resqpy 4.14.1__py3-none-any.whl → 5.1.5__py3-none-any.whl

resqpy/well/_blocked_well.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 import math as maths
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
+import warnings
 from functools import partial
 
 import resqpy.crs as crs
@@ -136,12 +137,13 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
         self.wellbore_interpretation = None  #: associated wellbore interpretation object
         self.wellbore_feature = None  #: associated wellbore feature object
         self.well_name = None  #: name of well to import from ascii file formats
+        self.cell_index_dtype = np.int32  #: set to int64 if any grid has more than 2^31 - 1 cells, otherwise int32
 
         self.cell_interval_map = None  # maps from cell index to interval (ie. node) index; populated on demand
 
         self.property_collection = None
         #: all logs associated with the blockedwellbore; an instance of :class:`resqpy.property.WellIntervalPropertyCollection`
-        self.logs = None  # due for deprecation
+        self._logs = None  # use of .logs is deprecated
         self.cellind_null = -1
         self.gridind_null = -1
         self.facepair_null = -1
@@ -150,11 +152,11 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
         # this is the default as indicated on page 139 (but not p. 180) of the RESQML Usage Gude v2.0.1
         # also assumes K is generally increasing downwards
         # see DevOps backlog item 269001 discussion for more information
-        #     self.face_index_map = np.array([[0, 1], [4, 2], [5, 3]], dtype = int)
-        self.face_index_map = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 4], [5, 3]], dtype = int)  # order: top, base, J-, I+, J+, I-
+        #     self.face_index_map = np.array([[0, 1], [4, 2], [5, 3]], dtype = np.int8)
+        self.face_index_map = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 4], [5, 3]], dtype = np.int8)  # order: top, base, J-, I+, J+, I-
         # and the inverse, maps from 0..5 to (axis, p01)
-        #     self.face_index_inverse_map = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1], [2, 1], [1, 0], [2, 0]], dtype = int)
-        self.face_index_inverse_map = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [2, 1], [1, 1], [2, 0]], dtype = int)
+        #     self.face_index_inverse_map = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1], [2, 1], [1, 0], [2, 0]], dtype = np.int8)
+        self.face_index_inverse_map = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [2, 1], [1, 1], [2, 0]], dtype = np.int8)
         # note: the rework_face_pairs() method, below, overwrites the face indices based on I, J cell indices
 
         super().__init__(model = parent_model,
@@ -190,160 +192,17 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
                 self.title = well_name
         # else an empty object is returned
 
-    def __set_grid(self, grid, wellspec_file, cellio_file, column_ji0):
-        """Set the grid to which the blocked well belongs."""
-
-        if grid is None and (self.trajectory is not None or wellspec_file is not None or cellio_file is not None or
-                             column_ji0 is not None):
-            grid_final = self.model.grid()
-        else:
-            grid_final = grid
-        return grid_final
-
-    def __check_cellio_init_okay(self, cellio_file, well_name, grid):
-        """Checks if BlockedWell object initialization from a cellio file is okay."""
-
-        okay = self.import_from_rms_cellio(cellio_file, well_name, grid)
-        if not okay:
-            self.node_count = 0
-
-    def _load_from_xml(self):
-        """Loads the blocked wellbore object from an xml node (and associated hdf5 data)."""
-
-        node = self.root
-        assert node is not None
-
-        self.__find_trajectory_uuid(node = node)
-
-        self.node_count = rqet.find_tag_int(node, 'NodeCount')
-        assert self.node_count is not None and self.node_count >= 2, 'problem with blocked well node count'
-
-        mds_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'NodeMd')
-        assert mds_node is not None, 'blocked well node measured depths hdf5 reference not found in xml'
-        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, mds_node, 'node_mds')
-
-        # Statement below has no effect, is this a bug?
-        self.node_mds is not None and self.node_mds.ndim == 1 and self.node_mds.size == self.node_count
-
-        self.cell_count = rqet.find_tag_int(node, 'CellCount')
-        assert self.cell_count is not None and self.cell_count > 0
-
-        # todo: remove this if block once RMS export issue resolved
-        if self.cell_count == self.node_count:
-            extended_mds = np.empty((self.node_mds.size + 1,))
-            extended_mds[:-1] = self.node_mds
-            extended_mds[-1] = self.node_mds[-1] + 1.0
-            self.node_mds = extended_mds
-            self.node_count += 1
-
-        assert self.cell_count < self.node_count
-
-        self.__find_ci_node_and_load_hdf5_array(node = node)
-
-        self.__find_fi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(node)
-
-        unique_grid_indices = self.__find_gi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(node = node)
-
-        self.__find_grid_node(node = node, unique_grid_indices = unique_grid_indices)
-
-        interp_uuid = rqet.find_nested_tags_text(node, ['RepresentedInterpretation', 'UUID'])
-        if interp_uuid is None:
-            self.wellbore_interpretation = None
-        else:
-            self.wellbore_interpretation = rqo.WellboreInterpretation(self.model, uuid = interp_uuid)
-
-        # Create blocked well log collection of all log data
-        self.logs = rqp.WellIntervalPropertyCollection(frame = self)
-
-        # Set up matches between cell_indices and grid_indices
-        self.cell_grid_link = self.map_cell_and_grid_indices()
-
-    def __find_trajectory_uuid(self, node):
-        """Find and verify the uuid of the trajectory associated with the BlockedWell object."""
-
-        trajectory_uuid = bu.uuid_from_string(rqet.find_nested_tags_text(node, ['Trajectory', 'UUID']))
-        assert trajectory_uuid is not None, 'blocked well trajectory reference not found in xml'
-        if self.trajectory is None:
-            self.trajectory = rqw.Trajectory(self.model, uuid = trajectory_uuid)
-        else:
-            assert bu.matching_uuids(self.trajectory.uuid, trajectory_uuid), 'blocked well trajectory uuid mismatch'
-
-    def __find_ci_node_and_load_hdf5_array(self, node):
-        """Find the BlockedWell object's cell indices hdf5 reference node and load the array."""
-
-        ci_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'CellIndices')
-        assert ci_node is not None, 'blocked well cell indices hdf5 reference not found in xml'
-        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, ci_node, 'cell_indices', dtype = int)
-        assert (self.cell_indices is not None and self.cell_indices.ndim == 1 and
-                self.cell_indices.size == self.cell_count), 'mismatch in number of cell indices for blocked well'
-        self.cellind_null = rqet.find_tag_int(ci_node, 'NullValue')
-        if self.cellind_null is None:
-            self.cellind_null = -1  # if no Null found assume -1 default
-
-    def __find_fi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(self, node):
-        """Find the BlockedWell object's face indices hdf5 reference node and load the array."""
-
-        fi_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'LocalFacePairPerCellIndices')
-        assert fi_node is not None, 'blocked well face indices hdf5 reference not found in xml'
-        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, fi_node, 'raw_face_indices', dtype = 'int')
-        assert self.raw_face_indices is not None, 'failed to load face indices for blocked well'
-        assert self.raw_face_indices.size == 2 * self.cell_count, 'mismatch in number of cell faces for blocked well'
-        if self.raw_face_indices.ndim > 1:
-            self.raw_face_indices = self.raw_face_indices.reshape((self.raw_face_indices.size,))
-        mask = np.where(self.raw_face_indices == -1)
-        self.raw_face_indices[mask] = 0
-        self.face_pair_indices = self.face_index_inverse_map[self.raw_face_indices]
-        self.face_pair_indices[mask] = (-1, -1)
-        self.face_pair_indices = self.face_pair_indices.reshape((-1, 2, 2))
-        del self.raw_face_indices
-        self.facepair_null = rqet.find_tag_int(fi_node, 'NullValue')
-        if self.facepair_null is None:
-            self.facepair_null = -1
-
-    def __find_gi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(self, node):
-        """Find the BlockedWell object's grid indices hdf5 reference node and load the array."""
-
-        gi_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'GridIndices')
-        assert gi_node is not None, 'blocked well grid indices hdf5 reference not found in xml'
-        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, gi_node, 'grid_indices', dtype = 'int')
-        # assert self.grid_indices is not None and self.grid_indices.ndim == 1 and self.grid_indices.size == self.node_count - 1
-        # temporary code to handle blocked wells with incorrectly shaped grid indices wrt. nodes
-        assert self.grid_indices is not None and self.grid_indices.ndim == 1
-        if self.grid_indices.size != self.node_count - 1:
-            if self.grid_indices.size == self.cell_count and self.node_count == 2 * self.cell_count:
-                log.warning(f'handling node duplication or missing unblocked intervals in blocked well: {self.title}')
-
-                expanded_grid_indices = np.full(self.node_count - 1, -1, dtype = int)
-                expanded_grid_indices[::2] = self.grid_indices
-                self.grid_indices = expanded_grid_indices
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f'incorrect grid indices size with respect to node count in blocked well: {self.title}')
-        # end of temporary code
-        unique_grid_indices = np.unique(self.grid_indices)  # sorted list of unique values
-        self.gridind_null = rqet.find_tag_int(gi_node, 'NullValue')
-        if self.gridind_null is None:
-            self.gridind_null = -1  # if no Null found assume -1 default
-        return unique_grid_indices
-
-    def __find_grid_node(self, node, unique_grid_indices):
-        """Find the BlockedWell object's grid reference node(s)."""
-        grid_node_list = rqet.list_of_tag(node, 'Grid')
-        assert len(grid_node_list) > 0, 'blocked well grid reference(s) not found in xml'
-        assert unique_grid_indices[0] >= -1 and unique_grid_indices[-1] < len(
-            grid_node_list), 'blocked well grid index out of range'
-        assert np.count_nonzero(
-            self.grid_indices >= 0) == self.cell_count, 'mismatch in number of blocked well intervals'
-        self.grid_list = []
-        for grid_ref_node in grid_node_list:
-            grid_node = self.model.referenced_node(grid_ref_node)
-            assert grid_node is not None, 'grid referenced in blocked well xml is not present in model'
-            grid_uuid = rqet.uuid_for_part_root(grid_node)
-            grid_obj = self.model.grid(uuid = grid_uuid, find_properties = False)
-            self.grid_list.append(grid_obj)
+    @property
+    def logs(self):
+        """Returns blocked well property collection of all well log properties."""
+        warnings.warn('DEPRECATED: use of BlockedWell.logs attribute is deprecated, use property collection instead')
+        if self._logs is None:
+            self._logs = rqp.WellIntervalPropertyCollection(frame = self)
+        return self._logs
 
     def extract_property_collection(self, refresh = False):
         """Returns a property collection for the blocked well."""
+
         if self.property_collection is None or refresh:
             self.property_collection = rqp.PropertyCollection(support = self)
         return self.property_collection
@@ -407,6 +266,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
 
     def interval_for_cell(self, cell_index):
         """Returns the interval index for a given cell index (identical if there are no unblocked intervals)."""
+
         assert 0 <= cell_index < self.cell_count
         if self.node_count == self.cell_count + 1:
             return cell_index
@@ -424,20 +284,10 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
             (float, float) being the entry and exit measured depths for the cell, along the trajectory;
             uom is held in trajectory object
         """
+
         interval = self.interval_for_cell(cell_index)
         return (self.node_mds[interval], self.node_mds[interval + 1])
 
-    def _set_cell_interval_map(self):
-        """Sets up an index mapping from blocked cell index to interval index, accounting for unblocked intervals."""
-        self.cell_interval_map = np.zeros(self.cell_count, dtype = int)
-        ci = 0
-        for ii in range(self.node_count - 1):
-            if self.grid_indices[ii] < 0:
-                continue
-            self.cell_interval_map[ci] = ii
-            ci += 1
-        assert ci == self.cell_count
-
     def cell_indices_kji0(self):
         """Returns a numpy int array of shape (N, 3) of cells visited by well, for a single grid situation.
 
@@ -456,7 +306,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
         grid_for_cell_list = []
         grid_indices = self.compressed_grid_indices()
         assert len(grid_indices) == self.cell_count
-        cell_indices = np.empty((self.cell_count, 3), dtype = int)
+        cell_indices = np.empty((self.cell_count, 3), dtype = np.int32)
         for cell_number in range(self.cell_count):
             grid = self.grid_list[grid_indices[cell_number]]
             grid_for_cell_list.append(grid)
@@ -488,7 +338,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
 
         if cells_kji0 is None or len(cells_kji0) == 0:
             return None
-        well_box = np.empty((2, 3), dtype = int)
+        well_box = np.empty((2, 3), dtype = np.int32)
         well_box[0] = np.min(cells_kji0, axis = 0)
         well_box[1] = np.max(cells_kji0, axis = 0)
         return well_box
@@ -716,16 +566,6 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
 
         return self
 
-    def __derive_from_wellspec_check_well_name(self, well_name):
-        """Set the well name to be used in the wellspec file."""
-        if well_name:
-            self.well_name = well_name
-        else:
-            well_name = self.well_name
-        if not self.title:
-            self.title = well_name
-        return well_name
-
     def derive_from_cell_list(self, cell_kji0_list, well_name, grid, length_uom = None):
         """Populate empty blocked well from numpy int array of shape (N, 3) being list of cells."""
 
@@ -847,9 +687,9 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
         self.node_count = len(trajectory_mds)
         self.node_mds = np.array(trajectory_mds)
         self.cell_count = len(blocked_cells_kji0)
-        self.grid_indices = np.array(blocked_intervals, dtype = int)  # NB. only supporting one grid at the moment
-        self.cell_indices = grid.natural_cell_indices(np.array(blocked_cells_kji0))
-        self.face_pair_indices = np.array(blocked_face_pairs, dtype = int)
+        self.grid_indices = np.array(blocked_intervals, dtype = np.int32)  # NB. only supporting one grid at the moment
+        self.cell_indices = grid.natural_cell_indices(np.array(blocked_cells_kji0)).astype(self.cell_index_dtype)
+        self.face_pair_indices = np.array(blocked_face_pairs, dtype = np.int8)
         self.grid_list = [grid]
 
         trajectory_points, trajectory_mds = BlockedWell.__add_tail_to_trajectory_if_necessary(
@@ -866,258 +706,38 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
 
         return self
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __cell_kji0_from_df(df, df_row):
-        row = df.iloc[df_row]
-        if pd.isna(row[0]) or pd.isna(row[1]) or pd.isna(row[2]):
-            return None
-        cell_kji0 = np.empty((3,), dtype = int)
-        cell_kji0[:] = row[2], row[1], row[0]
-        cell_kji0[:] -= 1
-        return cell_kji0
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_grid_name(grid_name_to_check, row, skipped_warning_grid, well_name):
-        """Check whether the grid associated with a row of the dataframe matches the expected grid name."""
-        skip_row = False
-        if grid_name_to_check and pd.notna(row['GRID']) and grid_name_to_check != str(row['GRID']).upper():
-            other_grid = str(row['GRID'])
-            if skipped_warning_grid != other_grid:
-                log.warning('skipping perforation(s) in grid ' + other_grid + ' for well ' + str(well_name))
-                skipped_warning_grid = other_grid
-                skip_row = True
-        return skipped_warning_grid, skip_row
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points(angles_present, row, cp, well_name, df, i, cell_kji0,
-                                                              blocked_cells_kji0, use_face_centres, xy_units, z_units):
-        if angles_present:
-            entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz =  \
-            BlockedWell.__calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_angles(
-                row = row, cp = cp, well_name = well_name, xy_units = xy_units, z_units = z_units)
-        else:
-            # fabricate entry and exit axes and polarities based on indices alone
-            # note: could use geometry but here a cheap rough-and-ready approach is used
-            log.debug('row ' + str(i) + ': using cell moves')
-            entry_axis, entry_polarity, exit_axis, exit_polarity = BlockedWell.__calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_indices(
-                df = df, i = i, cell_kji0 = cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0 = blocked_cells_kji0)
-
-        entry_xyz, exit_xyz = BlockedWell.__override_vector_based_xyz_entry_and_exit_points_if_necessary(
-            use_face_centres = use_face_centres,
-            entry_axis = entry_axis,
-            exit_axis = exit_axis,
-            entry_polarity = entry_polarity,
-            exit_polarity = exit_polarity,
-            cp = cp)
+    def import_from_rms_cellio(self,
+                               cellio_file,
+                               well_name,
+                               grid,
+                               include_overburden_unblocked_interval = False,
+                               set_tangent_vectors = False):
+        """Populates empty blocked well from RMS cell I/O data; creates simulation trajectory and md datum.
 
-        return entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz
+        arguments:
+           cellio_file (string): path of RMS ascii export file holding blocked well cell I/O data; cell entry and
+              exit points are expected
+           well_name (string): the name of the well as used in the cell I/O file
+           grid (grid.Grid object): the grid object which the cell indices in the cell I/O data relate to
+           set_tangent_vectors (boolean, default False): if True, tangent vectors will be computed from the well
+              trajectory's control points
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_angles(row, cp, well_name, xy_units, z_units):
-        """Calculate entry and exit axes, polarities and points using azimuth and inclination angles."""
+        returns:
+           self if successful; None otherwise
+        """
 
-        angla = row['ANGLA']
-        inclination = row['ANGLV']
-        if inclination < 0.001:
-            azimuth = 0.0
+        if well_name:
+            self.well_name = well_name
         else:
-            i_vector = np.sum(cp[:, :, 1] - cp[:, :, 0], axis = (0, 1))
-            azimuth = vec.azimuth(i_vector) - angla  # see Nexus keyword reference doc
-        well_vector = vec.unit_vector_from_azimuth_and_inclination(azimuth, inclination) * 10000.0
-        if xy_units != z_units:
-            well_vector[2] = wam.convert_lengths(well_vector[2], xy_units, z_units)
-            well_vector = vec.unit_vector(well_vector) * 10000.0
-        # todo: the following might be producing NaN's when vector passes precisely through an edge
-        (entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz) =  \
-            rqwu.find_entry_and_exit(cp, -well_vector, well_vector, well_name)
-        return entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz
+            well_name = self.well_name
+        if not self.title:
+            self.title = well_name
 
-    def __calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_indices(df, i, cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0):
-
-        entry_axis, entry_polarity = BlockedWell.__fabricate_entry_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(
-            i, cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0)
-        exit_axis, exit_polarity = BlockedWell.__fabricate_exit_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(
-            i, cell_kji0, entry_axis, entry_polarity, df)
-
-        return entry_axis, entry_polarity, exit_axis, exit_polarity
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __fabricate_entry_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(i, cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0):
-        """Fabricate entry and exit axes and polarities based on indices alone.
-
-        note:
-            could use geometry but here a cheap rough-and-ready approach is used
-        """
-
-        if i == 0:
-            entry_axis, entry_polarity = 0, 0  # K-
-        else:
-            entry_move = cell_kji0 - blocked_cells_kji0[-1]
-            log.debug(f'entry move: {entry_move}')
-            if entry_move[1] == 0 and entry_move[2] == 0:  # K move
-                entry_axis = 0
-                entry_polarity = 0 if entry_move[0] >= 0 else 1
-            elif abs(entry_move[1]) > abs(entry_move[2]):  # J dominant move
-                entry_axis = 1
-                entry_polarity = 0 if entry_move[1] >= 0 else 1
-            else:  # I dominant move
-                entry_axis = 2
-                entry_polarity = 0 if entry_move[2] >= 0 else 1
-        return entry_axis, entry_polarity
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __fabricate_exit_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(i, cell_kji0, entry_axis, entry_polarity, df):
-        if i == len(df) - 1:
-            exit_axis, exit_polarity = entry_axis, 1 - entry_polarity
-        else:
-            next_cell_kji0 = BlockedWell.__cell_kji0_from_df(df, i + 1)
-            if next_cell_kji0 is None:
-                exit_axis, exit_polarity = entry_axis, 1 - entry_polarity
-            else:
-                exit_move = next_cell_kji0 - cell_kji0
-                log.debug(f'exit move: {exit_move}')
-                if exit_move[1] == 0 and exit_move[2] == 0:  # K move
-                    exit_axis = 0
-                    exit_polarity = 1 if exit_move[0] >= 0 else 0
-                elif abs(exit_move[1]) > abs(exit_move[2]):  # J dominant move
-                    exit_axis = 1
-                    exit_polarity = 1 if exit_move[1] >= 0 else 0
-                else:  # I dominant move
-                    exit_axis = 2
-                    exit_polarity = 1 if exit_move[2] >= 0 else 0
-        return exit_axis, exit_polarity
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __override_vector_based_xyz_entry_and_exit_points_if_necessary(use_face_centres, entry_axis, exit_axis,
-                                                                       entry_polarity, exit_polarity, cp):
-        """Override the vector based xyz entry and exit with face centres."""
-
-        if use_face_centres:  # override the vector based xyz entry and exit points with face centres
-            if entry_axis == 0:
-                entry_xyz = np.mean(cp[entry_polarity, :, :], axis = (0, 1))
-            elif entry_axis == 1:
-                entry_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, entry_polarity, :], axis = (0, 1))
-            else:
-                entry_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, :, entry_polarity], axis = (0, 1))  # entry_axis == 2, ie. I
-            if exit_axis == 0:
-                exit_xyz = np.mean(cp[exit_polarity, :, :], axis = (0, 1))
-            elif exit_axis == 1:
-                exit_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, exit_polarity, :], axis = (0, 1))
-            else:
-                exit_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, :, exit_polarity], axis = (0, 1))  # exit_axis == 2, ie. I
-            return entry_xyz, exit_xyz
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __add_interval(previous_xyz, entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz,
-                       cell_kji0, trajectory_mds, trajectory_points, blocked_intervals, blocked_cells_kji0,
-                       blocked_face_pairs, xy_units, z_units, length_uom):
-        if previous_xyz is None:  # first entry
-            log.debug('adding mean sea level trajectory start')
-            previous_xyz = entry_xyz.copy()
-            previous_xyz[2] = 0.0  # use depth zero as md datum
-            trajectory_mds.append(0.0)
-            trajectory_points.append(previous_xyz)
-        if not vec.isclose(previous_xyz, entry_xyz, tolerance = 0.05):  # add an unblocked interval
-            log.debug('adding unblocked interval')
-            trajectory_points.append(entry_xyz)
-            new_md = trajectory_mds[-1] + BlockedWell._md_length(entry_xyz - previous_xyz, xy_units, z_units,
-                                                                 length_uom)
-            trajectory_mds.append(new_md)
-            blocked_intervals.append(-1)  # unblocked interval
-            previous_xyz = entry_xyz
-        log.debug('adding blocked interval for cell kji0: ' + str(cell_kji0))
-        trajectory_points.append(exit_xyz)
-        new_md = trajectory_mds[-1] + BlockedWell._md_length(exit_xyz - previous_xyz, xy_units, z_units, length_uom)
-        trajectory_mds.append(new_md)
-        blocked_intervals.append(0)  # blocked interval
-        previous_xyz = exit_xyz
-        blocked_cells_kji0.append(cell_kji0)
-        blocked_face_pairs.append(((entry_axis, entry_polarity), (exit_axis, exit_polarity)))
-
-        return previous_xyz, trajectory_mds, trajectory_points, blocked_intervals, blocked_cells_kji0, blocked_face_pairs
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _md_length(xyz_vector, xy_units, z_units, length_uom):
-        if length_uom == xy_units and length_uom == z_units:
-            return vec.naive_length(xyz_vector)
-        x = wam.convert_lengths(xyz_vector[0], xy_units, length_uom)
-        y = wam.convert_lengths(xyz_vector[1], xy_units, length_uom)
-        z = wam.convert_lengths(xyz_vector[2], z_units, length_uom)
-        return vec.naive_length((x, y, z))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __add_tail_to_trajectory_if_necessary(blocked_count, exit_axis, exit_polarity, cell_kji0, grid,
-                                              trajectory_points, trajectory_mds):
-        """Add tail to trajcetory if last segment terminates at bottom face in bottom layer."""
-
-        if blocked_count > 0 and exit_axis == 0 and exit_polarity == 1 and cell_kji0[
-                0] == grid.nk - 1 and grid.k_direction_is_down:
-            tail_length = 10.0  # metres or feet
-            tail_xyz = trajectory_points[-1].copy()
-            tail_xyz[2] += tail_length * (1.0 if grid.z_inc_down() else -1.0)
-            trajectory_points.append(tail_xyz)
-            new_md = trajectory_mds[-1] + tail_length
-            trajectory_mds.append(new_md)
-
-        return trajectory_points, trajectory_mds
-
-    def __add_as_properties_if_specified(self,
-                                         add_as_properties,
-                                         df,
-                                         length_uom,
-                                         time_index = None,
-                                         time_series_uuid = None):
-        # if add_as_properties is True and present as a list of wellspec column names, both the blocked well and
-        # the properties will have their hdf5 data written, xml created and be added as parts to the model
-
-        if add_as_properties and len(df.columns) > 3:
-            # NB: atypical writing of hdf5 data and xml creation in order to support related properties
-            self.write_hdf5()
-            self.create_xml()
-            if isinstance(add_as_properties, list):
-                for col in add_as_properties:
-                    assert col in df.columns[3:]  # could just skip missing columns
-                property_columns = add_as_properties
-            else:
-                property_columns = df.columns[3:]
-            self.add_df_properties(df,
-                                   property_columns,
-                                   length_uom = length_uom,
-                                   time_index = time_index,
-                                   time_series_uuid = time_series_uuid)
-
-    def import_from_rms_cellio(self,
-                               cellio_file,
-                               well_name,
-                               grid,
-                               include_overburden_unblocked_interval = False,
-                               set_tangent_vectors = False):
-        """Populates empty blocked well from RMS cell I/O data; creates simulation trajectory and md datum.
-
-        arguments:
-           cellio_file (string): path of RMS ascii export file holding blocked well cell I/O data; cell entry and
-              exit points are expected
-           well_name (string): the name of the well as used in the cell I/O file
-           grid (grid.Grid object): the grid object which the cell indices in the cell I/O data relate to
-           set_tangent_vectors (boolean, default False): if True, tangent vectors will be computed from the well
-              trajectory's control points
-
-        returns:
-           self if successful; None otherwise
-        """
-
-        if well_name:
-            self.well_name = well_name
-        else:
-            well_name = self.well_name
-        if not self.title:
-            self.title = well_name
-
-        grid_name = rqet.citation_title_for_node(grid.root)
-        length_uom = grid.z_units()
-        grid_z_inc_down = crs.Crs(grid.model, uuid = grid.crs_uuid).z_inc_down
-        log.debug('grid z increasing downwards: ' + str(grid_z_inc_down) + '(type: ' + str(type(grid_z_inc_down)) + ')')
-        cellio_z_inc_down = None
+        grid_name = rqet.citation_title_for_node(grid.root)
+        length_uom = grid.z_units()
+        grid_z_inc_down = crs.Crs(grid.model, uuid = grid.crs_uuid).z_inc_down
+        log.debug('grid z increasing downwards: ' + str(grid_z_inc_down) + '(type: ' + str(type(grid_z_inc_down)) + ')')
+        cellio_z_inc_down = None
 
         try:
             assert ' ' not in well_name, 'cannot import for well name containing spaces'
@@ -1195,9 +815,10 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
                 self.node_count = len(trajectory_mds)
                 self.node_mds = np.array(trajectory_mds)
                 self.cell_count = len(blocked_cells_kji0)
-                self.grid_indices = np.array(blocked_intervals,
-                                             dtype = int)  # NB. only supporting one grid at the moment
-                self.cell_indices = grid.natural_cell_indices(np.array(blocked_cells_kji0))
+                # NB. only supporting one grid at the moment
+                self.grid_indices = np.array(blocked_intervals, dtype = np.int32)
+                self.cell_indices = grid.natural_cell_indices(np.array(blocked_cells_kji0)).astype(
+                    self.cell_index_dtype)
                 self.face_pair_indices = np.array(blocked_face_pairs)
                 self.grid_list = [grid]
 
@@ -1208,70 +829,6 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
 
         return self
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_header_lines_in_cellio_file(fp, well_name, cellio_file):
-        """Find and verify the information in the header lines for the specified well in the RMS cellio file."""
-        while True:
-            kf.skip_blank_lines_and_comments(fp)
-            line = fp.readline()  # file format version number?
-            assert line, 'well ' + str(well_name) + ' not found in file ' + str(cellio_file)
-            fp.readline()  # 'Undefined'
-            words = fp.readline().split()
-            assert len(words), 'missing header info in cell I/O file'
-            if words[0].upper() == well_name.upper():
-                break
-            while not kf.blank_line(fp):
-                fp.readline()  # skip to block of data for next well
-        header_lines = int(fp.readline().strip())
-        for _ in range(header_lines):
-            fp.readline()
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __parse_non_blank_line_in_cellio_file(line, grid, cellio_z_inc_down, grid_z_inc_down):
-        """Parse each non-blank line in the RMS cellio file for the relevant parameters."""
-
-        words = line.split()
-        assert len(words) >= 9, 'not enough items on data line in cell I/O file, minimum 9 expected'
-        i1, j1, k1 = int(words[0]), int(words[1]), int(words[2])
-        cell_kji0 = np.array((k1 - 1, j1 - 1, i1 - 1), dtype = int)
-        assert np.all(0 <= cell_kji0) and np.all(
-            cell_kji0 < grid.extent_kji), 'cell I/O cell index not within grid extent'
-        entry_xyz = np.array((float(words[3]), float(words[4]), float(words[5])))
-        exit_xyz = np.array((float(words[6]), float(words[7]), float(words[8])))
-        if cellio_z_inc_down is None:
-            cellio_z_inc_down = bool(entry_xyz[2] + exit_xyz[2] > 0.0)
-        if cellio_z_inc_down != grid_z_inc_down:
-            entry_xyz[2] = -entry_xyz[2]
-            exit_xyz[2] = -exit_xyz[2]
-        return cell_kji0, entry_xyz, exit_xyz
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __calculate_cell_cp_center_and_vectors(grid, cell_kji0, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, well_name):
-        # calculate the i,j,k coordinates that represent the corner points and center of a perforation cell
-        # calculate the entry and exit vectors for the perforation cell
-
-        cp = grid.corner_points(cell_kji0 = cell_kji0, cache_resqml_array = False)
-        assert not np.any(np.isnan(
-            cp)), 'missing geometry for perforation cell(kji0) ' + str(cell_kji0) + ' for well ' + str(well_name)
-        cell_centre = np.mean(cp, axis = (0, 1, 2))
-        # let's hope everything is in the same coordinate reference system!
-        entry_vector = 100.0 * (entry_xyz - cell_centre)
-        exit_vector = 100.0 * (exit_xyz - cell_centre)
-        return cp, cell_centre, entry_vector, exit_vector
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __check_number_of_blocked_well_intervals(blocked_cells_kji0, well_name, grid_name):
-        """Check that at least one interval is blocked for the specified well."""
-
-        blocked_count = len(blocked_cells_kji0)
-        if blocked_count == 0:
-            log.warning(f"No intervals blocked for well {well_name} in grid"
-                        f"{f' {grid_name}' if grid_name is not None else ''}.")
-            return None
-        else:
-            log.info(f"{blocked_count} interval{rqwu._pl(blocked_count)} blocked for well {well_name} in"
-                     f" grid{f' {grid_name}' if grid_name is not None else ''}.")
-
     def dataframe(self,
                   i_col = 'IW',
                   j_col = 'JW',
@@ -1410,20 +967,21 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
            time_series_uuid (UUID, optional): the uuid of the time series for time dependent properties being added
 
         notes:
-           units of length along wellbore will be those of the trajectory's length_uom (also applies to K.H values) unless
-           the length_uom argument is used;
-           the constraints are applied independently for each row and a row is excluded if it fails any constraint;
-           the min_k0 and max_k0 arguments do not stop later rows within the layer range from being included;
-           the min_length and min_kh limits apply to individual cell intervals and thus depend on cell size;
-           the water and oil saturation limits are for saturations at a single time and affect whether the interval
-           is included in the dataframe – there is no functionality to support turning perforations off and on over time;
-           the saturation limits do not stop deeper intervals with qualifying saturations from being included;
-           the k0_list, perforation_list and region_list arguments should be set to None to disable the corresponding functionality,
-           if set to an empty list, no rows will be included in the dataframe;
-           if add_as_properties is True, the blocked well must already have been added as a part to the model;
-           add_as_properties and use_properties cannot both be True;
-           add_as_properties and use_properties are only currently functional for single grid blocked wells;
-           at present, unit conversion is not handled when using properties
+           - units of length along wellbore will be those of the trajectory's length_uom (also applies to K.H values) unless
+             the length_uom argument is used;
+           - the constraints are applied independently for each row and a row is excluded if it fails any constraint;
+           - the min_k0 and max_k0 arguments do not stop later rows within the layer range from being included;
+           - the min_length and min_kh limits apply to individual cell intervals and thus depend on cell size;
+           - the water and oil saturation limits are for saturations at a single time and affect whether the interval
+             is included in the dataframe
+           – to turn perforations off and on over time create a time series dependent bunch of boolean properties on
+             the blocked well, with title 'STAT' or local property kind 'well connection open';
+           - the saturation limits do not stop deeper intervals with qualifying saturations from being included;
+           - the k0_list, perforation_list and region_list arguments should be set to None to disable the
+             corresponding functionality, if set to an empty list, no rows will be included in the dataframe;
+           - if add_as_properties is True, the blocked well must already have been added as a part to the model;
+           - add_as_properties and use_properties cannot both be True;
+           - add_as_properties and use_properties are only currently functional for single grid blocked wells;
 
         :meta common:
         """
@@ -1503,7 +1061,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
             for grid in self.grid_list:
                 grid.cache_all_geometry_arrays()
 
-        k_face_check = np.zeros((2, 2), dtype = int)
+        k_face_check = np.zeros((2, 2), dtype = np.int8)
         k_face_check[1, 1] = 1  # now represents entry, exit of K-, K+
         k_face_check_end = k_face_check.copy()
         k_face_check_end[1] = -1  # entry through K-, terminating (TD) within cell
@@ -1637,41 +1195,46 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
             if skip_interval_due_to_min_kh:
                 continue
 
-            length, radw_i, skin_i, radb, wi, wbc = BlockedWell.__get_pc_arrays_for_interval(pc = pc,
-                                                                                             pc_timeless = pc_timeless,
-                                                                                             pc_titles = pc_titles,
-                                                                                             ci = ci,
-                                                                                             length = length,
-                                                                                             radw = radw,
-                                                                                             skin = skin,
-                                                                                             length_uom = length_uom,
-                                                                                             grid = grid,
-                                                                                             traj_crs = traj_crs)
+            length, radw_i, skin_i, radb, wi, wbc, stat_i =  \
+                BlockedWell.__get_pc_arrays_for_interval(pc = pc,
+                                                         pc_timeless = pc_timeless,
+                                                         pc_titles = pc_titles,
+                                                         ci = ci,
+                                                         length = length,
+                                                         radw = radw,
+                                                         skin = skin,
+                                                         stat = stat,
+                                                         length_uom = length_uom,
+                                                         grid = grid,
+                                                         traj_crs = traj_crs)
             if skin_i is None:
                 skin_i = 0.0
             if radw_i is None:
                 radw_i = (0.33 if length_uom == 'ft' else 0.1)
-
-            radb, wi, wbc = BlockedWell.__get_well_inflow_parameters_for_interval(do_well_inflow = do_well_inflow,
-                                                                                  isotropic_perm = isotropic_perm,
-                                                                                  ntg_is_one = ntg_is_one,
-                                                                                  k_i = k_i,
-                                                                                  k_j = k_j,
-                                                                                  k_k = k_k,
-                                                                                  sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
-                                                                                  cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
-                                                                                  sine_angla = sine_angla,
-                                                                                  cosine_angla = cosine_angla,
-                                                                                  grid = grid,
-                                                                                  cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
-                                                                                  radw = radw_i,
-                                                                                  radb = radb,
-                                                                                  wi = wi,
-                                                                                  wbc = wbc,
-                                                                                  skin = skin_i,
-                                                                                  kh = kh,
-                                                                                  length_uom = length_uom,
-                                                                                  column_list = column_list)
+            if stat_i is None:
+                stat_i = stat
+
+            radb, wi, wbc =  \
+                BlockedWell.__get_well_inflow_parameters_for_interval(do_well_inflow = do_well_inflow,
+                                                                      isotropic_perm = isotropic_perm,
+                                                                      ntg_is_one = ntg_is_one,
+                                                                      k_i = k_i,
+                                                                      k_j = k_j,
+                                                                      k_k = k_k,
+                                                                      sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
+                                                                      cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
+                                                                      sine_angla = sine_angla,
+                                                                      cosine_angla = cosine_angla,
+                                                                      grid = grid,
+                                                                      cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
+                                                                      radw = radw_i,
+                                                                      radb = radb,
+                                                                      wi = wi,
+                                                                      wbc = wbc,
+                                                                      skin = skin_i,
+                                                                      kh = kh,
+                                                                      length_uom = length_uom,
+                                                                      column_list = column_list)
 
             xyz = self.__get_xyz_for_interval(doing_xyz = doing_xyz,
                                               length_mode = length_mode,
@@ -1703,7 +1266,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
                                                                  kh = kh,
                                                                  xyz = xyz,
                                                                  md = md,
-                                                                 stat = stat,
+                                                                 stat = stat_i,
                                                                  part_perf_fraction = part_perf_fraction,
                                                                  radb = radb,
                                                                  wi = wi,
@@ -1751,6 +1314,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
                                        fraction of wellbore frame interval in cell,
                                        fraction of cell's wellbore interval in wellbore frame interval)
         """
+
         return bwf.blocked_well_frame_contributions_list(self, wbf)
 
     def add_properties_from_wellbore_frame(self,
@@ -1815,1469 +1379,2055 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
                                                                    set_perforation_fraction = set_perforation_fraction,
                                                                    set_frame_interval = set_frame_interval)
 
-    def __get_interval_count(self):
-        """Get the number of intervals to be added to the dataframe."""
-
-        if self.node_count is None or self.node_count < 2:
-            interval_count = 0
-        else:
-            interval_count = self.node_count - 1
-
-        return interval_count
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __prop_array(uuid_or_dict, grid):
-        assert uuid_or_dict is not None and grid is not None
-        if isinstance(uuid_or_dict, dict):
-            prop_uuid = uuid_or_dict[grid.uuid]
-        else:
-            prop_uuid = uuid_or_dict  # uuid either in form of string or uuid.UUID
-        return grid.property_collection.single_array_ref(uuid = prop_uuid)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_ref_vector(grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0, mode):
-        # returns unit vector with true direction, ie. accounts for differing xy & z units in grid's crs
-        # gravity = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
-        if mode == 'normal well i+':
-            return None  # ANGLA only: option for no projection onto a plane
-        ref_vector = None
-        # options for anglv or angla reference: 'z down', 'z+', 'k down', 'k+', 'normal ij', 'normal ij down'
-        if mode == 'z+':
-            ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
-        elif mode == 'z down':
-            if grid_crs.z_inc_down:
-                ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
-            else:
-                ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, -1.0))
-        else:
-            cell_axial_vectors = grid.interface_vectors_kji(cell_kji0)
-            if grid_crs.xy_units != grid_crs.z_units:
-                wam.convert_lengths(cell_axial_vectors[..., 2], grid_crs.z_units, grid_crs.xy_units)
-            if mode in ['k+', 'k down']:
-                ref_vector = vec.unit_vector(cell_axial_vectors[0])
-                if mode == 'k down' and not grid.k_direction_is_down:
-                    ref_vector = -ref_vector
-            else:  # normal to plane of ij axes
-                ref_vector = vec.unit_vector(vec.cross_product(cell_axial_vectors[1], cell_axial_vectors[2]))
-                if mode == 'normal ij down':
-                    if grid_crs.z_inc_down:
-                        if ref_vector[2] < 0.0:
-                            ref_vector = -ref_vector
-                    else:
-                        if ref_vector[2] > 0.0:
-                            ref_vector = -ref_vector
-            if ref_vector is None or ref_vector[2] == 0.0:
-                if grid_crs.z_inc_down:
-                    ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
-                else:
-                    ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, -1.0))
-        return ref_vector
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_angle_references(anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref):
-        """Verify that the references for anglv and angla are one of the acceptable options."""
-
-        assert anglv_ref in ['gravity', 'z down', 'z+', 'k down', 'k+', 'normal ij', 'normal ij down']
-        if anglv_ref == 'gravity':
-            anglv_ref = 'z down'
-        if angla_plane_ref is None:
-            angla_plane_ref = anglv_ref
-        assert angla_plane_ref in [
-            'gravity', 'z down', 'z+', 'k down', 'k+', 'normal ij', 'normal ij down', 'normal well i+'
-        ]
-        if angla_plane_ref == 'gravity':
-            angla_plane_ref = 'z down'
-        return anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_saturation_ranges_and_property_uuids(max_satw, min_sato, max_satg, satw_uuid, sato_uuid, satg_uuid):
-        # verify that the fluid saturation limits fall within 0.0 to 1.0 and that the uuid of the required
-        # saturation property array has been specified.
-
-        if max_satw is not None and max_satw >= 1.0:
-            max_satw = None
-        if min_sato is not None and min_sato <= 0.0:
-            min_sato = None
-        if max_satg is not None and max_satg >= 1.0:
-            max_satg = None
-
-        phase_list = ['water', 'oil', 'gas']
-        phase_saturation_limits_list = [max_satw, min_sato, max_satg]
-        uuids_list = [satw_uuid, sato_uuid, satg_uuid]
-
-        for phase, phase_limit, uuid in zip(phase_list, phase_saturation_limits_list, uuids_list):
-            if phase_limit is not None:
-                assert uuid is not None, f'{phase} saturation limit specified without saturation property array'
+    def add_df_properties(self,
+                          df,
+                          columns,
+                          length_uom = None,
+                          time_index = None,
+                          time_series_uuid = None,
+                          realization = None):
+        """Creates a property part for each column in the dataframe, based on the dataframe values.
 
-        return max_satw, min_sato, max_satg
+        arguments:
+            df (pd.DataFrame): dataframe containing the columns that will be converted to properties
+            columns (List[str]): list of the column names that will be converted to properties
+            length_uom (str, optional): the length unit of measure
+            time_index (int, optional): if adding a timestamp to the property, this is the timestamp
+                index of the TimeSeries timestamps attribute
+            time_series_uuid (uuid.UUID, optional): if adding a timestamp to the property, this is
+                the uuid of the TimeSeries object
+            realization (int, optional): if present, is used as the realization number for all the
+                properties
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_extra_properties_to_be_added_to_dataframe(extra_columns_list, column_list, add_as_properties,
-                                                           use_properties, skin, stat, radw):
-        """Determine which extra columns, if any, should be added as properties to the dataframe.
+        returns:
+            None
 
-        note:
-            if skin, stat or radw are None, default values are specified
+        notes:
+            the column name is used as the property citation title;
+            the blocked well must already exist as a part in the model;
+            this method currently only handles single grid situations;
+            dataframe rows must be in the same order as the cells in the blocked well
         """
 
-        if extra_columns_list:
-            for extra in extra_columns_list:
-                assert extra.upper() in [
-                    'GRID', 'ANGLA', 'ANGLV', 'LENGTH', 'KH', 'DEPTH', 'MD', 'X', 'Y', 'SKIN', 'RADW', 'PPERF', 'RADB',
-                    'WI', 'WBC', 'STAT'
-                ]
-                column_list.append(extra.upper())
-        else:
-            add_as_properties = use_properties = False
-        assert not (add_as_properties and use_properties)
+        # todo: enhance to handle multiple grids
+        assert len(self.grid_list) == 1
+        if columns is None or len(columns) == 0 or len(df) == 0:
+            return
+        if length_uom is None:
+            length_uom = self.trajectory.md_uom
+        extra_pc = rqp.PropertyCollection()
+        extra_pc.set_support(support = self)
+        assert len(df) == self.cell_count
 
-        column_list, skin, stat, radw = BlockedWell.__check_skin_stat_radw_to_be_added_as_properties(
-            skin = skin, stat = stat, radw = radw, column_list = column_list)
+        for column in columns:
+            extra = column.upper()
+            uom, pk, discrete = self._get_uom_pk_discrete_for_df_properties(extra = extra, length_uom = length_uom)
+            if discrete:
+                null_value = -1
+                na_value = -1
+                dtype = np.int32
+            else:
+                null_value = None
+                na_value = np.nan
+                dtype = float
+            # 'SKIN': use defaults for now; todo: create local property kind for skin
+            if column == 'STAT':
+                col_as_list = list(df[column])
+                expanded = np.array([(0 if (str(st).upper() in ['OFF', '0', 'FALSE']) else 1) for st in col_as_list],
+                                    dtype = np.int8)
+                dtype = np.int8
+            else:
+                expanded = df[column].to_numpy(dtype = dtype, copy = True, na_value = na_value)
+            extra_pc.add_cached_array_to_imported_list(
+                expanded,
+                'blocked well dataframe',
+                extra,
+                discrete = discrete,
+                uom = uom,
+                property_kind = pk,
+                local_property_kind_uuid = None,
+                facet_type = None,
+                facet = None,
+                realization = realization,
+                indexable_element = 'cells',
+                count = 1,
+                time_index = time_index,
+                null_value = null_value,
+            )
+        extra_pc.write_hdf5_for_imported_list()
+        extra_pc.create_xml_for_imported_list_and_add_parts_to_model(time_series_uuid = time_series_uuid,
+                                                                     find_local_property_kinds = True)
 
-        return column_list, add_as_properties, use_properties, skin, stat, radw
+    def static_kh(self,
+                  ntg_uuid = None,
+                  perm_i_uuid = None,
+                  perm_j_uuid = None,
+                  perm_k_uuid = None,
+                  satw_uuid = None,
+                  sato_uuid = None,
+                  satg_uuid = None,
+                  region_uuid = None,
+                  active_only = False,
+                  min_k0 = None,
+                  max_k0 = None,
+                  k0_list = None,
+                  min_length = None,
+                  min_kh = None,
+                  max_depth = None,
+                  max_satw = None,
+                  min_sato = None,
+                  max_satg = None,
+                  perforation_list = None,
+                  region_list = None,
+                  set_k_face_intervals_vertical = False,
+                  anglv_ref = 'gravity',
+                  angla_plane_ref = None,
+                  length_mode = 'MD',
+                  length_uom = None,
+                  use_face_centres = False,
+                  preferential_perforation = True):
+        """Returns the total static K.H (permeability x height).
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __check_perforation_properties_to_be_added(column_list, perforation_list):
+        notes:
+           length units are those of trajectory md_uom unless length_upm is set;
+           see doc string for dataframe() method for argument descriptions; perm_i_uuid required
+        """
 
-        if all(['LENGTH' in column_list, 'PPERF' in column_list, 'KH' not in column_list, perforation_list
-                is not None]):
-            log.warning(
-                'both LENGTH and PPERF will include effects of partial perforation; only one should be used in WELLSPEC'
-            )
-        elif all([
-                perforation_list is not None, 'LENGTH' not in column_list, 'PPERF' not in column_list, 'KH'
-                not in column_list, 'WBC' not in column_list
-        ]):
-            log.warning('perforation list supplied but no use of LENGTH, KH, PPERF nor WBC')
+        df = self.dataframe(i_col = 'I',
+                            j_col = 'J',
+                            k_col = 'K',
+                            one_based = False,
+                            extra_columns_list = ['KH'],
+                            ntg_uuid = ntg_uuid,
+                            perm_i_uuid = perm_i_uuid,
+                            perm_j_uuid = perm_j_uuid,
+                            perm_k_uuid = perm_k_uuid,
+                            satw_uuid = satw_uuid,
+                            sato_uuid = sato_uuid,
+                            satg_uuid = satg_uuid,
+                            region_uuid = region_uuid,
+                            active_only = active_only,
+                            min_k0 = min_k0,
+                            max_k0 = max_k0,
+                            k0_list = k0_list,
+                            min_length = min_length,
+                            min_kh = min_kh,
+                            max_depth = max_depth,
+                            max_satw = max_satw,
+                            min_sato = min_sato,
+                            max_satg = max_satg,
+                            perforation_list = perforation_list,
+                            region_list = region_list,
+                            set_k_face_intervals_vertical = set_k_face_intervals_vertical,
+                            anglv_ref = anglv_ref,
+                            angla_plane_ref = angla_plane_ref,
+                            length_mode = length_mode,
+                            length_uom = length_uom,
+                            use_face_centres = use_face_centres,
+                            preferential_perforation = preferential_perforation)
 
-        if perforation_list is not None and len(perforation_list) == 0:
-            log.warning('empty perforation list specified for blocked well dataframe: no rows will be included')
+        return sum(df['KH'])
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __check_skin_stat_radw_to_be_added_as_properties(skin, stat, radw, column_list):
-        """Verify whether skin should be added as a property in the dataframe."""
-
-        if skin is not None and 'SKIN' not in column_list:
-            column_list.append('SKIN')
-
-        if stat is not None:
-            assert str(stat).upper() in ['ON', 'OFF']
-            stat = str(stat).upper()
-            if 'STAT' not in column_list:
-                column_list.append('STAT')
-        else:
-            stat = 'ON'
-
-        if radw is not None and 'RADW' not in column_list:
-            column_list.append('RADW')
-
-        return column_list, skin, stat, radw
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_perm_i_uuid_for_well_inflow(column_list, perm_i_uuid, pc_titles):
-        # Verify that the I direction permeability has been specified if well inflow properties are to be added
-        # to the dataframe.
-
-        do_well_inflow = (('WI' in column_list and 'WI' not in pc_titles) or
-                          ('WBC' in column_list and 'WBC' not in pc_titles) or
-                          ('RADB' in column_list and 'RADB' not in pc_titles))
-        if do_well_inflow:
-            assert perm_i_uuid is not None, 'WI, RADB or WBC requested without I direction permeabilty being specified'
+    def write_wellspec(self,
+                       wellspec_file,
+                       well_name = None,
+                       mode = 'a',
+                       extra_columns_list = [],
+                       ntg_uuid = None,
+                       perm_i_uuid = None,
+                       perm_j_uuid = None,
+                       perm_k_uuid = None,
+                       satw_uuid = None,
+                       sato_uuid = None,
+                       satg_uuid = None,
+                       region_uuid = None,
+                       radw = None,
+                       skin = None,
+                       stat = None,
+                       active_only = False,
+                       min_k0 = None,
+                       max_k0 = None,
+                       k0_list = None,
+                       min_length = None,
+                       min_kh = None,
+                       max_depth = None,
+                       max_satw = None,
+                       min_sato = None,
+                       max_satg = None,
+                       perforation_list = None,
+                       region_list = None,
+                       set_k_face_intervals_vertical = False,
+                       depth_inc_down = True,
+                       anglv_ref = 'gravity',
+                       angla_plane_ref = None,
+                       length_mode = 'MD',
+                       length_uom = None,
+                       preferential_perforation = True,
+                       space_instead_of_tab_separator = True,
+                       align_columns = True,
+                       preceeding_blank_lines = 0,
+                       trailing_blank_lines = 0,
+                       length_uom_comment = False,
+                       write_nexus_units = True,
+                       float_format = '5.3',
+                       use_properties = False,
+                       property_time_index = None):
+        """Writes Nexus WELLSPEC keyword to an ascii file.
 
-        return do_well_inflow
+        returns:
+           pandas DataFrame containing data that has been written to the wellspec file
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_perm_i_uuid_for_kh(min_kh, column_list, perm_i_uuid, pc_titles):
-        # verify that the I direction permeability has been specified if permeability thickness and
-        # wellbore constant properties are to be added to the dataframe.
+        note:
+           see doc string for dataframe() method for most of the argument descriptions;
+           align_columns and float_format arguments are deprecated and no longer used
+        """
 
-        if min_kh is not None and min_kh <= 0.0:
-            min_kh = None
-        doing_kh = False
-        if ('KH' in column_list or min_kh is not None) and 'KH' not in pc_titles:
-            assert perm_i_uuid is not None, 'KH requested (or minimum specified) without I direction permeabilty being specified'
-            doing_kh = True
-        if 'WBC' in column_list and 'WBC' not in pc_titles:
-            assert perm_i_uuid is not None, 'WBC requested without I direction permeabilty being specified'
-            doing_kh = True
+        assert wellspec_file, 'no output file specified to write WELLSPEC to'
 
-        return min_kh, doing_kh
+        col_width_dict = {
+            'IW': 4,
+            'JW': 4,
+            'L': 4,
+            'ANGLA': 8,
+            'ANGLV': 8,
+            'LENGTH': 8,
+            'KH': 10,
+            'DEPTH': 10,
+            'MD': 10,
+            'X': 8,
+            'Y': 12,
+            'SKIN': 7,
+            'RADW': 5,
+            'RADB': 8,
+            'PPERF': 5
+        }
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_perm_j_k_uuids_for_kh_and_well_inflow(doing_kh, do_well_inflow, perm_i_uuid, perm_j_uuid, perm_k_uuid):
-        # verify that the J and K direction permeabilities have been specified if well inflow properties or
-        # permeability thickness properties are to be added to the dataframe.
+        well_name = self.__get_well_name(well_name = well_name)
 
-        isotropic_perm = None
-        if doing_kh or do_well_inflow:
-            if perm_j_uuid is None and perm_k_uuid is None:
-                isotropic_perm = True
-            else:
-                if perm_j_uuid is None:
-                    perm_j_uuid = perm_i_uuid
-                if perm_k_uuid is None:
-                    perm_k_uuid = perm_i_uuid
-                # following line assumes arguments are passed in same form; if not, some unnecessary maths might be done
-                isotropic_perm = (bu.matching_uuids(perm_i_uuid, perm_j_uuid) and
-                                  bu.matching_uuids(perm_i_uuid, perm_k_uuid))
+        df = self.dataframe(one_based = True,
+                            extra_columns_list = extra_columns_list,
+                            ntg_uuid = ntg_uuid,
+                            perm_i_uuid = perm_i_uuid,
+                            perm_j_uuid = perm_j_uuid,
+                            perm_k_uuid = perm_k_uuid,
+                            satw_uuid = satw_uuid,
+                            sato_uuid = sato_uuid,
+                            satg_uuid = satg_uuid,
+                            region_uuid = region_uuid,
+                            radw = radw,
+                            skin = skin,
+                            stat = stat,
+                            active_only = active_only,
+                            min_k0 = min_k0,
+                            max_k0 = max_k0,
+                            k0_list = k0_list,
+                            min_length = min_length,
+                            min_kh = min_kh,
+                            max_depth = max_depth,
+                            max_satw = max_satw,
+                            min_sato = min_sato,
+                            max_satg = max_satg,
+                            perforation_list = perforation_list,
+                            region_list = region_list,
+                            depth_inc_down = depth_inc_down,
+                            set_k_face_intervals_vertical = set_k_face_intervals_vertical,
+                            anglv_ref = anglv_ref,
+                            angla_plane_ref = angla_plane_ref,
+                            length_mode = length_mode,
+                            length_uom = length_uom,
+                            preferential_perforation = preferential_perforation,
+                            use_properties = use_properties,
+                            property_time_index = property_time_index)
 
-        return perm_j_uuid, perm_k_uuid, isotropic_perm
+        sep = ' ' if space_instead_of_tab_separator else '\t'
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_k_layers_to_be_included(min_k0, max_k0, k0_list):
-        # verify that the k layers to be included in the dataframe exist within the appropriate range
+        with open(wellspec_file, mode = mode) as fp:
+            for _ in range(preceeding_blank_lines):
+                fp.write('\n')
 
-        if min_k0 is None:
-            min_k0 = 0
-        else:
-            assert min_k0 >= 0
-        if max_k0 is not None:
-            assert min_k0 <= max_k0
-        if k0_list is not None and len(k0_list) == 0:
-            log.warning('no layers included for blocked well dataframe: no rows will be included')
+            self.__write_wellspec_file_units_metadata(write_nexus_units = write_nexus_units,
+                                                      fp = fp,
+                                                      length_uom = length_uom,
+                                                      length_uom_comment = length_uom_comment,
+                                                      extra_columns_list = extra_columns_list,
+                                                      well_name = well_name)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __verify_if_angles_xyz_and_length_to_be_added(column_list, pc_titles, doing_kh, do_well_inflow, length_mode):
-        # determine if angla, anglv, x, y, z and length data are to be added as properties to the dataframe
+            BlockedWell.__write_wellspec_file_columns(df = df, fp = fp, col_width_dict = col_width_dict, sep = sep)
 
-        doing_angles = any([('ANGLA' in column_list and 'ANGLA' not in pc_titles),
-                            ('ANGLV' in column_list and 'ANGLV' not in pc_titles), (doing_kh), (do_well_inflow)])
-        doing_xyz = any([('X' in column_list and 'X' not in pc_titles), ('Y' in column_list and 'Y' not in pc_titles),
-                         ('DEPTH' in column_list and 'DEPTH' not in pc_titles)])
-        doing_entry_exit = any([(doing_angles),
-                                ('LENGTH' in column_list and 'LENGTH' not in pc_titles and length_mode == 'straight')])
+            fp.write('\n')
 
-        # doing_angles = (('ANGLA' in column_list and 'ANGLA' not in pc_titles) or
-        #                 ('ANGLV' in column_list and 'ANGLV' not in pc_titles) or doing_kh or do_well_inflow)
-        # doing_xyz = (('X' in column_list and 'X' not in pc_titles) or (
-        #             'Y' in column_list and 'Y' not in pc_titles) or
-        #              ('DEPTH' in column_list and 'DEPTH' not in pc_titles))
-        # doing_entry_exit = doing_angles or ('LENGTH' in column_list and 'LENGTH' not in pc_titles and
-        #                                     length_mode == 'straight')
+            BlockedWell.__write_wellspec_file_rows_from_dataframe(df = df,
+                                                                  fp = fp,
+                                                                  col_width_dict = col_width_dict,
+                                                                  sep = sep)
+            for _ in range(trailing_blank_lines):
+                fp.write('\n')
 
-        return doing_angles, doing_xyz, doing_entry_exit
+        return df
 
-    def __verify_number_of_grids_and_crs_units(self, column_list):
-        # verify that a GRID column is included in the dataframe if the well intersects more than one grid
-        # verify that each grid's crs units are consistent in all directions
+    def kji0_marker(self, active_only = True):
+        """Convenience method returning (k0, j0, i0), grid_uuid of first blocked interval."""
 
-        if 'GRID' not in column_list and self.number_of_grids() > 1:
-            log.error('creating blocked well dataframe without GRID column for well that intersects more than one grid')
-        grid_crs_list = []
-        for grid in self.grid_list:
-            grid_crs = crs.Crs(self.model, uuid = grid.crs_uuid)
-            grid_crs_list.append(grid_crs)
-        return grid_crs_list
+        cells, grids = self.cell_indices_and_grid_list()
+        if cells is None or grids is None or len(grids) == 0:
+            return None, None, None, None
+        return cells[0], grids[0].uuid
 
-    def __get_trajectory_crs_and_z_inc_down(self):
+    def xyz_marker(self, active_only = True):
+        """Convenience method returning (x, y, z), crs_uuid of perforation in first blocked interval.
 
-        if self.trajectory is None or self.trajectory.crs_uuid is None:
-            traj_crs = None
-            traj_z_inc_down = None
-        else:
-            traj_crs = crs.Crs(self.trajectory.model, uuid = self.trajectory.crs_uuid)
-            traj_z_inc_down = traj_crs.z_inc_down
+        notes:
+           active_only argument not yet in use;
+           returns None, None if no blocked interval found
+        """
 
-        return traj_crs, traj_z_inc_down
+        cells, grids = self.cell_indices_and_grid_list()
+        if cells is None or grids is None or len(grids) == 0:
+            return None, None
+        node_index = 0
+        while node_index < self.node_count - 1 and self.grid_indices[node_index] == -1:
+            node_index += 1
+        if node_index >= self.node_count - 1:
+            return None, None
+        md = 0.5 * (self.node_mds[node_index] + self.node_mds[node_index + 1])
+        xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(md)
+        return xyz, self.trajectory.crs_uuid
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __check_cell_depth(max_depth, grid, cell_kji0, grid_crs):
-        """Check whether the maximum depth specified has been exceeded with the current interval."""
+    def create_feature_and_interpretation(self, shared_interpretation = True):
+        """Instantiate new empty WellboreFeature and WellboreInterpretation objects.
 
-        max_depth_exceeded = False
-        if max_depth is not None:
-            cell_depth = grid.centre_point(cell_kji0)[2]
-            if not grid_crs.z_inc_down:
-                cell_depth = -cell_depth
-            if cell_depth > max_depth:
-                max_depth_exceeded = True
-        return max_depth_exceeded
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __skip_interval_check(max_depth, grid, cell_kji0, grid_crs, active_only, tuple_kji0, min_k0, max_k0, k0_list,
-                              region_list, region_uuid, max_satw, satw_uuid, min_sato, sato_uuid, max_satg, satg_uuid):
-        """Check whether any conditions are met that mean the interval should be skipped."""
+        note:
+            uses the Blocked well citation title or other related object title as the well name
+        """
+        title = self.well_name
+        if not title:
+            title = self.title
+            if not title and self.trajectory is not None:
+                title = rqw.well_name(self.trajectory)
+                if not title:
+                    title = 'WELL'
+        if self.trajectory is not None:
+            traj_interp_uuid = self.model.uuid(obj_type = 'WellboreInterpretation', related_uuid = self.trajectory.uuid)
+            if traj_interp_uuid is not None:
+                if shared_interpretation:
+                    self.wellbore_interpretation = rqo.WellboreInterpretation(parent_model = self.model,
+                                                                              uuid = traj_interp_uuid)
+                traj_feature_uuid = self.model.uuid(obj_type = 'WellboreFeature', related_uuid = traj_interp_uuid)
+                if traj_feature_uuid is not None:
+                    self.wellbore_feature = rqo.WellboreFeature(parent_model = self.model, uuid = traj_feature_uuid)
+        if self.wellbore_feature is None:
+            self.wellbore_feature = rqo.WellboreFeature(parent_model = self.model, feature_name = title)
+            self.feature_to_be_written = True
+        if self.wellbore_interpretation is None:
+            title = title if not self.wellbore_feature.title else self.wellbore_feature.title
+            self.wellbore_interpretation = rqo.WellboreInterpretation(parent_model = self.model,
+                                                                      title = title,
+                                                                      wellbore_feature = self.wellbore_feature)
+            if self.trajectory.wellbore_interpretation is None and shared_interpretation:
+                self.trajectory.wellbore_interpretation = self.wellbore_interpretation
+            self.interpretation_to_be_written = True
 
-        max_depth_exceeded = BlockedWell.__check_cell_depth(max_depth = max_depth,
-                                                            grid = grid,
-                                                            cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
-                                                            grid_crs = grid_crs)
-        inactive_grid = active_only and grid.inactive is not None and grid.inactive[tuple_kji0]
-        out_of_bounds_layer_1 = (min_k0 is not None and cell_kji0[0] < min_k0) or (max_k0 is not None and
-                                                                                   cell_kji0[0] > max_k0)
-        out_of_bounds_layer_2 = k0_list is not None and cell_kji0[0] not in k0_list
-        out_of_bounds_region = (region_list is not None and
-                                BlockedWell.__prop_array(region_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] not in region_list)
-        saturation_limit_exceeded_1 = (max_satw is not None and
-                                       BlockedWell.__prop_array(satw_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] > max_satw)
-        saturation_limit_exceeded_2 = (min_sato is not None and
-                                       BlockedWell.__prop_array(sato_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] < min_sato)
-        saturation_limit_exceeded_3 = (max_satg is not None and
-                                       BlockedWell.__prop_array(satg_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] > max_satg)
-        skip_interval = any([
-            max_depth_exceeded, inactive_grid, out_of_bounds_layer_1, out_of_bounds_layer_2, out_of_bounds_region,
-            saturation_limit_exceeded_1, saturation_limit_exceeded_2, saturation_limit_exceeded_3
-        ])
+    def create_md_datum_and_trajectory(self,
+                                       grid,
+                                       trajectory_mds,
+                                       trajectory_points,
+                                       length_uom,
+                                       well_name,
+                                       set_depth_zero = False,
+                                       set_tangent_vectors = False,
+                                       create_feature_and_interp = True):
+        """Creates an Md Datum object and a (simulation) Trajectory object for this blocked well.
 
-        return skip_interval
+        note:
+           not usually called directly; used by import methods
+        """
 
-    def __get_part_perf_fraction_for_interval(self, pc, pc_titles, ci, perforation_list, interval, length_tol = 0.01):
-        """Get the partial perforation fraction for the interval."""
+        if not well_name:
+            well_name = self.title
 
-        skip_interval = False
-        if 'PPERF' in pc_titles:
-            part_perf_fraction = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'PPERF')[ci]
-        else:
-            part_perf_fraction = 1.0
-            if perforation_list is not None:
-                perf_length = 0.0
-                for perf_start, perf_end in perforation_list:
-                    if perf_end <= self.node_mds[interval] or perf_start >= self.node_mds[interval + 1]:
-                        continue
-                    if perf_start <= self.node_mds[interval]:
-                        if perf_end >= self.node_mds[interval + 1]:
-                            perf_length += self.node_mds[interval + 1] - self.node_mds[interval]
-                            break
-                        else:
-                            perf_length += perf_end - self.node_mds[interval]
-                    else:
-                        if perf_end >= self.node_mds[interval + 1]:
-                            perf_length += self.node_mds[interval + 1] - perf_start
-                        else:
-                            perf_length += perf_end - perf_start
-                if perf_length < length_tol:
-                    skip_interval = True
-                    perf_length = 0.0
-                part_perf_fraction = min(1.0, perf_length / (self.node_mds[interval + 1] - self.node_mds[interval]))
+        # create md datum node for synthetic trajectory, using crs for grid
+        datum_location = trajectory_points[0].copy()
+        if set_depth_zero:
+            datum_location[2] = 0.0
+        datum = rqw.MdDatum(self.model,
+                            crs_uuid = grid.crs_uuid,
+                            location = datum_location,
+                            md_reference = 'mean sea level')
 
-        return skip_interval, part_perf_fraction
+        # create synthetic trajectory object, using crs for grid
+        trajectory_mds_array = np.array(trajectory_mds)
+        trajectory_xyz_array = np.array(trajectory_points)
+        trajectory_df = pd.DataFrame({
+            'MD': trajectory_mds_array,
+            'X': trajectory_xyz_array[..., 0],
+            'Y': trajectory_xyz_array[..., 1],
+            'Z': trajectory_xyz_array[..., 2]
+        })
+        self.trajectory = rqw.Trajectory(self.model,
+                                         md_datum = datum,
+                                         data_frame = trajectory_df,
+                                         length_uom = length_uom,
+                                         well_name = well_name,
+                                         set_tangent_vectors = set_tangent_vectors)
+        self.trajectory_to_be_written = True
 
-    def __get_entry_exit_xyz_and_crs_for_interval(self, doing_entry_exit, use_face_centres, grid, cell_kji0, interval,
-                                                  ci, grid_crs, traj_crs):
-        # calculate the entry and exit points for the interval and set the entry and exit coordinate reference system
+        if create_feature_and_interp:
+            self.create_feature_and_interpretation()
 
-        entry_xyz = None
-        exit_xyz = None
-        ee_crs = None
-        if doing_entry_exit:
-            assert self.trajectory is not None
-            if use_face_centres:
-                entry_xyz = grid.face_centre(cell_kji0, self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0, 0], self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0,
-                                                                                                                 1])
-                if self.face_pair_indices[ci, 1, 0] >= 0:
-                    exit_xyz = grid.face_centre(cell_kji0, self.face_pair_indices[ci, 1, 0],
-                                                self.face_pair_indices[ci, 1, 1])
-                else:
-                    exit_xyz = grid.face_centre(cell_kji0, self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0, 0],
-                                                1 - self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0, 1])
-                ee_crs = grid_crs
-            else:
-                entry_xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(self.node_mds[interval])
-                exit_xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(self.node_mds[interval + 1])
-                ee_crs = traj_crs
+    def create_xml(self,
+                   ext_uuid = None,
+                   create_for_trajectory_if_needed = True,
+                   add_as_part = True,
+                   add_relationships = True,
+                   title = None,
+                   originator = None):
+        """Create a blocked wellbore representation node from this BlockedWell object, optionally add as part.
 
-        return entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs
+        note:
+           trajectory xml node must be in place before calling this function;
+           witsml log reference, interval stratigraphic units, and cell fluid phase units not yet supported
 
-    def __get_length_of_interval(self, length_mode, interval, length_uom, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, perforation_list,
-                                 part_perf_fraction, min_length):
-        """Calculate the length of the interval."""
+        :meta common:
+        """
 
-        skip_interval = False
-        if length_mode == 'MD':
-            length = self.node_mds[interval + 1] - self.node_mds[interval]
-            if length_uom is not None and self.trajectory is not None and length_uom != self.trajectory.md_uom:
-                length = wam.convert_lengths(length, self.trajectory.md_uom, length_uom)
-        else:  # use straight line length between entry and exit
-            entry_xyz, exit_xyz = BlockedWell._single_uom_entry_exit_xyz(entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs)
-            length = vec.naive_length(exit_xyz - entry_xyz)
-            if length_uom is not None:
-                length = wam.convert_lengths(length, ee_crs.z_units, length_uom)
-            elif self.trajectory is not None:
-                length = wam.convert_lengths(length, ee_crs.z_units, self.trajectory.md_uom)
-        if perforation_list is not None:
-            length *= part_perf_fraction
-        if min_length is not None and length < min_length:
-            skip_interval = True
+        assert self.trajectory is not None, 'trajectory object missing'
 
-        return skip_interval, length
+        if ext_uuid is None:
+            ext_uuid = self.model.h5_uuid()
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _single_uom_xyz(xyz, crs, required_uom):
-        if xyz is None:
-            return None
-        xyz = np.array(xyz, dtype = float)
-        if crs.xy_units != required_uom:
-            xyz[0] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[0], crs.xy_units, required_uom)
-            xyz[1] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[1], crs.xy_units, required_uom)
-        if crs.z_units != required_uom:
-            xyz[2] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[2], crs.z_units, required_uom)
-        return xyz
+        if title:
+            self.title = title
+        if not self.title:
+            self.title = self.well_name
+        title = self.title
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _single_uom_entry_exit_xyz(entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs):
-        return (BlockedWell._single_uom_xyz(entry_xyz, ee_crs, ee_crs.z_units),
-                BlockedWell._single_uom_xyz(exit_xyz, ee_crs, ee_crs.z_units))
+        self.__create_wellbore_feature_and_interpretation_xml_if_needed(add_as_part = add_as_part,
+                                                                        add_relationships = add_relationships,
+                                                                        originator = originator)
 
-    def __get_angles_for_interval(self, pc, pc_titles, doing_angles, set_k_face_intervals_vertical, ci, k_face_check,
-                                  k_face_check_end, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, traj_z_inc_down, grid, grid_crs,
-                                  cell_kji0, anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref):
-        """Calculate angla, anglv and related trigonometirc transforms for the interval."""
+        self.__create_trajectory_xml_if_needed(create_for_trajectory_if_needed = create_for_trajectory_if_needed,
+                                               add_as_part = add_as_part,
+                                               add_relationships = add_relationships,
+                                               originator = originator,
+                                               ext_uuid = ext_uuid,
+                                               title = title)
 
-        sine_anglv = sine_angla = 0.0
-        cosine_anglv = cosine_angla = 1.0
-        anglv = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'ANGLV')[ci] if 'ANGLV' in pc_titles else None
-        angla = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'ANGLA')[ci] if 'ANGLA' in pc_titles else None
+        assert self.trajectory.root is not None, 'trajectory xml not established'
 
-        if doing_angles and not (set_k_face_intervals_vertical and
-                                 (np.all(self.face_pair_indices[ci] == k_face_check) or
-                                  np.all(self.face_pair_indices[ci] == k_face_check_end))):
-            anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, vector, a_ref_vector = BlockedWell.__get_anglv_for_interval(
-                anglv = anglv,
-                entry_xyz = entry_xyz,
-                exit_xyz = exit_xyz,
-                ee_crs = ee_crs,
-                traj_z_inc_down = traj_z_inc_down,
-                grid = grid,
-                grid_crs = grid_crs,
-                cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
-                anglv_ref = anglv_ref,
-                angla_plane_ref = angla_plane_ref)
-            if anglv != 0.0:
-                angla, sine_angla, cosine_angla = BlockedWell.__get_angla_for_interval(angla = angla,
-                                                                                       grid = grid,
-                                                                                       cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
-                                                                                       vector = vector,
-                                                                                       a_ref_vector = a_ref_vector)
-        if angla is None:
-            angla = 0.0
-        if anglv is None:
-            anglv = 0.0
+        bw_node = super().create_xml(title = title, originator = originator, add_as_part = False)
 
-        return anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, angla, sine_angla, cosine_angla
+        # wellbore frame elements
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_angla_for_interval(angla, grid, cell_kji0, vector, a_ref_vector):
-        """Calculate angla and related trigonometric transforms for the interval."""
+        nc_node, mds_node, mds_values_node, cc_node, cis_node, cnull_node, cis_values_node, gis_node, gnull_node,  \
+            gis_values_node, fis_node, fnull_node, fis_values_node =  \
+            self.__create_bw_node_sub_elements(bw_node = bw_node)
 
-        if vector is None:
-            return None, None, None
+        self.__create_hdf5_dataset_references(ext_uuid = ext_uuid,
+                                              mds_values_node = mds_values_node,
+                                              cis_values_node = cis_values_node,
+                                              gis_values_node = gis_values_node,
+                                              fis_values_node = fis_values_node)
 
-        # project well vector and i-axis vector onto plane defined by normal vector a_ref_vector
-        i_axis = grid.interface_vector(cell_kji0, 2)
-        if grid.crs.xy_units != grid.crs.z_units:
-            i_axis[2] = wam.convert_lengths(i_axis[2], grid.crs.z_units, grid.crs.xy_units)
-        i_axis = vec.unit_vector(i_axis)
-        if a_ref_vector is not None:  # project vector and i axis onto a plane
-            vector -= vec.dot_product(vector, a_ref_vector) * a_ref_vector
-            vector = vec.unit_vector(vector)
-            # log.debug('i axis unit vector: ' + str(i_axis))
-            i_axis -= vec.dot_product(i_axis, a_ref_vector) * a_ref_vector
-            i_axis = vec.unit_vector(i_axis)
-        # log.debug('i axis unit vector in reference plane: ' + str(i_axis))
-        if angla is not None:
-            angla_rad = vec.radians_from_degrees(angla)
-            cosine_angla = maths.cos(angla_rad)
-            sine_angla = maths.sin(angla_rad)
-        else:
-            cosine_angla = min(max(vec.dot_product(vector, i_axis), -1.0), 1.0)
-            angla_rad = maths.acos(cosine_angla)
-            # negate angla if vector is 'clockwise from' i_axis when viewed from above, projected in the xy plane
-            # todo: have discussion around angla sign under different ijk handedness (and z inc direction?)
-            sine_angla = maths.sin(angla_rad)
-            angla = vec.degrees_from_radians(angla_rad)
-            if vec.clockwise((0.0, 0.0), i_axis, vector) > 0.0:
-                angla = -angla
-                angla_rad = -angla_rad  ## as angle_rad before --> typo?
-                sine_angla = -sine_angla
+        traj_root, grid_root, interp_root = self.__create_trajectory_grid_wellbore_interpretation_reference_nodes(
+            bw_node = bw_node)
 
-        # log.debug('angla: ' + str(angla))
+        self.__add_as_part_and_add_relationships_if_required(add_as_part = add_as_part,
+                                                             add_relationships = add_relationships,
+                                                             bw_node = bw_node,
+                                                             interp_root = interp_root,
+                                                             ext_uuid = ext_uuid)
 
-        return angla, sine_angla, cosine_angla
+        return bw_node
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_anglv_for_interval(anglv, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, traj_z_inc_down, grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0,
-                                 anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref):
-        """Get anglv and related trigonometric transforms for the interval."""
+    def write_hdf5(self, file_name = None, mode = 'a', create_for_trajectory_if_needed = True):
+        """Create or append to an hdf5 file, writing datasets for the measured depths, grid, cell & face indices.
 
-        if entry_xyz is None or exit_xyz is None:
-            return None, None, None, None, None
+        :meta common:
+        """
 
-        entry_xyz, exit_xyz = BlockedWell._single_uom_entry_exit_xyz(entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs)
-        vector = vec.unit_vector(np.array(exit_xyz) - np.array(entry_xyz))  # nominal wellbore vector for interval
-        if traj_z_inc_down is not None and traj_z_inc_down != grid_crs.z_inc_down:
-            vector[2] = -vector[2]
-        if grid.crs.xy_units == grid.crs.z_units:
-            unit_adjusted_vector = vector
-        else:
-            unit_adjusted_vector = vector.copy()
-            unit_adjusted_vector[2] = wam.convert_lengths(unit_adjusted_vector[2], grid.crs.z_units, grid.crs.xy_units)
-        v_ref_vector = BlockedWell.__get_ref_vector(grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0, anglv_ref)
-        # log.debug('v ref vector: ' + str(v_ref_vector))
-        if angla_plane_ref == anglv_ref:
-            a_ref_vector = v_ref_vector
-        else:
-            a_ref_vector = BlockedWell.__get_ref_vector(grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0, angla_plane_ref)
-        # log.debug('a ref vector: ' + str(a_ref_vector))
-        if anglv is not None:
-            anglv_rad = vec.radians_from_degrees(anglv)
-            cosine_anglv = maths.cos(anglv_rad)
-            sine_anglv = maths.sin(anglv_rad)
-        else:
-            cosine_anglv = min(max(vec.dot_product(unit_adjusted_vector, v_ref_vector), -1.0), 1.0)
-            anglv_rad = maths.acos(cosine_anglv)
-            sine_anglv = maths.sin(anglv_rad)
-            anglv = vec.degrees_from_radians(anglv_rad)
-        # log.debug('anglv: ' + str(anglv))
+        # NB: array data must all have been set up prior to calling this function
 
-        return anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, vector, a_ref_vector
+        if self.uuid is None:
+            self.uuid = bu.new_uuid()
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_ntg_and_directional_perm_for_interval(doing_kh, do_well_inflow, ntg_uuid, grid, tuple_kji0,
-                                                    isotropic_perm, preferential_perforation, part_perf_fraction,
-                                                    perm_i_uuid, perm_j_uuid, perm_k_uuid):
-        """Get the net-to-gross and directional permeability arrays for the interval."""
+        h5_reg = rwh5.H5Register(self.model)
 
-        ntg_is_one = False
-        k_i = k_j = k_k = None
-        if doing_kh or do_well_inflow:
-            if ntg_uuid is None:
-                ntg = 1.0
-                ntg_is_one = True
-            else:
-                ntg = BlockedWell.__prop_array(ntg_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
-                ntg_is_one = maths.isclose(ntg, 1.0, rel_tol = 0.001)
-            if isotropic_perm and ntg_is_one:
-                k_i = k_j = k_k = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_i_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
-            else:
-                if preferential_perforation and not ntg_is_one:
-                    if part_perf_fraction <= ntg:
-                        ntg = 1.0  # effective ntg when perforated intervals are in pay
-                    else:
-                        ntg /= part_perf_fraction  # adjusted ntg when some perforations in non-pay
-                # todo: check netgross facet type in property perm i & j parts: if set to gross then don't multiply by ntg below
-                k_i = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_i_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] * ntg
-                k_j = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_j_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] * ntg
-                k_k = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_k_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
+        if create_for_trajectory_if_needed and self.trajectory_to_be_written:
+            self.trajectory.write_hdf5(file_name, mode = mode)
+            mode = 'a'
 
-        return ntg_is_one, k_i, k_j, k_k
+        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'NodeMd', self.node_mds)
+        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'CellIndices', self.cell_indices)  # could use int32?
+        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'GridIndices', self.grid_indices)  # could use int32?
+        # convert face index pairs from [axis, polarity] back to strange local face numbering
+        mask = (self.face_pair_indices.flatten() == -1).reshape((-1, 2))  # 2nd axis is (axis, polarity)
+        masked_face_indices = np.where(mask, 0, self.face_pair_indices.reshape((-1, 2)))  # 2nd axis is (axis, polarity)
+        # using flat array for raw_face_indices array
+        # other resqml writing code might use an array with one int per entry point and one per exit point, with 2nd axis as (entry, exit)
+        raw_face_indices = np.where(mask[:, 0], -1, self.face_index_map[masked_face_indices[:, 0],
+                                                                        masked_face_indices[:,
+                                                                                            1]].flatten()).reshape(-1)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_kh_for_interval(doing_kh, isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, length, perm_i_uuid, grid, tuple_kji0, k_i, k_j,
-                              k_k, anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla, min_kh, pc, pc_titles,
-                              ci):
-        """Get the permeability-thickness value for the interval."""
+        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'LocalFacePairPerCellIndices', raw_face_indices)  # could use uint8?
 
-        skip_interval = False
-        if doing_kh:
-            kh = BlockedWell.__get_kh_if_doing_kh(isotropic_perm = isotropic_perm,
-                                                  ntg_is_one = ntg_is_one,
-                                                  length = length,
-                                                  perm_i_uuid = perm_i_uuid,
-                                                  grid = grid,
-                                                  tuple_kji0 = tuple_kji0,
-                                                  k_i = k_i,
-                                                  k_j = k_j,
-                                                  k_k = k_k,
-                                                  anglv = anglv,
-                                                  sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
-                                                  cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
-                                                  sine_angla = sine_angla,
-                                                  cosine_angla = cosine_angla)
-            if min_kh is not None and kh < min_kh:
-                skip_interval = True
-        elif 'KH' in pc_titles:
-            kh = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'KH')[ci]
-        else:
-            kh = None
-        return skip_interval, kh
+        h5_reg.write(file = file_name, mode = mode)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_kh_if_doing_kh(isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, length, perm_i_uuid, grid, tuple_kji0, k_i, k_j, k_k, anglv,
-                             sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla):
-        # note: this is believed to return required value even when grid crs has mixed xy & z units;
-        # angles are true angles accounting for any mixed units
-        if isotropic_perm and ntg_is_one:
-            kh = length * BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_i_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
-        else:
-            if np.isnan(k_i) or np.isnan(k_j):
-                kh = 0.0
-            elif anglv == 0.0:
-                kh = length * maths.sqrt(k_i * k_j)
-            elif np.isnan(k_k):
-                kh = 0.0
-            else:
-                k_e = maths.pow(k_i * k_j * k_k, 1.0 / 3.0)
-                if k_e == 0.0:
-                    kh = 0.0
-                else:
-                    l_i = length * maths.sqrt(k_e / k_i) * sine_anglv * cosine_angla
-                    l_j = length * maths.sqrt(k_e / k_j) * sine_anglv * sine_angla
-                    l_k = length * maths.sqrt(k_e / k_k) * cosine_anglv
-                    l_p = maths.sqrt(l_i * l_i + l_j * l_j + l_k * l_k)
-                    kh = k_e * l_p
-        return kh
+    def add_grid_property_to_blocked_well(self, uuid_list):
+        """Add properties to blocked wells from a list of uuids for properties on the supporting grid."""
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_pc_arrays_for_interval(pc, pc_timeless, pc_titles, ci, length, radw, skin, length_uom, grid, traj_crs):
-        """Get the property collection arrays for the interval."""
+        part_list = [self.model.part_for_uuid(uuid) for uuid in uuid_list]
 
-        def get_item(v, title, pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, uom):
+        assert len(self.grid_list) == 1, "only blocked wells with a single grid can be handled currently"
+        grid = self.grid_list[0]
+        # filter to only those properties on the grid
+        parts = self.model.parts_list_filtered_by_supporting_uuid(part_list, grid.uuid)
+        if len(parts) < len(uuid_list):
+            log.warning(
+                f"{len(uuid_list)-len(parts)} uuids ignored as they do not belong to the same grid as the blocked well")
 
-            def pk_for_title(title):
-                d = {'RADW': 'wellbore radius', 'RADB': 'block equivalent radius', 'SKIN': 'skin'}
-                return d.get(title)
+        gridpc = grid.extract_property_collection()
+        # only 'cell' properties are handled
+        cell_parts = [part for part in parts if gridpc.indexable_for_part(part) == 'cells']
+        if len(cell_parts) < len(parts):
+            log.warning(f"{len(parts)-len(cell_parts)} uuids ignored as they do not have indexable element of cells")
 
-            pc_uom = None
-            if title in pc_titles:
-                p = pc.singleton(citation_title = title)
-                v = pc.cached_part_array_ref(p)[ci]
-                pc_uom = pc.uom_for_part(p)
-            elif pc_timeless is not None:
-                p = pc_timeless.singleton(citation_title = title)
-                if p is None:
-                    pk = pk_for_title(title)
-                    if pk is not None:
-                        p = pc_timeless.singleton(property_kind = pk)
-                if p is not None:
-                    v = pc_timeless.cached_part_array_ref(p)[ci]
-                    pc_uom = pc.uom_for_part(p)
-            if pc_uom is not None and uom is not None and pc_uom != uom:
-                v = wam.convert_lengths(v, pc_uom, uom)
-            return v
+        if len(cell_parts) > 0:
+            bwpc = rqp.PropertyCollection(support = self)
+            if len(gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_list()) > 0:
+                sl_dict = {}
+                for part in cell_parts:
+                    if gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part) in sl_dict.keys():
+                        sl_dict[gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part)] =  \
+                            sl_dict[gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part)] + [part]
+                    else:
+                        sl_dict[gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part)] = [part]
+            else:
+                sl_dict = {None: cell_parts}
 
-        if length_uom is None:
-            l_uom = traj_crs.z_units
-            r_uom = grid.crs.xy_units
-        else:
-            l_uom = length_uom
-            r_uom = length_uom
-        length = get_item(length, 'LENGTH', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, l_uom)
-        radw = get_item(radw, 'RADW', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, r_uom)
-        assert radw is None or radw > 0.0  # todo: allow zero for inactive intervals?
-        skin = get_item(skin, 'SKIN', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
-        if skin is None:
-            skin = get_item(None, 'skin', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
-        radb = get_item(None, 'RADB', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, r_uom)
-        if radb is None:
-            radb = get_item(None, 'block equivalent radius', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, r_uom)
-        wi = get_item(None, 'WI', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
-        wbc = get_item(None, 'WBC', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
+            sl_ts_dict = {}
+            for sl_uuid in sl_dict.keys():
+                if len(gridpc.time_series_uuid_list()) > 0:
+                    # dictionary with keys for string_lookup uuids and None where missing
+                    # values for each key are a list of property parts associated with that lookup uuid, or None
+                    time_dict = {}
+                    for part in sl_dict[sl_uuid]:
+                        if gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part) in time_dict.keys():
+                            time_dict[gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part)] =  \
+                                time_dict[gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part)] + [part]
+                        else:
+                            time_dict[gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part)] = [part]
+                else:
+                    time_dict = {None: sl_dict[sl_uuid]}
+                sl_ts_dict[sl_uuid] = time_dict
 
-        return length, radw, skin, radb, wi, wbc
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def __get_well_inflow_parameters_for_interval(do_well_inflow, isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, k_i, k_j, k_k, sine_anglv,
-                                                  cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla, grid, cell_kji0, radw, radb,
-                                                  wi, wbc, skin, kh, length_uom, column_list):
-
-        if do_well_inflow:
-            if not length_uom:
-                length_uom = grid.crs.z_units
-            k_ei, k_ej, k_ek, radw_e = BlockedWell.__calculate_ke_and_radw_e(isotropic_perm = isotropic_perm,
-                                                                             ntg_is_one = ntg_is_one,
-                                                                             radw = radw,
-                                                                             k_i = k_i,
-                                                                             k_j = k_j,
-                                                                             k_k = k_k,
-                                                                             sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
-                                                                             cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
-                                                                             sine_angla = sine_angla,
-                                                                             cosine_angla = cosine_angla)
+            for sl_uuid in sl_ts_dict.keys():
+                time_dict = sl_ts_dict[sl_uuid]
+                for time_uuid in time_dict.keys():
+                    parts = time_dict[time_uuid]
+                    for part in parts:
+                        array = gridpc.cached_part_array_ref(part)
+                        indices = self.cell_indices_for_grid_uuid(grid.uuid)
+                        bwarray = np.empty(shape = (indices.shape[0],), dtype = array.dtype)
+                        for i, ind in enumerate(indices):
+                            bwarray[i] = array[tuple(ind)]
+                        bwpc.add_cached_array_to_imported_list(
+                            bwarray,
+                            source_info = f'property from grid {grid.title}',
+                            keyword = gridpc.citation_title_for_part(part),
+                            discrete = (not gridpc.continuous_for_part(part)),
+                            uom = gridpc.uom_for_part(part),
+                            time_index = gridpc.time_index_for_part(part),
+                            null_value = gridpc.null_value_for_part(part),
+                            property_kind = gridpc.property_kind_for_part(part),
+                            local_property_kind_uuid = gridpc.local_property_kind_uuid(part),
+                            facet_type = gridpc.facet_type_for_part(part),
+                            facet = gridpc.facet_for_part(part),
+                            realization = gridpc.realization_for_part(part),
+                            indexable_element = 'cells')
+                    bwpc.write_hdf5_for_imported_list(use_int32 = False)
+                    bwpc.create_xml_for_imported_list_and_add_parts_to_model(time_series_uuid = time_uuid,
+                                                                             string_lookup_uuid = sl_uuid)
+        else:
+            log.debug(
+                "no properties added - uuids either not 'cell' properties or blocked well is associated with multiple grids"
+            )
 
-            cell_axial_vectors = grid.interface_vectors_kji(cell_kji0)
-            wam.convert_lengths(cell_axial_vectors[..., :2], grid.crs.xy_units, length_uom)
-            wam.convert_lengths(cell_axial_vectors[..., 2], grid.crs.z_units, length_uom)
-            d2 = np.empty(3)
-            for axis in range(3):
-                d2[axis] = np.sum(cell_axial_vectors[axis] * cell_axial_vectors[axis])
-            if radb is None:
-                radb_e = BlockedWell.__calculate_radb_e(k_ei = k_ei,
-                                                        k_ej = k_ej,
-                                                        k_ek = k_ek,
-                                                        k_i = k_i,
-                                                        k_j = k_j,
-                                                        k_k = k_k,
-                                                        d2 = d2,
-                                                        sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
-                                                        cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
-                                                        sine_angla = sine_angla,
-                                                        cosine_angla = cosine_angla)
-                radb = radw * radb_e / radw_e
-                log.debug(f'RADB value calculated in BlockedWell dataframe method as: {radb}')
-            if wi is None:
-                wi = 0.0 if radb <= 0.0 else 2.0 * maths.pi / (maths.log(radb / radw) + skin)
-            if 'WBC' in column_list and wbc is None:
-                assert length_uom == 'm' or length_uom.startswith('ft'),  \
-                    'WBC only calculable for length uom of m or ft*'
-                conversion_constant = 8.5270171e-5 if length_uom == 'm' else 0.006328286
-                wbc = conversion_constant * kh * wi  # note: pperf aleady accounted for in kh
+    def _set_cell_interval_map(self):
+        """Sets up an index mapping from blocked cell index to interval index, accounting for unblocked intervals."""
 
-        return radb, wi, wbc
+        self.cell_interval_map = np.zeros(self.cell_count, dtype = np.int32)
+        ci = 0
+        for ii in range(self.node_count - 1):
+            if self.grid_indices[ii] < 0:
+                continue
+            self.cell_interval_map[ci] = ii
+            ci += 1
+        assert ci == self.cell_count
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __calculate_ke_and_radw_e(isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, radw, k_i, k_j, k_k, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla,
-                                  cosine_angla):
+    def __derive_from_wellspec_check_well_name(self, well_name):
+        """Set the well name to be used in the wellspec file."""
 
-        if isotropic_perm and ntg_is_one:
-            k_ei = k_ej = k_ek = k_i
-            radw_e = radw
+        if well_name:
+            self.well_name = well_name
         else:
-            k_ei = maths.sqrt(k_j * k_k)
-            k_ej = maths.sqrt(k_i * k_k)
-            k_ek = maths.sqrt(k_i * k_j)
-            r_wi = 0.0 if k_ei == 0.0 else 0.5 * radw * (maths.sqrt(k_ei / k_j) + maths.sqrt(k_ei / k_k))
-            r_wj = 0.0 if k_ej == 0.0 else 0.5 * radw * (maths.sqrt(k_ej / k_i) + maths.sqrt(k_ej / k_k))
-            r_wk = 0.0 if k_ek == 0.0 else 0.5 * radw * (maths.sqrt(k_ek / k_i) + maths.sqrt(k_ek / k_j))
-            rwi = r_wi * sine_anglv * cosine_angla
-            rwj = r_wj * sine_anglv * sine_angla
-            rwk = r_wk * cosine_anglv
-            radw_e = maths.sqrt(rwi * rwi + rwj * rwj + rwk * rwk)
-            if radw_e == 0.0:
-                radw_e = radw  # no permeability in this situation anyway
-
-        return k_ei, k_ej, k_ek, radw_e
+            well_name = self.well_name
+        if not self.title:
+            self.title = well_name
+        return well_name
 
     @staticmethod
-    def __calculate_radb_e(k_ei, k_ej, k_ek, k_i, k_j, k_k, d2, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla):
-
-        r_bi = 0.0 if k_ei == 0.0 else 0.14 * maths.sqrt(k_ei * (d2[1] / k_j + d2[0] / k_k))
-        r_bj = 0.0 if k_ej == 0.0 else 0.14 * maths.sqrt(k_ej * (d2[2] / k_i + d2[0] / k_k))
-        r_bk = 0.0 if k_ek == 0.0 else 0.14 * maths.sqrt(k_ek * (d2[2] / k_i + d2[1] / k_j))
-        rbi = r_bi * sine_anglv * cosine_angla
-        rbj = r_bj * sine_anglv * sine_angla
-        rbk = r_bk * cosine_anglv
-        radb_e = maths.sqrt(rbi * rbi + rbj * rbj + rbk * rbk)
+    def __cell_kji0_from_df(df, df_row):
+        row = df.iloc[df_row]
+        if pd.isna(row.iloc[0]) or pd.isna(row.iloc[1]) or pd.isna(row.iloc[2]):
+            return None
+        cell_kji0 = np.empty((3,), dtype = np.int32)
+        cell_kji0[:] = row.iloc[2], row.iloc[1], row.iloc[0]
+        cell_kji0[:] -= 1
+        return cell_kji0
 
-        return radb_e
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_grid_name(grid_name_to_check, row, skipped_warning_grid, well_name):
+        """Check whether the grid associated with a row of the dataframe matches the expected grid name."""
+        skip_row = False
+        if grid_name_to_check and pd.notna(row['GRID']) and grid_name_to_check != str(row['GRID']).upper():
+            other_grid = str(row['GRID'])
+            if skipped_warning_grid != other_grid:
+                log.warning('skipping perforation(s) in grid ' + other_grid + ' for well ' + str(well_name))
+                skipped_warning_grid = other_grid
+                skip_row = True
+        return skipped_warning_grid, skip_row
 
-    def __get_xyz_for_interval(self, doing_xyz, length_mode, length_uom, md, traj_crs, depth_inc_down, traj_z_inc_down,
-                               entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, pc, pc_titles, ci):
-        """Get the x, y and z location of the midpoint of the interval."""
+    @staticmethod
+    def __calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points(angles_present, row, cp, well_name, df, i, cell_kji0,
+                                                              blocked_cells_kji0, use_face_centres, xy_units, z_units):
+        if angles_present:
+            entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz =  \
+            BlockedWell.__calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_angles(
+                row = row, cp = cp, well_name = well_name, xy_units = xy_units, z_units = z_units)
+        else:
+            # fabricate entry and exit axes and polarities based on indices alone
+            # note: could use geometry but here a cheap rough-and-ready approach is used
+            log.debug('row ' + str(i) + ': using cell moves')
+            entry_axis, entry_polarity, exit_axis, exit_polarity = BlockedWell.__calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_indices(
+                df = df, i = i, cell_kji0 = cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0 = blocked_cells_kji0)
 
-        xyz = (np.NaN, np.NaN, np.NaN)
-        if doing_xyz:
-            xyz = self.__get_xyz_if_doing_xyz(length_mode = length_mode,
-                                              md = md,
-                                              length_uom = length_uom,
-                                              traj_crs = traj_crs,
-                                              depth_inc_down = depth_inc_down,
-                                              traj_z_inc_down = traj_z_inc_down,
-                                              entry_xyz = entry_xyz,
-                                              exit_xyz = exit_xyz,
-                                              ee_crs = ee_crs)
-        xyz = np.array(xyz)
-        for i, col_header in enumerate(['X', 'Y', 'DEPTH']):
-            if col_header in pc_titles:
-                xyz[i] = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = col_header)[ci]
+        entry_xyz, exit_xyz = BlockedWell.__override_vector_based_xyz_entry_and_exit_points_if_necessary(
+            use_face_centres = use_face_centres,
+            entry_axis = entry_axis,
+            exit_axis = exit_axis,
+            entry_polarity = entry_polarity,
+            exit_polarity = exit_polarity,
+            cp = cp)
 
-        return xyz
+        return entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz
 
-    def __get_xyz_if_doing_xyz(self, length_mode, md, length_uom, traj_crs, depth_inc_down, traj_z_inc_down, exit_xyz,
-                               entry_xyz, ee_crs):
+    @staticmethod
+    def __calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_angles(row, cp, well_name, xy_units, z_units):
+        """Calculate entry and exit axes, polarities and points using azimuth and inclination angles."""
 
-        if length_mode == 'MD' and self.trajectory is not None:
-            xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(md)
-            if length_uom is not None and length_uom != self.trajectory.md_uom:
-                wam.convert_lengths(xyz, traj_crs.z_units, length_uom)
-            if depth_inc_down and traj_z_inc_down is False:
-                xyz[2] = -xyz[2]
+        angla = row['ANGLA']
+        inclination = row['ANGLV']
+        if inclination < 0.001:
+            azimuth = 0.0
         else:
-            xyz = 0.5 * (np.array(exit_xyz) + np.array(entry_xyz))
-            if length_uom is not None and length_uom != ee_crs.z_units:
-                xyz[2] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[2], ee_crs.z_units, length_uom)
-            if depth_inc_down != ee_crs.z_inc_down:
-                xyz[2] = -xyz[2]
-
-        return xyz
+            i_vector = np.sum(cp[:, :, 1] - cp[:, :, 0], axis = (0, 1))
+            azimuth = vec.azimuth(i_vector) - angla  # see Nexus keyword reference doc
+        well_vector = vec.unit_vector_from_azimuth_and_inclination(azimuth, inclination) * 10000.0
+        if xy_units != z_units:
+            well_vector[2] = wam.convert_lengths(well_vector[2], xy_units, z_units)
+            well_vector = vec.unit_vector(well_vector) * 10000.0
+        # todo: the following might be producing NaN's when vector passes precisely through an edge
+        (entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz) =  \
+            rqwu.find_entry_and_exit(cp, -well_vector, well_vector, well_name)
+        return entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz
 
-    def __get_md_array_in_correct_units_for_interval(self, md, length_uom, pc, pc_titles, ci):
-        """Convert the measured depth to the correct units or get the measured depth from the property collection."""
+    def __calculate_entry_and_exit_axes_polarities_and_points_using_indices(df, i, cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0):
 
-        if 'MD' in pc_titles:
-            md = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'MD')[ci]
-        elif length_uom is not None and self.trajectory is not None and length_uom != self.trajectory.md_uom:
-            md = wam.convert_lengths(md, self.trajectory.md_uom, length_uom)
+        entry_axis, entry_polarity = BlockedWell.__fabricate_entry_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(
+            i, cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0)
+        exit_axis, exit_polarity = BlockedWell.__fabricate_exit_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(
+            i, cell_kji0, entry_axis, entry_polarity, df)
 
-        return md
+        return entry_axis, entry_polarity, exit_axis, exit_polarity
 
     @staticmethod
-    def __append_interval_data_to_dataframe(df, grid_name, radw, skin, angla, anglv, length, kh, xyz, md, stat,
-                                            part_perf_fraction, radb, wi, wbc, column_list, one_based, row_dict,
-                                            cell_kji0, row_ci_list, ci):
-        """Append the row of data corresponding to the interval to the dataframe."""
-
-        column_names = [
-            'GRID', 'RADW', 'SKIN', 'ANGLA', 'ANGLV', 'LENGTH', 'KH', 'DEPTH', 'MD', 'X', 'Y', 'STAT', 'PPERF', 'RADB',
-            'WI', 'WBC'
-        ]
-        column_values = [
-            grid_name, radw, skin, angla, anglv, length, kh, xyz[2], md, xyz[0], xyz[1], stat, part_perf_fraction, radb,
-            wi, wbc
-        ]
-        column_values_dict = dict(zip(column_names, column_values))
+    def __fabricate_entry_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(i, cell_kji0, blocked_cells_kji0):
+        """Fabricate entry and exit axes and polarities based on indices alone.
 
-        data = df.to_dict()
-        data = {k: list(v.values()) for k, v in data.items()}
-        for col_index, col in enumerate(column_list):
-            if col_index < 3:
-                if one_based:
-                    row_dict[col] = [cell_kji0[2 - col_index] + 1]
-                else:
-                    row_dict[col] = [cell_kji0[2 - col_index]]
-            else:
-                row_dict[col] = [column_values_dict[col]]
+        note:
+            could use geometry but here a cheap rough-and-ready approach is used
+        """
 
-        for col, vals in row_dict.items():
-            if col in data:
-                data[col].extend(vals)
+        if i == 0:
+            entry_axis, entry_polarity = 0, 0  # K-
+        else:
+            entry_move = cell_kji0 - blocked_cells_kji0[-1]
+            log.debug(f'entry move: {entry_move}')
+            if entry_move[1] == 0 and entry_move[2] == 0:  # K move
+                entry_axis = 0
+                entry_polarity = 0 if entry_move[0] >= 0 else 1
+            elif abs(entry_move[1]) > abs(entry_move[2]):  # J dominant move
+                entry_axis = 1
+                entry_polarity = 0 if entry_move[1] >= 0 else 1
+            else:  # I dominant move
+                entry_axis = 2
+                entry_polarity = 0 if entry_move[2] >= 0 else 1
+        return entry_axis, entry_polarity
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __fabricate_exit_axis_and_polarity_using_indices(i, cell_kji0, entry_axis, entry_polarity, df):
+        if i == len(df) - 1:
+            exit_axis, exit_polarity = entry_axis, 1 - entry_polarity
+        else:
+            next_cell_kji0 = BlockedWell.__cell_kji0_from_df(df, i + 1)
+            if next_cell_kji0 is None:
+                exit_axis, exit_polarity = entry_axis, 1 - entry_polarity
             else:
-                data[col] = vals
-        df = pd.DataFrame(data)
+                exit_move = next_cell_kji0 - cell_kji0
+                log.debug(f'exit move: {exit_move}')
+                if exit_move[1] == 0 and exit_move[2] == 0:  # K move
+                    exit_axis = 0
+                    exit_polarity = 1 if exit_move[0] >= 0 else 0
+                elif abs(exit_move[1]) > abs(exit_move[2]):  # J dominant move
+                    exit_axis = 1
+                    exit_polarity = 1 if exit_move[1] >= 0 else 0
+                else:  # I dominant move
+                    exit_axis = 2
+                    exit_polarity = 1 if exit_move[2] >= 0 else 0
+        return exit_axis, exit_polarity
 
-        row_ci_list.append(ci)
+    @staticmethod
+    def __override_vector_based_xyz_entry_and_exit_points_if_necessary(use_face_centres, entry_axis, exit_axis,
+                                                                       entry_polarity, exit_polarity, cp):
+        """Override the vector based xyz entry and exit with face centres."""
 
-        return df
+        if use_face_centres:  # override the vector based xyz entry and exit points with face centres
+            if entry_axis == 0:
+                entry_xyz = np.mean(cp[entry_polarity, :, :], axis = (0, 1))
+            elif entry_axis == 1:
+                entry_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, entry_polarity, :], axis = (0, 1))
+            else:
+                entry_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, :, entry_polarity], axis = (0, 1))  # entry_axis == 2, ie. I
+            if exit_axis == 0:
+                exit_xyz = np.mean(cp[exit_polarity, :, :], axis = (0, 1))
+            elif exit_axis == 1:
+                exit_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, exit_polarity, :], axis = (0, 1))
+            else:
+                exit_xyz = np.mean(cp[:, :, exit_polarity], axis = (0, 1))  # exit_axis == 2, ie. I
+            return entry_xyz, exit_xyz
 
-    def __add_as_properties(self,
-                            df,
-                            add_as_properties,
-                            extra_columns_list,
-                            length_uom,
-                            time_index = None,
-                            time_series_uuid = None):
-        """Adds property parts from df with columns listed in add_as_properties or extra_columns_list."""
+    @staticmethod
+    def __add_interval(previous_xyz, entry_axis, entry_polarity, entry_xyz, exit_axis, exit_polarity, exit_xyz,
+                       cell_kji0, trajectory_mds, trajectory_points, blocked_intervals, blocked_cells_kji0,
+                       blocked_face_pairs, xy_units, z_units, length_uom):
+        if previous_xyz is None:  # first entry
+            log.debug('adding mean sea level trajectory start')
+            previous_xyz = entry_xyz.copy()
+            previous_xyz[2] = 0.0  # use depth zero as md datum
+            trajectory_mds.append(0.0)
+            trajectory_points.append(previous_xyz)
+        if not vec.isclose(previous_xyz, entry_xyz, tolerance = 0.05):  # add an unblocked interval
+            log.debug('adding unblocked interval')
+            trajectory_points.append(entry_xyz)
+            new_md = trajectory_mds[-1] + BlockedWell._md_length(entry_xyz - previous_xyz, xy_units, z_units,
+                                                                 length_uom)
+            trajectory_mds.append(new_md)
+            blocked_intervals.append(-1)  # unblocked interval
+            previous_xyz = entry_xyz
+        log.debug('adding blocked interval for cell kji0: ' + str(cell_kji0))
+        trajectory_points.append(exit_xyz)
+        new_md = trajectory_mds[-1] + BlockedWell._md_length(exit_xyz - previous_xyz, xy_units, z_units, length_uom)
+        trajectory_mds.append(new_md)
+        blocked_intervals.append(0)  # blocked interval
+        previous_xyz = exit_xyz
+        blocked_cells_kji0.append(cell_kji0)
+        blocked_face_pairs.append(((entry_axis, entry_polarity), (exit_axis, exit_polarity)))
 
-        if add_as_properties:
+        return previous_xyz, trajectory_mds, trajectory_points, blocked_intervals, blocked_cells_kji0, blocked_face_pairs
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _md_length(xyz_vector, xy_units, z_units, length_uom):
+        if length_uom == xy_units and length_uom == z_units:
+            return vec.naive_length(xyz_vector)
+        x = wam.convert_lengths(xyz_vector[0], xy_units, length_uom)
+        y = wam.convert_lengths(xyz_vector[1], xy_units, length_uom)
+        z = wam.convert_lengths(xyz_vector[2], z_units, length_uom)
+        return vec.naive_length((x, y, z))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __add_tail_to_trajectory_if_necessary(blocked_count, exit_axis, exit_polarity, cell_kji0, grid,
+                                              trajectory_points, trajectory_mds):
+        """Add tail to trajcetory if last segment terminates at bottom face in bottom layer."""
+
+        if blocked_count > 0 and exit_axis == 0 and exit_polarity == 1 and cell_kji0[
+                0] == grid.nk - 1 and grid.k_direction_is_down:
+            tail_length = 10.0  # metres or feet
+            tail_xyz = trajectory_points[-1].copy()
+            tail_xyz[2] += tail_length * (1.0 if grid.z_inc_down() else -1.0)
+            trajectory_points.append(tail_xyz)
+            new_md = trajectory_mds[-1] + tail_length
+            trajectory_mds.append(new_md)
+
+        return trajectory_points, trajectory_mds
+
+    def __add_as_properties_if_specified(self,
+                                         add_as_properties,
+                                         df,
+                                         length_uom,
+                                         time_index = None,
+                                         time_series_uuid = None):
+        # if add_as_properties is True and present as a list of wellspec column names, both the blocked well and
+        # the properties will have their hdf5 data written, xml created and be added as parts to the model
+
+        if add_as_properties and len(df.columns) > 3:
+            # NB: atypical writing of hdf5 data and xml creation in order to support related properties
+            self.write_hdf5()
+            self.create_xml()
             if isinstance(add_as_properties, list):
                 for col in add_as_properties:
-                    assert col in extra_columns_list
+                    assert col in df.columns[3:]  # could just skip missing columns
                 property_columns = add_as_properties
             else:
-                property_columns = extra_columns_list
+                property_columns = df.columns[3:]
             self.add_df_properties(df,
                                    property_columns,
                                    length_uom = length_uom,
                                    time_index = time_index,
                                    time_series_uuid = time_series_uuid)
 
-    def add_df_properties(self,
-                          df,
-                          columns,
-                          length_uom = None,
-                          time_index = None,
-                          time_series_uuid = None,
-                          realization = None):
-        """Creates a property part for each column in the dataframe, based on the dataframe values.
+    def __set_grid(self, grid, wellspec_file, cellio_file, column_ji0):
+        """Set the grid to which the blocked well belongs."""
 
-        arguments:
-            df (pd.DataFrame): dataframe containing the columns that will be converted to properties
-            columns (List[str]): list of the column names that will be converted to properties
-            length_uom (str, optional): the length unit of measure
-            time_index (int, optional): if adding a timestamp to the property, this is the timestamp
-                index of the TimeSeries timestamps attribute
-            time_series_uuid (uuid.UUID, optional): if adding a timestamp to the property, this is
-                the uuid of the TimeSeries object
-            realization (int, optional): if present, is used as the realization number for all the
-                properties
+        if grid is None and (self.trajectory is not None or wellspec_file is not None or cellio_file is not None or
+                             column_ji0 is not None):
+            grid_final = self.model.grid()
+        else:
+            grid_final = grid
+        return grid_final
 
-        returns:
-            None
+    def __check_cellio_init_okay(self, cellio_file, well_name, grid):
+        """Checks if BlockedWell object initialization from a cellio file is okay."""
 
-        notes:
-            the column name is used as the property citation title;
-            the blocked well must already exist as a part in the model;
-            this method currently only handles single grid situations;
-            dataframe rows must be in the same order as the cells in the blocked well
-        """
-        # todo: enhance to handle multiple grids
-        assert len(self.grid_list) == 1
-        if columns is None or len(columns) == 0 or len(df) == 0:
-            return
-        if length_uom is None:
-            length_uom = self.trajectory.md_uom
-        extra_pc = rqp.PropertyCollection()
-        extra_pc.set_support(support = self)
-        assert len(df) == self.cell_count
+        okay = self.import_from_rms_cellio(cellio_file, well_name, grid)
+        if not okay:
+            self.node_count = 0
 
-        for column in columns:
-            extra = column.upper()
-            uom, pk, discrete = self._get_uom_pk_discrete_for_df_properties(extra = extra, length_uom = length_uom)
-            if discrete:
-                null_value = -1
-                na_value = -1
-                dtype = np.int32
-            else:
-                null_value = None
-                na_value = np.NaN
-                dtype = float
-            # 'SKIN': use defaults for now; todo: create local property kind for skin
-            if column == 'STAT':
-                col_as_list = list(df[column])
-                expanded = np.array([(0 if (str(st).upper() in ['OFF', '0']) else 1) for st in col_as_list],
-                                    dtype = int)
-            else:
-                expanded = df[column].to_numpy(dtype = dtype, copy = True, na_value = na_value)
-            extra_pc.add_cached_array_to_imported_list(
-                expanded,
-                'blocked well dataframe',
-                extra,
-                discrete = discrete,
-                uom = uom,
-                property_kind = pk,
-                local_property_kind_uuid = None,
-                facet_type = None,
-                facet = None,
-                realization = realization,
-                indexable_element = 'cells',
-                count = 1,
-                time_index = time_index,
-                null_value = null_value,
-            )
-        extra_pc.write_hdf5_for_imported_list()
-        extra_pc.create_xml_for_imported_list_and_add_parts_to_model(time_series_uuid = time_series_uuid,
-                                                                     find_local_property_kinds = True)
+    def _load_from_xml(self):
+        """Loads the blocked wellbore object from an xml node (and associated hdf5 data)."""
 
-    def _get_uom_pk_discrete_for_df_properties(self, extra, length_uom, temperature_uom = None):
-        """Set the property kind and unit of measure for all properties in the dataframe."""
-        # todo: this is horribly inefficient, building a whole dictionary for every call but only using one entry
-        if length_uom not in ['m', 'ft']:
-            raise ValueError(f"The length_uom {length_uom} must be either 'm' or 'ft'.")
-        if extra == 'TEMP' and (temperature_uom is None or
-                                temperature_uom not in wam.valid_uoms('thermodynamic temperature')):
-            raise ValueError(f"The temperature_uom must be in {wam.valid_uoms('thermodynamic temperature')}.")
+        node = self.root
+        assert node is not None
 
-        length_uom_pk_discrete = self._get_uom_pk_discrete_for_length_based_properties(length_uom = length_uom,
-                                                                                       extra = extra)
-        uom_pk_discrete_dict = {
-            'ANGLA': ('dega', 'azimuth', False),
-            'ANGLV': ('dega', 'inclination', False),
-            'KH': (f'mD.{length_uom}', 'permeability length', False),
-            'PPERF': (f'{length_uom}/{length_uom}', 'perforation fraction', False),
-            'STAT': (None, 'well connection open', True),
-            'LENGTH': length_uom_pk_discrete,
-            'MD': (length_uom, 'measured depth', False),
-            'X': length_uom_pk_discrete,
-            'Y': length_uom_pk_discrete,
-            'DEPTH': (length_uom, 'depth', False),
-            'RADW': (length_uom, 'wellbore radius', False),
-            'RADB': (length_uom, 'block equivalent radius', False),
-            'RADBP': length_uom_pk_discrete,
-            'RADWP': length_uom_pk_discrete,
-            'FM': (f'{length_uom}/{length_uom}', 'matrix fraction', False),
-            'IRELPM': (None, 'relative permeability index', True),  # TODO: change to 'region initialization' with facet
-            'SECT': (None, 'wellbore section index', True),
-            'LAYER': (None, 'layer index', True),
-            'ANGLE': ('dega', 'plane angle', False),
-            'TEMP': (temperature_uom, 'thermodynamic temperature', False),
-            'MDCON': length_uom_pk_discrete,
-            'K': ('mD', 'rock permeability', False),
-            'DZ': (length_uom, 'cell length', False),  # TODO: add direction facet
-            'DTOP': (length_uom, 'depth', False),
-            'DBOT': (length_uom, 'depth', False),
-            'SKIN': ('Euc', 'skin', False),
-            'WI': ('Euc', 'well connection index', False),
-        }
-        return uom_pk_discrete_dict.get(extra, ('Euc', 'generic continuous', False))
+        self.__find_trajectory_uuid(node = node)
 
-    def _get_uom_pk_discrete_for_length_based_properties(self, length_uom, extra):
-        if length_uom is None or length_uom == 'Euc':
-            if extra in ['LENGTH', 'MD', 'MDCON']:
-                uom = self.trajectory.md_uom
-            elif extra in ['X', 'Y', 'RADW', 'RADB', 'RADBP', 'RADWP']:
-                uom = self.grid_list[0].xy_units()
-            else:
-                uom = self.grid_list[0].z_units()
+        self.node_count = rqet.find_tag_int(node, 'NodeCount')
+        assert self.node_count is not None and self.node_count >= 2, 'problem with blocked well node count'
+
+        mds_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'NodeMd')
+        assert mds_node is not None, 'blocked well node measured depths hdf5 reference not found in xml'
+        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, mds_node, 'node_mds')
+
+        # Statement below has no effect, is this a bug?
+        self.node_mds is not None and self.node_mds.ndim == 1 and self.node_mds.size == self.node_count
+
+        self.cell_count = rqet.find_tag_int(node, 'CellCount')
+        assert self.cell_count is not None and self.cell_count > 0
+
+        # todo: remove this if block once RMS export issue resolved
+        if self.cell_count == self.node_count:
+            extended_mds = np.empty((self.node_mds.size + 1,))
+            extended_mds[:-1] = self.node_mds
+            extended_mds[-1] = self.node_mds[-1] + 1.0
+            self.node_mds = extended_mds
+            self.node_count += 1
+
+        assert self.cell_count < self.node_count
+
+        unique_grid_indices = self.__find_gi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(node = node)
+
+        self.__find_grid_node(node = node, unique_grid_indices = unique_grid_indices)
+
+        self.__find_ci_node_and_load_hdf5_array(node = node)
+
+        self.__find_fi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(node)
+
+        interp_uuid = rqet.find_nested_tags_text(node, ['RepresentedInterpretation', 'UUID'])
+        if interp_uuid is None:
+            self.wellbore_interpretation = None
         else:
-            uom = length_uom
-        if extra == 'DEPTH':
-            pk = 'depth'
+            self.wellbore_interpretation = rqo.WellboreInterpretation(self.model, uuid = interp_uuid)
+
+        # Set up matches between cell_indices and grid_indices
+        self.cell_grid_link = self.map_cell_and_grid_indices()
+
+    def __find_trajectory_uuid(self, node):
+        """Find and verify the uuid of the trajectory associated with the BlockedWell object."""
+
+        trajectory_uuid = bu.uuid_from_string(rqet.find_nested_tags_text(node, ['Trajectory', 'UUID']))
+        assert trajectory_uuid is not None, 'blocked well trajectory reference not found in xml'
+        if self.trajectory is None:
+            self.trajectory = rqw.Trajectory(self.model, uuid = trajectory_uuid)
         else:
-            pk = 'length'
-        return uom, pk, False
+            assert bu.matching_uuids(self.trajectory.uuid, trajectory_uuid), 'blocked well trajectory uuid mismatch'
 
-    def static_kh(self,
-                  ntg_uuid = None,
-                  perm_i_uuid = None,
-                  perm_j_uuid = None,
-                  perm_k_uuid = None,
-                  satw_uuid = None,
-                  sato_uuid = None,
-                  satg_uuid = None,
-                  region_uuid = None,
-                  active_only = False,
-                  min_k0 = None,
-                  max_k0 = None,
-                  k0_list = None,
-                  min_length = None,
-                  min_kh = None,
-                  max_depth = None,
-                  max_satw = None,
-                  min_sato = None,
-                  max_satg = None,
-                  perforation_list = None,
-                  region_list = None,
-                  set_k_face_intervals_vertical = False,
-                  anglv_ref = 'gravity',
-                  angla_plane_ref = None,
-                  length_mode = 'MD',
-                  length_uom = None,
-                  use_face_centres = False,
-                  preferential_perforation = True):
-        """Returns the total static K.H (permeability x height).
+    def __find_ci_node_and_load_hdf5_array(self, node):
+        """Find the BlockedWell object's cell indices hdf5 reference node and load the array."""
 
-        notes:
-           length units are those of trajectory md_uom unless length_upm is set;
-           see doc string for dataframe() method for argument descriptions; perm_i_uuid required
-        """
+        ci_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'CellIndices')
+        assert ci_node is not None, 'blocked well cell indices hdf5 reference not found in xml'
+        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, ci_node, 'cell_indices', dtype = self.cell_index_dtype)
+        assert (self.cell_indices is not None and self.cell_indices.ndim == 1 and
+                self.cell_indices.size == self.cell_count), 'mismatch in number of cell indices for blocked well'
+        self.cellind_null = rqet.find_tag_int(ci_node, 'NullValue')
+        if self.cellind_null is None:
+            self.cellind_null = -1  # if no Null found assume -1 default
 
-        df = self.dataframe(i_col = 'I',
-                            j_col = 'J',
-                            k_col = 'K',
-                            one_based = False,
-                            extra_columns_list = ['KH'],
-                            ntg_uuid = ntg_uuid,
-                            perm_i_uuid = perm_i_uuid,
-                            perm_j_uuid = perm_j_uuid,
-                            perm_k_uuid = perm_k_uuid,
-                            satw_uuid = satw_uuid,
-                            sato_uuid = sato_uuid,
-                            satg_uuid = satg_uuid,
-                            region_uuid = region_uuid,
-                            active_only = active_only,
-                            min_k0 = min_k0,
-                            max_k0 = max_k0,
-                            k0_list = k0_list,
-                            min_length = min_length,
-                            min_kh = min_kh,
-                            max_depth = max_depth,
-                            max_satw = max_satw,
-                            min_sato = min_sato,
-                            max_satg = max_satg,
-                            perforation_list = perforation_list,
-                            region_list = region_list,
-                            set_k_face_intervals_vertical = set_k_face_intervals_vertical,
-                            anglv_ref = anglv_ref,
-                            angla_plane_ref = angla_plane_ref,
-                            length_mode = length_mode,
-                            length_uom = length_uom,
-                            use_face_centres = use_face_centres,
-                            preferential_perforation = preferential_perforation)
+    def __find_fi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(self, node):
+        """Find the BlockedWell object's face indices hdf5 reference node and load the array."""
 
-        return sum(df['KH'])
+        fi_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'LocalFacePairPerCellIndices')
+        assert fi_node is not None, 'blocked well face indices hdf5 reference not found in xml'
+        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, fi_node, 'raw_face_indices', dtype = np.int8)
+        assert self.raw_face_indices is not None, 'failed to load face indices for blocked well'
+        assert self.raw_face_indices.size == 2 * self.cell_count, 'mismatch in number of cell faces for blocked well'
+        if self.raw_face_indices.ndim > 1:
+            self.raw_face_indices = self.raw_face_indices.reshape((self.raw_face_indices.size,))
+        mask = np.where(self.raw_face_indices == -1)
+        self.raw_face_indices[mask] = 0
+        self.face_pair_indices = self.face_index_inverse_map[self.raw_face_indices]
+        self.face_pair_indices[mask] = (-1, -1)
+        self.face_pair_indices = self.face_pair_indices.reshape((-1, 2, 2))
+        del self.raw_face_indices
+        self.facepair_null = rqet.find_tag_int(fi_node, 'NullValue')
+        if self.facepair_null is None:
+            self.facepair_null = -1
 
-    def write_wellspec(self,
-                       wellspec_file,
-                       well_name = None,
-                       mode = 'a',
-                       extra_columns_list = [],
-                       ntg_uuid = None,
-                       perm_i_uuid = None,
-                       perm_j_uuid = None,
-                       perm_k_uuid = None,
-                       satw_uuid = None,
-                       sato_uuid = None,
-                       satg_uuid = None,
-                       region_uuid = None,
-                       radw = None,
-                       skin = None,
-                       stat = None,
-                       active_only = False,
-                       min_k0 = None,
-                       max_k0 = None,
-                       k0_list = None,
-                       min_length = None,
-                       min_kh = None,
-                       max_depth = None,
-                       max_satw = None,
-                       min_sato = None,
-                       max_satg = None,
-                       perforation_list = None,
-                       region_list = None,
-                       set_k_face_intervals_vertical = False,
-                       depth_inc_down = True,
-                       anglv_ref = 'gravity',
-                       angla_plane_ref = None,
-                       length_mode = 'MD',
-                       length_uom = None,
-                       preferential_perforation = True,
-                       space_instead_of_tab_separator = True,
-                       align_columns = True,
-                       preceeding_blank_lines = 0,
-                       trailing_blank_lines = 0,
-                       length_uom_comment = False,
-                       write_nexus_units = True,
-                       float_format = '5.3',
-                       use_properties = False,
-                       property_time_index = None):
-        """Writes Nexus WELLSPEC keyword to an ascii file.
+    def __find_gi_node_and_load_hdf5_array(self, node):
+        """Find the BlockedWell object's grid indices hdf5 reference node and load the array."""
 
-        returns:
-           pandas DataFrame containing data that has been written to the wellspec file
+        gi_node = rqet.find_tag(node, 'GridIndices')
+        assert gi_node is not None, 'blocked well grid indices hdf5 reference not found in xml'
+        rqwu.load_hdf5_array(self, gi_node, 'grid_indices', dtype = np.int32)
+        # assert self.grid_indices is not None and self.grid_indices.ndim == 1 and self.grid_indices.size == self.node_count - 1
+        # temporary code to handle blocked wells with incorrectly shaped grid indices wrt. nodes
+        assert self.grid_indices is not None and self.grid_indices.ndim == 1
+        if self.grid_indices.size != self.node_count - 1:
+            if self.grid_indices.size == self.cell_count and self.node_count == 2 * self.cell_count:
+                log.warning(f'handling node duplication or missing unblocked intervals in blocked well: {self.title}')
+                expanded_grid_indices = np.full(self.node_count - 1, -1, dtype = np.int32)
+                expanded_grid_indices[::2] = self.grid_indices
+                self.grid_indices = expanded_grid_indices
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'incorrect grid indices size with respect to node count in blocked well: {self.title}')
+        # end of temporary code
+        unique_grid_indices = np.unique(self.grid_indices)  # sorted list of unique values
+        self.gridind_null = rqet.find_tag_int(gi_node, 'NullValue')
+        if self.gridind_null is None:
+            self.gridind_null = -1  # if no Null found assume -1 default
+        return unique_grid_indices
 
-        note:
-           see doc string for dataframe() method for most of the argument descriptions;
-           align_columns and float_format arguments are deprecated and no longer used
-        """
+    def __find_grid_node(self, node, unique_grid_indices):
+        """Find the BlockedWell object's grid reference node(s)."""
 
-        assert wellspec_file, 'no output file specified to write WELLSPEC to'
+        grid_node_list = rqet.list_of_tag(node, 'Grid')
+        assert len(grid_node_list) > 0, 'blocked well grid reference(s) not found in xml'
+        assert unique_grid_indices[0] >= -1 and unique_grid_indices[-1] < len(
+            grid_node_list), 'blocked well grid index out of range'
+        assert np.count_nonzero(
+            self.grid_indices >= 0) == self.cell_count, 'mismatch in number of blocked well intervals'
+        self.grid_list = []
+        for grid_ref_node in grid_node_list:
+            grid_node = self.model.referenced_node(grid_ref_node)
+            assert grid_node is not None, 'grid referenced in blocked well xml is not present in model'
+            grid_uuid = rqet.uuid_for_part_root(grid_node)
+            grid_obj = self.model.grid(uuid = grid_uuid, find_properties = False)
+            self.grid_list.append(grid_obj)
+            if grid_obj.is_big():
+                self.cell_index_dtype = np.int64
 
-        col_width_dict = {
-            'IW': 4,
-            'JW': 4,
-            'L': 4,
-            'ANGLA': 8,
-            'ANGLV': 8,
-            'LENGTH': 8,
-            'KH': 10,
-            'DEPTH': 10,
-            'MD': 10,
-            'X': 8,
-            'Y': 12,
-            'SKIN': 7,
-            'RADW': 5,
-            'RADB': 8,
-            'PPERF': 5
-        }
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_header_lines_in_cellio_file(fp, well_name, cellio_file):
+        """Find and verify the information in the header lines for the specified well in the RMS cellio file."""
+
+        while True:
+            kf.skip_blank_lines_and_comments(fp)
+            line = fp.readline()  # file format version number?
+            assert line, 'well ' + str(well_name) + ' not found in file ' + str(cellio_file)
+            fp.readline()  # 'Undefined'
+            words = fp.readline().split()
+            assert len(words), 'missing header info in cell I/O file'
+            if words[0].upper() == well_name.upper():
+                break
+            while not kf.blank_line(fp):
+                fp.readline()  # skip to block of data for next well
+        header_lines = int(fp.readline().strip())
+        for _ in range(header_lines):
+            fp.readline()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __parse_non_blank_line_in_cellio_file(line, grid, cellio_z_inc_down, grid_z_inc_down):
+        """Parse each non-blank line in the RMS cellio file for the relevant parameters."""
+
+        words = line.split()
+        assert len(words) >= 9, 'not enough items on data line in cell I/O file, minimum 9 expected'
+        i1, j1, k1 = int(words[0]), int(words[1]), int(words[2])
+        cell_kji0 = np.array((k1 - 1, j1 - 1, i1 - 1), dtype = np.int32)
+        assert np.all(0 <= cell_kji0) and np.all(
+            cell_kji0 < grid.extent_kji), 'cell I/O cell index not within grid extent'
+        entry_xyz = np.array((float(words[3]), float(words[4]), float(words[5])))
+        exit_xyz = np.array((float(words[6]), float(words[7]), float(words[8])))
+        if cellio_z_inc_down is None:
+            cellio_z_inc_down = bool(entry_xyz[2] + exit_xyz[2] > 0.0)
+        if cellio_z_inc_down != grid_z_inc_down:
+            entry_xyz[2] = -entry_xyz[2]
+            exit_xyz[2] = -exit_xyz[2]
+        return cell_kji0, entry_xyz, exit_xyz
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __calculate_cell_cp_center_and_vectors(grid, cell_kji0, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, well_name):
+        # calculate the i,j,k coordinates that represent the corner points and center of a perforation cell
+        # calculate the entry and exit vectors for the perforation cell
+
+        cp = grid.corner_points(cell_kji0 = cell_kji0, cache_resqml_array = False)
+        assert not np.any(np.isnan(
+            cp)), 'missing geometry for perforation cell(kji0) ' + str(cell_kji0) + ' for well ' + str(well_name)
+        cell_centre = np.mean(cp, axis = (0, 1, 2))
+        # let's hope everything is in the same coordinate reference system!
+        entry_vector = 100.0 * (entry_xyz - cell_centre)
+        exit_vector = 100.0 * (exit_xyz - cell_centre)
+        return cp, cell_centre, entry_vector, exit_vector
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __check_number_of_blocked_well_intervals(blocked_cells_kji0, well_name, grid_name):
+        """Check that at least one interval is blocked for the specified well."""
+
+        blocked_count = len(blocked_cells_kji0)
+        if blocked_count == 0:
+            log.warning(f"No intervals blocked for well {well_name} in grid"
+                        f"{f' {grid_name}' if grid_name is not None else ''}.")
+            return None
+        else:
+            log.info(f"{blocked_count} interval{rqwu._pl(blocked_count)} blocked for well {well_name} in"
+                     f" grid{f' {grid_name}' if grid_name is not None else ''}.")
+
+    def __get_interval_count(self):
+        """Get the number of intervals to be added to the dataframe."""
+
+        if self.node_count is None or self.node_count < 2:
+            interval_count = 0
+        else:
+            interval_count = self.node_count - 1
+
+        return interval_count
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __prop_array(uuid_or_dict, grid):
+        assert uuid_or_dict is not None and grid is not None
+        if isinstance(uuid_or_dict, dict):
+            prop_uuid = uuid_or_dict[grid.uuid]
+        else:
+            prop_uuid = uuid_or_dict  # uuid either in form of string or uuid.UUID
+        return grid.property_collection.single_array_ref(uuid = prop_uuid)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_ref_vector(grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0, mode):
+        # returns unit vector with true direction, ie. accounts for differing xy & z units in grid's crs
+        # gravity = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
+        if mode == 'normal well i+':
+            return None  # ANGLA only: option for no projection onto a plane
+        ref_vector = None
+        # options for anglv or angla reference: 'z down', 'z+', 'k down', 'k+', 'normal ij', 'normal ij down'
+        if mode == 'z+':
+            ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
+        elif mode == 'z down':
+            if grid_crs.z_inc_down:
+                ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
+            else:
+                ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, -1.0))
+        else:
+            cell_axial_vectors = grid.interface_vectors_kji(cell_kji0)
+            if grid_crs.xy_units != grid_crs.z_units:
+                wam.convert_lengths(cell_axial_vectors[..., 2], grid_crs.z_units, grid_crs.xy_units)
+            if mode in ['k+', 'k down']:
+                ref_vector = vec.unit_vector(cell_axial_vectors[0])
+                if mode == 'k down' and not grid.k_direction_is_down:
+                    ref_vector = -ref_vector
+            else:  # normal to plane of ij axes
+                ref_vector = vec.unit_vector(vec.cross_product(cell_axial_vectors[1], cell_axial_vectors[2]))
+                if mode == 'normal ij down':
+                    if grid_crs.z_inc_down:
+                        if ref_vector[2] < 0.0:
+                            ref_vector = -ref_vector
+                    else:
+                        if ref_vector[2] > 0.0:
+                            ref_vector = -ref_vector
+            if ref_vector is None or ref_vector[2] == 0.0:
+                if grid_crs.z_inc_down:
+                    ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
+                else:
+                    ref_vector = np.array((0.0, 0.0, -1.0))
+        return ref_vector
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_angle_references(anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref):
+        """Verify that the references for anglv and angla are one of the acceptable options."""
+
+        assert anglv_ref in ['gravity', 'z down', 'z+', 'k down', 'k+', 'normal ij', 'normal ij down']
+        if anglv_ref == 'gravity':
+            anglv_ref = 'z down'
+        if angla_plane_ref is None:
+            angla_plane_ref = anglv_ref
+        assert angla_plane_ref in [
+            'gravity', 'z down', 'z+', 'k down', 'k+', 'normal ij', 'normal ij down', 'normal well i+'
+        ]
+        if angla_plane_ref == 'gravity':
+            angla_plane_ref = 'z down'
+        return anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_saturation_ranges_and_property_uuids(max_satw, min_sato, max_satg, satw_uuid, sato_uuid, satg_uuid):
+        # verify that the fluid saturation limits fall within 0.0 to 1.0 and that the uuid of the required
+        # saturation property array has been specified.
+
+        if max_satw is not None and max_satw >= 1.0:
+            max_satw = None
+        if min_sato is not None and min_sato <= 0.0:
+            min_sato = None
+        if max_satg is not None and max_satg >= 1.0:
+            max_satg = None
+
+        phase_list = ['water', 'oil', 'gas']
+        phase_saturation_limits_list = [max_satw, min_sato, max_satg]
+        uuids_list = [satw_uuid, sato_uuid, satg_uuid]
+
+        for phase, phase_limit, uuid in zip(phase_list, phase_saturation_limits_list, uuids_list):
+            if phase_limit is not None:
+                assert uuid is not None, f'{phase} saturation limit specified without saturation property array'
+
+        return max_satw, min_sato, max_satg
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_extra_properties_to_be_added_to_dataframe(extra_columns_list, column_list, add_as_properties,
+                                                           use_properties, skin, stat, radw):
+        """Determine which extra columns, if any, should be added as properties to the dataframe.
+
+        note:
+            if skin, stat or radw are None, default values are specified
+        """
+
+        if extra_columns_list:
+            for extra in extra_columns_list:
+                assert extra.upper() in [
+                    'GRID', 'ANGLA', 'ANGLV', 'LENGTH', 'KH', 'DEPTH', 'MD', 'X', 'Y', 'SKIN', 'RADW', 'PPERF', 'RADB',
+                    'WI', 'WBC', 'STAT'
+                ]
+                column_list.append(extra.upper())
+        else:
+            add_as_properties = use_properties = False
+        assert not (add_as_properties and use_properties)
+
+        column_list, skin, stat, radw = BlockedWell.__check_skin_stat_radw_to_be_added_as_properties(
+            skin = skin, stat = stat, radw = radw, column_list = column_list)
+
+        return column_list, add_as_properties, use_properties, skin, stat, radw
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __check_perforation_properties_to_be_added(column_list, perforation_list):
+
+        if all(['LENGTH' in column_list, 'PPERF' in column_list, 'KH' not in column_list, perforation_list
+                is not None]):
+            log.warning(
+                'both LENGTH and PPERF will include effects of partial perforation; only one should be used in WELLSPEC'
+            )
+        elif all([
+                perforation_list is not None, 'LENGTH' not in column_list, 'PPERF' not in column_list, 'KH'
+                not in column_list, 'WBC' not in column_list
+        ]):
+            log.warning('perforation list supplied but no use of LENGTH, KH, PPERF nor WBC')
+
+        if perforation_list is not None and len(perforation_list) == 0:
+            log.warning('empty perforation list specified for blocked well dataframe: no rows will be included')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __check_skin_stat_radw_to_be_added_as_properties(skin, stat, radw, column_list):
+        """Verify whether skin should be added as a property in the dataframe."""
+
+        if skin is not None and 'SKIN' not in column_list:
+            column_list.append('SKIN')
+
+        if stat is not None:
+            assert str(stat).upper() in ['ON', 'OFF']
+            stat = str(stat).upper()
+            if 'STAT' not in column_list:
+                column_list.append('STAT')
+
+
+#         else:
+#             stat = 'ON'
+
+        if radw is not None and 'RADW' not in column_list:
+            column_list.append('RADW')
+
+        return column_list, skin, stat, radw
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_perm_i_uuid_for_well_inflow(column_list, perm_i_uuid, pc_titles):
+        # Verify that the I direction permeability has been specified if well inflow properties are to be added
+        # to the dataframe.
+
+        do_well_inflow = (('WI' in column_list and 'WI' not in pc_titles) or
+                          ('WBC' in column_list and 'WBC' not in pc_titles) or
+                          ('RADB' in column_list and 'RADB' not in pc_titles))
+        if do_well_inflow:
+            assert perm_i_uuid is not None, 'WI, RADB or WBC requested without I direction permeabilty being specified'
+
+        return do_well_inflow
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_perm_i_uuid_for_kh(min_kh, column_list, perm_i_uuid, pc_titles):
+        # verify that the I direction permeability has been specified if permeability thickness and
+        # wellbore constant properties are to be added to the dataframe.
+
+        if min_kh is not None and min_kh <= 0.0:
+            min_kh = None
+        doing_kh = False
+        if ('KH' in column_list or min_kh is not None) and 'KH' not in pc_titles:
+            assert perm_i_uuid is not None, 'KH requested (or minimum specified) without I direction permeabilty being specified'
+            doing_kh = True
+        if 'WBC' in column_list and 'WBC' not in pc_titles:
+            assert perm_i_uuid is not None, 'WBC requested without I direction permeabilty being specified'
+            doing_kh = True
+
+        return min_kh, doing_kh
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_perm_j_k_uuids_for_kh_and_well_inflow(doing_kh, do_well_inflow, perm_i_uuid, perm_j_uuid, perm_k_uuid):
+        # verify that the J and K direction permeabilities have been specified if well inflow properties or
+        # permeability thickness properties are to be added to the dataframe.
+
+        isotropic_perm = None
+        if doing_kh or do_well_inflow:
+            if perm_j_uuid is None and perm_k_uuid is None:
+                isotropic_perm = True
+            else:
+                if perm_j_uuid is None:
+                    perm_j_uuid = perm_i_uuid
+                if perm_k_uuid is None:
+                    perm_k_uuid = perm_i_uuid
+                # following line assumes arguments are passed in same form; if not, some unnecessary maths might be done
+                isotropic_perm = (bu.matching_uuids(perm_i_uuid, perm_j_uuid) and
+                                  bu.matching_uuids(perm_i_uuid, perm_k_uuid))
+
+        return perm_j_uuid, perm_k_uuid, isotropic_perm
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_k_layers_to_be_included(min_k0, max_k0, k0_list):
+        # verify that the k layers to be included in the dataframe exist within the appropriate range
+
+        if min_k0 is None:
+            min_k0 = 0
+        else:
+            assert min_k0 >= 0
+        if max_k0 is not None:
+            assert min_k0 <= max_k0
+        if k0_list is not None and len(k0_list) == 0:
+            log.warning('no layers included for blocked well dataframe: no rows will be included')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __verify_if_angles_xyz_and_length_to_be_added(column_list, pc_titles, doing_kh, do_well_inflow, length_mode):
+        # determine if angla, anglv, x, y, z and length data are to be added as properties to the dataframe
+
+        doing_angles = any([('ANGLA' in column_list and 'ANGLA' not in pc_titles),
+                            ('ANGLV' in column_list and 'ANGLV' not in pc_titles), (doing_kh), (do_well_inflow)])
+        doing_xyz = any([('X' in column_list and 'X' not in pc_titles), ('Y' in column_list and 'Y' not in pc_titles),
+                         ('DEPTH' in column_list and 'DEPTH' not in pc_titles)])
+        doing_entry_exit = any([(doing_angles),
+                                ('LENGTH' in column_list and 'LENGTH' not in pc_titles and length_mode == 'straight')])
+
+        # doing_angles = (('ANGLA' in column_list and 'ANGLA' not in pc_titles) or
+        #                 ('ANGLV' in column_list and 'ANGLV' not in pc_titles) or doing_kh or do_well_inflow)
+        # doing_xyz = (('X' in column_list and 'X' not in pc_titles) or (
+        #             'Y' in column_list and 'Y' not in pc_titles) or
+        #              ('DEPTH' in column_list and 'DEPTH' not in pc_titles))
+        # doing_entry_exit = doing_angles or ('LENGTH' in column_list and 'LENGTH' not in pc_titles and
+        #                                     length_mode == 'straight')
+
+        return doing_angles, doing_xyz, doing_entry_exit
+
+    def __verify_number_of_grids_and_crs_units(self, column_list):
+        # verify that a GRID column is included in the dataframe if the well intersects more than one grid
+        # verify that each grid's crs units are consistent in all directions
+
+        if 'GRID' not in column_list and self.number_of_grids() > 1:
+            log.error('creating blocked well dataframe without GRID column for well that intersects more than one grid')
+        grid_crs_list = []
+        for grid in self.grid_list:
+            grid_crs = crs.Crs(self.model, uuid = grid.crs_uuid)
+            grid_crs_list.append(grid_crs)
+        return grid_crs_list
+
+    def __get_trajectory_crs_and_z_inc_down(self):
+
+        if self.trajectory is None or self.trajectory.crs_uuid is None:
+            traj_crs = None
+            traj_z_inc_down = None
+        else:
+            traj_crs = crs.Crs(self.trajectory.model, uuid = self.trajectory.crs_uuid)
+            traj_z_inc_down = traj_crs.z_inc_down
+
+        return traj_crs, traj_z_inc_down
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __check_cell_depth(max_depth, grid, cell_kji0, grid_crs):
+        """Check whether the maximum depth specified has been exceeded with the current interval."""
+
+        max_depth_exceeded = False
+        if max_depth is not None:
+            cell_depth = grid.centre_point(cell_kji0)[2]
+            if not grid_crs.z_inc_down:
+                cell_depth = -cell_depth
+            if cell_depth > max_depth:
+                max_depth_exceeded = True
+        return max_depth_exceeded
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __skip_interval_check(max_depth, grid, cell_kji0, grid_crs, active_only, tuple_kji0, min_k0, max_k0, k0_list,
+                              region_list, region_uuid, max_satw, satw_uuid, min_sato, sato_uuid, max_satg, satg_uuid):
+        """Check whether any conditions are met that mean the interval should be skipped."""
+
+        max_depth_exceeded = BlockedWell.__check_cell_depth(max_depth = max_depth,
+                                                            grid = grid,
+                                                            cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
+                                                            grid_crs = grid_crs)
+        inactive_grid = active_only and grid.inactive is not None and grid.inactive[tuple_kji0]
+        out_of_bounds_layer_1 = (min_k0 is not None and cell_kji0[0] < min_k0) or (max_k0 is not None and
+                                                                                   cell_kji0[0] > max_k0)
+        out_of_bounds_layer_2 = k0_list is not None and cell_kji0[0] not in k0_list
+        out_of_bounds_region = (region_list is not None and
+                                BlockedWell.__prop_array(region_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] not in region_list)
+        saturation_limit_exceeded_1 = (max_satw is not None and
+                                       BlockedWell.__prop_array(satw_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] > max_satw)
+        saturation_limit_exceeded_2 = (min_sato is not None and
+                                       BlockedWell.__prop_array(sato_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] < min_sato)
+        saturation_limit_exceeded_3 = (max_satg is not None and
+                                       BlockedWell.__prop_array(satg_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] > max_satg)
+        skip_interval = any([
+            max_depth_exceeded, inactive_grid, out_of_bounds_layer_1, out_of_bounds_layer_2, out_of_bounds_region,
+            saturation_limit_exceeded_1, saturation_limit_exceeded_2, saturation_limit_exceeded_3
+        ])
+
+        return skip_interval
+
+    def __get_part_perf_fraction_for_interval(self, pc, pc_titles, ci, perforation_list, interval, length_tol = 0.01):
+        """Get the partial perforation fraction for the interval."""
+
+        skip_interval = False
+        if 'PPERF' in pc_titles:
+            part_perf_fraction = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'PPERF')[ci]
+        else:
+            part_perf_fraction = 1.0
+            if perforation_list is not None:
+                perf_length = 0.0
+                for perf_start, perf_end in perforation_list:
+                    if perf_end <= self.node_mds[interval] or perf_start >= self.node_mds[interval + 1]:
+                        continue
+                    if perf_start <= self.node_mds[interval]:
+                        if perf_end >= self.node_mds[interval + 1]:
+                            perf_length += self.node_mds[interval + 1] - self.node_mds[interval]
+                            break
+                        else:
+                            perf_length += perf_end - self.node_mds[interval]
+                    else:
+                        if perf_end >= self.node_mds[interval + 1]:
+                            perf_length += self.node_mds[interval + 1] - perf_start
+                        else:
+                            perf_length += perf_end - perf_start
+                if perf_length < length_tol:
+                    skip_interval = True
+                    perf_length = 0.0
+                part_perf_fraction = min(1.0, perf_length / (self.node_mds[interval + 1] - self.node_mds[interval]))
+
+        return skip_interval, part_perf_fraction
+
+    def __get_entry_exit_xyz_and_crs_for_interval(self, doing_entry_exit, use_face_centres, grid, cell_kji0, interval,
+                                                  ci, grid_crs, traj_crs):
+        # calculate the entry and exit points for the interval and set the entry and exit coordinate reference system
+
+        entry_xyz = None
+        exit_xyz = None
+        ee_crs = None
+        if doing_entry_exit:
+            assert self.trajectory is not None
+            if use_face_centres:
+                entry_xyz = grid.face_centre(cell_kji0, self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0, 0], self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0,
+                                                                                                                 1])
+                if self.face_pair_indices[ci, 1, 0] >= 0:
+                    exit_xyz = grid.face_centre(cell_kji0, self.face_pair_indices[ci, 1, 0],
+                                                self.face_pair_indices[ci, 1, 1])
+                else:
+                    exit_xyz = grid.face_centre(cell_kji0, self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0, 0],
+                                                1 - self.face_pair_indices[ci, 0, 1])
+                ee_crs = grid_crs
+            else:
+                entry_xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(self.node_mds[interval])
+                exit_xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(self.node_mds[interval + 1])
+                ee_crs = traj_crs
+
+        return entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs
+
+    def __get_length_of_interval(self, length_mode, interval, length_uom, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, perforation_list,
+                                 part_perf_fraction, min_length):
+        """Calculate the length of the interval."""
+
+        skip_interval = False
+        if length_mode == 'MD':
+            length = self.node_mds[interval + 1] - self.node_mds[interval]
+            if length_uom is not None and self.trajectory is not None and length_uom != self.trajectory.md_uom:
+                length = wam.convert_lengths(length, self.trajectory.md_uom, length_uom)
+        else:  # use straight line length between entry and exit
+            entry_xyz, exit_xyz = BlockedWell._single_uom_entry_exit_xyz(entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs)
+            length = vec.naive_length(exit_xyz - entry_xyz)
+            if length_uom is not None:
+                length = wam.convert_lengths(length, ee_crs.z_units, length_uom)
+            elif self.trajectory is not None:
+                length = wam.convert_lengths(length, ee_crs.z_units, self.trajectory.md_uom)
+        if perforation_list is not None:
+            length *= part_perf_fraction
+        if min_length is not None and length < min_length:
+            skip_interval = True
+
+        return skip_interval, length
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _single_uom_xyz(xyz, crs, required_uom):
+        if xyz is None:
+            return None
+        xyz = np.array(xyz, dtype = float)
+        if crs.xy_units != required_uom:
+            xyz[0] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[0], crs.xy_units, required_uom)
+            xyz[1] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[1], crs.xy_units, required_uom)
+        if crs.z_units != required_uom:
+            xyz[2] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[2], crs.z_units, required_uom)
+        return xyz
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _single_uom_entry_exit_xyz(entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs):
+        return (BlockedWell._single_uom_xyz(entry_xyz, ee_crs, ee_crs.z_units),
+                BlockedWell._single_uom_xyz(exit_xyz, ee_crs, ee_crs.z_units))
+
+    def __get_angles_for_interval(self, pc, pc_titles, doing_angles, set_k_face_intervals_vertical, ci, k_face_check,
+                                  k_face_check_end, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, traj_z_inc_down, grid, grid_crs,
+                                  cell_kji0, anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref):
+        """Calculate angla, anglv and related trigonometirc transforms for the interval."""
+
+        sine_anglv = sine_angla = 0.0
+        cosine_anglv = cosine_angla = 1.0
+        anglv = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'ANGLV')[ci] if 'ANGLV' in pc_titles else None
+        angla = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'ANGLA')[ci] if 'ANGLA' in pc_titles else None
+
+        if doing_angles and not (set_k_face_intervals_vertical and
+                                 (np.all(self.face_pair_indices[ci] == k_face_check) or
+                                  np.all(self.face_pair_indices[ci] == k_face_check_end))):
+            anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, vector, a_ref_vector = BlockedWell.__get_anglv_for_interval(
+                anglv = anglv,
+                entry_xyz = entry_xyz,
+                exit_xyz = exit_xyz,
+                ee_crs = ee_crs,
+                traj_z_inc_down = traj_z_inc_down,
+                grid = grid,
+                grid_crs = grid_crs,
+                cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
+                anglv_ref = anglv_ref,
+                angla_plane_ref = angla_plane_ref)
+            if anglv != 0.0:
+                angla, sine_angla, cosine_angla = BlockedWell.__get_angla_for_interval(angla = angla,
+                                                                                       grid = grid,
+                                                                                       cell_kji0 = cell_kji0,
+                                                                                       vector = vector,
+                                                                                       a_ref_vector = a_ref_vector)
+        if angla is None:
+            angla = 0.0
+        if anglv is None:
+            anglv = 0.0
+
+        return anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, angla, sine_angla, cosine_angla
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_angla_for_interval(angla, grid, cell_kji0, vector, a_ref_vector):
+        """Calculate angla and related trigonometric transforms for the interval."""
+
+        if vector is None:
+            return None, None, None
+
+        # project well vector and i-axis vector onto plane defined by normal vector a_ref_vector
+        i_axis = grid.interface_vector(cell_kji0, 2)
+        if grid.crs.xy_units != grid.crs.z_units:
+            i_axis[2] = wam.convert_lengths(i_axis[2], grid.crs.z_units, grid.crs.xy_units)
+        i_axis = vec.unit_vector(i_axis)
+        if a_ref_vector is not None:  # project vector and i axis onto a plane
+            vector -= vec.dot_product(vector, a_ref_vector) * a_ref_vector
+            vector = vec.unit_vector(vector)
+            # log.debug('i axis unit vector: ' + str(i_axis))
+            i_axis -= vec.dot_product(i_axis, a_ref_vector) * a_ref_vector
+            i_axis = vec.unit_vector(i_axis)
+        # log.debug('i axis unit vector in reference plane: ' + str(i_axis))
+        if angla is not None:
+            angla_rad = vec.radians_from_degrees(angla)
+            cosine_angla = maths.cos(angla_rad)
+            sine_angla = maths.sin(angla_rad)
+        else:
+            cosine_angla = min(max(vec.dot_product(vector, i_axis), -1.0), 1.0)
+            angla_rad = maths.acos(cosine_angla)
+            # negate angla if vector is 'clockwise from' i_axis when viewed from above, projected in the xy plane
+            # todo: have discussion around angla sign under different ijk handedness (and z inc direction?)
+            sine_angla = maths.sin(angla_rad)
+            angla = vec.degrees_from_radians(angla_rad)
+            if vec.clockwise((0.0, 0.0), i_axis, vector) > 0.0:
+                angla = -angla
+                angla_rad = -angla_rad  ## as angle_rad before --> typo?
+                sine_angla = -sine_angla
+
+        # log.debug('angla: ' + str(angla))
+
+        return angla, sine_angla, cosine_angla
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_anglv_for_interval(anglv, entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, traj_z_inc_down, grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0,
+                                 anglv_ref, angla_plane_ref):
+        """Get anglv and related trigonometric transforms for the interval."""
+
+        if entry_xyz is None or exit_xyz is None:
+            return None, None, None, None, None
+
+        entry_xyz, exit_xyz = BlockedWell._single_uom_entry_exit_xyz(entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs)
+        vector = vec.unit_vector(np.array(exit_xyz) - np.array(entry_xyz))  # nominal wellbore vector for interval
+        if traj_z_inc_down is not None and traj_z_inc_down != grid_crs.z_inc_down:
+            vector[2] = -vector[2]
+        if grid.crs.xy_units == grid.crs.z_units:
+            unit_adjusted_vector = vector
+        else:
+            unit_adjusted_vector = vector.copy()
+            unit_adjusted_vector[2] = wam.convert_lengths(unit_adjusted_vector[2], grid.crs.z_units, grid.crs.xy_units)
+        v_ref_vector = BlockedWell.__get_ref_vector(grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0, anglv_ref)
+        # log.debug('v ref vector: ' + str(v_ref_vector))
+        if angla_plane_ref == anglv_ref:
+            a_ref_vector = v_ref_vector
+        else:
+            a_ref_vector = BlockedWell.__get_ref_vector(grid, grid_crs, cell_kji0, angla_plane_ref)
+        # log.debug('a ref vector: ' + str(a_ref_vector))
+        if anglv is not None:
+            anglv_rad = vec.radians_from_degrees(anglv)
+            cosine_anglv = maths.cos(anglv_rad)
+            sine_anglv = maths.sin(anglv_rad)
+        else:
+            cosine_anglv = min(max(vec.dot_product(unit_adjusted_vector, v_ref_vector), -1.0), 1.0)
+            anglv_rad = maths.acos(cosine_anglv)
+            sine_anglv = maths.sin(anglv_rad)
+            anglv = vec.degrees_from_radians(anglv_rad)
+        # log.debug('anglv: ' + str(anglv))
+
+        return anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, vector, a_ref_vector
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_ntg_and_directional_perm_for_interval(doing_kh, do_well_inflow, ntg_uuid, grid, tuple_kji0,
+                                                    isotropic_perm, preferential_perforation, part_perf_fraction,
+                                                    perm_i_uuid, perm_j_uuid, perm_k_uuid):
+        """Get the net-to-gross and directional permeability arrays for the interval."""
+
+        ntg_is_one = False
+        k_i = k_j = k_k = None
+        if doing_kh or do_well_inflow:
+            if ntg_uuid is None:
+                ntg = 1.0
+                ntg_is_one = True
+            else:
+                ntg = BlockedWell.__prop_array(ntg_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
+                ntg_is_one = maths.isclose(ntg, 1.0, rel_tol = 0.001)
+            if isotropic_perm and ntg_is_one:
+                k_i = k_j = k_k = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_i_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
+            else:
+                if preferential_perforation and not ntg_is_one:
+                    if part_perf_fraction <= ntg:
+                        ntg = 1.0  # effective ntg when perforated intervals are in pay
+                    else:
+                        ntg /= part_perf_fraction  # adjusted ntg when some perforations in non-pay
+                # todo: check netgross facet type in property perm i & j parts: if set to gross then don't multiply by ntg below
+                k_i = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_i_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] * ntg
+                k_j = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_j_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0] * ntg
+                k_k = BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_k_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
+
+        return ntg_is_one, k_i, k_j, k_k
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_kh_for_interval(doing_kh, isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, length, perm_i_uuid, grid, tuple_kji0, k_i, k_j,
+                              k_k, anglv, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla, min_kh, pc, pc_titles,
+                              ci):
+        """Get the permeability-thickness value for the interval."""
+
+        skip_interval = False
+        if doing_kh:
+            kh = BlockedWell.__get_kh_if_doing_kh(isotropic_perm = isotropic_perm,
+                                                  ntg_is_one = ntg_is_one,
+                                                  length = length,
+                                                  perm_i_uuid = perm_i_uuid,
+                                                  grid = grid,
+                                                  tuple_kji0 = tuple_kji0,
+                                                  k_i = k_i,
+                                                  k_j = k_j,
+                                                  k_k = k_k,
+                                                  anglv = anglv,
+                                                  sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
+                                                  cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
+                                                  sine_angla = sine_angla,
+                                                  cosine_angla = cosine_angla)
+            if min_kh is not None and kh < min_kh:
+                skip_interval = True
+        elif 'KH' in pc_titles:
+            kh = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'KH')[ci]
+        else:
+            kh = None
+        return skip_interval, kh
 
-        well_name = self.__get_well_name(well_name = well_name)
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_kh_if_doing_kh(isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, length, perm_i_uuid, grid, tuple_kji0, k_i, k_j, k_k, anglv,
+                             sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla):
+        # note: this is believed to return required value even when grid crs has mixed xy & z units;
+        # angles are true angles accounting for any mixed units
+        if isotropic_perm and ntg_is_one:
+            kh = length * BlockedWell.__prop_array(perm_i_uuid, grid)[tuple_kji0]
+        else:
+            if np.isnan(k_i) or np.isnan(k_j):
+                kh = 0.0
+            elif anglv == 0.0:
+                kh = length * maths.sqrt(k_i * k_j)
+            elif np.isnan(k_k):
+                kh = 0.0
+            else:
+                k_e = maths.pow(k_i * k_j * k_k, 1.0 / 3.0)
+                if k_e == 0.0:
+                    kh = 0.0
+                else:
+                    l_i = length * maths.sqrt(k_e / k_i) * sine_anglv * cosine_angla
+                    l_j = length * maths.sqrt(k_e / k_j) * sine_anglv * sine_angla
+                    l_k = length * maths.sqrt(k_e / k_k) * cosine_anglv
+                    l_p = maths.sqrt(l_i * l_i + l_j * l_j + l_k * l_k)
+                    kh = k_e * l_p
+        return kh
 
-        df = self.dataframe(one_based = True,
-                            extra_columns_list = extra_columns_list,
-                            ntg_uuid = ntg_uuid,
-                            perm_i_uuid = perm_i_uuid,
-                            perm_j_uuid = perm_j_uuid,
-                            perm_k_uuid = perm_k_uuid,
-                            satw_uuid = satw_uuid,
-                            sato_uuid = sato_uuid,
-                            satg_uuid = satg_uuid,
-                            region_uuid = region_uuid,
-                            radw = radw,
-                            skin = skin,
-                            stat = stat,
-                            active_only = active_only,
-                            min_k0 = min_k0,
-                            max_k0 = max_k0,
-                            k0_list = k0_list,
-                            min_length = min_length,
-                            min_kh = min_kh,
-                            max_depth = max_depth,
-                            max_satw = max_satw,
-                            min_sato = min_sato,
-                            max_satg = max_satg,
-                            perforation_list = perforation_list,
-                            region_list = region_list,
-                            depth_inc_down = depth_inc_down,
-                            set_k_face_intervals_vertical = set_k_face_intervals_vertical,
-                            anglv_ref = anglv_ref,
-                            angla_plane_ref = angla_plane_ref,
-                            length_mode = length_mode,
-                            length_uom = length_uom,
-                            preferential_perforation = preferential_perforation,
-                            use_properties = use_properties,
-                            property_time_index = property_time_index)
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_pc_arrays_for_interval(pc, pc_timeless, pc_titles, ci, length, radw, skin, stat, length_uom, grid,
+                                     traj_crs):
+        """Get the property collection arrays for the interval."""
 
-        sep = ' ' if space_instead_of_tab_separator else '\t'
+        def get_item(v, title, pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, uom):
 
-        with open(wellspec_file, mode = mode) as fp:
-            for _ in range(preceeding_blank_lines):
-                fp.write('\n')
+            def pk_for_title(title):
+                d = {
+                    'RADW': 'wellbore radius',
+                    'RADB': 'block equivalent radius',
+                    'SKIN': 'skin',
+                    'STAT': 'well connection open'
+                }
+                return d.get(title)
 
-            self.__write_wellspec_file_units_metadata(write_nexus_units = write_nexus_units,
-                                                      fp = fp,
-                                                      length_uom = length_uom,
-                                                      length_uom_comment = length_uom_comment,
-                                                      extra_columns_list = extra_columns_list,
-                                                      well_name = well_name)
+            p = None
+            pk = pk_for_title(title)
+            pc_uom = None
+            for try_pc in [pc, pc_timeless]:
+                if try_pc is None:
+                    continue
+                if title in pc_titles:
+                    p = try_pc.singleton(citation_title = title)
+                if p is None and pk is not None:
+                    p = try_pc.singleton(property_kind = pk)
+                if p is not None:
+                    v = try_pc.cached_part_array_ref(p)[ci]
+                    pc_uom = try_pc.uom_for_part(p)
+                    break
+            if (title == 'STAT' or pk == 'well connection open') and v is not None and not isinstance(v, str):
+                v = 'ON' if v else 'OFF'
+            if pc_uom is not None and uom is not None and pc_uom != uom:
+                v = wam.convert_lengths(v, pc_uom, uom)
+            return v
 
-            BlockedWell.__write_wellspec_file_columns(df = df, fp = fp, col_width_dict = col_width_dict, sep = sep)
+        if length_uom is None:
+            l_uom = traj_crs.z_units
+            r_uom = grid.crs.xy_units
+        else:
+            l_uom = length_uom
+            r_uom = length_uom
+        length = get_item(length, 'LENGTH', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, l_uom)
+        radw = get_item(radw, 'RADW', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, r_uom)
+        stat = get_item(stat, 'STAT', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
+        assert radw is None or radw > 0.0  # todo: allow zero for inactive intervals?
+        skin = get_item(skin, 'SKIN', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
+        if skin is None:
+            skin = get_item(None, 'skin', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
+        radb = get_item(None, 'RADB', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, r_uom)
+        if radb is None:
+            radb = get_item(None, 'block equivalent radius', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, r_uom)
+        wi = get_item(None, 'WI', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
+        wbc = get_item(None, 'WBC', pc_titles, pc, pc_timeless, ci, None)
 
-            fp.write('\n')
+        return length, radw, skin, radb, wi, wbc, stat
 
-            BlockedWell.__write_wellspec_file_rows_from_dataframe(df = df,
-                                                                  fp = fp,
-                                                                  col_width_dict = col_width_dict,
-                                                                  sep = sep)
-            for _ in range(trailing_blank_lines):
-                fp.write('\n')
+    @staticmethod
+    def __get_well_inflow_parameters_for_interval(do_well_inflow, isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, k_i, k_j, k_k, sine_anglv,
+                                                  cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla, grid, cell_kji0, radw, radb,
+                                                  wi, wbc, skin, kh, length_uom, column_list):
 
-        return df
+        if do_well_inflow:
+            if not length_uom:
+                length_uom = grid.crs.z_units
+            k_ei, k_ej, k_ek, radw_e = BlockedWell.__calculate_ke_and_radw_e(isotropic_perm = isotropic_perm,
+                                                                             ntg_is_one = ntg_is_one,
+                                                                             radw = radw,
+                                                                             k_i = k_i,
+                                                                             k_j = k_j,
+                                                                             k_k = k_k,
+                                                                             sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
+                                                                             cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
+                                                                             sine_angla = sine_angla,
+                                                                             cosine_angla = cosine_angla)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __tidy_well_name(well_name):
-        nexus_friendly = ''
-        previous_underscore = False
-        for ch in well_name:
-            if not 32 <= ord(ch) < 128 or ch in ' ,!*#':
-                ch = '_'
-            if not (previous_underscore and ch == '_'):
-                nexus_friendly += ch
-            previous_underscore = (ch == '_')
-        if not nexus_friendly:
-            well_name = 'WELL_X'
-        return nexus_friendly
+            cell_axial_vectors = grid.interface_vectors_kji(cell_kji0)
+            wam.convert_lengths(cell_axial_vectors[..., :2], grid.crs.xy_units, length_uom)
+            wam.convert_lengths(cell_axial_vectors[..., 2], grid.crs.z_units, length_uom)
+            d2 = np.empty(3)
+            for axis in range(3):
+                d2[axis] = np.sum(cell_axial_vectors[axis] * cell_axial_vectors[axis])
+            if radb is None:
+                radb_e = BlockedWell.__calculate_radb_e(k_ei = k_ei,
+                                                        k_ej = k_ej,
+                                                        k_ek = k_ek,
+                                                        k_i = k_i,
+                                                        k_j = k_j,
+                                                        k_k = k_k,
+                                                        d2 = d2,
+                                                        sine_anglv = sine_anglv,
+                                                        cosine_anglv = cosine_anglv,
+                                                        sine_angla = sine_angla,
+                                                        cosine_angla = cosine_angla)
+                radb = radw * radb_e / radw_e
+                log.debug(f'RADB value calculated in BlockedWell dataframe method as: {radb}')
+            if wi is None:
+                wi = 0.0 if radb <= 0.0 else 2.0 * maths.pi / (maths.log(radb / radw) + skin)
+            if 'WBC' in column_list and wbc is None:
+                assert length_uom == 'm' or length_uom.startswith('ft'),  \
+                    'WBC only calculable for length uom of m or ft*'
+                conversion_constant = 8.5270171e-5 if length_uom == 'm' else 0.006328286
+                wbc = conversion_constant * kh * wi  # note: pperf aleady accounted for in kh
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __is_float_column(col_name):
-        if col_name.upper() in [
-                'ANGLA', 'ANGLV', 'LENGTH', 'KH', 'DEPTH', 'MD', 'X', 'Y', 'SKIN', 'RADW', 'RADB', 'PPERF'
-        ]:
-            return True
-        return False
+        return radb, wi, wbc
 
     @staticmethod
-    def __is_int_column(col_name):
-        if col_name.upper() in ['IW', 'JW', 'L']:
-            return True
-        return False
+    def __calculate_ke_and_radw_e(isotropic_perm, ntg_is_one, radw, k_i, k_j, k_k, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla,
+                                  cosine_angla):
 
-    def __get_well_name(self, well_name):
-        """Get the name of the well whose data is to be written to the Nexus WELLSPEC file."""
+        if isotropic_perm and ntg_is_one:
+            k_ei = k_ej = k_ek = k_i
+            radw_e = radw
+        else:
+            k_ei = maths.sqrt(k_j * k_k)
+            k_ej = maths.sqrt(k_i * k_k)
+            k_ek = maths.sqrt(k_i * k_j)
+            r_wi = 0.0 if k_ei == 0.0 else 0.5 * radw * (maths.sqrt(k_ei / k_j) + maths.sqrt(k_ei / k_k))
+            r_wj = 0.0 if k_ej == 0.0 else 0.5 * radw * (maths.sqrt(k_ej / k_i) + maths.sqrt(k_ej / k_k))
+            r_wk = 0.0 if k_ek == 0.0 else 0.5 * radw * (maths.sqrt(k_ek / k_i) + maths.sqrt(k_ek / k_j))
+            rwi = r_wi * sine_anglv * cosine_angla
+            rwj = r_wj * sine_anglv * sine_angla
+            rwk = r_wk * cosine_anglv
+            radw_e = maths.sqrt(rwi * rwi + rwj * rwj + rwk * rwk)
+            if radw_e == 0.0:
+                radw_e = radw  # no permeability in this situation anyway
 
-        if not well_name:
-            if self.well_name:
-                well_name = self.well_name
-            elif self.root is not None:
-                well_name = rqet.citation_title_for_node(self.root)
-            elif self.wellbore_interpretation is not None:
-                well_name = self.wellbore_interpretation.title
-            elif self.trajectory is not None:
-                well_name = self.trajectory.title
-            if not well_name:
-                log.warning('no well name identified for use in WELLSPEC')
-                well_name = 'WELLNAME'
-        well_name = BlockedWell.__tidy_well_name(well_name)
+        return k_ei, k_ej, k_ek, radw_e
 
-        return well_name
+    @staticmethod
+    def __calculate_radb_e(k_ei, k_ej, k_ek, k_i, k_j, k_k, d2, sine_anglv, cosine_anglv, sine_angla, cosine_angla):
 
-    def __write_wellspec_file_units_metadata(self, write_nexus_units, fp, length_uom, length_uom_comment,
-                                             extra_columns_list, well_name):
-        # write the units of measure (uom) and system of measure for length in the WELLSPEC file
-        # also write a comment on the length uom if necessary
+        r_bi = 0.0 if k_ei == 0.0 else 0.14 * maths.sqrt(k_ei * (d2[1] / k_j + d2[0] / k_k))
+        r_bj = 0.0 if k_ej == 0.0 else 0.14 * maths.sqrt(k_ej * (d2[2] / k_i + d2[0] / k_k))
+        r_bk = 0.0 if k_ek == 0.0 else 0.14 * maths.sqrt(k_ek * (d2[2] / k_i + d2[1] / k_j))
+        rbi = r_bi * sine_anglv * cosine_angla
+        rbj = r_bj * sine_anglv * sine_angla
+        rbk = r_bk * cosine_anglv
+        radb_e = maths.sqrt(rbi * rbi + rbj * rbj + rbk * rbk)
 
-        if write_nexus_units:
-            length_uom_system_list = ['METRIC', 'ENGLISH']
-            length_uom_index = ['m', 'ft'].index(length_uom)
-            fp.write(f'{length_uom_system_list[length_uom_index]}\n\n')
+        return radb_e
 
-        if length_uom_comment and self.trajectory is not None and ('LENGTH' in extra_columns_list or 'MD'
-                                                                   in extra_columns_list or 'KH' in extra_columns_list):
-            fp.write(f'! Length units along wellbore: {self.trajectory.md_uom if length_uom is None else length_uom}\n')
-        fp.write('WELLSPEC ' + str(well_name) + '\n')
+    def __get_xyz_for_interval(self, doing_xyz, length_mode, length_uom, md, traj_crs, depth_inc_down, traj_z_inc_down,
+                               entry_xyz, exit_xyz, ee_crs, pc, pc_titles, ci):
+        """Get the x, y and z location of the midpoint of the interval."""
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __write_wellspec_file_columns(df, fp, col_width_dict, sep):
-        """Write the column names to the WELLSPEC file."""
-        for col_name in df.columns:
-            if col_name in col_width_dict:
-                width = col_width_dict[col_name]
-            else:
-                width = 10
-            form = '{0:>' + str(width) + '}'
-            fp.write(sep + form.format(col_name))
+        xyz = (np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+        if doing_xyz:
+            xyz = self.__get_xyz_if_doing_xyz(length_mode = length_mode,
+                                              md = md,
+                                              length_uom = length_uom,
+                                              traj_crs = traj_crs,
+                                              depth_inc_down = depth_inc_down,
+                                              traj_z_inc_down = traj_z_inc_down,
+                                              entry_xyz = entry_xyz,
+                                              exit_xyz = exit_xyz,
+                                              ee_crs = ee_crs)
+        xyz = np.array(xyz)
+        for i, col_header in enumerate(['X', 'Y', 'DEPTH']):
+            if col_header in pc_titles:
+                xyz[i] = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = col_header)[ci]
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def __write_wellspec_file_rows_from_dataframe(df, fp, col_width_dict, sep):
-        """Writes the non-blank lines of a Nexus WELLSPEC file from a BlockedWell dataframe."""
+        return xyz
 
-        for row_info in df.iterrows():
-            row = row_info[1]
-            for col_name in df.columns:
-                try:
-                    if col_name in col_width_dict:
-                        width = col_width_dict[col_name]
-                    else:
-                        width = 10
-                    if BlockedWell.__is_float_column(col_name):
-                        form = '{0:>' + str(width) + '.3f}'
-                        value = row[col_name]
-                        if col_name == 'ANGLA' and (pd.isna(row[col_name]) or value is None or np.isnan(value)):
-                            value = 0.0
-                        fp.write(sep + form.format(float(value)))
-                    else:
-                        form = '{0:>' + str(width) + '}'
-                        if BlockedWell.__is_int_column(col_name):
-                            fp.write(sep + form.format(int(row[col_name])))
-                        elif col_name == 'STAT':
-                            fp.write(sep + form.format('OFF' if str(row['STAT']).upper() in ['0', 'OFF'] else 'ON'))
-                        else:
-                            fp.write(sep + form.format(str(row[col_name])))
-                except Exception:
-                    fp.write(sep + str(row[col_name]))
-            fp.write('\n')
+    def __get_xyz_if_doing_xyz(self, length_mode, md, length_uom, traj_crs, depth_inc_down, traj_z_inc_down, exit_xyz,
+                               entry_xyz, ee_crs):
 
-    def kji0_marker(self, active_only = True):
-        """Convenience method returning (k0, j0, i0), grid_uuid of first blocked interval."""
+        if length_mode == 'MD' and self.trajectory is not None:
+            xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(md)
+            if length_uom is not None and length_uom != self.trajectory.md_uom:
+                wam.convert_lengths(xyz, traj_crs.z_units, length_uom)
+            if depth_inc_down and traj_z_inc_down is False:
+                xyz[2] = -xyz[2]
+        else:
+            xyz = 0.5 * (np.array(exit_xyz) + np.array(entry_xyz))
+            if length_uom is not None and length_uom != ee_crs.z_units:
+                xyz[2] = wam.convert_lengths(xyz[2], ee_crs.z_units, length_uom)
+            if depth_inc_down != ee_crs.z_inc_down:
+                xyz[2] = -xyz[2]
 
-        cells, grids = self.cell_indices_and_grid_list()
-        if cells is None or grids is None or len(grids) == 0:
-            return None, None, None, None
-        return cells[0], grids[0].uuid
+        return xyz
 
-    def xyz_marker(self, active_only = True):
-        """Convenience method returning (x, y, z), crs_uuid of perforation in first blocked interval.
+    def __get_md_array_in_correct_units_for_interval(self, md, length_uom, pc, pc_titles, ci):
+        """Convert the measured depth to the correct units or get the measured depth from the property collection."""
 
-        notes:
-           active_only argument not yet in use;
-           returns None, None if no blocked interval found
-        """
+        if 'MD' in pc_titles:
+            md = pc.single_array_ref(citation_title = 'MD')[ci]
+        elif length_uom is not None and self.trajectory is not None and length_uom != self.trajectory.md_uom:
+            md = wam.convert_lengths(md, self.trajectory.md_uom, length_uom)
 
-        cells, grids = self.cell_indices_and_grid_list()
-        if cells is None or grids is None or len(grids) == 0:
-            return None, None
-        node_index = 0
-        while node_index < self.node_count - 1 and self.grid_indices[node_index] == -1:
-            node_index += 1
-        if node_index >= self.node_count - 1:
-            return None, None
-        md = 0.5 * (self.node_mds[node_index] + self.node_mds[node_index + 1])
-        xyz = self.trajectory.xyz_for_md(md)
-        return xyz, self.trajectory.crs_uuid
+        return md
 
-    def create_feature_and_interpretation(self, shared_interpretation = True):
-        """Instantiate new empty WellboreFeature and WellboreInterpretation objects.
+    @staticmethod
+    def __append_interval_data_to_dataframe(df, grid_name, radw, skin, angla, anglv, length, kh, xyz, md, stat,
+                                            part_perf_fraction, radb, wi, wbc, column_list, one_based, row_dict,
+                                            cell_kji0, row_ci_list, ci):
+        """Append the row of data corresponding to the interval to the dataframe."""
 
-        note:
-            uses the Blocked well citation title or other related object title as the well name
-        """
-        title = self.well_name
-        if not title:
-            title = self.title
-            if not title and self.trajectory is not None:
-                title = rqw.well_name(self.trajectory)
-                if not title:
-                    title = 'WELL'
-        if self.trajectory is not None:
-            traj_interp_uuid = self.model.uuid(obj_type = 'WellboreInterpretation', related_uuid = self.trajectory.uuid)
-            if traj_interp_uuid is not None:
-                if shared_interpretation:
-                    self.wellbore_interpretation = rqo.WellboreInterpretation(parent_model = self.model,
-                                                                              uuid = traj_interp_uuid)
-                traj_feature_uuid = self.model.uuid(obj_type = 'WellboreFeature', related_uuid = traj_interp_uuid)
-                if traj_feature_uuid is not None:
-                    self.wellbore_feature = rqo.WellboreFeature(parent_model = self.model, uuid = traj_feature_uuid)
-        if self.wellbore_feature is None:
-            self.wellbore_feature = rqo.WellboreFeature(parent_model = self.model, feature_name = title)
-            self.feature_to_be_written = True
-        if self.wellbore_interpretation is None:
-            title = title if not self.wellbore_feature.title else self.wellbore_feature.title
-            self.wellbore_interpretation = rqo.WellboreInterpretation(parent_model = self.model,
-                                                                      title = title,
-                                                                      wellbore_feature = self.wellbore_feature)
-            if self.trajectory.wellbore_interpretation is None and shared_interpretation:
-                self.trajectory.wellbore_interpretation = self.wellbore_interpretation
-            self.interpretation_to_be_written = True
+        column_names = [
+            'GRID', 'RADW', 'SKIN', 'ANGLA', 'ANGLV', 'LENGTH', 'KH', 'DEPTH', 'MD', 'X', 'Y', 'STAT', 'PPERF', 'RADB',
+            'WI', 'WBC'
+        ]
+        column_values = [
+            grid_name, radw, skin, angla, anglv, length, kh, xyz[2], md, xyz[0], xyz[1], stat, part_perf_fraction, radb,
+            wi, wbc
+        ]
+        column_values_dict = dict(zip(column_names, column_values))
 
-    def create_md_datum_and_trajectory(self,
-                                       grid,
-                                       trajectory_mds,
-                                       trajectory_points,
-                                       length_uom,
-                                       well_name,
-                                       set_depth_zero = False,
-                                       set_tangent_vectors = False,
-                                       create_feature_and_interp = True):
-        """Creates an Md Datum object and a (simulation) Trajectory object for this blocked well.
+        data = df.to_dict()
+        data = {k: list(v.values()) for k, v in data.items()}
+        for col_index, col in enumerate(column_list):
+            if col_index < 3:
+                if one_based:
+                    row_dict[col] = [cell_kji0[2 - col_index] + 1]
+                else:
+                    row_dict[col] = [cell_kji0[2 - col_index]]
+            else:
+                row_dict[col] = [column_values_dict[col]]
 
-        note:
-           not usually called directly; used by import methods
-        """
+        for col, vals in row_dict.items():
+            if col in data:
+                data[col].extend(vals)
+            else:
+                data[col] = vals
+        df = pd.DataFrame(data)
 
-        if not well_name:
-            well_name = self.title
+        row_ci_list.append(ci)
 
-        # create md datum node for synthetic trajectory, using crs for grid
-        datum_location = trajectory_points[0].copy()
-        if set_depth_zero:
-            datum_location[2] = 0.0
-        datum = rqw.MdDatum(self.model,
-                            crs_uuid = grid.crs_uuid,
-                            location = datum_location,
-                            md_reference = 'mean sea level')
+        return df
 
-        # create synthetic trajectory object, using crs for grid
-        trajectory_mds_array = np.array(trajectory_mds)
-        trajectory_xyz_array = np.array(trajectory_points)
-        trajectory_df = pd.DataFrame({
-            'MD': trajectory_mds_array,
-            'X': trajectory_xyz_array[..., 0],
-            'Y': trajectory_xyz_array[..., 1],
-            'Z': trajectory_xyz_array[..., 2]
-        })
-        self.trajectory = rqw.Trajectory(self.model,
-                                         md_datum = datum,
-                                         data_frame = trajectory_df,
-                                         length_uom = length_uom,
-                                         well_name = well_name,
-                                         set_tangent_vectors = set_tangent_vectors)
-        self.trajectory_to_be_written = True
+    def __add_as_properties(self,
+                            df,
+                            add_as_properties,
+                            extra_columns_list,
+                            length_uom,
+                            time_index = None,
+                            time_series_uuid = None):
+        """Adds property parts from df with columns listed in add_as_properties or extra_columns_list."""
 
-        if create_feature_and_interp:
-            self.create_feature_and_interpretation()
+        if add_as_properties:
+            if isinstance(add_as_properties, list):
+                for col in add_as_properties:
+                    assert col in extra_columns_list
+                property_columns = add_as_properties
+            else:
+                property_columns = extra_columns_list
+            self.add_df_properties(df,
+                                   property_columns,
+                                   length_uom = length_uom,
+                                   time_index = time_index,
+                                   time_series_uuid = time_series_uuid)
 
-    def create_xml(self,
-                   ext_uuid = None,
-                   create_for_trajectory_if_needed = True,
-                   add_as_part = True,
-                   add_relationships = True,
-                   title = None,
-                   originator = None):
-        """Create a blocked wellbore representation node from this BlockedWell object, optionally add as part.
+    def _get_uom_pk_discrete_for_df_properties(self, extra, length_uom, temperature_uom = None):
+        """Set the property kind and unit of measure for all properties in the dataframe."""
 
-        note:
-           trajectory xml node must be in place before calling this function;
-           witsml log reference, interval stratigraphic units, and cell fluid phase units not yet supported
+        # todo: this is horribly inefficient, building a whole dictionary for every call but only using one entry
+        if length_uom not in ['m', 'ft']:
+            raise ValueError(f"The length_uom {length_uom} must be either 'm' or 'ft'.")
+        if extra == 'TEMP' and (temperature_uom is None or
+                                temperature_uom not in wam.valid_uoms('thermodynamic temperature')):
+            raise ValueError(f"The temperature_uom must be in {wam.valid_uoms('thermodynamic temperature')}.")
 
-        :meta common:
-        """
+        length_uom_pk_discrete = self._get_uom_pk_discrete_for_length_based_properties(length_uom = length_uom,
+                                                                                       extra = extra)
+        uom_pk_discrete_dict = {
+            'ANGLA': ('dega', 'azimuth', False),
+            'ANGLV': ('dega', 'inclination', False),
+            'KH': (f'mD.{length_uom}', 'permeability length', False),
+            'PPERF': (f'{length_uom}/{length_uom}', 'perforation fraction', False),
+            'STAT': (None, 'well connection open', True),
+            'LENGTH': length_uom_pk_discrete,
+            'MD': (length_uom, 'measured depth', False),
+            'X': length_uom_pk_discrete,
+            'Y': length_uom_pk_discrete,
+            'DEPTH': (length_uom, 'depth', False),
+            'RADW': (length_uom, 'wellbore radius', False),
+            'RADB': (length_uom, 'block equivalent radius', False),
+            'RADBP': length_uom_pk_discrete,
+            'RADWP': length_uom_pk_discrete,
+            'FM': (f'{length_uom}/{length_uom}', 'matrix fraction', False),
+            'IRELPM': (None, 'relative permeability index', True),  # TODO: change to 'region initialization' with facet
+            'SECT': (None, 'wellbore section index', True),
+            'LAYER': (None, 'layer index', True),
+            'ANGLE': ('dega', 'plane angle', False),
+            'TEMP': (temperature_uom, 'thermodynamic temperature', False),
+            'MDCON': length_uom_pk_discrete,
+            'K': ('mD', 'rock permeability', False),
+            'DZ': (length_uom, 'cell length', False),  # TODO: add direction facet
+            'DTOP': (length_uom, 'depth', False),
+            'DBOT': (length_uom, 'depth', False),
+            'SKIN': ('Euc', 'skin', False),
+            'WI': ('Euc', 'well connection index', False),
+        }
+        return uom_pk_discrete_dict.get(extra, ('Euc', 'generic continuous', False))
 
-        assert self.trajectory is not None, 'trajectory object missing'
+    def _get_uom_pk_discrete_for_length_based_properties(self, length_uom, extra):
+        if length_uom is None or length_uom == 'Euc':
+            if extra in ['LENGTH', 'MD', 'MDCON']:
+                uom = self.trajectory.md_uom
+            elif extra in ['X', 'Y', 'RADW', 'RADB', 'RADBP', 'RADWP']:
+                uom = self.grid_list[0].xy_units()
+            else:
+                uom = self.grid_list[0].z_units()
+        else:
+            uom = length_uom
+        if extra == 'DEPTH':
+            pk = 'depth'
+        else:
+            pk = 'length'
+        return uom, pk, False
 
-        if ext_uuid is None:
-            ext_uuid = self.model.h5_uuid()
+    @staticmethod
+    def __tidy_well_name(well_name):
+        nexus_friendly = ''
+        previous_underscore = False
+        for ch in well_name:
+            if not 32 <= ord(ch) < 128 or ch in ' ,!*#':
+                ch = '_'
+            if not (previous_underscore and ch == '_'):
+                nexus_friendly += ch
+            previous_underscore = (ch == '_')
+        if not nexus_friendly:
+            well_name = 'WELL_X'
+        return nexus_friendly
 
-        if title:
-            self.title = title
-        if not self.title:
-            self.title = self.well_name
-        title = self.title
+    @staticmethod
+    def __is_float_column(col_name):
+        if col_name.upper() in [
+                'ANGLA', 'ANGLV', 'LENGTH', 'KH', 'DEPTH', 'MD', 'X', 'Y', 'SKIN', 'RADW', 'RADB', 'PPERF'
+        ]:
+            return True
+        return False
 
-        self.__create_wellbore_feature_and_interpretation_xml_if_needed(add_as_part = add_as_part,
-                                                                        add_relationships = add_relationships,
-                                                                        originator = originator)
+    @staticmethod
+    def __is_int_column(col_name):
+        if col_name.upper() in ['IW', 'JW', 'L']:
+            return True
+        return False
 
-        self.__create_trajectory_xml_if_needed(create_for_trajectory_if_needed = create_for_trajectory_if_needed,
-                                               add_as_part = add_as_part,
-                                               add_relationships = add_relationships,
-                                               originator = originator,
-                                               ext_uuid = ext_uuid,
-                                               title = title)
+    def __get_well_name(self, well_name):
+        """Get the name of the well whose data is to be written to the Nexus WELLSPEC file."""
 
-        assert self.trajectory.root is not None, 'trajectory xml not established'
+        if not well_name:
+            if self.well_name:
+                well_name = self.well_name
+            elif self.root is not None:
+                well_name = rqet.citation_title_for_node(self.root)
+            elif self.wellbore_interpretation is not None:
+                well_name = self.wellbore_interpretation.title
+            elif self.trajectory is not None:
+                well_name = self.trajectory.title
+            if not well_name:
+                log.warning('no well name identified for use in WELLSPEC')
+                well_name = 'WELLNAME'
+        well_name = BlockedWell.__tidy_well_name(well_name)
 
-        bw_node = super().create_xml(title = title, originator = originator, add_as_part = False)
+        return well_name
 
-        # wellbore frame elements
+    def __write_wellspec_file_units_metadata(self, write_nexus_units, fp, length_uom, length_uom_comment,
+                                             extra_columns_list, well_name):
+        # write the units of measure (uom) and system of measure for length in the WELLSPEC file
+        # also write a comment on the length uom if necessary
 
-        nc_node, mds_node, mds_values_node, cc_node, cis_node, cnull_node, cis_values_node, gis_node, gnull_node,  \
-            gis_values_node, fis_node, fnull_node, fis_values_node =  \
-            self.__create_bw_node_sub_elements(bw_node = bw_node)
+        if write_nexus_units:
+            length_uom_system_list = ['METRIC', 'ENGLISH']
+            length_uom_index = ['m', 'ft'].index(length_uom)
+            fp.write(f'{length_uom_system_list[length_uom_index]}\n\n')
 
-        self.__create_hdf5_dataset_references(ext_uuid = ext_uuid,
-                                              mds_values_node = mds_values_node,
-                                              cis_values_node = cis_values_node,
-                                              gis_values_node = gis_values_node,
-                                              fis_values_node = fis_values_node)
+        if length_uom_comment and self.trajectory is not None and ('LENGTH' in extra_columns_list or 'MD'
+                                                                   in extra_columns_list or 'KH' in extra_columns_list):
+            fp.write(f'! Length units along wellbore: {self.trajectory.md_uom if length_uom is None else length_uom}\n')
+        fp.write('WELLSPEC ' + str(well_name) + '\n')
 
-        traj_root, grid_root, interp_root = self.__create_trajectory_grid_wellbore_interpretation_reference_nodes(
-            bw_node = bw_node)
+    @staticmethod
+    def __write_wellspec_file_columns(df, fp, col_width_dict, sep):
+        """Write the column names to the WELLSPEC file."""
+        for col_name in df.columns:
+            if col_name in col_width_dict:
+                width = col_width_dict[col_name]
+            else:
+                width = 10
+            form = '{0:>' + str(width) + '}'
+            fp.write(sep + form.format(col_name))
 
-        self.__add_as_part_and_add_relationships_if_required(add_as_part = add_as_part,
-                                                             add_relationships = add_relationships,
-                                                             bw_node = bw_node,
-                                                             interp_root = interp_root,
-                                                             ext_uuid = ext_uuid)
+    @staticmethod
+    def __write_wellspec_file_rows_from_dataframe(df, fp, col_width_dict, sep):
+        """Writes the non-blank lines of a Nexus WELLSPEC file from a BlockedWell dataframe."""
 
-        return bw_node
+        for row_info in df.iterrows():
+            row = row_info[1]
+            for col_name in df.columns:
+                try:
+                    if col_name in col_width_dict:
+                        width = col_width_dict[col_name]
+                    else:
+                        width = 10
+                    if BlockedWell.__is_float_column(col_name):
+                        form = '{0:>' + str(width) + '.3f}'
+                        value = row[col_name]
+                        if col_name == 'ANGLA' and (pd.isna(row[col_name]) or value is None or np.isnan(value)):
+                            value = 0.0
+                        fp.write(sep + form.format(float(value)))
+                    else:
+                        form = '{0:>' + str(width) + '}'
+                        if BlockedWell.__is_int_column(col_name):
+                            fp.write(sep + form.format(int(row[col_name])))
+                        elif col_name == 'STAT':
+                            fp.write(sep + form.format('OFF' if str(row['STAT']).upper() in ['0', 'OFF'] else 'ON'))
+                        else:
+                            fp.write(sep + form.format(str(row[col_name])))
+                except Exception:
+                    fp.write(sep + str(row[col_name]))
+            fp.write('\n')
 
     def __create_wellbore_feature_and_interpretation_xml_if_needed(self, add_as_part, add_relationships, originator):
         """Create root node for WellboreFeature and WellboreInterpretation objects if necessary."""
@@ -3297,6 +3447,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
     def __create_trajectory_xml_if_needed(self, create_for_trajectory_if_needed, add_as_part, add_relationships,
                                           originator, ext_uuid, title):
         """Create root node for associated Trajectory object if necessary."""
+
         if create_for_trajectory_if_needed and self.trajectory_to_be_written and self.trajectory.root is None:
             md_datum_root = self.trajectory.md_datum.create_xml(add_as_part = add_as_part,
                                                                 add_relationships = add_relationships,
@@ -3311,6 +3462,7 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
 
     def __create_bw_node_sub_elements(self, bw_node):
         """Append sub-elements to the BlockedWell object's root node."""
+
         nc_node = rqet.SubElement(bw_node, ns['resqml2'] + 'NodeCount')
         nc_node.set(ns['xsi'] + 'type', ns['xsd'] + 'positiveInteger')
         nc_node.text = str(self.node_count)
@@ -3369,7 +3521,8 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
         fis_values_node.set(ns['xsi'] + 'type', ns['eml'] + 'Hdf5Dataset')
         fis_values_node.text = rqet.null_xml_text
 
-        return nc_node, mds_node, mds_values_node, cc_node, cis_node, cnull_node, cis_values_node, gis_node, gnull_node, gis_values_node, fis_node, fnull_node, fis_values_node
+        return (nc_node, mds_node, mds_values_node, cc_node, cis_node, cnull_node, cis_values_node, gis_node,
+                gnull_node, gis_values_node, fis_node, fnull_node, fis_values_node)
 
     def __create_trajectory_grid_wellbore_interpretation_reference_nodes(self, bw_node):
         """Create nodes and add to BlockedWell object root node."""
@@ -3430,116 +3583,3 @@ class BlockedWell(BaseResqpy):
                 ext_node = self.model.root_for_part(ext_part)
                 self.model.create_reciprocal_relationship(bw_node, 'mlToExternalPartProxy', ext_node,
                                                           'externalPartProxyToMl')
-
-    def write_hdf5(self, file_name = None, mode = 'a', create_for_trajectory_if_needed = True):
-        """Create or append to an hdf5 file, writing datasets for the measured depths, grid, cell & face indices.
-
-        :meta common:
-        """
-
-        # NB: array data must all have been set up prior to calling this function
-
-        if self.uuid is None:
-            self.uuid = bu.new_uuid()
-
-        h5_reg = rwh5.H5Register(self.model)
-
-        if create_for_trajectory_if_needed and self.trajectory_to_be_written:
-            self.trajectory.write_hdf5(file_name, mode = mode)
-            mode = 'a'
-
-        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'NodeMd', self.node_mds)
-        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'CellIndices', self.cell_indices)  # could use int32?
-        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'GridIndices', self.grid_indices)  # could use int32?
-        # convert face index pairs from [axis, polarity] back to strange local face numbering
-        mask = (self.face_pair_indices.flatten() == -1).reshape((-1, 2))  # 2nd axis is (axis, polarity)
-        masked_face_indices = np.where(mask, 0, self.face_pair_indices.reshape((-1, 2)))  # 2nd axis is (axis, polarity)
-        # using flat array for raw_face_indices array
-        # other resqml writing code might use an array with one int per entry point and one per exit point, with 2nd axis as (entry, exit)
-        raw_face_indices = np.where(mask[:, 0], -1, self.face_index_map[masked_face_indices[:, 0],
-                                                                        masked_face_indices[:,
-                                                                                            1]].flatten()).reshape(-1)
-
-        h5_reg.register_dataset(self.uuid, 'LocalFacePairPerCellIndices', raw_face_indices)  # could use uint8?
-
-        h5_reg.write(file = file_name, mode = mode)
-
-    def add_grid_property_to_blocked_well(self, uuid_list):
-        """Add properties to blocked wells from a list of uuids for properties on the supporting grid."""
-
-        part_list = [self.model.part_for_uuid(uuid) for uuid in uuid_list]
-
-        assert len(self.grid_list) == 1, "only blocked wells with a single grid can be handled currently"
-        grid = self.grid_list[0]
-        # filter to only those properties on the grid
-        parts = self.model.parts_list_filtered_by_supporting_uuid(part_list, grid.uuid)
-        if len(parts) < len(uuid_list):
-            log.warning(
-                f"{len(uuid_list)-len(parts)} uuids ignored as they do not belong to the same grid as the blocked well")
-
-        gridpc = grid.extract_property_collection()
-        # only 'cell' properties are handled
-        cell_parts = [part for part in parts if gridpc.indexable_for_part(part) == 'cells']
-        if len(cell_parts) < len(parts):
-            log.warning(f"{len(parts)-len(cell_parts)} uuids ignored as they do not have indexable element of cells")
-
-        if len(cell_parts) > 0:
-            bwpc = rqp.PropertyCollection(support = self)
-            if len(gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_list()) > 0:
-                sl_dict = {}
-                for part in cell_parts:
-                    if gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part) in sl_dict.keys():
-                        sl_dict[gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part)] =  \
-                            sl_dict[gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part)] + [part]
-                    else:
-                        sl_dict[gridpc.string_lookup_uuid_for_part(part)] = [part]
-            else:
-                sl_dict = {None: cell_parts}
-
-            sl_ts_dict = {}
-            for sl_uuid in sl_dict.keys():
-                if len(gridpc.time_series_uuid_list()) > 0:
-                    # dictionary with keys for string_lookup uuids and None where missing
-                    # values for each key are a list of property parts associated with that lookup uuid, or None
-                    time_dict = {}
-                    for part in sl_dict[sl_uuid]:
-                        if gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part) in time_dict.keys():
-                            time_dict[gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part)] =  \
-                                time_dict[gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part)] + [part]
-                        else:
-                            time_dict[gridpc.time_series_uuid_for_part(part)] = [part]
-                else:
-                    time_dict = {None: sl_dict[sl_uuid]}
-                sl_ts_dict[sl_uuid] = time_dict
-
-            for sl_uuid in sl_ts_dict.keys():
-                time_dict = sl_ts_dict[sl_uuid]
-                for time_uuid in time_dict.keys():
-                    parts = time_dict[time_uuid]
-                    for part in parts:
-                        array = gridpc.cached_part_array_ref(part)
-                        indices = self.cell_indices_for_grid_uuid(grid.uuid)
-                        bwarray = np.empty(shape = (indices.shape[0],), dtype = array.dtype)
-                        for i, ind in enumerate(indices):
-                            bwarray[i] = array[tuple(ind)]
-                        bwpc.add_cached_array_to_imported_list(
-                            bwarray,
-                            source_info = f'property from grid {grid.title}',
-                            keyword = gridpc.citation_title_for_part(part),
-                            discrete = (not gridpc.continuous_for_part(part)),
-                            uom = gridpc.uom_for_part(part),
-                            time_index = gridpc.time_index_for_part(part),
-                            null_value = gridpc.null_value_for_part(part),
-                            property_kind = gridpc.property_kind_for_part(part),
-                            local_property_kind_uuid = gridpc.local_property_kind_uuid(part),
-                            facet_type = gridpc.facet_type_for_part(part),
-                            facet = gridpc.facet_for_part(part),
-                            realization = gridpc.realization_for_part(part),
-                            indexable_element = 'cells')
-                    bwpc.write_hdf5_for_imported_list(use_int32 = False)
-                    bwpc.create_xml_for_imported_list_and_add_parts_to_model(time_series_uuid = time_uuid,
-                                                                             string_lookup_uuid = sl_uuid)
-        else:
-            log.debug(
-                "no properties added - uuids either not 'cell' properties or blocked well is associated with multiple grids"
-            )