    "std_silhouette_score",
+    "codep_dist",
+    "fitKDE",
+    "mpPDF",
+    "errPDFs",
+    "findMaxEval",
+    "getPCA",
+    "denoisedCorr",
+    "shrinkCorr",
+    "denoiseCov",
+    "round_values",
+    "weights_discretizetion",
+    "color_list",
+]
+
+###############################################################################
+# Additional Matrix Functions
+###############################################################################
+
+
+def is_pos_def(cov, threshold=1e-8):
+    r"""
+    Indicate if a matrix is positive (semi)definite.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cov : DataFrame of shape (n_assets, n_assets)
+        Covariance matrix, where n_assets is the number of assets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    value : bool
+        True if matrix is positive (semi)definite.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    cov_ = np.array(cov, ndmin=2)
+    w = LA.eigh(cov_, lower=True, check_finite=True, eigvals_only=True)
+    value = np.all(w >= threshold)
+
+    return value
+
+
+def cov2corr(cov):
+    r"""
+    Generate a correlation matrix from a covariance matrix cov.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cov : DataFrame of shape (n_assets, n_assets)
+        Covariance matrix, where n_assets is the number of assets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    corr : ndarray
+        A correlation matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(cov, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = cov.columns.tolist()
+        flag = True
+
+    cov1 = np.array(cov, ndmin=2)
+    std = np.sqrt(np.diag(cov1))
+    corr = np.clip(cov1 / np.outer(std, std), a_min=-1.0, a_max=1.0)
+
+    if flag:
+        corr = pd.DataFrame(corr, index=cols, columns=cols)
+
+    return corr
+
+
+def corr2cov(corr, std):
+    r"""
+    Generate a covariance matrix from a correlation matrix corr and a standard
+    deviation vector std.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    corr : DataFrame of shape (n_assets, n_assets)
+        Covariance matrix, where n_assets is the number of assets.
+    std : 1darray
+        Assets standard deviation vector of size n_features, where
+        n_features is the number of features.
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    cov : ndarray
+        A covariance matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(corr, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = corr.columns.tolist()
+        flag = True
+
+    cov = corr * np.outer(std, std)
+
+    if flag:
+        cov = pd.DataFrame(cov, index=cols, columns=cols)
+
+    return cov
+
+
+def cov_fix(cov, method="clipped", threshold=1e-8):
+    r"""
+    Fix a covariance matrix to a positive definite matrix.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cov : DataFrame of shape (n_assets, n_assets)
+        Covariance matrix, where n_assets is the number of assets.
+    method : str
+        The default value is 'clipped', see more in `cov_nearest <https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/generated/statsmodels.stats.correlation_tools.cov_nearest.html>`_.
+    threshold
+        Clipping threshold for smallest eigen value.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    cov_ : bool
+        A positive definite covariance matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(cov, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = cov.columns.tolist()
+        flag = True
+
+    cov_ = np.array(cov, ndmin=2)
+    cov_ = cov_nearest(cov_, method=method, threshold=threshold)
+    cov_ = np.array(cov_, ndmin=2)
+
+    if flag:
+        cov_ = pd.DataFrame(cov_, index=cols, columns=cols)
+
+    return cov_
+
+
+def cov_returns(cov, seed=0):
+    r"""
+    Generate a matrix of returns that have a covariance matrix cov.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cov : DataFrame of shape (n_assets, n_assets)
+        Covariance matrix, where n_assets is the number of assets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    a : ndarray
+        A matrix of returns that have a covariance matrix cov.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    rs = np.random.RandomState(seed)
+    n = len(cov)
+    a = np.array(rs.randn(n + 10, n), ndmin=2)
+
+    for i in range(0, 5):
+        cov_ = np.cov(a.T)
+        L = np.array(np.linalg.cholesky(cov_), ndmin=2)
+        a = a @ np.linalg.inv(L).T
+        cov_ = np.cov(a.T)
+        desv_ = np.sqrt(np.array(np.diag(cov_), ndmin=2))
+        a = (np.array(a) - np.mean(a, axis=0)) / np.array(desv_)
+
+    L1 = np.array(np.linalg.cholesky(cov), ndmin=2)
+    a = a @ L1.T
+
+    return a
+
+
+def block_vec_pq(A, p, q):
+    r"""
+    Calculates block vectorization operator as shown in :cite:`d-VanLoan1993`
+    and :cite:`d-Ojeda2015`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    A : ndarray
+        Matrix that will be block vectorized.
+    p : int
+        Order p of block vectorization operator.
+    q : int
+        Order q of block vectorization operator.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bvec_A : ndarray
+        The block vectorized matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(A, pd.DataFrame):
+        A_ = A.to_numpy()
+    elif isinstance(A, np.ndarray):
+        A_ = A.copy()
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("A must be an 2darray or DataFrame.")
+
+    mp, nq = A_.shape
+    if mp % p == 0 and nq % q == 0:
+        m = int(mp / p)
+        n = int(nq / q)
+        bvec_A = np.empty((0, p * q))
+        for j in range(n):
+            Aj = np.empty((0, p * q))
+            for i in range(m):
+                Aij = (
+                    A_[i * p : (i + 1) * p, j * q : (j + 1) * q]
+                    .reshape(-1, 1, order="F")
+                    .T
+                )
+                Aj = np.vstack([Aj, Aij])
+            bvec_A = np.vstack([bvec_A, Aj])
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Dimensions p and q give non integer values for dimensions m and n."
+        )
+
+    return bvec_A
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Aditional Codependence Functions
+###############################################################################
+
+
+def dcorr(X, Y):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the distance correlation between two variables :cite:`d-Szekely`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    X : 1d-array
+        Returns series, must have of shape n_sample x 1.
+    Y : 1d-array
+        Returns series, must have of shape n_sample x 1.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    value : float
+        The distance correlation between variables X and Y.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    X = np.atleast_1d(X)
+    Y = np.atleast_1d(Y)
+
+    if np.prod(X.shape) == len(X):
+        X = X[:, None]
+    if np.prod(Y.shape) == len(Y):
+        Y = Y[:, None]
+
+    X = np.atleast_2d(X)
+    Y = np.atleast_2d(Y)
+    n = X.shape[0]
+
+    if Y.shape[0] != X.shape[0]:
+        raise ValueError("Number of samples must match")
+
+    value = cf.d_corr(X, Y)
+
+    return value
+
+
+def dcorr_matrix(X):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the distance correlation matrix of n variables.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    X : DataFrame of shape (n_samples, n_assets)
+        Assets returns DataFrame, where n_samples is the number of
+        observations and n_assets is the number of assets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    corr : ndarray
+        The distance correlation matrix of shape n_features x n_features.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = X.columns.tolist()
+        X1 = X.to_numpy()
+        flag = True
+    else:
+        X1 = X.copy()
+
+    corr = cf.d_corr_matrix(X1)
+
+    if flag:
+        corr = pd.DataFrame(corr, index=cols, columns=cols)
+    else:
+        corr = pd.DataFrame(corr)
+
+    return corr
+
+
+def numBins(n_samples, corr=None):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the optimal number of bins for discretization of mutual
+    information and variation of information.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    n_samples : integer
+        Number of samples.
+
+    corr : float, optional
+        Correlation coefficient of variables. The default value is None.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bins : int
+        The optimal number of bins.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    # univariate case
+    if corr is None:
+        z = (
+            8 + 324 * n_samples + 12 * (36 * n_samples + 729 * n_samples**2) ** 0.5
+        ) ** (1 / 3)
+        b = np.round(z / 6 + 2 / (3 * z) + 1 / 3)
+    # bivariate case
+    else:
+        b = np.round(2**-0.5 * (1 + (1 + 24 * n_samples / (1 - corr**2)) ** 0.5) ** 0.5)
+
+    bins = np.int32(b)
+
+    return bins
+
+
+def mutual_info_matrix(X, bins_info="KN", normalize=True):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the mutual information matrix of n variables.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    X : DataFrame of shape (n_samples, n_assets)
+        Assets returns DataFrame, where n_samples is the number of
+        observations and n_assets is the number of assets.
+    bins_info: int or str
+        Number of bins used to calculate mutual information. The default
+        value is 'KN'. Possible values are:
+
+        - 'KN': Knuth's choice method. See more in `knuth_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.knuth_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'FD': Freedman–Diaconis' choice method. See more in `freedman_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.freedman_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'SC': Scotts' choice method. See more in `scott_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.scott_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'HGR': Hacine-Gharbi and Ravier' choice method.
+        - int: integer value choice by user.
+
+    normalize: bool
+        If normalize variation of information. The default value is True.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    corr : ndarray
+        The mutual information matrix of shape n_features x n_features.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = X.columns.tolist()
+        X1 = X.to_numpy()
+        flag = True
+    else:
+        X1 = X.copy()
+
+    m = X1.shape[0]
+    n = X1.shape[1]
+    mat = np.zeros((n, n))
+    indices = np.triu_indices(n)
+
+    for i, j in zip(indices[0], indices[1]):
+        if bins_info == "KN":
+            k1 = (np.max(X1[:, i]) - np.min(X1[:, i])) / knuth_bin_width(X1[:, i])
+            bins = np.int32(np.round(k1))
+            if i != j:
+                k2 = (np.max(X1[:, j]) - np.min(X1[:, j])) / knuth_bin_width(X1[:, j])
+                bins = np.int32(np.round(np.maximum(k1, k2)))
+        elif bins_info == "FD":
+            k1 = (np.max(X1[:, i]) - np.min(X1[:, i])) / freedman_bin_width(X1[:, i])
+            bins = np.int32(np.round(k1))
+            if i != j:
+                k2 = (np.max(X1[:, j]) - np.min(X1[:, j])) / freedman_bin_width(
+                    X1[:, j]
+                )
+                bins = np.int32(np.round(np.maximum(k1, k2)))
+        elif bins_info == "SC":
+            k1 = (np.max(X1[:, i]) - np.min(X1[:, i])) / scott_bin_width(X1[:, i])
+            bins = np.int32(np.round(k1))
+            if i != j:
+                k2 = (np.max(X1[:, j]) - np.min(X1[:, j])) / scott_bin_width(X1[:, j])
+                bins = np.int32(np.round(np.maximum(k1, k2)))
+        elif bins_info == "HGR":
+            corr = np.corrcoef(X1[:, i], X1[:, j])[0, 1]
+            if corr == 1:
+                bins = numBins(m, None)
+            else:
+                bins = numBins(m, corr)
+        elif isinstance(bins_info, np.int32) or isinstance(bins_info, int):
+            bins = bins_info
+
+        cXY = np.histogram2d(X1[:, i], X1[:, j], bins)[0]
+        hX = st.entropy(np.histogram(X1[:, i], bins)[0])  # marginal
+        hY = st.entropy(np.histogram(X1[:, j], bins)[0])  # marginal
+        iXY = mutual_info_score(None, None, contingency=cXY)  # mutual information
+        if normalize == True:
+            iXY = iXY / np.min([hX, hY])  # normalized mutual information
+            # hXY = hX + hY - iXY # joint
+            # hX_Y = hXY - hY # conditional
+            # hY_X = hXY - hX # conditional
+
+        mat[i, j] = iXY
+        mat[j, i] = mat[i, j]
+
+    mat = np.clip(np.round(mat, 8), a_min=0.0, a_max=np.inf)
+
+    if flag:
+        mat = pd.DataFrame(mat, index=cols, columns=cols)
+
+    return mat
+
+
+def var_info_matrix(X, bins_info="KN", normalize=True):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the variation of information matrix of n variables.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    X : DataFrame of shape (n_samples, n_assets)
+        Assets returns DataFrame, where n_samples is the number of
+        observations and n_assets is the number of assets.
+    bins_info: int or str
+        Number of bins used to calculate variation of information. The default
+        value is 'KN'. Possible values are:
+
+        - 'KN': Knuth's choice method. See more in `knuth_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.knuth_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'FD': Freedman–Diaconis' choice method. See more in `freedman_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.freedman_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'SC': Scotts' choice method. See more in `scott_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.scott_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'HGR': Hacine-Gharbi and Ravier' choice method.
+        - int: integer value choice by user.
+
+    normalize: bool
+        If normalize variation of information. The default value is True.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    corr : ndarray
+        The mutual information matrix of shape n_features x n_features.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = X.columns.tolist()
+        X1 = X.to_numpy()
+        flag = True
+    else:
+        X1 = X.copy()
+
+    m = X1.shape[0]
+    n = X1.shape[1]
+    mat = np.zeros((n, n))
+    indices = np.triu_indices(n)
+
+    for i, j in zip(indices[0], indices[1]):
+        if bins_info == "KN":
+            k1 = (np.max(X1[:, i]) - np.min(X1[:, i])) / knuth_bin_width(X1[:, i])
+            bins = np.int32(np.round(k1))
+            if i != j:
+                k2 = (np.max(X1[:, j]) - np.min(X1[:, j])) / knuth_bin_width(X1[:, j])
+                bins = np.int32(np.round(np.maximum(k1, k2)))
+        elif bins_info == "FD":
+            k1 = (np.max(X1[:, i]) - np.min(X1[:, i])) / freedman_bin_width(X1[:, i])
+            bins = np.int32(np.round(k1))
+            if i != j:
+                k2 = (np.max(X1[:, j]) - np.min(X1[:, j])) / freedman_bin_width(
+                    X1[:, j]
+                )
+                bins = np.int32(np.round(np.maximum(k1, k2)))
+        elif bins_info == "SC":
+            k1 = (np.max(X1[:, i]) - np.min(X1[:, i])) / scott_bin_width(X1[:, i])
+            bins = np.int32(np.round(k1))
+            if i != j:
+                k2 = (np.max(X1[:, j]) - np.min(X1[:, j])) / scott_bin_width(X1[:, j])
+                bins = np.int32(np.round(np.maximum(k1, k2)))
+        elif bins_info == "HGR":
+            corr = np.corrcoef(X1[:, i], X1[:, j])[0, 1]
+            if corr == 1:
+                bins = numBins(m, None)
+            else:
+                bins = numBins(m, corr)
+        elif isinstance(bins_info, np.int32) or isinstance(bins_info, int):
+            bins = bins_info
+
+        cXY = np.histogram2d(X1[:, i], X1[:, j], bins)[0]
+        hX = st.entropy(np.histogram(X1[:, i], bins)[0])  # marginal
+        hY = st.entropy(np.histogram(X1[:, j], bins)[0])  # marginal
+        iXY = mutual_info_score(None, None, contingency=cXY)  # mutual information
+        vXY = hX + hY - 2 * iXY  # variation of information
+        if normalize == True:
+            hXY = hX + hY - iXY  # joint
+            vXY = vXY / hXY  # normalized variation of information
+
+        mat[i, j] = vXY
+        mat[j, i] = mat[i, j]
+
+    mat = np.clip(np.round(mat, 8), a_min=0.0, a_max=np.inf)
+
+    if flag:
+        mat = pd.DataFrame(mat, index=cols, columns=cols)
+
+    return mat
+
+
+def ltdi_matrix(X, alpha=0.05):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the lower tail dependence index matrix using the empirical
+    approach.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    X : DataFrame of shape (n_samples, n_assets)
+        Assets returns DataFrame, where n_samples is the number of
+        observations and n_assets is the number of assets.
+    alpha : float, optional
+        Significance level for lower tail dependence index.
+        The default is 0.05.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    corr : ndarray
+        The lower tail dependence index matrix of shape n_features x
+        n_features.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = X.columns.tolist()
+        X1 = X.to_numpy()
+        flag = True
+    else:
+        X1 = X.copy()
+
+    m = X1.shape[0]
+    n = X1.shape[1]
+    k = np.int32(np.ceil(m * alpha))
+    mat = np.ones((n, n))
+
+    if k > 0:
+        indices = np.triu_indices(n)
+
+        for i, j in zip(indices[0], indices[1]):
+            u = np.sort(X1[:, i])[k - 1]
+            v = np.sort(X1[:, j])[k - 1]
+            ltd = (
+                np.sum(np.where(np.logical_and(X1[:, i] <= u, X1[:, j] <= v), 1, 0)) / k
+            )
+
+            mat[i, j] = ltd
+            mat[j, i] = mat[i, j]
+
+        for i in range(0, n):
+            u = np.sort(X1[:, i])[k - 1]
+            v = np.sort(X1[:, i])[k - 1]
+            ltd = (
+                np.sum(np.where(np.logical_and(X1[:, i] <= u, X1[:, i] <= v), 1, 0)) / k
+            )
+
+            mat[i, i] = ltd
+
+    mat = np.clip(np.round(mat, 8), a_min=1.0e-8, a_max=1)
+
+    if flag:
+        mat = pd.DataFrame(mat, index=cols, columns=cols)
+    else:
+        mat = pd.DataFrame(mat)
+
+    return mat
+
+
+def two_diff_gap_stat(dist, clustering, max_k=10):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the optimal number of clusters based on the two difference gap
+    statistic :cite:`d-twogap`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dist : str, optional
+        A distance measure based on the codependence matrix.
+    clustering : str, optional
+        The hierarchical clustering encoded as a linkage matrix, see `linkage <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.cluster.hierarchy.linkage.html?highlight=linkage#scipy.cluster.hierarchy.linkage>`_ for more details.
+    max_k : int, optional
+        Max number of clusters used by the two difference gap statistic
+        to find the optimal number of clusters. The default is 10.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    k : int
+        The optimal number of clusters based on the two difference gap statistic.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    flag = False
+    # Check if linkage matrix is monotonic
+    if hr.is_monotonic(clustering):
+        flag = True
+    # cluster levels over from 1 to N-1 clusters
+    cluster_lvls = pd.DataFrame(hr.cut_tree(clustering), index=dist.columns)
+    level_k = cluster_lvls.columns.tolist()
+    cluster_lvls = cluster_lvls.iloc[:, ::-1]  # reverse order to start with 1 cluster
+    cluster_lvls.columns = level_k
+    # Fix for nonmonotonic linkage matrices
+    if flag is False:
+        for i in cluster_lvls.columns:
+            unique_vals, indices = np.unique(cluster_lvls[i], return_inverse=True)
+            cluster_lvls[i] = indices
+    cluster_lvls = cluster_lvls.T.drop_duplicates().T
+    level_k = cluster_lvls.columns.tolist()
+    cluster_k = cluster_lvls.nunique(axis=0).tolist()
+    W_list = []
+    n = dist.shape[0]
+
+    # get within-cluster dissimilarity for each k
+    for k in cluster_k:
+        if k == 1:
+            W_list.append(-np.inf)
+        elif k > min(max_k, np.sqrt(n)) + 2:
+            break
+        else:
+            level = cluster_lvls[level_k[cluster_k.index(k)]]  # get k clusters
+            D_list = []  # within-cluster distance list
+
+            for i in range(np.max(level.unique()) + 1):
+                cluster = level.loc[level == i]
+                # Based on correlation distance
+                cluster_dist = dist.loc[cluster.index, cluster.index]  # get distance
+                cluster_pdist = squareform(cluster_dist, checks=False)
+                if cluster_pdist.shape[0] != 0:
+                    D = np.nan_to_num(cluster_pdist.std())
+                    D_list.append(D)  # append to list
+
+            W_k = np.sum(D_list)
+            W_list.append(W_k)
+
+    W_list = pd.Series(W_list)
+    gaps = W_list.shift(-2) + W_list - 2 * W_list.shift(-1)
+    k_index = int(gaps.idxmax())
+    k = cluster_k[k_index]
+    node_k = level_k[k_index]
+
+    if flag:
+        clustering_inds = cluster_lvls[node_k].tolist()
+    else:
+        clustering_inds = hr.fcluster(clustering, k, criterion="maxclust")
+        j = len(np.unique(clustering_inds))
+        while k != j:
+            j += 1
+            clustering_inds = hr.fcluster(clustering, j, criterion="maxclust")
+            k = len(np.unique(clustering_inds))
+        unique_vals, indices = np.unique(clustering_inds, return_inverse=True)
+        clustering_inds = indices
+
+    return k, clustering_inds
+
+
+def std_silhouette_score(dist, clustering, max_k=10):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the optimal number of clusters based on the standarized silhouette
+    score index :cite:`d-Prado2`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dist : str, optional
+        A distance measure based on the codependence matrix.
+    clustering : str, optional
+        The hierarchical clustering encoded as a linkage matrix, see `linkage <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.cluster.hierarchy.linkage.html?highlight=linkage#scipy.cluster.hierarchy.linkage>`_ for more details.
+    max_k : int, optional
+        Max number of clusters used by the standarized silhouette score
+        to find the optimal number of clusters. The default is 10.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    k : int
+        The optimal number of clusters based on the standarized silhouette score.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    flag = False
+    # Check if linkage matrix is monotonic
+    if hr.is_monotonic(clustering):
+        flag = True
+    # cluster levels over from 1 to N-1 clusters
+    cluster_lvls = pd.DataFrame(hr.cut_tree(clustering), index=dist.columns)
+    level_k = cluster_lvls.columns.tolist()
+    cluster_lvls = cluster_lvls.iloc[:, ::-1]  # reverse order to start with 1 cluster
+    cluster_lvls.columns = level_k
+    # Fix for nonmonotonic linkage matrices
+    if flag is False:
+        for i in cluster_lvls.columns:
+            unique_vals, indices = np.unique(cluster_lvls[i], return_inverse=True)
+            cluster_lvls[i] = indices
+    cluster_lvls = cluster_lvls.T.drop_duplicates().T
+    level_k = cluster_lvls.columns.tolist()
+    cluster_k = cluster_lvls.nunique(axis=0).tolist()
+    scores_list = []
+    n = dist.shape[0]
+
+    # get within-cluster dissimilarity for each k
+    for k in cluster_k:
+        if k == 1:
+            scores_list.append(-np.inf)
+        elif k > min(max_k, np.sqrt(n)):
+            break
+        else:
+            level = cluster_lvls[level_k[cluster_k.index(k)]]  # get k clusters
+            b = silhouette_samples(dist, level)
+            scores_list.append(b.mean() / b.std())
+
+    scores_list = pd.Series(scores_list)
+    k_index = int(scores_list.idxmax())
+    k = cluster_k[k_index]
+    node_k = level_k[k_index]
+    if flag:
+        clustering_inds = cluster_lvls[node_k].tolist()
+    else:
+        clustering_inds = hr.fcluster(clustering, k, criterion="maxclust")
+        j = len(np.unique(clustering_inds))
+        while k != j:
+            j += 1
+            clustering_inds = hr.fcluster(clustering, j, criterion="maxclust")
+            k = len(np.unique(clustering_inds))
+        unique_vals, indices = np.unique(clustering_inds, return_inverse=True)
+        clustering_inds = indices
+
+    return k, clustering_inds
+
+
+def codep_dist(
+    returns,
+    custom_cov=None,
+    codependence="pearson",
+    bins_info="KN",
+    alpha_tail=0.05,
+    gs_threshold=0.5,
+):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the codependence and distance matrix according the selected method.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    returns : DataFrame of shape (n_samples, n_assets)
+        Assets returns DataFrame, where n_samples is the number of
+        observations and n_assets is the number of assets.
+    custom_cov : DataFrame or None, optional
+        Custom covariance matrix, used when codependence parameter has value
+        'custom_cov'. The default is None.
+    codependence : str, can be {'pearson', 'spearman', 'abs_pearson', 'abs_spearman', 'distance', 'mutual_info', 'tail' or 'custom_cov'}
+        The codependence or similarity matrix used to build the distance
+        metric and clusters. The default is 'pearson'. Possible values are:
+
+        - 'pearson': pearson correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{0.5(1-\rho^{pearson}_{i,j})}`.
+        - 'spearman': spearman correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{0.5(1-\rho^{spearman}_{i,j})}`.
+        - 'kendall': kendall correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{0.5(1-\rho^{kendall}_{i,j})}`.
+        - 'gerber1': Gerber statistic 1 correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{0.5(1-\rho^{gerber1}_{i,j})}`.
+        - 'gerber2': Gerber statistic 2 correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{0.5(1-\rho^{gerber2}_{i,j})}`.
+        - 'abs_pearson': absolute value pearson correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{(1-|\rho_{i,j}|)}`.
+        - 'abs_spearman': absolute value spearman correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{(1-|\rho_{i,j}|)}`.
+        - 'abs_kendall': absolute value kendall correlation matrix. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{(1-|\rho^{kendall}_{i,j}|)}`.
+        - 'distance': distance correlation matrix. Distance formula :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{(1-\rho^{distance}_{i,j})}`.
+        - 'mutual_info': mutual information matrix. Distance used is variation information matrix.
+        - 'tail': lower tail dependence index matrix. Dissimilarity formula :math:`D_{i,j} = -\log{\lambda_{i,j}}`.
+        - 'custom_cov': use custom correlation matrix based on the custom_cov parameter. Distance formula: :math:`D_{i,j} = \sqrt{0.5(1-\rho^{pearson}_{i,j})}`.
+
+    bins_info: int or str
+        Number of bins used to calculate variation of information. The default
+        value is 'KN'. Possible values are:
+
+        - 'KN': Knuth's choice method. See more in `knuth_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.knuth_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'FD': Freedman–Diaconis' choice method. See more in `freedman_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.freedman_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'SC': Scotts' choice method. See more in `scott_bin_width <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/api/astropy.stats.scott_bin_width.html>`_.
+        - 'HGR': Hacine-Gharbi and Ravier' choice method.
+        - int: integer value choice by user.
+
+    alpha_tail : float, optional
+        Significance level for lower tail dependence index. The default is 0.05.
+    gs_threshold : float, optional
+        Gerber statistic threshold. The default is 0.5.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    codep : DataFrame
+        Codependence matrix.
+    dist : DataFrame
+        Distance matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        When the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+    if codependence in {"pearson", "spearman", "kendall"}:
+        codep = returns.corr(method=codependence)
+        dist = np.sqrt(np.clip((1 - codep) / 2, a_min=0.0, a_max=1.0))
+    elif codependence == "gerber1":
+        codep = gs.gerber_cov_stat1(returns, threshold=gs_threshold)
+        codep = cov2corr(codep)
+        dist = np.sqrt(np.clip((1 - codep) / 2, a_min=0.0, a_max=1.0))
+    elif codependence == "gerber2":
+        codep = gs.gerber_cov_stat2(returns, threshold=gs_threshold)
+        codep = cov2corr(codep)
+        dist = np.sqrt(np.clip((1 - codep) / 2, a_min=0.0, a_max=1.0))
+    elif codependence in {"abs_pearson", "abs_spearman", "abs_kendall"}:
+        codep = np.abs(returns.corr(method=codependence[4:]))
+        dist = np.sqrt(np.clip((1 - codep), a_min=0.0, a_max=1.0))
+    elif codependence in {"distance"}:
+        codep = dcorr_matrix(returns).astype(float)
+        dist = np.sqrt(np.clip((1 - codep), a_min=0.0, a_max=1.0))
+    elif codependence in {"mutual_info"}:
+        codep = mutual_info_matrix(returns, bins_info).astype(float)
+        dist = var_info_matrix(returns, bins_info).astype(float)
+    elif codependence in {"tail"}:
+        codep = ltdi_matrix(returns, alpha_tail).astype(float)
+        dist = -np.log(codep)
+    elif codependence in {"custom_cov"}:
+        codep = cov2corr(custom_cov).astype(float)
+        dist = np.sqrt(np.clip((1 - codep) / 2, a_min=0.0, a_max=1.0))
+
+    return codep, dist
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Denoising Functions Based on Lopez de Prado Book
+###############################################################################
+
+
+def fitKDE(obs, bWidth=0.01, kernel="gaussian", x=None):
+    """
+    Fit kernel to a series of obs, and derive the prob of obs x is the array of
+    values on which the fit KDE will be evaluated. It is the empirical Probability
+    Density Function (PDF). For more information see chapter 2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    obs : ndarray
+        Observations to fit. Commonly is the diagonal of Eigenvalues.
+    bWidth : float, optional
+        The bandwidth of the kernel. The default value is 0.01.
+    kernel : string, optional
+        The kernel to use. The default value is 'gaussian'. For more information see: `kernel-density <https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/density.html#kernel-density>`_.
+        Possible values are:
+
+        - 'gaussian': gaussian kernel.
+        - 'tophat': tophat kernel.
+        - 'epanechnikov': epanechnikov kernel.
+        - 'exponential': exponential kernel.
+        - 'linear': linear kernel.
+        - 'cosine': cosine kernel.
+
+    x : ndarray, optional
+        It is the array of values on which the fit KDE will be evaluated.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pdf : pd.series
+        Empirical PDF.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    if len(obs.shape) == 1:
+        obs = obs.reshape(-1, 1)
+
+    kde = KernelDensity(kernel=kernel, bandwidth=bWidth).fit(obs)
+
+    if x is None:
+        x = np.unique(obs).reshape(-1, 1)
+
+    if len(x.shape) == 1:
+        x = x.reshape(-1, 1)
+
+    logProb = kde.score_samples(x)  # log(density)
+    pdf = pd.Series(np.exp(logProb), index=x.flatten())
+
+    return pdf
+
+
+def mpPDF(var, q, pts):
+    r"""
+    Creates a Marchenko-Pastur Probability Density Function (PDF). For more
+    information see chapter 2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    var : float
+        Variance.
+    q : float
+        T/N where T is the number of rows and N the number of columns
+    pts : int
+        Number of points used to construct the PDF.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pdf : pd.series
+        Marchenko-Pastur PDF.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(var, np.ndarray):
+        if var.shape == (1,):
+            var = var[0]
+
+    eMin, eMax = var * (1 - (1.0 / q) ** 0.5) ** 2, var * (1 + (1.0 / q) ** 0.5) ** 2
+    eVal = np.linspace(eMin, eMax, pts)
+    pdf = q / (2 * np.pi * var * eVal) * ((eMax - eVal) * (eVal - eMin)) ** 0.5
+    pdf = pd.Series(pdf, index=eVal)
+
+    return pdf
+
+
+def errPDFs(var, eVal, q, bWidth=0.01, pts=1000):
+    r"""
+    Fit error of Empirical PDF (uses Marchenko-Pastur PDF). For more information
+    see chapter 2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    var : float
+        Variance.
+    eVal : ndarray
+        Eigenvalues to fit.
+    q : float
+        T/N where T is the number of rows and N the number of columns.
+    bWidth : float, optional
+        The bandwidth of the kernel. The default value is 0.01.
+    pts : int
+        Number of points used to construct the PDF. The default value is 1000.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pdf : float
+        Sum squared error.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+    """
+
+    # Fit error
+    pdf0 = mpPDF(var, q, pts)  # theoretical pdf
+    pdf1 = fitKDE(eVal, bWidth, x=pdf0.index.values)  # empirical pdf
+    sse = np.sum((pdf1 - pdf0) ** 2)
+
+    return sse
+
+
+def findMaxEval(eVal, q, bWidth=0.01):
+    r"""
+    Find max random eVal by fitting Marchenko’s dist (i.e) everything else
+    larger than this, is a signal eigenvalue. For more information see chapter
+    2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    eVal : ndarray
+        Eigenvalues to fit.
+    q : float
+        T/N where T is the number of rows and N the number of columns.
+    bWidth : float, optional
+        The bandwidth of the kernel.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pdf : tuple (float, float)
+       First value is the maximum random eigenvalue and second is the variance
+       attributed to noise (1-result) is one way to measure signal-to-noise.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+    """
+
+    out = minimize(
+        lambda *x: errPDFs(*x), 0.5, args=(eVal, q, bWidth), bounds=((1e-5, 1 - 1e-5),)
+    )
+
+    if out["success"]:
+        var = out["x"][0]
+    else:
+        var = 1
+
+    eMax = var * (1 + (1.0 / q) ** 0.5) ** 2
+
+    return eMax, var
+
+
+def getPCA(matrix):
+    r"""
+    Gets the Eigenvalues and Eigenvector values from a Hermitian Matrix.
+    For more information see chapter 2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    matrix : ndarray or pd.DataFrame
+        Correlation matrix.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pdf : tuple (float, float)
+       First value are the eigenvalues of correlation matrix and second are
+       the Eigenvectors of correlation matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+    """
+
+    # Get eVal,eVec from a Hermitian matrix
+    eVal, eVec = np.linalg.eigh(matrix)
+    indices = eVal.argsort()[::-1]  # arguments for sorting eVal desc
+    eVal, eVec = eVal[indices], eVec[:, indices]
+    eVal = np.diagflat(eVal)
+
+    return eVal, eVec
+
+
+def denoisedCorr(eVal, eVec, nFacts, kind="fixed"):
+    r"""
+    Remove noise from correlation matrix using fixing random eigenvalues and
+    spectral method. For more information see chapter 2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    eVal : 1darray
+        Eigenvalues.
+    eVec : ndarray
+        Eigenvectors.
+    nFacts : float
+        The number of factors.
+    kind : str, optional
+        The denoise method. The default value is 'fixed'. Possible values are:
+
+        - 'fixed': takes average of eigenvalues above max Marchenko Pastour limit.
+        - 'spectral': makes zero eigenvalues above max Marchenko Pastour limit.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    corr : ndarray
+       Denoised correlation matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+    """
+
+    eVal_ = np.diag(eVal).copy()
+
+    if kind == "fixed":
+        eVal_[nFacts:] = eVal_[nFacts:].sum() / float(eVal_.shape[0] - nFacts)
+    elif kind == "spectral":
+        eVal_[nFacts:] = 0
+
+    eVal_ = np.diag(eVal_)
+    corr = np.dot(eVec, eVal_).dot(eVec.T)
+    corr = cov2corr(corr)
+
+    return corr
+
+
+def shrinkCorr(eVal, eVec, nFacts, alpha=0):
+    r"""
+    Remove noise from correlation using target shrinkage. For more information
+    see chapter 2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    eVal : 1darray
+        Eigenvalues.
+    eVec : ndarray
+        Eigenvectors.
+    nFacts : float
+        The number of factors.
+    alpha : float, optional
+        Shrinkage factor.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    corr : ndarray
+       Denoised correlation matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+    """
+
+    eVal_L = eVal[:nFacts, :nFacts]
+    eVec_L = eVec[:, :nFacts]
+    eVal_R = eVal[nFacts:, nFacts:]
+    eVec_R = eVec[:, nFacts:]
+    corr0 = np.dot(eVec_L, eVal_L).dot(eVec_L.T)
+    corr1 = np.dot(eVec_R, eVal_R).dot(eVec_R.T)
+    corr2 = corr0 + alpha * corr1 + (1 - alpha) * np.diag(np.diag(corr1))
+
+    return corr2
+
+
+def denoiseCov(cov, q, kind="fixed", bWidth=0.01, detone=False, mkt_comp=1, alpha=0.1):
+    r"""
+    Remove noise from cov by fixing random eigenvalues of their correlation
+    matrix. For more information see chapter 2 of :cite:`d-MLforAM`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cov : DataFrame of shape (n_assets, n_assets)
+        Covariance matrix, where n_assets is the number of assets.
+    q : float
+        T/N where T is the number of rows and N the number of columns.
+    bWidth : float
+        The bandwidth of the kernel.
+    kind : str, optional
+        The denoise method. The default value is 'fixed'. Possible values are:
+
+        - 'fixed': takes average of eigenvalues above max Marchenko Pastour limit.
+        - 'spectral': makes zero eigenvalues above max Marchenko Pastour limit.
+        - 'shrink': uses target shrinkage method.
+
+    detone : bool, optional
+        If remove the firs mkt_comp of correlation matrix. The detone correlation
+        matrix is singular, so it cannot be inverted.
+    mkt_comp : float, optional
+        Number of first components that will be removed using the detone method.
+    alpha : float, optional
+        Shrinkage factor.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    cov_ : ndarray or pd.DataFrame
+       Denoised covariance matrix.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+        ValueError when the value cannot be calculated.
+    """
+
+    flag = False
+    if isinstance(cov, pd.DataFrame):
+        cols = cov.columns.tolist()
+        flag = True
+
+    corr = cov2corr(cov)
+    std = np.diag(cov) ** 0.5
+    eVal, eVec = getPCA(corr)
+    eMax, var = findMaxEval(np.diag(eVal), q, bWidth)
+    nFacts = eVal.shape[0] - np.diag(eVal)[::-1].searchsorted(eMax)
+
+    if kind in ["fixed", "spectral"]:
+        corr = denoisedCorr(eVal, eVec, nFacts, kind=kind)
+    elif kind == "shrink":
+        corr = shrinkCorr(eVal, eVec, nFacts, alpha=alpha)
+
+    if detone == True:
+        eVal_ = eVal[:mkt_comp, :mkt_comp]
+        eVec_ = eVec[:, :mkt_comp]
+        corr_ = np.dot(eVec_, eVal_).dot(eVec_.T)
+        corr = corr - corr_
+
+    cov_ = corr2cov(corr, std)
+
+    if flag:
+        cov_ = pd.DataFrame(cov_, index=cols, columns=cols)
+
+    return cov_
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Other Aditional Functions
+###############################################################################
+
+
+def round_values(data, decimals=4, wider=False):
+    r"""
+    This function help us to round values to values close or away from zero.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    data : np.ndarray, pd.Series or pd.DataFrame
+        Data that are going to be rounded.
+    decimals : integer
+        Number of decimals to round.
+    wider : float
+        False if round to values close to zero, True if round to values away
+        from zero.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    value : np.ndarray, pd.Series or pd.DataFrame
+        Data rounded using selected method.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        When the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    if wider == True:
+        value = np.where(
+            data >= 0,
+            np.ceil(data * 10**decimals) / 10**decimals,
+            np.floor(data * 10**decimals) / 10**decimals,
+        )
+    elif wider == False:
+        value = np.where(
+            data >= 0,
+            np.floor(data * 10**decimals) / 10**decimals,
+            np.ceil(data * 10**decimals) / 10**decimals,
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(data, pd.DataFrame):
+        value = pd.DataFrame(value, columns=data.columns, index=data.index)
+    if isinstance(data, pd.Series):
+        value = pd.Series(value, index=data.index)
+
+    return value
+
+
+def weights_discretizetion(
+    weights, prices, capital=1000000, w_decimal=6, ascending=False
+):
+    r"""
+    This function help us to find the number of shares that must be bought or
+    sold to achieve portfolio weights according the prices of assets and the
+    invested capital.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    weights : pd.Series or pd.DataFrame
+        Vector of weights of size n_assets x 1.
+    prices : pd.Series or pd.DataFrame
+        Vector of prices of size n_assets x 1.
+    capital : float, optional
+        Capital invested. The default value is 1000000.
+    w_decimal : int, optional
+        Number of decimals use to round the portfolio weights. The default
+        value is 6.
+    ascending : bool, optional
+        If True assigns excess capital to assets with lower weights, else,
+        to assets with higher weights. The default value is False.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    n_shares : pd.DataFrame
+        Number of shares that must be bought or sold to achieve portfolio
+        weights.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        When the value cannot be calculated.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(weights, pd.Series):
+        w = weights.to_frame().copy()
+    elif isinstance(weights, pd.DataFrame):
+        if weights.shape[0] == 1:
+            w = weights.T.copy()
+        elif weights.shape[1] == 1:
+            w = weights.copy()
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("weights must have size n_assets x 1")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("weights must be DataFrame")
+
+    if isinstance(prices, pd.Series):
+        p = prices.to_frame().copy()
+    elif isinstance(prices, pd.DataFrame):
+        if prices.shape[0] == 1:
+            p = prices.T.copy()
+        elif prices.shape[1] == 1:
+            p = prices.copy()
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("prices must have size n_assets x 1")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("prices must be DataFrame")
+
+    w.columns = [0]
+    p.columns = [0]
+
+    total = w.sum().item()
+    w = round_values(w, decimals=w_decimal, wider=False)
+    w.loc[w.idxmin().tolist()] = w.loc[w.idxmin().tolist()] + (total - w.sum()).item()
+
+    n_shares = round_values(capital * w / p, decimals=0, wider=False)
+
+    excedent = [capital + 1, capital]
+    i = 1
+    while excedent[i] < excedent[i - 1]:
+        new_capital = (n_shares.T @ p).iloc[0, 0]
+        excedent.append(capital - new_capital)
+        new_shares = round_values(excedent[-1] * w / p, 0)
+        n_shares += new_shares
+        i += 1
+
+    n_shares_1 = capital * w / p
+
+    excedent = capital - (n_shares.T @ p).iloc[0, 0]
+    i = 1
+
+    d_shares = np.abs(n_shares_1) - np.abs(n_shares)
+    d_shares = np.where(d_shares > 0, n_shares_1 - n_shares, 0)
+    d_shares = round_values(d_shares, decimals=0, wider=True)
+    d_shares = pd.DataFrame(d_shares, columns=w.columns, index=w.index)
+
+    n_shares_1 = capital * w / p
+
+    excedent = capital - (n_shares.T @ p).iloc[0, 0]
+
+    d_shares = np.abs(n_shares_1) - np.abs(n_shares)
+    d_shares = np.where(d_shares > 0, n_shares_1 - n_shares, 0)
+    d_shares = round_values(d_shares, decimals=0, wider=True)
+    d_shares = pd.DataFrame(d_shares, columns=w.columns, index=w.index)
+
+    order = w.sort_values(by=0, ascending=ascending).index.tolist()
+    d_list = d_shares[d_shares[0] == 1].index.tolist()
+
+    for i in order:
+        if i in d_list:
+            new_shares = round_values(excedent / p.loc[i, 0], 0).item()
+            if new_shares > 0:
+                n_shares.loc[i] += new_shares
+                excedent = capital - (n_shares.T @ p).iloc[0, 0]
+
+    return n_shares
+
+
+def color_list(k):
+    r"""
+    This function creates a list of colors.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    k : int
+        Number of colors.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    colors : list
+        A list of colors.
+    """
+
+    colors = []
+
+    if k <= 10:
+        for i in range(10):
+            colors.append(mpl.colors.rgb2hex(plt.get_cmap("tab10").colors[i]))
+    elif k <= 20:
+        for i in range(20):
+            colors.append(mpl.colors.rgb2hex(plt.get_cmap("tab20").colors[i]))
+    elif k <= 40:
+        for i in range(20):
+            colors.append(mpl.colors.rgb2hex(plt.get_cmap("tab20").colors[i]))
+        for i in range(20):
+            colors.append(mpl.colors.rgb2hex(plt.get_cmap("tab20b").colors[i]))
+    else:
+        for i in range(20):
+            colors.append(mpl.colors.rgb2hex(plt.get_cmap("tab20").colors[i]))
+        for i in range(20):
+            colors.append(mpl.colors.rgb2hex(plt.get_cmap("tab20b").colors[i]))
+        for i in range(20):
+            colors.append(mpl.colors.rgb2hex(plt.get_cmap("tab20c").colors[i]))
+        if k / 60 > 1:
+            colors = colors * int(np.ceil(k / 60))
+
+    return colors