regex 2026.1.14__cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_s390x.manylinux_2_17_s390x.manylinux_2_28_s390x.whl

regex/_regex_core.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4675 @@
+#
+# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine core module
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# This version of the SRE library can be redistributed under CNRI's
+# Python 1.6 license.  For any other use, please contact Secret Labs
+# AB (info@pythonware.com).
+#
+# Portions of this engine have been developed in cooperation with
+# CNRI.  Hewlett-Packard provided funding for 1.6 integration and
+# other compatibility work.
+#
+# 2010-01-16 mrab Python front-end re-written and extended
+
+import enum
+import string
+import unicodedata
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+from regex import _regex
+
+__all__ = ["A", "ASCII", "B", "BESTMATCH", "D", "DEBUG", "E", "ENHANCEMATCH",
+  "F", "FULLCASE", "I", "IGNORECASE", "L", "LOCALE", "M", "MULTILINE", "P",
+  "POSIX", "R", "REVERSE", "S", "DOTALL", "T", "TEMPLATE", "U", "UNICODE",
+  "V0", "VERSION0", "V1", "VERSION1", "W", "WORD", "X", "VERBOSE", "error",
+  "Scanner", "RegexFlag"]
+
+# The regex exception.
+class error(Exception):
+    """Exception raised for invalid regular expressions.
+
+    Attributes:
+
+        msg: The unformatted error message
+        pattern: The regular expression pattern
+        pos: The position in the pattern where compilation failed, or None
+        lineno: The line number where compilation failed, unless pos is None
+        colno: The column number where compilation failed, unless pos is None
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, pattern=None, pos=None):
+        newline = '\n' if isinstance(pattern, str) else b'\n'
+        self.msg = message
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.pos = pos
+        if pattern is not None and pos is not None:
+            self.lineno = pattern.count(newline, 0, pos) + 1
+            self.colno = pos - pattern.rfind(newline, 0, pos)
+
+            message = "{} at position {}".format(message, pos)
+
+            if newline in pattern:
+                message += " (line {}, column {})".format(self.lineno,
+                  self.colno)
+
+        Exception.__init__(self, message)
+
+# The exception for when a positional flag has been turned on in the old
+# behaviour.
+class _UnscopedFlagSet(Exception):
+    pass
+
+# The exception for when parsing fails and we want to try something else.
+class ParseError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+# The exception for when there isn't a valid first set.
+class _FirstSetError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+# Flags.
+class RegexFlag(enum.IntFlag):
+    A = ASCII = 0x80          # Assume ASCII locale.
+    B = BESTMATCH = 0x1000    # Best fuzzy match.
+    D = DEBUG = 0x200         # Print parsed pattern.
+    E = ENHANCEMATCH = 0x8000 # Attempt to improve the fit after finding the first
+                              # fuzzy match.
+    F = FULLCASE = 0x4000     # Unicode full case-folding.
+    I = IGNORECASE = 0x2      # Ignore case.
+    L = LOCALE = 0x4          # Assume current 8-bit locale.
+    M = MULTILINE = 0x8       # Make anchors look for newline.
+    P = POSIX = 0x10000       # POSIX-style matching (leftmost longest).
+    R = REVERSE = 0x400       # Search backwards.
+    S = DOTALL = 0x10         # Make dot match newline.
+    U = UNICODE = 0x20        # Assume Unicode locale.
+    V0 = VERSION0 = 0x2000    # Old legacy behaviour.
+    V1 = VERSION1 = 0x100     # New enhanced behaviour.
+    W = WORD = 0x800          # Default Unicode word breaks.
+    X = VERBOSE = 0x40        # Ignore whitespace and comments.
+    T = TEMPLATE = 0x1        # Template (present because re module has it).
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._name_ is not None:
+            return 'regex.%s' % self._name_
+
+        value = self._value_
+        members = []
+        negative = value < 0
+
+        if negative:
+            value = ~value
+
+        for m in self.__class__:
+            if value & m._value_:
+                value &= ~m._value_
+                members.append('regex.%s' % m._name_)
+
+        if value:
+            members.append(hex(value))
+
+        res = '|'.join(members)
+
+        if negative:
+            if len(members) > 1:
+                res = '~(%s)' % res
+            else:
+                res = '~%s' % res
+
+        return res
+
+    __str__ = object.__str__
+
+# Put the flags into the module namespace. Being explicit here helps tools like
+# linters and IDEs understand the code better.
+ASCII = RegexFlag.ASCII
+BESTMATCH = RegexFlag.BESTMATCH
+DEBUG = RegexFlag.DEBUG
+DOTALL = RegexFlag.DOTALL
+ENHANCEMATCH = RegexFlag.ENHANCEMATCH
+FULLCASE = RegexFlag.FULLCASE
+IGNORECASE = RegexFlag.IGNORECASE
+LOCALE = RegexFlag.LOCALE
+MULTILINE = RegexFlag.MULTILINE
+POSIX = RegexFlag.POSIX
+REVERSE = RegexFlag.REVERSE
+TEMPLATE = RegexFlag.TEMPLATE
+UNICODE = RegexFlag.UNICODE
+VERBOSE = RegexFlag.VERBOSE
+VERSION0 = RegexFlag.VERSION0
+VERSION1 = RegexFlag.VERSION1
+WORD = RegexFlag.WORD
+A = RegexFlag.A
+B = RegexFlag.B
+D = RegexFlag.D
+E = RegexFlag.E
+F = RegexFlag.F
+I = RegexFlag.I
+L = RegexFlag.L
+M = RegexFlag.M
+P = RegexFlag.P
+R = RegexFlag.R
+S = RegexFlag.S
+U = RegexFlag.U
+V0 = RegexFlag.V0
+V1 = RegexFlag.V1
+W = RegexFlag.W
+X = RegexFlag.X
+T = RegexFlag.T
+
+DEFAULT_VERSION = VERSION1
+
+_ALL_VERSIONS = VERSION0 | VERSION1
+_ALL_ENCODINGS = ASCII | LOCALE | UNICODE
+
+# The default flags for the various versions.
+DEFAULT_FLAGS = {VERSION0: 0, VERSION1: FULLCASE}
+
+# The mask for the flags.
+GLOBAL_FLAGS = (_ALL_VERSIONS | BESTMATCH | DEBUG | ENHANCEMATCH | POSIX |
+  REVERSE)
+SCOPED_FLAGS = (FULLCASE | IGNORECASE | MULTILINE | DOTALL | WORD | VERBOSE |
+  _ALL_ENCODINGS)
+
+ALPHA = frozenset(string.ascii_letters)
+DIGITS = frozenset(string.digits)
+ALNUM = ALPHA | DIGITS
+OCT_DIGITS = frozenset(string.octdigits)
+HEX_DIGITS = frozenset(string.hexdigits)
+SPECIAL_CHARS = frozenset("()|?*+{^$.[\\#") | frozenset([""])
+NAMED_CHAR_PART = ALNUM | frozenset(" -")
+PROPERTY_NAME_PART = ALNUM | frozenset(" &_-.")
+SET_OPS = ("||", "~~", "&&", "--")
+
+# The width of the code words inside the regex engine.
+BYTES_PER_CODE = _regex.get_code_size()
+BITS_PER_CODE = BYTES_PER_CODE * 8
+
+# The repeat count which represents infinity.
+UNLIMITED = (1 << BITS_PER_CODE) - 1
+
+# The regular expression flags.
+REGEX_FLAGS = {"a": ASCII, "b": BESTMATCH, "e": ENHANCEMATCH, "f": FULLCASE,
+  "i": IGNORECASE, "L": LOCALE, "m": MULTILINE, "p": POSIX, "r": REVERSE,
+  "s": DOTALL, "u": UNICODE, "V0": VERSION0, "V1": VERSION1, "w": WORD, "x":
+  VERBOSE}
+
+# The case flags.
+CASE_FLAGS = FULLCASE | IGNORECASE
+NOCASE = 0
+FULLIGNORECASE = FULLCASE | IGNORECASE
+
+FULL_CASE_FOLDING = UNICODE | FULLIGNORECASE
+
+CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS = {0: 0, FULLCASE: 0, IGNORECASE: IGNORECASE,
+  FULLIGNORECASE: FULLIGNORECASE}
+
+# The number of digits in hexadecimal escapes.
+HEX_ESCAPES = {"x": 2, "u": 4, "U": 8}
+
+# The names of the opcodes.
+OPCODES = """
+FAILURE
+SUCCESS
+ANY
+ANY_ALL
+ANY_ALL_REV
+ANY_REV
+ANY_U
+ANY_U_REV
+ATOMIC
+BOUNDARY
+BRANCH
+CALL_REF
+CHARACTER
+CHARACTER_IGN
+CHARACTER_IGN_REV
+CHARACTER_REV
+CONDITIONAL
+DEFAULT_BOUNDARY
+DEFAULT_END_OF_WORD
+DEFAULT_START_OF_WORD
+END
+END_OF_LINE
+END_OF_LINE_U
+END_OF_STRING
+END_OF_STRING_LINE
+END_OF_STRING_LINE_U
+END_OF_WORD
+FUZZY
+GRAPHEME_BOUNDARY
+GREEDY_REPEAT
+GROUP
+GROUP_CALL
+GROUP_EXISTS
+KEEP
+LAZY_REPEAT
+LOOKAROUND
+NEXT
+PROPERTY
+PROPERTY_IGN
+PROPERTY_IGN_REV
+PROPERTY_REV
+PRUNE
+RANGE
+RANGE_IGN
+RANGE_IGN_REV
+RANGE_REV
+REF_GROUP
+REF_GROUP_FLD
+REF_GROUP_FLD_REV
+REF_GROUP_IGN
+REF_GROUP_IGN_REV
+REF_GROUP_REV
+SEARCH_ANCHOR
+SET_DIFF
+SET_DIFF_IGN
+SET_DIFF_IGN_REV
+SET_DIFF_REV
+SET_INTER
+SET_INTER_IGN
+SET_INTER_IGN_REV
+SET_INTER_REV
+SET_SYM_DIFF
+SET_SYM_DIFF_IGN
+SET_SYM_DIFF_IGN_REV
+SET_SYM_DIFF_REV
+SET_UNION
+SET_UNION_IGN
+SET_UNION_IGN_REV
+SET_UNION_REV
+SKIP
+START_OF_LINE
+START_OF_LINE_U
+START_OF_STRING
+START_OF_WORD
+STRING
+STRING_FLD
+STRING_FLD_REV
+STRING_IGN
+STRING_IGN_REV
+STRING_REV
+FUZZY_EXT
+"""
+
+# Define the opcodes in a namespace.
+class Namespace:
+    pass
+
+OP = Namespace()
+for i, op in enumerate(OPCODES.split()):
+    setattr(OP, op, i)
+
+def _shrink_cache(cache_dict, args_dict, locale_sensitive, max_length, divisor=5):
+    """Make room in the given cache.
+
+    Args:
+        cache_dict: The cache dictionary to modify.
+        args_dict: The dictionary of named list args used by patterns.
+        max_length: Maximum # of entries in cache_dict before it is shrunk.
+        divisor: Cache will shrink to max_length - 1/divisor*max_length items.
+    """
+    # Toss out a fraction of the entries at random to make room for new ones.
+    # A random algorithm was chosen as opposed to simply cache_dict.popitem()
+    # as popitem could penalize the same regular expression repeatedly based
+    # on its internal hash value.  Being random should spread the cache miss
+    # love around.
+    cache_keys = tuple(cache_dict.keys())
+    overage = len(cache_keys) - max_length
+    if overage < 0:
+        # Cache is already within limits.  Normally this should not happen
+        # but it could due to multithreading.
+        return
+
+    number_to_toss = max_length // divisor + overage
+
+    # The import is done here to avoid a circular dependency.
+    import random
+    if not hasattr(random, 'sample'):
+        # Do nothing while resolving the circular dependency:
+        #  re->random->warnings->tokenize->string->re
+        return
+
+    for doomed_key in random.sample(cache_keys, number_to_toss):
+        try:
+            del cache_dict[doomed_key]
+        except KeyError:
+            # Ignore problems if the cache changed from another thread.
+            pass
+
+    # Rebuild the arguments and locale-sensitivity dictionaries.
+    args_dict.clear()
+    sensitivity_dict = {}
+    for pattern, pattern_type, flags, args, default_version, locale in tuple(cache_dict):
+        args_dict[pattern, pattern_type, flags, default_version, locale] = args
+        try:
+            sensitivity_dict[pattern_type, pattern] = locale_sensitive[pattern_type, pattern]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    locale_sensitive.clear()
+    locale_sensitive.update(sensitivity_dict)
+
+def _fold_case(info, string):
+    "Folds the case of a string."
+    flags = info.flags
+    if (flags & _ALL_ENCODINGS) == 0:
+        flags |= info.guess_encoding
+
+    return _regex.fold_case(flags, string)
+
+def is_cased_i(info, char):
+    "Checks whether a character is cased."
+    return len(_regex.get_all_cases(info.flags, char)) > 1
+
+def is_cased_f(flags, char):
+    "Checks whether a character is cased."
+    return len(_regex.get_all_cases(flags, char)) > 1
+
+def _compile_firstset(info, fs):
+    "Compiles the firstset for the pattern."
+    reverse = bool(info.flags & REVERSE)
+    fs = _check_firstset(info, reverse, fs)
+    if not fs or isinstance(fs, AnyAll):
+        return []
+
+    # Compile the firstset.
+    return fs.compile(reverse)
+
+def _check_firstset(info, reverse, fs):
+    "Checks the firstset for the pattern."
+    if not fs or None in fs:
+        return None
+
+    # If we ignore the case, for simplicity we won't build a firstset.
+    members = set()
+    case_flags = NOCASE
+    for i in fs:
+        if isinstance(i, Character) and not i.positive:
+            return None
+
+#        if i.case_flags:
+#            if isinstance(i, Character):
+#                if is_cased_i(info, i.value):
+#                    return []
+#            elif isinstance(i, SetBase):
+#                return []
+        case_flags |= i.case_flags
+        members.add(i.with_flags(case_flags=NOCASE))
+
+    if case_flags == (FULLCASE | IGNORECASE):
+        return None
+
+    # Build the firstset.
+    fs = SetUnion(info, list(members), case_flags=case_flags & ~FULLCASE,
+      zerowidth=True)
+    fs = fs.optimise(info, reverse, in_set=True)
+
+    return fs
+
+def _flatten_code(code):
+    "Flattens the code from a list of tuples."
+    flat_code = []
+    for c in code:
+        flat_code.extend(c)
+
+    return flat_code
+
+def make_case_flags(info):
+    "Makes the case flags."
+    flags = info.flags & CASE_FLAGS
+
+    # Turn off FULLCASE if ASCII is turned on.
+    if info.flags & ASCII:
+        flags &= ~FULLCASE
+
+    return flags
+
+def make_character(info, value, in_set=False):
+    "Makes a character literal."
+    if in_set:
+        # A character set is built case-sensitively.
+        return Character(value)
+
+    return Character(value, case_flags=make_case_flags(info))
+
+def make_ref_group(info, name, position):
+    "Makes a group reference."
+    return RefGroup(info, name, position, case_flags=make_case_flags(info))
+
+def make_string_set(info, name):
+    "Makes a string set."
+    return StringSet(info, name, case_flags=make_case_flags(info))
+
+def make_property(info, prop, in_set):
+    "Makes a property."
+    if in_set:
+        return prop
+
+    return prop.with_flags(case_flags=make_case_flags(info))
+
+def _parse_pattern(source, info):
+    "Parses a pattern, eg. 'a|b|c'."
+    branches = [parse_sequence(source, info)]
+    while source.match("|"):
+        branches.append(parse_sequence(source, info))
+
+    if len(branches) == 1:
+        return branches[0]
+    return Branch(branches)
+
+def parse_sequence(source, info):
+    "Parses a sequence, eg. 'abc'."
+    sequence = [None]
+    case_flags = make_case_flags(info)
+    while True:
+        saved_pos = source.pos
+        ch = source.get()
+        if ch in SPECIAL_CHARS:
+            if ch in ")|":
+                # The end of a sequence. At the end of the pattern ch is "".
+                source.pos = saved_pos
+                break
+            elif ch == "\\":
+                # An escape sequence outside a set.
+                sequence.append(parse_escape(source, info, False))
+            elif ch == "(":
+                # A parenthesised subpattern or a flag.
+                element = parse_paren(source, info)
+                if element is None:
+                    case_flags = make_case_flags(info)
+                else:
+                    sequence.append(element)
+            elif ch == ".":
+                # Any character.
+                if info.flags & DOTALL:
+                    sequence.append(AnyAll())
+                elif info.flags & WORD:
+                    sequence.append(AnyU())
+                else:
+                    sequence.append(Any())
+            elif ch == "[":
+                # A character set.
+                sequence.append(parse_set(source, info))
+            elif ch == "^":
+                # The start of a line or the string.
+                if info.flags & MULTILINE:
+                    if info.flags & WORD:
+                        sequence.append(StartOfLineU())
+                    else:
+                        sequence.append(StartOfLine())
+                else:
+                    sequence.append(StartOfString())
+            elif ch == "$":
+                # The end of a line or the string.
+                if info.flags & MULTILINE:
+                    if info.flags & WORD:
+                        sequence.append(EndOfLineU())
+                    else:
+                        sequence.append(EndOfLine())
+                else:
+                    if info.flags & WORD:
+                        sequence.append(EndOfStringLineU())
+                    else:
+                        sequence.append(EndOfStringLine())
+            elif ch in "?*+{":
+                # Looks like a quantifier.
+                counts = parse_quantifier(source, info, ch)
+                if counts:
+                    # It _is_ a quantifier.
+                    apply_quantifier(source, info, counts, case_flags, ch,
+                      saved_pos, sequence)
+                    sequence.append(None)
+                else:
+                    # It's not a quantifier. Maybe it's a fuzzy constraint.
+                    constraints = parse_fuzzy(source, info, ch, case_flags)
+
+                    if constraints:
+                        # It _is_ a fuzzy constraint.
+                        if is_actually_fuzzy(constraints):
+                            apply_constraint(source, info, constraints, case_flags,
+                              saved_pos, sequence)
+                            sequence.append(None)
+                    else:
+                        # The element was just a literal.
+                        sequence.append(Character(ord(ch),
+                          case_flags=case_flags))
+            else:
+                # A literal.
+                sequence.append(Character(ord(ch), case_flags=case_flags))
+        else:
+            # A literal.
+            sequence.append(Character(ord(ch), case_flags=case_flags))
+
+    sequence = [item for item in sequence if item is not None]
+    return Sequence(sequence)
+
+def is_actually_fuzzy(constraints):
+    "Checks whether a fuzzy constraint is actually fuzzy."
+    if constraints.get("e") == (0, 0):
+        return False
+
+    if (constraints.get("s"), constraints.get("i"), constraints.get("d")) == ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)):
+        return False
+
+    return True
+
+def apply_quantifier(source, info, counts, case_flags, ch, saved_pos,
+  sequence):
+    element = sequence.pop()
+    if element is None:
+        if sequence:
+            raise error("multiple repeat", source.string, saved_pos)
+        raise error("nothing to repeat", source.string, saved_pos)
+
+    if isinstance(element, (GreedyRepeat, LazyRepeat, PossessiveRepeat)):
+        raise error("multiple repeat", source.string, saved_pos)
+
+    min_count, max_count = counts
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch == "?":
+        # The "?" suffix that means it's a lazy repeat.
+        repeated = LazyRepeat
+    elif ch == "+":
+        # The "+" suffix that means it's a possessive repeat.
+        repeated = PossessiveRepeat
+    else:
+        # No suffix means that it's a greedy repeat.
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+        repeated = GreedyRepeat
+
+    # Ignore the quantifier if it applies to a zero-width item or the number of
+    # repeats is fixed at 1.
+    if not element.is_empty() and (min_count != 1 or max_count != 1):
+        element = repeated(element, min_count, max_count)
+
+    sequence.append(element)
+
+def apply_constraint(source, info, constraints, case_flags, saved_pos,
+  sequence):
+    element = sequence.pop()
+    if element is None:
+        raise error("nothing for fuzzy constraint", source.string, saved_pos)
+
+    # If a group is marked as fuzzy then put all of the fuzzy part in the
+    # group.
+    if isinstance(element, Group):
+        element.subpattern = Fuzzy(element.subpattern, constraints)
+        sequence.append(element)
+    else:
+        sequence.append(Fuzzy(element, constraints))
+
+_QUANTIFIERS = {"?": (0, 1), "*": (0, None), "+": (1, None)}
+
+def parse_quantifier(source, info, ch):
+    "Parses a quantifier."
+    q = _QUANTIFIERS.get(ch)
+    if q:
+        # It's a quantifier.
+        return q
+
+    if ch == "{":
+        # Looks like a limited repeated element, eg. 'a{2,3}'.
+        counts = parse_limited_quantifier(source)
+        if counts:
+            return counts
+
+    return None
+
+def is_above_limit(count):
+    "Checks whether a count is above the maximum."
+    return count is not None and count >= UNLIMITED
+
+def parse_limited_quantifier(source):
+    "Parses a limited quantifier."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    min_count = parse_count(source)
+    if source.match(","):
+        max_count = parse_count(source)
+
+        # No minimum means 0 and no maximum means unlimited.
+        min_count = int(min_count or 0)
+        max_count = int(max_count) if max_count else None
+    else:
+        if not min_count:
+            source.pos = saved_pos
+            return None
+
+        min_count = max_count = int(min_count)
+
+    if not source.match ("}"):
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+        return None
+
+    if is_above_limit(min_count) or is_above_limit(max_count):
+        raise error("repeat count too big", source.string, saved_pos)
+
+    if max_count is not None and min_count > max_count:
+        raise error("min repeat greater than max repeat", source.string,
+          saved_pos)
+
+    return min_count, max_count
+
+def parse_fuzzy(source, info, ch, case_flags):
+    "Parses a fuzzy setting, if present."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+
+    if ch != "{":
+        return None
+
+    constraints = {}
+    try:
+        parse_fuzzy_item(source, constraints)
+        while source.match(","):
+            parse_fuzzy_item(source, constraints)
+    except ParseError:
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+        return None
+
+    if source.match(":"):
+        constraints["test"] = parse_fuzzy_test(source, info, case_flags)
+
+    if not source.match("}"):
+        raise error("expected }", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    return constraints
+
+def parse_fuzzy_item(source, constraints):
+    "Parses a fuzzy setting item."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    try:
+        parse_cost_constraint(source, constraints)
+    except ParseError:
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+
+        parse_cost_equation(source, constraints)
+
+def parse_cost_constraint(source, constraints):
+    "Parses a cost constraint."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch in ALPHA:
+        # Syntax: constraint [("<=" | "<") cost]
+        constraint = parse_constraint(source, constraints, ch)
+
+        max_inc = parse_fuzzy_compare(source)
+
+        if max_inc is None:
+            # No maximum cost.
+            constraints[constraint] = 0, None
+        else:
+            # There's a maximum cost.
+            cost_pos = source.pos
+            max_cost = parse_cost_limit(source)
+
+            # Inclusive or exclusive limit?
+            if not max_inc:
+                max_cost -= 1
+
+            if max_cost < 0:
+                raise error("bad fuzzy cost limit", source.string, cost_pos)
+
+            constraints[constraint] = 0, max_cost
+    elif ch in DIGITS:
+        # Syntax: cost ("<=" | "<") constraint ("<=" | "<") cost
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+
+        # Minimum cost.
+        cost_pos = source.pos
+        min_cost = parse_cost_limit(source)
+
+        min_inc = parse_fuzzy_compare(source)
+        if min_inc is None:
+            raise ParseError()
+
+        constraint = parse_constraint(source, constraints, source.get())
+
+        max_inc = parse_fuzzy_compare(source)
+        if max_inc is None:
+            raise ParseError()
+
+        # Maximum cost.
+        cost_pos = source.pos
+        max_cost = parse_cost_limit(source)
+
+        # Inclusive or exclusive limits?
+        if not min_inc:
+            min_cost += 1
+        if not max_inc:
+            max_cost -= 1
+
+        if not 0 <= min_cost <= max_cost:
+            raise error("bad fuzzy cost limit", source.string, cost_pos)
+
+        constraints[constraint] = min_cost, max_cost
+    else:
+        raise ParseError()
+
+def parse_cost_limit(source):
+    "Parses a cost limit."
+    cost_pos = source.pos
+    digits = parse_count(source)
+
+    try:
+        return int(digits)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+
+    raise error("bad fuzzy cost limit", source.string, cost_pos)
+
+def parse_constraint(source, constraints, ch):
+    "Parses a constraint."
+    if ch not in "deis":
+        raise ParseError()
+
+    if ch in constraints:
+        raise ParseError()
+
+    return ch
+
+def parse_fuzzy_compare(source):
+    "Parses a cost comparator."
+    if source.match("<="):
+        return True
+    elif source.match("<"):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return None
+
+def parse_cost_equation(source, constraints):
+    "Parses a cost equation."
+    if "cost" in constraints:
+        raise error("more than one cost equation", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    cost = {}
+
+    parse_cost_term(source, cost)
+    while source.match("+"):
+        parse_cost_term(source, cost)
+
+    max_inc = parse_fuzzy_compare(source)
+    if max_inc is None:
+        raise ParseError()
+
+    max_cost = int(parse_count(source))
+
+    if not max_inc:
+        max_cost -= 1
+
+    if max_cost < 0:
+        raise error("bad fuzzy cost limit", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    cost["max"] = max_cost
+
+    constraints["cost"] = cost
+
+def parse_cost_term(source, cost):
+    "Parses a cost equation term."
+    coeff = parse_count(source)
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch not in "dis":
+        raise ParseError()
+
+    if ch in cost:
+        raise error("repeated fuzzy cost", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    cost[ch] = int(coeff or 1)
+
+def parse_fuzzy_test(source, info, case_flags):
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch in SPECIAL_CHARS:
+        if ch == "\\":
+            # An escape sequence outside a set.
+            return parse_escape(source, info, False)
+        elif ch == ".":
+            # Any character.
+            if info.flags & DOTALL:
+                return AnyAll()
+            elif info.flags & WORD:
+                return AnyU()
+            else:
+                return Any()
+        elif ch == "[":
+            # A character set.
+            return parse_set(source, info)
+        else:
+            raise error("expected character set", source.string, saved_pos)
+    elif ch:
+        # A literal.
+        return Character(ord(ch), case_flags=case_flags)
+    else:
+        raise error("expected character set", source.string, saved_pos)
+
+def parse_count(source):
+    "Parses a quantifier's count, which can be empty."
+    return source.get_while(DIGITS)
+
+def parse_paren(source, info):
+    """Parses a parenthesised subpattern or a flag. Returns FLAGS if it's an
+    inline flag.
+    """
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get(True)
+    if ch == "?":
+        # (?...
+        saved_pos_2 = source.pos
+        ch = source.get(True)
+        if ch == "<":
+            # (?<...
+            saved_pos_3 = source.pos
+            ch = source.get()
+            if ch in ("=", "!"):
+                # (?<=... or (?<!...: lookbehind.
+                return parse_lookaround(source, info, True, ch == "=")
+
+            # (?<...: a named capture group.
+            source.pos = saved_pos_3
+            name = parse_name(source)
+            group = info.open_group(name)
+            source.expect(">")
+            saved_flags = info.flags
+            try:
+                subpattern = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+                source.expect(")")
+            finally:
+                info.flags = saved_flags
+                source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+            info.close_group()
+            return Group(info, group, subpattern)
+        if ch in ("=", "!"):
+            # (?=... or (?!...: lookahead.
+            return parse_lookaround(source, info, False, ch == "=")
+        if ch == "P":
+            # (?P...: a Python extension.
+            return parse_extension(source, info)
+        if ch == "#":
+            # (?#...: a comment.
+            return parse_comment(source)
+        if ch == "(":
+            # (?(...: a conditional subpattern.
+            return parse_conditional(source, info)
+        if ch == ">":
+            # (?>...: an atomic subpattern.
+            return parse_atomic(source, info)
+        if ch == "|":
+            # (?|...: a common/reset groups branch.
+            return parse_common(source, info)
+        if ch == "R" or "0" <= ch <= "9":
+            # (?R...: probably a call to a group.
+            return parse_call_group(source, info, ch, saved_pos_2)
+        if ch == "&":
+            # (?&...: a call to a named group.
+            return parse_call_named_group(source, info, saved_pos_2)
+        if (ch == "+" or ch == "-") and source.peek() in DIGITS:
+            return parse_rel_call_group(source, info, ch, saved_pos_2)
+
+        # (?...: probably a flags subpattern.
+        source.pos = saved_pos_2
+        return parse_flags_subpattern(source, info)
+
+    if ch == "*":
+        # (*...
+        saved_pos_2 = source.pos
+        word = source.get_while(set(")>"), include=False)
+        if word[ : 1].isalpha():
+            verb = VERBS.get(word)
+            if not verb:
+                raise error("unknown verb", source.string, saved_pos_2)
+
+            source.expect(")")
+
+            return verb
+
+    # (...: an unnamed capture group.
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    group = info.open_group()
+    saved_flags = info.flags
+    try:
+        subpattern = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+        source.expect(")")
+    finally:
+        info.flags = saved_flags
+        source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+    info.close_group()
+
+    return Group(info, group, subpattern)
+
+def parse_extension(source, info):
+    "Parses a Python extension."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch == "<":
+        # (?P<...: a named capture group.
+        name = parse_name(source)
+        group = info.open_group(name)
+        source.expect(">")
+        saved_flags = info.flags
+        try:
+            subpattern = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+            source.expect(")")
+        finally:
+            info.flags = saved_flags
+            source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+        info.close_group()
+
+        return Group(info, group, subpattern)
+    if ch == "=":
+        # (?P=...: a named group reference.
+        name = parse_name(source, allow_numeric=True)
+        source.expect(")")
+        if info.is_open_group(name):
+            raise error("cannot refer to an open group", source.string,
+              saved_pos)
+
+        return make_ref_group(info, name, saved_pos)
+    if ch == ">" or ch == "&":
+        # (?P>...: a call to a group.
+        return parse_call_named_group(source, info, saved_pos)
+
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    raise error("unknown extension", source.string, saved_pos)
+
+def parse_comment(source):
+    "Parses a comment."
+    while True:
+        saved_pos = source.pos
+        c = source.get(True)
+
+        if not c or c == ")":
+            break
+
+        if c == "\\":
+            c = source.get(True)
+
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    source.expect(")")
+
+    return None
+
+def parse_lookaround(source, info, behind, positive):
+    "Parses a lookaround."
+    saved_flags = info.flags
+    try:
+        subpattern = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+        source.expect(")")
+    finally:
+        info.flags = saved_flags
+        source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+    return LookAround(behind, positive, subpattern)
+
+def parse_conditional(source, info):
+    "Parses a conditional subpattern."
+    saved_flags = info.flags
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch == "?":
+        # (?(?...
+        ch = source.get()
+        if ch in ("=", "!"):
+            # (?(?=... or (?(?!...: lookahead conditional.
+            return parse_lookaround_conditional(source, info, False, ch == "=")
+        if ch == "<":
+            # (?(?<...
+            ch = source.get()
+            if ch in ("=", "!"):
+                # (?(?<=... or (?(?<!...: lookbehind conditional.
+                return parse_lookaround_conditional(source, info, True, ch ==
+                  "=")
+
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+        raise error("expected lookaround conditional", source.string,
+          source.pos)
+
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    try:
+        group = parse_name(source, True)
+        source.expect(")")
+        yes_branch = parse_sequence(source, info)
+        if source.match("|"):
+            no_branch = parse_sequence(source, info)
+        else:
+            no_branch = Sequence()
+
+        source.expect(")")
+    finally:
+        info.flags = saved_flags
+        source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+    if yes_branch.is_empty() and no_branch.is_empty():
+        return Sequence()
+
+    return Conditional(info, group, yes_branch, no_branch, saved_pos)
+
+def parse_lookaround_conditional(source, info, behind, positive):
+    saved_flags = info.flags
+    try:
+        subpattern = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+        source.expect(")")
+    finally:
+        info.flags = saved_flags
+        source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+    yes_branch = parse_sequence(source, info)
+    if source.match("|"):
+        no_branch = parse_sequence(source, info)
+    else:
+        no_branch = Sequence()
+
+    source.expect(")")
+
+    return LookAroundConditional(behind, positive, subpattern, yes_branch,
+      no_branch)
+
+def parse_atomic(source, info):
+    "Parses an atomic subpattern."
+    saved_flags = info.flags
+    try:
+        subpattern = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+        source.expect(")")
+    finally:
+        info.flags = saved_flags
+        source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+    return Atomic(subpattern)
+
+def parse_common(source, info):
+    "Parses a common groups branch."
+    # Capture group numbers in different branches can reuse the group numbers.
+    initial_group_count = info.group_count
+    branches = [parse_sequence(source, info)]
+    final_group_count = info.group_count
+    while source.match("|"):
+        info.group_count = initial_group_count
+        branches.append(parse_sequence(source, info))
+        final_group_count = max(final_group_count, info.group_count)
+
+    info.group_count = final_group_count
+    source.expect(")")
+
+    if len(branches) == 1:
+        return branches[0]
+    return Branch(branches)
+
+def parse_call_group(source, info, ch, pos):
+    "Parses a call to a group."
+    if ch == "R":
+        group = "0"
+    else:
+        group = ch + source.get_while(DIGITS)
+
+    source.expect(")")
+
+    return CallGroup(info, group, pos)
+
+def parse_rel_call_group(source, info, ch, pos):
+    "Parses a relative call to a group."
+    digits = source.get_while(DIGITS)
+    if not digits:
+        raise error("missing relative group number", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    offset = int(digits)
+    group = info.group_count + offset if ch == "+" else info.group_count - offset + 1
+    if group <= 0:
+        raise error("invalid relative group number", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    source.expect(")")
+
+    return CallGroup(info, group, pos)
+
+def parse_call_named_group(source, info, pos):
+    "Parses a call to a named group."
+    group = parse_name(source)
+    source.expect(")")
+
+    return CallGroup(info, group, pos)
+
+def parse_flag_set(source):
+    "Parses a set of inline flags."
+    flags = 0
+
+    try:
+        while True:
+            saved_pos = source.pos
+            ch = source.get()
+            if ch == "V":
+                ch += source.get()
+            flags |= REGEX_FLAGS[ch]
+    except KeyError:
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+
+    return flags
+
+def parse_flags(source, info):
+    "Parses flags being turned on/off."
+    flags_on = parse_flag_set(source)
+    if source.match("-"):
+        flags_off = parse_flag_set(source)
+        if not flags_off:
+            raise error("bad inline flags: no flags after '-'", source.string,
+              source.pos)
+    else:
+        flags_off = 0
+
+    if flags_on & LOCALE:
+        # Remember that this pattern as an inline locale flag.
+        info.inline_locale = True
+
+    return flags_on, flags_off
+
+def parse_subpattern(source, info, flags_on, flags_off):
+    "Parses a subpattern with scoped flags."
+    saved_flags = info.flags
+    info.flags = (info.flags | flags_on) & ~flags_off
+
+    # Ensure that there aren't multiple encoding flags set.
+    if info.flags & (ASCII | LOCALE | UNICODE):
+        info.flags = (info.flags & ~_ALL_ENCODINGS) | flags_on
+
+    source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+    try:
+        subpattern = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+        source.expect(")")
+    finally:
+        info.flags = saved_flags
+        source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+    return subpattern
+
+def parse_flags_subpattern(source, info):
+    """Parses a flags subpattern. It could be inline flags or a subpattern
+    possibly with local flags. If it's a subpattern, then that's returned;
+    if it's a inline flags, then None is returned.
+    """
+    flags_on, flags_off = parse_flags(source, info)
+
+    if flags_off & GLOBAL_FLAGS:
+        raise error("bad inline flags: cannot turn off global flag",
+          source.string, source.pos)
+
+    if flags_on & flags_off:
+        raise error("bad inline flags: flag turned on and off", source.string,
+          source.pos)
+
+    # Handle flags which are global in all regex behaviours.
+    new_global_flags = (flags_on & ~info.global_flags) & GLOBAL_FLAGS
+    if new_global_flags:
+        info.global_flags |= new_global_flags
+
+        # A global has been turned on, so reparse the pattern.
+        raise _UnscopedFlagSet(info.global_flags)
+
+    # Ensure that from now on we have only scoped flags.
+    flags_on &= ~GLOBAL_FLAGS
+
+    if source.match(":"):
+        return parse_subpattern(source, info, flags_on, flags_off)
+
+    if source.match(")"):
+        parse_positional_flags(source, info, flags_on, flags_off)
+        return None
+
+    raise error("unknown extension", source.string, source.pos)
+
+def parse_positional_flags(source, info, flags_on, flags_off):
+    "Parses positional flags."
+    info.flags = (info.flags | flags_on) & ~flags_off
+    source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+
+def parse_name(source, allow_numeric=False, allow_group_0=False):
+    "Parses a name."
+    name = source.get_while(set(")>"), include=False)
+
+    if not name:
+        raise error("missing group name", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    if name.isdigit():
+        min_group = 0 if allow_group_0 else 1
+        if not allow_numeric or int(name) < min_group:
+            raise error("bad character in group name", source.string,
+              source.pos)
+    else:
+        if not name.isidentifier():
+            raise error("bad character in group name", source.string,
+              source.pos)
+
+    return name
+
+def is_octal(string):
+    "Checks whether a string is octal."
+    return all(ch in OCT_DIGITS for ch in string)
+
+def is_decimal(string):
+    "Checks whether a string is decimal."
+    return all(ch in DIGITS for ch in string)
+
+def is_hexadecimal(string):
+    "Checks whether a string is hexadecimal."
+    return all(ch in HEX_DIGITS for ch in string)
+
+def parse_escape(source, info, in_set):
+    "Parses an escape sequence."
+    saved_ignore = source.ignore_space
+    source.ignore_space = False
+    ch = source.get()
+    source.ignore_space = saved_ignore
+    if not ch:
+        # A backslash at the end of the pattern.
+        raise error("bad escape (end of pattern)", source.string, source.pos)
+    if ch in HEX_ESCAPES:
+        # A hexadecimal escape sequence.
+        return parse_hex_escape(source, info, ch, HEX_ESCAPES[ch], in_set, ch)
+    elif ch == "g" and not in_set:
+        # A group reference.
+        saved_pos = source.pos
+        try:
+            return parse_group_ref(source, info)
+        except error:
+            # Invalid as a group reference, so assume it's a literal.
+            source.pos = saved_pos
+
+        return make_character(info, ord(ch), in_set)
+    elif ch == "G" and not in_set:
+        # A search anchor.
+        return SearchAnchor()
+    elif ch == "L" and not in_set:
+        # A string set.
+        return parse_string_set(source, info)
+    elif ch == "N":
+        # A named codepoint.
+        return parse_named_char(source, info, in_set)
+    elif ch in "pP":
+        # A Unicode property, positive or negative.
+        return parse_property(source, info, ch == "p", in_set)
+    elif ch == "R" and not in_set:
+        # A line ending.
+        charset = [0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D]
+        if info.guess_encoding == UNICODE:
+            charset.extend([0x85, 0x2028, 0x2029])
+
+        return Atomic(Branch([String([0x0D, 0x0A]), SetUnion(info, [Character(c)
+          for c in charset])]))
+    elif ch == "X" and not in_set:
+        # A grapheme cluster.
+        return Grapheme()
+    elif ch in ALPHA:
+        # An alphabetic escape sequence.
+        # Positional escapes aren't allowed inside a character set.
+        if not in_set:
+            if info.flags & WORD:
+                value = WORD_POSITION_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+            elif info.flags & ASCII:
+                value = ASCII_POSITION_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+            elif info.flags & UNICODE:
+                value = UNICODE_POSITION_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+            else:
+                value = POSITION_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+
+            if value:
+                return value
+
+        if info.flags & ASCII:
+            value = ASCII_CHARSET_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+        elif info.flags & UNICODE:
+            value = UNICODE_CHARSET_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+        else:
+            value = CHARSET_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+
+        if value:
+            return value
+
+        value = CHARACTER_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+        if value:
+            return Character(ord(value))
+
+        raise error("bad escape \\%s" % ch, source.string, source.pos)
+    elif ch in DIGITS:
+        # A numeric escape sequence.
+        return parse_numeric_escape(source, info, ch, in_set)
+    else:
+        # A literal.
+        return make_character(info, ord(ch), in_set)
+
+def parse_numeric_escape(source, info, ch, in_set):
+    "Parses a numeric escape sequence."
+    if in_set or ch == "0":
+        # Octal escape sequence, max 3 digits.
+        return parse_octal_escape(source, info, [ch], in_set)
+
+    # At least 1 digit, so either octal escape or group.
+    digits = ch
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch in DIGITS:
+        # At least 2 digits, so either octal escape or group.
+        digits += ch
+        saved_pos = source.pos
+        ch = source.get()
+        if is_octal(digits) and ch in OCT_DIGITS:
+            # 3 octal digits, so octal escape sequence.
+            encoding = info.flags & _ALL_ENCODINGS
+            if encoding == ASCII or encoding == LOCALE:
+                octal_mask = 0xFF
+            else:
+                octal_mask = 0x1FF
+
+            value = int(digits + ch, 8) & octal_mask
+            return make_character(info, value)
+
+    # Group reference.
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    if info.is_open_group(digits):
+        raise error("cannot refer to an open group", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    return make_ref_group(info, digits, source.pos)
+
+def parse_octal_escape(source, info, digits, in_set):
+    "Parses an octal escape sequence."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    while len(digits) < 3 and ch in OCT_DIGITS:
+        digits.append(ch)
+        saved_pos = source.pos
+        ch = source.get()
+
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    try:
+        value = int("".join(digits), 8)
+        return make_character(info, value, in_set)
+    except ValueError:
+        if digits[0] in OCT_DIGITS:
+            raise error("incomplete escape \\%s" % ''.join(digits),
+              source.string, source.pos)
+        else:
+            raise error("bad escape \\%s" % digits[0], source.string,
+              source.pos)
+
+def parse_hex_escape(source, info, esc, expected_len, in_set, type):
+    "Parses a hex escape sequence."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    digits = []
+    for i in range(expected_len):
+        ch = source.get()
+        if ch not in HEX_DIGITS:
+            raise error("incomplete escape \\%s%s" % (type, ''.join(digits)),
+              source.string, saved_pos)
+        digits.append(ch)
+
+    try:
+        value = int("".join(digits), 16)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        if value < 0x110000:
+            return make_character(info, value, in_set)
+
+    # Bad hex escape.
+    raise error("bad hex escape \\%s%s" % (esc, ''.join(digits)),
+      source.string, saved_pos)
+
+def parse_group_ref(source, info):
+    "Parses a group reference."
+    source.expect("<")
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    name = parse_name(source, True)
+    source.expect(">")
+    if info.is_open_group(name):
+        raise error("cannot refer to an open group", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    return make_ref_group(info, name, saved_pos)
+
+def parse_string_set(source, info):
+    "Parses a string set reference."
+    source.expect("<")
+    name = parse_name(source, True)
+    source.expect(">")
+    if name is None or name not in info.kwargs:
+        raise error("undefined named list", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    return make_string_set(info, name)
+
+def parse_named_char(source, info, in_set):
+    "Parses a named character."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    if source.match("{"):
+        name = source.get_while(NAMED_CHAR_PART, keep_spaces=True)
+        if source.match("}"):
+            try:
+                value = unicodedata.lookup(name)
+                return make_character(info, ord(value), in_set)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise error("undefined character name", source.string,
+                  source.pos)
+
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    return make_character(info, ord("N"), in_set)
+
+def parse_property(source, info, positive, in_set):
+    "Parses a Unicode property."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch == "{":
+        negate = source.match("^")
+        prop_name, name = parse_property_name(source)
+        if source.match("}"):
+            # It's correctly delimited.
+            if info.flags & ASCII:
+                encoding = ASCII_ENCODING
+            elif info.flags & UNICODE:
+                encoding = UNICODE_ENCODING
+            else:
+                encoding = 0
+
+            prop = lookup_property(prop_name, name, positive != negate, source,
+              encoding=encoding)
+            return make_property(info, prop, in_set)
+    elif ch and ch in "CLMNPSZ":
+        # An abbreviated property, eg \pL.
+        if info.flags & ASCII:
+            encoding = ASCII_ENCODING
+        elif info.flags & UNICODE:
+            encoding = UNICODE_ENCODING
+        else:
+            encoding = 0
+
+        prop = lookup_property(None, ch, positive, source, encoding=encoding)
+        return make_property(info, prop, in_set)
+
+    # Not a property, so treat as a literal "p" or "P".
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    ch = "p" if positive else "P"
+    return make_character(info, ord(ch), in_set)
+
+def parse_property_name(source):
+    "Parses a property name, which may be qualified."
+    name = source.get_while(PROPERTY_NAME_PART)
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch and ch in ":=":
+        prop_name = name
+        name = source.get_while(ALNUM | set(" &_-./")).strip()
+
+        if name:
+            # Name after the ":" or "=", so it's a qualified name.
+            saved_pos = source.pos
+        else:
+            # No name after the ":" or "=", so assume it's an unqualified name.
+            prop_name, name = None, prop_name
+    else:
+        prop_name = None
+
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    return prop_name, name
+
+def parse_set(source, info):
+    "Parses a character set."
+    version = (info.flags & _ALL_VERSIONS) or DEFAULT_VERSION
+
+    saved_ignore = source.ignore_space
+    source.ignore_space = False
+    # Negative set?
+    negate = source.match("^")
+    try:
+        if version == VERSION0:
+            item = parse_set_imp_union(source, info)
+        else:
+            item = parse_set_union(source, info)
+
+        if not source.match("]"):
+            raise error("missing ]", source.string, source.pos)
+    finally:
+        source.ignore_space = saved_ignore
+
+    if negate:
+        item = item.with_flags(positive=not item.positive)
+
+    item = item.with_flags(case_flags=make_case_flags(info))
+
+    return item
+
+def parse_set_union(source, info):
+    "Parses a set union ([x||y])."
+    items = [parse_set_symm_diff(source, info)]
+    while source.match("||"):
+        items.append(parse_set_symm_diff(source, info))
+
+    if len(items) == 1:
+        return items[0]
+    return SetUnion(info, items)
+
+def parse_set_symm_diff(source, info):
+    "Parses a set symmetric difference ([x~~y])."
+    items = [parse_set_inter(source, info)]
+    while source.match("~~"):
+        items.append(parse_set_inter(source, info))
+
+    if len(items) == 1:
+        return items[0]
+    return SetSymDiff(info, items)
+
+def parse_set_inter(source, info):
+    "Parses a set intersection ([x&&y])."
+    items = [parse_set_diff(source, info)]
+    while source.match("&&"):
+        items.append(parse_set_diff(source, info))
+
+    if len(items) == 1:
+        return items[0]
+    return SetInter(info, items)
+
+def parse_set_diff(source, info):
+    "Parses a set difference ([x--y])."
+    items = [parse_set_imp_union(source, info)]
+    while source.match("--"):
+        items.append(parse_set_imp_union(source, info))
+
+    if len(items) == 1:
+        return items[0]
+    return SetDiff(info, items)
+
+def parse_set_imp_union(source, info):
+    "Parses a set implicit union ([xy])."
+    version = (info.flags & _ALL_VERSIONS) or DEFAULT_VERSION
+
+    items = [parse_set_member(source, info)]
+    while True:
+        saved_pos = source.pos
+        if source.match("]"):
+            # End of the set.
+            source.pos = saved_pos
+            break
+
+        if version == VERSION1 and any(source.match(op) for op in SET_OPS):
+            # The new behaviour has set operators.
+            source.pos = saved_pos
+            break
+
+        items.append(parse_set_member(source, info))
+
+    if len(items) == 1:
+        return items[0]
+    return SetUnion(info, items)
+
+def parse_set_member(source, info):
+    "Parses a member in a character set."
+    # Parse a set item.
+    start = parse_set_item(source, info)
+    saved_pos1 = source.pos
+    if (not isinstance(start, Character) or not start.positive or not
+      source.match("-")):
+        # It's not the start of a range.
+        return start
+
+    version = (info.flags & _ALL_VERSIONS) or DEFAULT_VERSION
+
+    # It looks like the start of a range of characters.
+    saved_pos2 = source.pos
+    if version == VERSION1 and source.match("-"):
+        # It's actually the set difference operator '--', so return the
+        # character.
+        source.pos = saved_pos1
+        return start
+
+    if source.match("]"):
+        # We've reached the end of the set, so return both the character and
+        # hyphen.
+        source.pos = saved_pos2
+        return SetUnion(info, [start, Character(ord("-"))])
+
+    # Parse a set item.
+    end = parse_set_item(source, info)
+    if not isinstance(end, Character) or not end.positive:
+        # It's not a range, so return the character, hyphen and property.
+        return SetUnion(info, [start, Character(ord("-")), end])
+
+    # It _is_ a range.
+    if start.value > end.value:
+        raise error("bad character range", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    if start.value == end.value:
+        return start
+
+    return Range(start.value, end.value)
+
+def parse_set_item(source, info):
+    "Parses an item in a character set."
+    version = (info.flags & _ALL_VERSIONS) or DEFAULT_VERSION
+
+    if source.match("\\"):
+        # An escape sequence in a set.
+        return parse_escape(source, info, True)
+
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    if source.match("[:"):
+        # Looks like a POSIX character class.
+        try:
+            return parse_posix_class(source, info)
+        except ParseError:
+            # Not a POSIX character class.
+            source.pos = saved_pos
+
+    if version == VERSION1 and source.match("["):
+        # It's the start of a nested set.
+
+        # Negative set?
+        negate = source.match("^")
+        item = parse_set_union(source, info)
+
+        if not source.match("]"):
+            raise error("missing ]", source.string, source.pos)
+
+        if negate:
+            item = item.with_flags(positive=not item.positive)
+
+        return item
+
+    ch = source.get()
+    if not ch:
+        raise error("unterminated character set", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    return Character(ord(ch))
+
+def parse_posix_class(source, info):
+    "Parses a POSIX character class."
+    negate = source.match("^")
+    prop_name, name = parse_property_name(source)
+    if not source.match(":]"):
+        raise ParseError()
+
+    return lookup_property(prop_name, name, not negate, source, posix=True)
+
+def float_to_rational(flt):
+    "Converts a float to a rational pair."
+    int_part = int(flt)
+    error = flt - int_part
+    if abs(error) < 0.0001:
+        return int_part, 1
+
+    den, num = float_to_rational(1.0 / error)
+
+    return int_part * den + num, den
+
+def numeric_to_rational(numeric):
+    "Converts a numeric string to a rational string, if possible."
+    if numeric[ : 1] == "-":
+        sign, numeric = numeric[0], numeric[1 : ]
+    else:
+        sign = ""
+
+    parts = numeric.split("/")
+    if len(parts) == 2:
+        num, den = float_to_rational(float(parts[0]) / float(parts[1]))
+    elif len(parts) == 1:
+        num, den = float_to_rational(float(parts[0]))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError()
+
+    result = "{}{}/{}".format(sign, num, den)
+    if result.endswith("/1"):
+        return result[ : -2]
+
+    return result
+
+def standardise_name(name):
+    "Standardises a property or value name."
+    try:
+        return numeric_to_rational("".join(name))
+    except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
+        return "".join(ch for ch in name if ch not in "_- ").upper()
+
+_POSIX_CLASSES = set('ALNUM DIGIT PUNCT XDIGIT'.split())
+
+_BINARY_VALUES = set('YES Y NO N TRUE T FALSE F'.split())
+
+def lookup_property(property, value, positive, source=None, posix=False, encoding=0):
+    "Looks up a property."
+    # Normalise the names (which may still be lists).
+    property = standardise_name(property) if property else None
+    value = standardise_name(value)
+
+    if (property, value) == ("GENERALCATEGORY", "ASSIGNED"):
+        property, value, positive = "GENERALCATEGORY", "UNASSIGNED", not positive
+
+    if posix and not property and value.upper() in _POSIX_CLASSES:
+        value = 'POSIX' + value
+
+    if property:
+        # Both the property and the value are provided.
+        prop = PROPERTIES.get(property)
+        if not prop:
+            if not source:
+                raise error("unknown property")
+
+            raise error("unknown property", source.string, source.pos)
+
+        prop_id, value_dict = prop
+        val_id = value_dict.get(value)
+        if val_id is None:
+            if not source:
+                raise error("unknown property value")
+
+            raise error("unknown property value", source.string, source.pos)
+
+        return Property((prop_id << 16) | val_id, positive, encoding=encoding)
+
+    # Only the value is provided.
+    # It might be the name of a GC, script or block value.
+    for property in ("GC", "SCRIPT", "BLOCK"):
+        prop_id, value_dict = PROPERTIES.get(property)
+        val_id = value_dict.get(value)
+        if val_id is not None:
+            return Property((prop_id << 16) | val_id, positive, encoding=encoding)
+
+    # It might be the name of a binary property.
+    prop = PROPERTIES.get(value)
+    if prop:
+        prop_id, value_dict = prop
+        if set(value_dict) == _BINARY_VALUES:
+            return Property((prop_id << 16) | 1, positive, encoding=encoding)
+
+        return Property(prop_id << 16, not positive, encoding=encoding)
+
+    # It might be the name of a binary property starting with a prefix.
+    if value.startswith("IS"):
+        prop = PROPERTIES.get(value[2 : ])
+        if prop:
+            prop_id, value_dict = prop
+            if "YES" in value_dict:
+                return Property((prop_id << 16) | 1, positive, encoding=encoding)
+
+    # It might be the name of a script or block starting with a prefix.
+    for prefix, property in (("IS", "SCRIPT"), ("IN", "BLOCK")):
+        if value.startswith(prefix):
+            prop_id, value_dict = PROPERTIES.get(property)
+            val_id = value_dict.get(value[2 : ])
+            if val_id is not None:
+                return Property((prop_id << 16) | val_id, positive, encoding=encoding)
+
+    # Unknown property.
+    if not source:
+        raise error("unknown property")
+
+    raise error("unknown property", source.string, source.pos)
+
+def _compile_replacement(source, pattern, is_unicode):
+    "Compiles a replacement template escape sequence."
+    ch = source.get()
+    if ch in ALPHA:
+        # An alphabetic escape sequence.
+        value = CHARACTER_ESCAPES.get(ch)
+        if value:
+            return False, [ord(value)]
+
+        if ch in HEX_ESCAPES and (ch == "x" or is_unicode):
+            # A hexadecimal escape sequence.
+            return False, [parse_repl_hex_escape(source, HEX_ESCAPES[ch], ch)]
+
+        if ch == "g":
+            # A group preference.
+            return True, [compile_repl_group(source, pattern)]
+
+        if ch == "N" and is_unicode:
+            # A named character.
+            value = parse_repl_named_char(source)
+            if value is not None:
+                return False, [value]
+
+        raise error("bad escape \\%s" % ch, source.string, source.pos)
+
+    if isinstance(source.sep, bytes):
+        octal_mask = 0xFF
+    else:
+        octal_mask = 0x1FF
+
+    if ch == "0":
+        # An octal escape sequence.
+        digits = ch
+        while len(digits) < 3:
+            saved_pos = source.pos
+            ch = source.get()
+            if ch not in OCT_DIGITS:
+                source.pos = saved_pos
+                break
+            digits += ch
+
+        return False, [int(digits, 8) & octal_mask]
+
+    if ch in DIGITS:
+        # Either an octal escape sequence (3 digits) or a group reference (max
+        # 2 digits).
+        digits = ch
+        saved_pos = source.pos
+        ch = source.get()
+        if ch in DIGITS:
+            digits += ch
+            saved_pos = source.pos
+            ch = source.get()
+            if ch and is_octal(digits + ch):
+                # An octal escape sequence.
+                return False, [int(digits + ch, 8) & octal_mask]
+
+        # A group reference.
+        source.pos = saved_pos
+        return True, [int(digits)]
+
+    if ch == "\\":
+        # An escaped backslash is a backslash.
+        return False, [ord("\\")]
+
+    if not ch:
+        # A trailing backslash.
+        raise error("bad escape (end of pattern)", source.string, source.pos)
+
+    # An escaped non-backslash is a backslash followed by the literal.
+    return False, [ord("\\"), ord(ch)]
+
+def parse_repl_hex_escape(source, expected_len, type):
+    "Parses a hex escape sequence in a replacement string."
+    digits = []
+    for i in range(expected_len):
+        ch = source.get()
+        if ch not in HEX_DIGITS:
+            raise error("incomplete escape \\%s%s" % (type, ''.join(digits)),
+              source.string, source.pos)
+        digits.append(ch)
+
+    return int("".join(digits), 16)
+
+def parse_repl_named_char(source):
+    "Parses a named character in a replacement string."
+    saved_pos = source.pos
+    if source.match("{"):
+        name = source.get_while(ALPHA | set(" "))
+
+        if source.match("}"):
+            try:
+                value = unicodedata.lookup(name)
+                return ord(value)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise error("undefined character name", source.string,
+                  source.pos)
+
+    source.pos = saved_pos
+    return None
+
+def compile_repl_group(source, pattern):
+    "Compiles a replacement template group reference."
+    source.expect("<")
+    name = parse_name(source, True, True)
+
+    source.expect(">")
+    if name.isdigit():
+        index = int(name)
+        if not 0 <= index <= pattern.groups:
+            raise error("invalid group reference", source.string, source.pos)
+
+        return index
+
+    try:
+        return pattern.groupindex[name]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise IndexError("unknown group")
+
+# The regular expression is parsed into a syntax tree. The different types of
+# node are defined below.
+
+INDENT = "  "
+POSITIVE_OP = 0x1
+ZEROWIDTH_OP = 0x2
+FUZZY_OP = 0x4
+REVERSE_OP = 0x8
+REQUIRED_OP = 0x10
+ENCODING_OP_SHIFT = 5
+
+POS_TEXT = {False: "NON-MATCH", True: "MATCH"}
+CASE_TEXT = {NOCASE: "", IGNORECASE: " SIMPLE_IGNORE_CASE", FULLCASE: "",
+  FULLIGNORECASE: " FULL_IGNORE_CASE"}
+
+def make_sequence(items):
+    if len(items) == 1:
+        return items[0]
+    return Sequence(items)
+
+# Common base class for all nodes.
+class RegexBase:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._key = self.__class__
+
+    def with_flags(self, positive=None, case_flags=None, zerowidth=None):
+        if positive is None:
+            positive = self.positive
+        else:
+            positive = bool(positive)
+        if case_flags is None:
+            case_flags = self.case_flags
+        else:
+            case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags & CASE_FLAGS]
+        if zerowidth is None:
+            zerowidth = self.zerowidth
+        else:
+            zerowidth = bool(zerowidth)
+
+        if (positive == self.positive and case_flags == self.case_flags and
+          zerowidth == self.zerowidth):
+            return self
+
+        return self.rebuild(positive, case_flags, zerowidth)
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        pass
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        return self
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        return self
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return True
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return True
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return False
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        raise _FirstSetError()
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return False
+
+    def compile(self, reverse=False, fuzzy=False):
+        return self._compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and self._key == other._key
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        return self.max_width(), None
+
+# Base class for zero-width nodes.
+class ZeroWidthBase(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, positive=True, encoding=0):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.positive = bool(positive)
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.positive
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        return set([None])
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if self.positive:
+            flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        if reverse:
+            flags |= REVERSE_OP
+        flags |= self.encoding << ENCODING_OP_SHIFT
+        return [(self._opcode, flags)]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}{} {}{}".format(INDENT * indent, self._op_name,
+          POS_TEXT[self.positive], ["", " ASCII"][self.encoding]))
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return 0
+
+class Any(RegexBase):
+    _opcode = {False: OP.ANY, True: OP.ANY_REV}
+    _op_name = "ANY"
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        return [(self._opcode[reverse], flags)]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}{}".format(INDENT * indent, self._op_name))
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return 1
+
+class AnyAll(Any):
+    _opcode = {False: OP.ANY_ALL, True: OP.ANY_ALL_REV}
+    _op_name = "ANY_ALL"
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.positive = True
+        self.zerowidth = False
+        self.case_flags = 0
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.positive
+
+class AnyU(Any):
+    _opcode = {False: OP.ANY_U, True: OP.ANY_U_REV}
+    _op_name = "ANY_U"
+
+class Atomic(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, subpattern):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.subpattern = subpattern
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        self.subpattern.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.optimise(info, reverse)
+
+        if self.subpattern.is_empty():
+            return self.subpattern
+        return self
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.pack_characters(info)
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.remove_captures()
+        return self
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return self.subpattern.can_be_affix()
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return self.subpattern.contains_group()
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        return self.subpattern.get_firstset(reverse)
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return self.subpattern.has_simple_start()
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        return ([(OP.ATOMIC, )] + self.subpattern.compile(reverse, fuzzy) +
+          [(OP.END, )])
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}ATOMIC".format(INDENT * indent))
+        self.subpattern.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return self.subpattern.is_empty()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (type(self) is type(other) and self.subpattern ==
+          other.subpattern)
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return self.subpattern.max_width()
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        return self.subpattern.get_required_string(reverse)
+
+class Boundary(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.BOUNDARY
+    _op_name = "BOUNDARY"
+
+class Branch(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, branches):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.branches = branches
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        for b in self.branches:
+            b.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        if not self.branches:
+            return Sequence([])
+
+        # Flatten branches within branches.
+        branches = Branch._flatten_branches(info, reverse, self.branches)
+
+        # Move any common prefix or suffix out of the branches.
+        if reverse:
+            suffix, branches = Branch._split_common_suffix(info, branches)
+            prefix = []
+        else:
+            prefix, branches = Branch._split_common_prefix(info, branches)
+            suffix = []
+
+        # Try to reduce adjacent single-character branches to sets.
+        branches = Branch._reduce_to_set(info, reverse, branches)
+
+        if len(branches) > 1:
+            sequence = [Branch(branches)]
+
+            if not prefix or not suffix:
+                # We might be able to add a quick precheck before the branches.
+                firstset = self._add_precheck(info, reverse, branches)
+
+                if firstset:
+                    if reverse:
+                        sequence.append(firstset)
+                    else:
+                        sequence.insert(0, firstset)
+        else:
+            sequence = branches
+
+        return make_sequence(prefix + sequence + suffix)
+
+    def _add_precheck(self, info, reverse, branches):
+        charset = set()
+        pos = -1 if reverse else 0
+
+        for branch in branches:
+            if type(branch) is Literal and branch.case_flags == NOCASE:
+                charset.add(branch.characters[pos])
+            else:
+                return
+
+        if not charset:
+            return None
+
+        return _check_firstset(info, reverse, [Character(c) for c in charset])
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.branches = [b.pack_characters(info) for b in self.branches]
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        self.branches = [b.remove_captures() for b in self.branches]
+        return self
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return all(b.is_atomic() for b in self.branches)
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return all(b.can_be_affix() for b in self.branches)
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return any(b.contains_group() for b in self.branches)
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        fs = set()
+        for b in self.branches:
+            fs |= b.get_firstset(reverse)
+
+        return fs or set([None])
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        if not self.branches:
+            return []
+
+        code = [(OP.BRANCH, )]
+        for b in self.branches:
+            code.extend(b.compile(reverse, fuzzy))
+            code.append((OP.NEXT, ))
+
+        code[-1] = (OP.END, )
+
+        return code
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}BRANCH".format(INDENT * indent))
+        self.branches[0].dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+        for b in self.branches[1 : ]:
+            print("{}OR".format(INDENT * indent))
+            b.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _flatten_branches(info, reverse, branches):
+        # Flatten the branches so that there aren't branches of branches.
+        new_branches = []
+        for b in branches:
+            b = b.optimise(info, reverse)
+            if isinstance(b, Branch):
+                new_branches.extend(b.branches)
+            else:
+                new_branches.append(b)
+
+        return new_branches
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _split_common_prefix(info, branches):
+        # Common leading items can be moved out of the branches.
+        # Get the items in the branches.
+        alternatives = []
+        for b in branches:
+            if isinstance(b, Sequence):
+                alternatives.append(b.items)
+            else:
+                alternatives.append([b])
+
+        # What is the maximum possible length of the prefix?
+        max_count = min(len(a) for a in alternatives)
+
+        # What is the longest common prefix?
+        prefix = alternatives[0]
+        pos = 0
+        end_pos = max_count
+        while pos < end_pos and prefix[pos].can_be_affix() and all(a[pos] ==
+          prefix[pos] for a in alternatives):
+            pos += 1
+        count = pos
+
+        if info.flags & UNICODE:
+            # We need to check that we're not splitting a sequence of
+            # characters which could form part of full case-folding.
+            count = pos
+            while count > 0 and not all(Branch._can_split(a, count) for a in
+              alternatives):
+                count -= 1
+
+        # No common prefix is possible.
+        if count == 0:
+            return [], branches
+
+        # Rebuild the branches.
+        new_branches = []
+        for a in alternatives:
+            new_branches.append(make_sequence(a[count : ]))
+
+        return prefix[ : count], new_branches
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _split_common_suffix(info, branches):
+        # Common trailing items can be moved out of the branches.
+        # Get the items in the branches.
+        alternatives = []
+        for b in branches:
+            if isinstance(b, Sequence):
+                alternatives.append(b.items)
+            else:
+                alternatives.append([b])
+
+        # What is the maximum possible length of the suffix?
+        max_count = min(len(a) for a in alternatives)
+
+        # What is the longest common suffix?
+        suffix = alternatives[0]
+        pos = -1
+        end_pos = -1 - max_count
+        while pos > end_pos and suffix[pos].can_be_affix() and all(a[pos] ==
+          suffix[pos] for a in alternatives):
+            pos -= 1
+        count = -1 - pos
+
+        if info.flags & UNICODE:
+            # We need to check that we're not splitting a sequence of
+            # characters which could form part of full case-folding.
+            while count > 0 and not all(Branch._can_split_rev(a, count) for a
+              in alternatives):
+                count -= 1
+
+        # No common suffix is possible.
+        if count == 0:
+            return [], branches
+
+        # Rebuild the branches.
+        new_branches = []
+        for a in alternatives:
+            new_branches.append(make_sequence(a[ : -count]))
+
+        return suffix[-count : ], new_branches
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _can_split(items, count):
+        # Check the characters either side of the proposed split.
+        if not Branch._is_full_case(items, count - 1):
+            return True
+
+        if not Branch._is_full_case(items, count):
+            return True
+
+        # Check whether a 1-1 split would be OK.
+        if Branch._is_folded(items[count - 1 : count + 1]):
+            return False
+
+        # Check whether a 1-2 split would be OK.
+        if (Branch._is_full_case(items, count + 2) and
+          Branch._is_folded(items[count - 1 : count + 2])):
+            return False
+
+        # Check whether a 2-1 split would be OK.
+        if (Branch._is_full_case(items, count - 2) and
+          Branch._is_folded(items[count - 2 : count + 1])):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _can_split_rev(items, count):
+        end = len(items)
+
+        # Check the characters either side of the proposed split.
+        if not Branch._is_full_case(items, end - count):
+            return True
+
+        if not Branch._is_full_case(items, end - count - 1):
+            return True
+
+        # Check whether a 1-1 split would be OK.
+        if Branch._is_folded(items[end - count - 1 : end - count + 1]):
+            return False
+
+        # Check whether a 1-2 split would be OK.
+        if (Branch._is_full_case(items, end - count + 2) and
+          Branch._is_folded(items[end - count - 1 : end - count + 2])):
+            return False
+
+        # Check whether a 2-1 split would be OK.
+        if (Branch._is_full_case(items, end - count - 2) and
+          Branch._is_folded(items[end - count - 2 : end - count + 1])):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _merge_common_prefixes(info, reverse, branches):
+        # Branches with the same case-sensitive character prefix can be grouped
+        # together if they are separated only by other branches with a
+        # character prefix.
+        prefixed = defaultdict(list)
+        order = {}
+        new_branches = []
+        for b in branches:
+            if Branch._is_simple_character(b):
+                # Branch starts with a simple character.
+                prefixed[b.value].append([b])
+                order.setdefault(b.value, len(order))
+            elif (isinstance(b, Sequence) and b.items and
+              Branch._is_simple_character(b.items[0])):
+                # Branch starts with a simple character.
+                prefixed[b.items[0].value].append(b.items)
+                order.setdefault(b.items[0].value, len(order))
+            else:
+                Branch._flush_char_prefix(info, reverse, prefixed, order,
+                  new_branches)
+
+                new_branches.append(b)
+
+        Branch._flush_char_prefix(info, prefixed, order, new_branches)
+
+        return new_branches
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_simple_character(c):
+        return isinstance(c, Character) and c.positive and not c.case_flags
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reduce_to_set(info, reverse, branches):
+        # Can the branches be reduced to a set?
+        new_branches = []
+        items = set()
+        case_flags = NOCASE
+        for b in branches:
+            if isinstance(b, (Character, Property, SetBase)):
+                # Branch starts with a single character.
+                if b.case_flags != case_flags:
+                    # Different case sensitivity, so flush.
+                    Branch._flush_set_members(info, reverse, items, case_flags,
+                      new_branches)
+
+                    case_flags = b.case_flags
+
+                items.add(b.with_flags(case_flags=NOCASE))
+            else:
+                Branch._flush_set_members(info, reverse, items, case_flags,
+                  new_branches)
+
+                new_branches.append(b)
+
+        Branch._flush_set_members(info, reverse, items, case_flags,
+          new_branches)
+
+        return new_branches
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _flush_char_prefix(info, reverse, prefixed, order, new_branches):
+        # Flush the prefixed branches.
+        if not prefixed:
+            return
+
+        for value, branches in sorted(prefixed.items(), key=lambda pair:
+          order[pair[0]]):
+            if len(branches) == 1:
+                new_branches.append(make_sequence(branches[0]))
+            else:
+                subbranches = []
+                optional = False
+                for b in branches:
+                    if len(b) > 1:
+                        subbranches.append(make_sequence(b[1 : ]))
+                    elif not optional:
+                        subbranches.append(Sequence())
+                        optional = True
+
+                sequence = Sequence([Character(value), Branch(subbranches)])
+                new_branches.append(sequence.optimise(info, reverse))
+
+        prefixed.clear()
+        order.clear()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _flush_set_members(info, reverse, items, case_flags, new_branches):
+        # Flush the set members.
+        if not items:
+            return
+
+        if len(items) == 1:
+            item = list(items)[0]
+        else:
+            item = SetUnion(info, list(items)).optimise(info, reverse)
+
+        new_branches.append(item.with_flags(case_flags=case_flags))
+
+        items.clear()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_full_case(items, i):
+        if not 0 <= i < len(items):
+            return False
+
+        item = items[i]
+        return (isinstance(item, Character) and item.positive and
+          (item.case_flags & FULLIGNORECASE) == FULLIGNORECASE)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_folded(items):
+        if len(items) < 2:
+            return False
+
+        for i in items:
+            if (not isinstance(i, Character) or not i.positive or not
+              i.case_flags):
+                return False
+
+        folded = "".join(chr(i.value) for i in items)
+        folded = _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, folded)
+
+        # Get the characters which expand to multiple codepoints on folding.
+        expanding_chars = _regex.get_expand_on_folding()
+
+        for c in expanding_chars:
+            if folded == _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, c):
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return all(b.is_empty() for b in self.branches)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and self.branches == other.branches
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return max(b.max_width() for b in self.branches)
+
+class CallGroup(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, info, group, position):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.info = info
+        self.group = group
+        self.position = position
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.group
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        try:
+            self.group = int(self.group)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                self.group = self.info.group_index[self.group]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise error("invalid group reference", pattern, self.position)
+
+        if not 0 <= self.group <= self.info.group_count:
+            raise error("unknown group", pattern, self.position)
+
+        if self.group > 0 and self.info.open_group_count[self.group] > 1:
+            raise error("ambiguous group reference", pattern, self.position)
+
+        self.info.group_calls.append((self, reverse, fuzzy))
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.group
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        raise error("group reference not allowed", self.pattern, self.position)
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        return [(OP.GROUP_CALL, self.call_ref)]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}GROUP_CALL {}".format(INDENT * indent, self.group))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and self.group == other.group
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return UNLIMITED
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.info = None
+
+class CallRef(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, ref, parsed):
+        self.ref = ref
+        self.parsed = parsed
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        return ([(OP.CALL_REF, self.ref)] + self.parsed._compile(reverse,
+          fuzzy) + [(OP.END, )])
+
+class Character(RegexBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.CHARACTER, (IGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.CHARACTER_IGN, (FULLCASE, False): OP.CHARACTER, (FULLIGNORECASE,
+      False): OP.CHARACTER_IGN, (NOCASE, True): OP.CHARACTER_REV, (IGNORECASE,
+      True): OP.CHARACTER_IGN_REV, (FULLCASE, True): OP.CHARACTER_REV,
+      (FULLIGNORECASE, True): OP.CHARACTER_IGN_REV}
+
+    def __init__(self, value, positive=True, case_flags=NOCASE,
+      zerowidth=False):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.value = value
+        self.positive = bool(positive)
+        self.case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags]
+        self.zerowidth = bool(zerowidth)
+
+        if (self.positive and (self.case_flags & FULLIGNORECASE) ==
+          FULLIGNORECASE):
+            self.folded = _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, chr(self.value))
+        else:
+            self.folded = chr(self.value)
+
+        self._key = (self.__class__, self.value, self.positive,
+          self.case_flags, self.zerowidth)
+
+    def rebuild(self, positive, case_flags, zerowidth):
+        return Character(self.value, positive, case_flags, zerowidth)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse, in_set=False):
+        return self
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        return set([self])
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if self.positive:
+            flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+        if self.zerowidth:
+            flags |= ZEROWIDTH_OP
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+
+        code = PrecompiledCode([self._opcode[self.case_flags, reverse], flags,
+          self.value])
+
+        if len(self.folded) > 1:
+            # The character expands on full case-folding.
+            code = Branch([code, String([ord(c) for c in self.folded],
+              case_flags=self.case_flags)])
+
+        return code.compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        display = ascii(chr(self.value)).lstrip("bu")
+        print("{}CHARACTER {} {}{}".format(INDENT * indent,
+          POS_TEXT[self.positive], display, CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags]))
+
+    def matches(self, ch):
+        return (ch == self.value) == self.positive
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return len(self.folded)
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        if not self.positive:
+            return 1, None
+
+        self.folded_characters = tuple(ord(c) for c in self.folded)
+
+        return 0, self
+
+class Conditional(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, info, group, yes_item, no_item, position):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.info = info
+        self.group = group
+        self.yes_item = yes_item
+        self.no_item = no_item
+        self.position = position
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        try:
+            self.group = int(self.group)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                self.group = self.info.group_index[self.group]
+            except KeyError:
+                if self.group == 'DEFINE':
+                    # 'DEFINE' is a special name unless there's a group with
+                    # that name.
+                    self.group = 0
+                else:
+                    raise error("unknown group", pattern, self.position)
+
+        if not 0 <= self.group <= self.info.group_count:
+            raise error("invalid group reference", pattern, self.position)
+
+        self.yes_item.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+        self.no_item.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        yes_item = self.yes_item.optimise(info, reverse)
+        no_item = self.no_item.optimise(info, reverse)
+
+        return Conditional(info, self.group, yes_item, no_item, self.position)
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.yes_item = self.yes_item.pack_characters(info)
+        self.no_item = self.no_item.pack_characters(info)
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        self.yes_item = self.yes_item.remove_captures()
+        self.no_item = self.no_item.remove_captures()
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return self.yes_item.is_atomic() and self.no_item.is_atomic()
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return self.yes_item.can_be_affix() and self.no_item.can_be_affix()
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return self.yes_item.contains_group() or self.no_item.contains_group()
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        return (self.yes_item.get_firstset(reverse) |
+          self.no_item.get_firstset(reverse))
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        code = [(OP.GROUP_EXISTS, self.group)]
+        code.extend(self.yes_item.compile(reverse, fuzzy))
+        add_code = self.no_item.compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+        if add_code:
+            code.append((OP.NEXT, ))
+            code.extend(add_code)
+
+        code.append((OP.END, ))
+
+        return code
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}GROUP_EXISTS {}".format(INDENT * indent, self.group))
+        self.yes_item.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+        if not self.no_item.is_empty():
+            print("{}OR".format(INDENT * indent))
+            self.no_item.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return self.yes_item.is_empty() and self.no_item.is_empty()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and (self.group, self.yes_item,
+          self.no_item) == (other.group, other.yes_item, other.no_item)
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return max(self.yes_item.max_width(), self.no_item.max_width())
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.info = None
+
+class DefaultBoundary(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.DEFAULT_BOUNDARY
+    _op_name = "DEFAULT_BOUNDARY"
+
+class DefaultEndOfWord(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.DEFAULT_END_OF_WORD
+    _op_name = "DEFAULT_END_OF_WORD"
+
+class DefaultStartOfWord(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.DEFAULT_START_OF_WORD
+    _op_name = "DEFAULT_START_OF_WORD"
+
+class EndOfLine(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.END_OF_LINE
+    _op_name = "END_OF_LINE"
+
+class EndOfLineU(EndOfLine):
+    _opcode = OP.END_OF_LINE_U
+    _op_name = "END_OF_LINE_U"
+
+class EndOfString(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.END_OF_STRING
+    _op_name = "END_OF_STRING"
+
+class EndOfStringLine(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.END_OF_STRING_LINE
+    _op_name = "END_OF_STRING_LINE"
+
+class EndOfStringLineU(EndOfStringLine):
+    _opcode = OP.END_OF_STRING_LINE_U
+    _op_name = "END_OF_STRING_LINE_U"
+
+class EndOfWord(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.END_OF_WORD
+    _op_name = "END_OF_WORD"
+
+class Failure(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _op_name = "FAILURE"
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        return [(OP.FAILURE, )]
+
+class Fuzzy(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, subpattern, constraints=None):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        if constraints is None:
+            constraints = {}
+        self.subpattern = subpattern
+        self.constraints = constraints
+
+        # If an error type is mentioned in the cost equation, then its maximum
+        # defaults to unlimited.
+        if "cost" in constraints:
+            for e in "dis":
+                if e in constraints["cost"]:
+                    constraints.setdefault(e, (0, None))
+
+        # If any error type is mentioned, then all the error maxima default to
+        # 0, otherwise they default to unlimited.
+        if set(constraints) & set("dis"):
+            for e in "dis":
+                constraints.setdefault(e, (0, 0))
+        else:
+            for e in "dis":
+                constraints.setdefault(e, (0, None))
+
+        # The maximum of the generic error type defaults to unlimited.
+        constraints.setdefault("e", (0, None))
+
+        # The cost equation defaults to equal costs. Also, the cost of any
+        # error type not mentioned in the cost equation defaults to 0.
+        if "cost" in constraints:
+            for e in "dis":
+                constraints["cost"].setdefault(e, 0)
+        else:
+            constraints["cost"] = {"d": 1, "i": 1, "s": 1, "max":
+              constraints["e"][1]}
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        self.subpattern.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, True)
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.pack_characters(info)
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.remove_captures()
+        return self
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return self.subpattern.is_atomic()
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return self.subpattern.contains_group()
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        # The individual limits.
+        arguments = []
+        for e in "dise":
+            v = self.constraints[e]
+            arguments.append(v[0])
+            arguments.append(UNLIMITED if v[1] is None else v[1])
+
+        # The coeffs of the cost equation.
+        for e in "dis":
+            arguments.append(self.constraints["cost"][e])
+
+        # The maximum of the cost equation.
+        v = self.constraints["cost"]["max"]
+        arguments.append(UNLIMITED if v is None else v)
+
+        flags = 0
+        if reverse:
+            flags |= REVERSE_OP
+
+        test = self.constraints.get("test")
+
+        if test:
+            return ([(OP.FUZZY_EXT, flags) + tuple(arguments)] +
+              test.compile(reverse, True) + [(OP.NEXT,)] +
+              self.subpattern.compile(reverse, True) + [(OP.END,)])
+
+        return ([(OP.FUZZY, flags) + tuple(arguments)] +
+          self.subpattern.compile(reverse, True) + [(OP.END,)])
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        constraints = self._constraints_to_string()
+        if constraints:
+            constraints = " " + constraints
+        print("{}FUZZY{}".format(INDENT * indent, constraints))
+        self.subpattern.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return self.subpattern.is_empty()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (type(self) is type(other) and self.subpattern ==
+          other.subpattern and self.constraints == other.constraints)
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return UNLIMITED
+
+    def _constraints_to_string(self):
+        constraints = []
+
+        for name in "ids":
+            min, max = self.constraints[name]
+            if max == 0:
+                continue
+
+            con = ""
+
+            if min > 0:
+                con = "{}<=".format(min)
+
+            con += name
+
+            if max is not None:
+                con += "<={}".format(max)
+
+            constraints.append(con)
+
+        cost = []
+        for name in "ids":
+            coeff = self.constraints["cost"][name]
+            if coeff > 0:
+                cost.append("{}{}".format(coeff, name))
+
+        limit = self.constraints["cost"]["max"]
+        if limit is not None and limit > 0:
+            cost = "{}<={}".format("+".join(cost), limit)
+            constraints.append(cost)
+
+        return ",".join(constraints)
+
+class Grapheme(RegexBase):
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        # Match at least 1 character until a grapheme boundary is reached. Note
+        # that this is the same whether matching forwards or backwards.
+        grapheme_matcher = Atomic(Sequence([LazyRepeat(AnyAll(), 1, None),
+          GraphemeBoundary()]))
+
+        return grapheme_matcher.compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}GRAPHEME".format(INDENT * indent))
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return UNLIMITED
+
+class GraphemeBoundary:
+    def compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        return [(OP.GRAPHEME_BOUNDARY, 1)]
+
+class GreedyRepeat(RegexBase):
+    _opcode = OP.GREEDY_REPEAT
+    _op_name = "GREEDY_REPEAT"
+
+    def __init__(self, subpattern, min_count, max_count):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.subpattern = subpattern
+        self.min_count = min_count
+        self.max_count = max_count
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        self.subpattern.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        subpattern = self.subpattern.optimise(info, reverse)
+
+        return type(self)(subpattern, self.min_count, self.max_count)
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.pack_characters(info)
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.remove_captures()
+        return self
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return self.min_count == self.max_count and self.subpattern.is_atomic()
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return False
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return self.subpattern.contains_group()
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        fs = self.subpattern.get_firstset(reverse)
+        if self.min_count == 0:
+            fs.add(None)
+
+        return fs
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        repeat = [self._opcode, self.min_count]
+        if self.max_count is None:
+            repeat.append(UNLIMITED)
+        else:
+            repeat.append(self.max_count)
+
+        subpattern = self.subpattern.compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+        if not subpattern:
+            return []
+
+        return ([tuple(repeat)] + subpattern + [(OP.END, )])
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        if self.max_count is None:
+            limit = "INF"
+        else:
+            limit = self.max_count
+        print("{}{} {} {}".format(INDENT * indent, self._op_name,
+          self.min_count, limit))
+
+        self.subpattern.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return self.subpattern.is_empty()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and (self.subpattern, self.min_count,
+          self.max_count) == (other.subpattern, other.min_count,
+          other.max_count)
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        if self.max_count is None:
+            return UNLIMITED
+
+        return self.subpattern.max_width() * self.max_count
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        max_count = UNLIMITED if self.max_count is None else self.max_count
+        if self.min_count == 0:
+            w = self.subpattern.max_width() * max_count
+            return min(w, UNLIMITED), None
+
+        ofs, req = self.subpattern.get_required_string(reverse)
+        if req:
+            return ofs, req
+
+        w = self.subpattern.max_width() * max_count
+        return min(w, UNLIMITED), None
+
+class PossessiveRepeat(GreedyRepeat):
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        subpattern = self.subpattern.compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+        if not subpattern:
+            return []
+
+        repeat = [self._opcode, self.min_count]
+        if self.max_count is None:
+            repeat.append(UNLIMITED)
+        else:
+            repeat.append(self.max_count)
+
+        return ([(OP.ATOMIC, ), tuple(repeat)] + subpattern + [(OP.END, ),
+          (OP.END, )])
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}ATOMIC".format(INDENT * indent))
+
+        if self.max_count is None:
+            limit = "INF"
+        else:
+            limit = self.max_count
+        print("{}{} {} {}".format(INDENT * (indent + 1), self._op_name,
+          self.min_count, limit))
+
+        self.subpattern.dump(indent + 2, reverse)
+
+class Group(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, info, group, subpattern):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.info = info
+        self.group = group
+        self.subpattern = subpattern
+
+        self.call_ref = None
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        self.info.defined_groups[self.group] = (self, reverse, fuzzy)
+        self.subpattern.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        subpattern = self.subpattern.optimise(info, reverse)
+
+        return Group(self.info, self.group, subpattern)
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.pack_characters(info)
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        return self.subpattern.remove_captures()
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return self.subpattern.is_atomic()
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return False
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return True
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        return self.subpattern.get_firstset(reverse)
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return self.subpattern.has_simple_start()
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        code = []
+
+        public_group = private_group = self.group
+        if private_group < 0:
+            public_group = self.info.private_groups[private_group]
+            private_group = self.info.group_count - private_group
+
+        key = self.group, reverse, fuzzy
+        ref = self.info.call_refs.get(key)
+        if ref is not None:
+            code += [(OP.CALL_REF, ref)]
+
+        code += [(OP.GROUP, int(not reverse), private_group, public_group)]
+        code += self.subpattern.compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+        code += [(OP.END, )]
+
+        if ref is not None:
+            code += [(OP.END, )]
+
+        return code
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        group = self.group
+        if group < 0:
+            group = self.info.private_groups[group]
+        print("{}GROUP {}".format(INDENT * indent, group))
+        self.subpattern.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (type(self) is type(other) and (self.group, self.subpattern) ==
+          (other.group, other.subpattern))
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return self.subpattern.max_width()
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        return self.subpattern.get_required_string(reverse)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.info = None
+
+class Keep(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.KEEP
+    _op_name = "KEEP"
+
+class LazyRepeat(GreedyRepeat):
+    _opcode = OP.LAZY_REPEAT
+    _op_name = "LAZY_REPEAT"
+
+class LookAround(RegexBase):
+    _dir_text = {False: "AHEAD", True: "BEHIND"}
+
+    def __init__(self, behind, positive, subpattern):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.behind = bool(behind)
+        self.positive = bool(positive)
+        self.subpattern = subpattern
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        self.subpattern.fix_groups(pattern, self.behind, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        subpattern = self.subpattern.optimise(info, self.behind)
+        if self.positive and subpattern.is_empty():
+            return subpattern
+
+        return LookAround(self.behind, self.positive, subpattern)
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.pack_characters(info)
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        return self.subpattern.remove_captures()
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return self.subpattern.is_atomic()
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return self.subpattern.can_be_affix()
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return self.subpattern.contains_group()
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        if self.positive and self.behind == reverse:
+            return self.subpattern.get_firstset(reverse)
+
+        return set([None])
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if self.positive:
+            flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        if reverse:
+            flags |= REVERSE_OP
+
+        return ([(OP.LOOKAROUND, flags, int(not self.behind))] +
+          self.subpattern.compile(self.behind) + [(OP.END, )])
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}LOOK{} {}".format(INDENT * indent,
+          self._dir_text[self.behind], POS_TEXT[self.positive]))
+        self.subpattern.dump(indent + 1, self.behind)
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return self.positive and self.subpattern.is_empty()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and (self.behind, self.positive,
+          self.subpattern) == (other.behind, other.positive, other.subpattern)
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return 0
+
+class LookAroundConditional(RegexBase):
+    _dir_text = {False: "AHEAD", True: "BEHIND"}
+
+    def __init__(self, behind, positive, subpattern, yes_item, no_item):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.behind = bool(behind)
+        self.positive = bool(positive)
+        self.subpattern = subpattern
+        self.yes_item = yes_item
+        self.no_item = no_item
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        self.subpattern.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+        self.yes_item.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+        self.no_item.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        subpattern = self.subpattern.optimise(info, self.behind)
+        yes_item = self.yes_item.optimise(info, self.behind)
+        no_item = self.no_item.optimise(info, self.behind)
+
+        return LookAroundConditional(self.behind, self.positive, subpattern,
+          yes_item, no_item)
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.pack_characters(info)
+        self.yes_item = self.yes_item.pack_characters(info)
+        self.no_item = self.no_item.pack_characters(info)
+        return self
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        self.subpattern = self.subpattern.remove_captures()
+        self.yes_item = self.yes_item.remove_captures()
+        self.no_item = self.no_item.remove_captures()
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return (self.subpattern.is_atomic() and self.yes_item.is_atomic() and
+          self.no_item.is_atomic())
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return (self.subpattern.can_be_affix() and self.yes_item.can_be_affix()
+          and self.no_item.can_be_affix())
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return (self.subpattern.contains_group() or
+          self.yes_item.contains_group() or self.no_item.contains_group())
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        code = [(OP.CONDITIONAL, int(self.positive), int(not self.behind))]
+        code.extend(self.subpattern.compile(self.behind, fuzzy))
+        code.append((OP.NEXT, ))
+        code.extend(self.yes_item.compile(reverse, fuzzy))
+        add_code = self.no_item.compile(reverse, fuzzy)
+        if add_code:
+            code.append((OP.NEXT, ))
+            code.extend(add_code)
+
+        code.append((OP.END, ))
+
+        return code
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}CONDITIONAL {} {}".format(INDENT * indent,
+          self._dir_text[self.behind], POS_TEXT[self.positive]))
+        self.subpattern.dump(indent + 1, self.behind)
+        print("{}EITHER".format(INDENT * indent))
+        self.yes_item.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+        if not self.no_item.is_empty():
+            print("{}OR".format(INDENT * indent))
+            self.no_item.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return (self.subpattern.is_empty() and self.yes_item.is_empty() or
+          self.no_item.is_empty())
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and (self.subpattern, self.yes_item,
+          self.no_item) == (other.subpattern, other.yes_item, other.no_item)
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return max(self.yes_item.max_width(), self.no_item.max_width())
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        return self.max_width(), None
+
+class PrecompiledCode(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, code):
+        self.code = code
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        return [tuple(self.code)]
+
+class Property(RegexBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.PROPERTY, (IGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.PROPERTY_IGN, (FULLCASE, False): OP.PROPERTY, (FULLIGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.PROPERTY_IGN, (NOCASE, True): OP.PROPERTY_REV, (IGNORECASE, True):
+      OP.PROPERTY_IGN_REV, (FULLCASE, True): OP.PROPERTY_REV, (FULLIGNORECASE,
+      True): OP.PROPERTY_IGN_REV}
+
+    def __init__(self, value, positive=True, case_flags=NOCASE,
+      zerowidth=False, encoding=0):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.value = value
+        self.positive = bool(positive)
+        self.case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags]
+        self.zerowidth = bool(zerowidth)
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+        self._key = (self.__class__, self.value, self.positive,
+          self.case_flags, self.zerowidth)
+
+    def rebuild(self, positive, case_flags, zerowidth):
+        return Property(self.value, positive, case_flags, zerowidth,
+          self.encoding)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse, in_set=False):
+        return self
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        return set([self])
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if self.positive:
+            flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+        if self.zerowidth:
+            flags |= ZEROWIDTH_OP
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        flags |= self.encoding << ENCODING_OP_SHIFT
+        return [(self._opcode[self.case_flags, reverse], flags, self.value)]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        prop = PROPERTY_NAMES[self.value >> 16]
+        name, value = prop[0], prop[1][self.value & 0xFFFF]
+        print("{}PROPERTY {} {}:{}{}{}".format(INDENT * indent,
+          POS_TEXT[self.positive], name, value, CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags],
+          ["", " ASCII"][self.encoding]))
+
+    def matches(self, ch):
+        return _regex.has_property_value(self.value, ch) == self.positive
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return 1
+
+class Prune(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _op_name = "PRUNE"
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        return [(OP.PRUNE, )]
+
+class Range(RegexBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.RANGE, (IGNORECASE, False): OP.RANGE_IGN,
+      (FULLCASE, False): OP.RANGE, (FULLIGNORECASE, False): OP.RANGE_IGN,
+      (NOCASE, True): OP.RANGE_REV, (IGNORECASE, True): OP.RANGE_IGN_REV,
+      (FULLCASE, True): OP.RANGE_REV, (FULLIGNORECASE, True): OP.RANGE_IGN_REV}
+    _op_name = "RANGE"
+
+    def __init__(self, lower, upper, positive=True, case_flags=NOCASE,
+      zerowidth=False):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.lower = lower
+        self.upper = upper
+        self.positive = bool(positive)
+        self.case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags]
+        self.zerowidth = bool(zerowidth)
+
+        self._key = (self.__class__, self.lower, self.upper, self.positive,
+          self.case_flags, self.zerowidth)
+
+    def rebuild(self, positive, case_flags, zerowidth):
+        return Range(self.lower, self.upper, positive, case_flags, zerowidth)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse, in_set=False):
+        # Is the range case-sensitive?
+        if not self.positive or not (self.case_flags & IGNORECASE) or in_set:
+            return self
+
+        # Is full case-folding possible?
+        if (not (info.flags & UNICODE) or (self.case_flags & FULLIGNORECASE) !=
+          FULLIGNORECASE):
+            return self
+
+        # Get the characters which expand to multiple codepoints on folding.
+        expanding_chars = _regex.get_expand_on_folding()
+
+        # Get the folded characters in the range.
+        items = []
+        for ch in expanding_chars:
+            if self.lower <= ord(ch) <= self.upper:
+                folded = _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, ch)
+                items.append(String([ord(c) for c in folded],
+                  case_flags=self.case_flags))
+
+        if not items:
+            # We can fall back to simple case-folding.
+            return self
+
+        if len(items) < self.upper - self.lower + 1:
+            # Not all the characters are covered by the full case-folding.
+            items.insert(0, self)
+
+        return Branch(items)
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if self.positive:
+            flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+        if self.zerowidth:
+            flags |= ZEROWIDTH_OP
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        return [(self._opcode[self.case_flags, reverse], flags, self.lower,
+          self.upper)]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        display_lower = ascii(chr(self.lower)).lstrip("bu")
+        display_upper = ascii(chr(self.upper)).lstrip("bu")
+        print("{}RANGE {} {} {}{}".format(INDENT * indent,
+          POS_TEXT[self.positive], display_lower, display_upper,
+          CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags]))
+
+    def matches(self, ch):
+        return (self.lower <= ch <= self.upper) == self.positive
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return 1
+
+class RefGroup(RegexBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.REF_GROUP, (IGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.REF_GROUP_IGN, (FULLCASE, False): OP.REF_GROUP, (FULLIGNORECASE,
+      False): OP.REF_GROUP_FLD, (NOCASE, True): OP.REF_GROUP_REV, (IGNORECASE,
+      True): OP.REF_GROUP_IGN_REV, (FULLCASE, True): OP.REF_GROUP_REV,
+      (FULLIGNORECASE, True): OP.REF_GROUP_FLD_REV}
+
+    def __init__(self, info, group, position, case_flags=NOCASE):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.info = info
+        self.group = group
+        self.position = position
+        self.case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags]
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.group, self.case_flags
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        try:
+            self.group = int(self.group)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                self.group = self.info.group_index[self.group]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise error("unknown group", pattern, self.position)
+
+        if not 1 <= self.group <= self.info.group_count:
+            raise error("invalid group reference", pattern, self.position)
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.group, self.case_flags
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        raise error("group reference not allowed", self.pattern, self.position)
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        return [(self._opcode[self.case_flags, reverse], flags, self.group)]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}REF_GROUP {}{}".format(INDENT * indent, self.group,
+          CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags]))
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return UNLIMITED
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.info = None
+
+class SearchAnchor(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.SEARCH_ANCHOR
+    _op_name = "SEARCH_ANCHOR"
+
+class Sequence(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, items=None):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        if items is None:
+            items = []
+
+        self.items = items
+
+    def fix_groups(self, pattern, reverse, fuzzy):
+        for s in self.items:
+            s.fix_groups(pattern, reverse, fuzzy)
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse):
+        # Flatten the sequences.
+        items = []
+        for s in self.items:
+            s = s.optimise(info, reverse)
+            if isinstance(s, Sequence):
+                items.extend(s.items)
+            else:
+                items.append(s)
+
+        return make_sequence(items)
+
+    def pack_characters(self, info):
+        "Packs sequences of characters into strings."
+        items = []
+        characters = []
+        case_flags = NOCASE
+        for s in self.items:
+            if type(s) is Character and s.positive and not s.zerowidth:
+                if s.case_flags != case_flags:
+                    # Different case sensitivity, so flush, unless neither the
+                    # previous nor the new character are cased.
+                    if s.case_flags or is_cased_i(info, s.value):
+                        Sequence._flush_characters(info, characters,
+                          case_flags, items)
+
+                        case_flags = s.case_flags
+
+                characters.append(s.value)
+            elif type(s) is String or type(s) is Literal:
+                if s.case_flags != case_flags:
+                    # Different case sensitivity, so flush, unless the neither
+                    # the previous nor the new string are cased.
+                    if s.case_flags or any(is_cased_i(info, c) for c in
+                      characters):
+                        Sequence._flush_characters(info, characters,
+                          case_flags, items)
+
+                        case_flags = s.case_flags
+
+                characters.extend(s.characters)
+            else:
+                Sequence._flush_characters(info, characters, case_flags, items)
+
+                items.append(s.pack_characters(info))
+
+        Sequence._flush_characters(info, characters, case_flags, items)
+
+        return make_sequence(items)
+
+    def remove_captures(self):
+        self.items = [s.remove_captures() for s in self.items]
+        return self
+
+    def is_atomic(self):
+        return all(s.is_atomic() for s in self.items)
+
+    def can_be_affix(self):
+        return False
+
+    def contains_group(self):
+        return any(s.contains_group() for s in self.items)
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        fs = set()
+        items = self.items
+        if reverse:
+            items.reverse()
+        for s in items:
+            fs |= s.get_firstset(reverse)
+            if None not in fs:
+                return fs
+            fs.discard(None)
+
+        return fs | set([None])
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return bool(self.items) and self.items[0].has_simple_start()
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        seq = self.items
+        if reverse:
+            seq = seq[::-1]
+
+        code = []
+        for s in seq:
+            code.extend(s.compile(reverse, fuzzy))
+
+        return code
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        for s in self.items:
+            s.dump(indent, reverse)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _flush_characters(info, characters, case_flags, items):
+        if not characters:
+            return
+
+        # Disregard case_flags if all of the characters are case-less.
+        if case_flags & IGNORECASE:
+            if not any(is_cased_i(info, c) for c in characters):
+                case_flags = NOCASE
+
+        if (case_flags & FULLIGNORECASE) == FULLIGNORECASE:
+            literals = Sequence._fix_full_casefold(characters)
+
+            for item in literals:
+                chars = item.characters
+
+                if len(chars) == 1:
+                    items.append(Character(chars[0], case_flags=item.case_flags))
+                else:
+                    items.append(String(chars, case_flags=item.case_flags))
+        else:
+            if len(characters) == 1:
+                items.append(Character(characters[0], case_flags=case_flags))
+            else:
+                items.append(String(characters, case_flags=case_flags))
+
+        characters[:] = []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _fix_full_casefold(characters):
+        # Split a literal needing full case-folding into chunks that need it
+        # and chunks that can use simple case-folding, which is faster.
+        expanded = [_regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, c) for c in
+          _regex.get_expand_on_folding()]
+        string = _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, ''.join(chr(c)
+          for c in characters)).lower()
+        chunks = []
+
+        for e in expanded:
+            found = string.find(e)
+
+            while found >= 0:
+                chunks.append((found, found + len(e)))
+                found = string.find(e, found + 1)
+
+        pos = 0
+        literals = []
+
+        for start, end in Sequence._merge_chunks(chunks):
+            if pos < start:
+                literals.append(Literal(characters[pos : start],
+                  case_flags=IGNORECASE))
+
+            literals.append(Literal(characters[start : end],
+              case_flags=FULLIGNORECASE))
+            pos = end
+
+        if pos < len(characters):
+            literals.append(Literal(characters[pos : ], case_flags=IGNORECASE))
+
+        return literals
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _merge_chunks(chunks):
+        if len(chunks) < 2:
+            return chunks
+
+        chunks.sort()
+
+        start, end = chunks[0]
+        new_chunks = []
+
+        for s, e in chunks[1 : ]:
+            if s <= end:
+                end = max(end, e)
+            else:
+                new_chunks.append((start, end))
+                start, end = s, e
+
+        new_chunks.append((start, end))
+
+        return new_chunks
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        return all(i.is_empty() for i in self.items)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and self.items == other.items
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return sum(s.max_width() for s in self.items)
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        seq = self.items
+        if reverse:
+            seq = seq[::-1]
+
+        offset = 0
+
+        for s in seq:
+            ofs, req = s.get_required_string(reverse)
+            offset += ofs
+            if req:
+                return offset, req
+
+        return offset, None
+
+class SetBase(RegexBase):
+    def __init__(self, info, items, positive=True, case_flags=NOCASE,
+      zerowidth=False):
+        RegexBase.__init__(self)
+        self.info = info
+        self.items = tuple(items)
+        self.positive = bool(positive)
+        self.case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags]
+        self.zerowidth = bool(zerowidth)
+
+        self.char_width = 1
+
+        self._key = (self.__class__, self.items, self.positive,
+          self.case_flags, self.zerowidth)
+
+    def rebuild(self, positive, case_flags, zerowidth):
+        return type(self)(self.info, self.items, positive, case_flags,
+          zerowidth).optimise(self.info, False)
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        return set([self])
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if self.positive:
+            flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+        if self.zerowidth:
+            flags |= ZEROWIDTH_OP
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        code = [(self._opcode[self.case_flags, reverse], flags)]
+        for m in self.items:
+            code.extend(m.compile())
+
+        code.append((OP.END, ))
+
+        return code
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}{} {}{}".format(INDENT * indent, self._op_name,
+          POS_TEXT[self.positive], CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags]))
+        for i in self.items:
+            i.dump(indent + 1, reverse)
+
+    def _handle_case_folding(self, info, in_set):
+        # Is the set case-sensitive?
+        if not self.positive or not (self.case_flags & IGNORECASE) or in_set:
+            return self
+
+        # Is full case-folding possible?
+        if (not (self.info.flags & UNICODE) or (self.case_flags &
+          FULLIGNORECASE) != FULLIGNORECASE):
+            return self
+
+        # Get the characters which expand to multiple codepoints on folding.
+        expanding_chars = _regex.get_expand_on_folding()
+
+        # Get the folded characters in the set.
+        items = []
+        seen = set()
+        for ch in expanding_chars:
+            if self.matches(ord(ch)):
+                folded = _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, ch)
+                if folded not in seen:
+                    items.append(String([ord(c) for c in folded],
+                      case_flags=self.case_flags))
+                    seen.add(folded)
+
+        if not items:
+            # We can fall back to simple case-folding.
+            return self
+
+        return Branch([self] + items)
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        # Is the set case-sensitive?
+        if not self.positive or not (self.case_flags & IGNORECASE):
+            return 1
+
+        # Is full case-folding possible?
+        if (not (self.info.flags & UNICODE) or (self.case_flags &
+          FULLIGNORECASE) != FULLIGNORECASE):
+            return 1
+
+        # Get the characters which expand to multiple codepoints on folding.
+        expanding_chars = _regex.get_expand_on_folding()
+
+        # Get the folded characters in the set.
+        seen = set()
+        for ch in expanding_chars:
+            if self.matches(ord(ch)):
+                folded = _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, ch)
+                seen.add(folded)
+
+        if not seen:
+            return 1
+
+        return max(len(folded) for folded in seen)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.info = None
+
+class SetDiff(SetBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.SET_DIFF, (IGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.SET_DIFF_IGN, (FULLCASE, False): OP.SET_DIFF, (FULLIGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.SET_DIFF_IGN, (NOCASE, True): OP.SET_DIFF_REV, (IGNORECASE, True):
+      OP.SET_DIFF_IGN_REV, (FULLCASE, True): OP.SET_DIFF_REV, (FULLIGNORECASE,
+      True): OP.SET_DIFF_IGN_REV}
+    _op_name = "SET_DIFF"
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse, in_set=False):
+        items = self.items
+        if len(items) > 2:
+            items = [items[0], SetUnion(info, items[1 : ])]
+
+        if len(items) == 1:
+            return items[0].with_flags(case_flags=self.case_flags,
+              zerowidth=self.zerowidth).optimise(info, reverse, in_set)
+
+        self.items = tuple(m.optimise(info, reverse, in_set=True) for m in
+          items)
+
+        return self._handle_case_folding(info, in_set)
+
+    def matches(self, ch):
+        m = self.items[0].matches(ch) and not self.items[1].matches(ch)
+        return m == self.positive
+
+class SetInter(SetBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.SET_INTER, (IGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.SET_INTER_IGN, (FULLCASE, False): OP.SET_INTER, (FULLIGNORECASE,
+      False): OP.SET_INTER_IGN, (NOCASE, True): OP.SET_INTER_REV, (IGNORECASE,
+      True): OP.SET_INTER_IGN_REV, (FULLCASE, True): OP.SET_INTER_REV,
+      (FULLIGNORECASE, True): OP.SET_INTER_IGN_REV}
+    _op_name = "SET_INTER"
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse, in_set=False):
+        items = []
+        for m in self.items:
+            m = m.optimise(info, reverse, in_set=True)
+            if isinstance(m, SetInter) and m.positive:
+                # Intersection in intersection.
+                items.extend(m.items)
+            else:
+                items.append(m)
+
+        if len(items) == 1:
+            return items[0].with_flags(case_flags=self.case_flags,
+              zerowidth=self.zerowidth).optimise(info, reverse, in_set)
+
+        self.items = tuple(items)
+
+        return self._handle_case_folding(info, in_set)
+
+    def matches(self, ch):
+        m = all(i.matches(ch) for i in self.items)
+        return m == self.positive
+
+class SetSymDiff(SetBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.SET_SYM_DIFF, (IGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.SET_SYM_DIFF_IGN, (FULLCASE, False): OP.SET_SYM_DIFF, (FULLIGNORECASE,
+      False): OP.SET_SYM_DIFF_IGN, (NOCASE, True): OP.SET_SYM_DIFF_REV,
+      (IGNORECASE, True): OP.SET_SYM_DIFF_IGN_REV, (FULLCASE, True):
+      OP.SET_SYM_DIFF_REV, (FULLIGNORECASE, True): OP.SET_SYM_DIFF_IGN_REV}
+    _op_name = "SET_SYM_DIFF"
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse, in_set=False):
+        items = []
+        for m in self.items:
+            m = m.optimise(info, reverse, in_set=True)
+            if isinstance(m, SetSymDiff) and m.positive:
+                # Symmetric difference in symmetric difference.
+                items.extend(m.items)
+            else:
+                items.append(m)
+
+        if len(items) == 1:
+            return items[0].with_flags(case_flags=self.case_flags,
+              zerowidth=self.zerowidth).optimise(info, reverse, in_set)
+
+        self.items = tuple(items)
+
+        return self._handle_case_folding(info, in_set)
+
+    def matches(self, ch):
+        m = False
+        for i in self.items:
+            m = m != i.matches(ch)
+
+        return m == self.positive
+
+class SetUnion(SetBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.SET_UNION, (IGNORECASE, False):
+      OP.SET_UNION_IGN, (FULLCASE, False): OP.SET_UNION, (FULLIGNORECASE,
+      False): OP.SET_UNION_IGN, (NOCASE, True): OP.SET_UNION_REV, (IGNORECASE,
+      True): OP.SET_UNION_IGN_REV, (FULLCASE, True): OP.SET_UNION_REV,
+      (FULLIGNORECASE, True): OP.SET_UNION_IGN_REV}
+    _op_name = "SET_UNION"
+
+    def optimise(self, info, reverse, in_set=False):
+        items = []
+        for m in self.items:
+            m = m.optimise(info, reverse, in_set=True)
+            if isinstance(m, SetUnion) and m.positive:
+                # Union in union.
+                items.extend(m.items)
+            elif isinstance(m, AnyAll):
+                return AnyAll()
+            else:
+                items.append(m)
+
+        # Are there complementary properties?
+        properties = (set(), set())
+
+        for m in items:
+            if isinstance(m, Property):
+                properties[m.positive].add((m.value, m.case_flags, m.zerowidth))
+
+        if properties[0] & properties[1]:
+            return AnyAll()
+
+        if len(items) == 1:
+            i = items[0]
+            return i.with_flags(positive=i.positive == self.positive,
+              case_flags=self.case_flags,
+              zerowidth=self.zerowidth).optimise(info, reverse, in_set)
+
+        self.items = tuple(items)
+
+        return self._handle_case_folding(info, in_set)
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if self.positive:
+            flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+        if self.zerowidth:
+            flags |= ZEROWIDTH_OP
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+
+        characters, others = defaultdict(list), []
+        for m in self.items:
+            if isinstance(m, Character):
+                characters[m.positive].append(m.value)
+            else:
+                others.append(m)
+
+        code = [(self._opcode[self.case_flags, reverse], flags)]
+
+        for positive, values in characters.items():
+            flags = 0
+            if positive:
+                flags |= POSITIVE_OP
+            if len(values) == 1:
+                code.append((OP.CHARACTER, flags, values[0]))
+            else:
+                code.append((OP.STRING, flags, len(values)) + tuple(values))
+
+        for m in others:
+            code.extend(m.compile())
+
+        code.append((OP.END, ))
+
+        return code
+
+    def matches(self, ch):
+        m = any(i.matches(ch) for i in self.items)
+        return m == self.positive
+
+class Skip(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _op_name = "SKIP"
+    _opcode = OP.SKIP
+
+class StartOfLine(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.START_OF_LINE
+    _op_name = "START_OF_LINE"
+
+class StartOfLineU(StartOfLine):
+    _opcode = OP.START_OF_LINE_U
+    _op_name = "START_OF_LINE_U"
+
+class StartOfString(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.START_OF_STRING
+    _op_name = "START_OF_STRING"
+
+class StartOfWord(ZeroWidthBase):
+    _opcode = OP.START_OF_WORD
+    _op_name = "START_OF_WORD"
+
+class String(RegexBase):
+    _opcode = {(NOCASE, False): OP.STRING, (IGNORECASE, False): OP.STRING_IGN,
+      (FULLCASE, False): OP.STRING, (FULLIGNORECASE, False): OP.STRING_FLD,
+      (NOCASE, True): OP.STRING_REV, (IGNORECASE, True): OP.STRING_IGN_REV,
+      (FULLCASE, True): OP.STRING_REV, (FULLIGNORECASE, True):
+      OP.STRING_FLD_REV}
+
+    def __init__(self, characters, case_flags=NOCASE):
+        self.characters = tuple(characters)
+        self.case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags]
+
+        if (self.case_flags & FULLIGNORECASE) == FULLIGNORECASE:
+            folded_characters = []
+            for char in self.characters:
+                folded = _regex.fold_case(FULL_CASE_FOLDING, chr(char))
+                folded_characters.extend(ord(c) for c in folded)
+        else:
+            folded_characters = self.characters
+
+        self.folded_characters = tuple(folded_characters)
+        self.required = False
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.characters, self.case_flags
+
+    def get_firstset(self, reverse):
+        if reverse:
+            pos = -1
+        else:
+            pos = 0
+        return set([Character(self.characters[pos],
+          case_flags=self.case_flags)])
+
+    def has_simple_start(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _compile(self, reverse, fuzzy):
+        flags = 0
+        if fuzzy:
+            flags |= FUZZY_OP
+        if self.required:
+            flags |= REQUIRED_OP
+        return [(self._opcode[self.case_flags, reverse], flags,
+          len(self.folded_characters)) + self.folded_characters]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        display = ascii("".join(chr(c) for c in self.characters)).lstrip("bu")
+        print("{}STRING {}{}".format(INDENT * indent, display,
+          CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags]))
+
+    def max_width(self):
+        return len(self.folded_characters)
+
+    def get_required_string(self, reverse):
+        return 0, self
+
+class Literal(String):
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        literal = ''.join(chr(c) for c in self.characters)
+        display = ascii(literal).lstrip("bu")
+        print("{}LITERAL MATCH {}{}".format(INDENT * indent, display,
+          CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags]))
+
+class StringSet(Branch):
+    def __init__(self, info, name, case_flags=NOCASE):
+        self.info = info
+        self.name = name
+        self.case_flags = CASE_FLAGS_COMBINATIONS[case_flags]
+
+        self._key = self.__class__, self.name, self.case_flags
+
+        self.set_key = (name, self.case_flags)
+        if self.set_key not in info.named_lists_used:
+            info.named_lists_used[self.set_key] = len(info.named_lists_used)
+
+        index = self.info.named_lists_used[self.set_key]
+        items = self.info.kwargs[self.name]
+
+        case_flags = self.case_flags
+
+        encoding = self.info.flags & _ALL_ENCODINGS
+        fold_flags = encoding | case_flags
+
+        choices = []
+
+        for string in items:
+            if isinstance(string, str):
+                string = [ord(c) for c in string]
+
+            choices.append([Character(c, case_flags=case_flags) for c in
+              string])
+
+        # Sort from longest to shortest.
+        choices.sort(key=len, reverse=True)
+
+        self.branches = [Sequence(choice) for choice in choices]
+
+    def dump(self, indent, reverse):
+        print("{}STRING_SET {}{}".format(INDENT * indent, self.name,
+          CASE_TEXT[self.case_flags]))
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.info = None
+
+class Source:
+    "Scanner for the regular expression source string."
+    def __init__(self, string):
+        if isinstance(string, str):
+            self.string = string
+            self.char_type = chr
+        else:
+            self.string = string.decode("latin-1")
+            self.char_type = lambda c: bytes([c])
+
+        self.pos = 0
+        self.ignore_space = False
+        self.sep = string[ : 0]
+
+    def peek(self, override_ignore=False):
+        string = self.string
+        pos = self.pos
+
+        try:
+            if self.ignore_space and not override_ignore:
+                while True:
+                    if string[pos].isspace():
+                        # Skip over the whitespace.
+                        pos += 1
+                    elif string[pos] == "#":
+                        # Skip over the comment to the end of the line.
+                        pos = string.index("\n", pos)
+                    else:
+                        break
+
+            return string[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            # We've reached the end of the string.
+            return string[ : 0]
+        except ValueError:
+            # The comment extended to the end of the string.
+            return string[ : 0]
+
+    def get(self, override_ignore=False):
+        string = self.string
+        pos = self.pos
+
+        try:
+            if self.ignore_space and not override_ignore:
+                while True:
+                    if string[pos].isspace():
+                        # Skip over the whitespace.
+                        pos += 1
+                    elif string[pos] == "#":
+                        # Skip over the comment to the end of the line.
+                        pos = string.index("\n", pos)
+                    else:
+                        break
+
+            ch = string[pos]
+            self.pos = pos + 1
+            return ch
+        except IndexError:
+            # We've reached the end of the string.
+            self.pos = pos
+            return string[ : 0]
+        except ValueError:
+            # The comment extended to the end of the string.
+            self.pos = len(string)
+            return string[ : 0]
+
+    def get_many(self, count=1):
+        string = self.string
+        pos = self.pos
+
+        try:
+            if self.ignore_space:
+                substring = []
+
+                while len(substring) < count:
+                    while True:
+                        if string[pos].isspace():
+                            # Skip over the whitespace.
+                            pos += 1
+                        elif string[pos] == "#":
+                            # Skip over the comment to the end of the line.
+                            pos = string.index("\n", pos)
+                        else:
+                            break
+
+                    substring.append(string[pos])
+                    pos += 1
+
+                substring = "".join(substring)
+            else:
+                substring = string[pos : pos + count]
+                pos += len(substring)
+
+            self.pos = pos
+            return substring
+        except IndexError:
+            # We've reached the end of the string.
+            self.pos = len(string)
+            return "".join(substring)
+        except ValueError:
+            # The comment extended to the end of the string.
+            self.pos = len(string)
+            return "".join(substring)
+
+    def get_while(self, test_set, include=True, keep_spaces=False):
+        string = self.string
+        pos = self.pos
+
+        if self.ignore_space and not keep_spaces:
+            try:
+                substring = []
+
+                while True:
+                    if string[pos].isspace():
+                        # Skip over the whitespace.
+                        pos += 1
+                    elif string[pos] == "#":
+                        # Skip over the comment to the end of the line.
+                        pos = string.index("\n", pos)
+                    elif (string[pos] in test_set) == include:
+                        substring.append(string[pos])
+                        pos += 1
+                    else:
+                        break
+
+                self.pos = pos
+            except IndexError:
+                # We've reached the end of the string.
+                self.pos = len(string)
+            except ValueError:
+                # The comment extended to the end of the string.
+                self.pos = len(string)
+
+            return "".join(substring)
+        else:
+            try:
+                while (string[pos] in test_set) == include:
+                    pos += 1
+
+                substring = string[self.pos : pos]
+
+                self.pos = pos
+
+                return substring
+            except IndexError:
+                # We've reached the end of the string.
+                substring = string[self.pos : pos]
+
+                self.pos = pos
+
+                return substring
+
+    def skip_while(self, test_set, include=True):
+        string = self.string
+        pos = self.pos
+
+        try:
+            if self.ignore_space:
+                while True:
+                    if string[pos].isspace():
+                        # Skip over the whitespace.
+                        pos += 1
+                    elif string[pos] == "#":
+                        # Skip over the comment to the end of the line.
+                        pos = string.index("\n", pos)
+                    elif (string[pos] in test_set) == include:
+                        pos += 1
+                    else:
+                        break
+            else:
+                while (string[pos] in test_set) == include:
+                    pos += 1
+
+            self.pos = pos
+        except IndexError:
+            # We've reached the end of the string.
+            self.pos = len(string)
+        except ValueError:
+            # The comment extended to the end of the string.
+            self.pos = len(string)
+
+    def match(self, substring):
+        string = self.string
+        pos = self.pos
+
+        if self.ignore_space:
+            try:
+                for c in substring:
+                    while True:
+                        if string[pos].isspace():
+                            # Skip over the whitespace.
+                            pos += 1
+                        elif string[pos] == "#":
+                            # Skip over the comment to the end of the line.
+                            pos = string.index("\n", pos)
+                        else:
+                            break
+
+                    if string[pos] != c:
+                        return False
+
+                    pos += 1
+
+                self.pos = pos
+
+                return True
+            except IndexError:
+                # We've reached the end of the string.
+                return False
+            except ValueError:
+                # The comment extended to the end of the string.
+                return False
+        else:
+            if not string.startswith(substring, pos):
+                return False
+
+            self.pos = pos + len(substring)
+
+            return True
+
+    def expect(self, substring):
+        if not self.match(substring):
+            raise error("missing {}".format(substring), self.string, self.pos)
+
+    def at_end(self):
+        string = self.string
+        pos = self.pos
+
+        try:
+            if self.ignore_space:
+                while True:
+                    if string[pos].isspace():
+                        pos += 1
+                    elif string[pos] == "#":
+                        pos = string.index("\n", pos)
+                    else:
+                        break
+
+            return pos >= len(string)
+        except IndexError:
+            # We've reached the end of the string.
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            # The comment extended to the end of the string.
+            return True
+
+class Info:
+    "Info about the regular expression."
+
+    def __init__(self, flags=0, char_type=None, kwargs={}):
+        flags |= DEFAULT_FLAGS[(flags & _ALL_VERSIONS) or DEFAULT_VERSION]
+        self.flags = flags
+        self.global_flags = flags
+        self.inline_locale = False
+
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+        self.group_count = 0
+        self.group_index = {}
+        self.group_name = {}
+        self.char_type = char_type
+        self.named_lists_used = {}
+        self.open_groups = []
+        self.open_group_count = {}
+        self.defined_groups = {}
+        self.group_calls = []
+        self.private_groups = {}
+
+    def open_group(self, name=None):
+        group = self.group_index.get(name)
+        if group is None:
+            while True:
+                self.group_count += 1
+                if name is None or self.group_count not in self.group_name:
+                    break
+
+            group = self.group_count
+            if name:
+                self.group_index[name] = group
+                self.group_name[group] = name
+
+        if group in self.open_groups:
+            # We have a nested named group. We'll assign it a private group
+            # number, initially negative until we can assign a proper
+            # (positive) number.
+            group_alias = -(len(self.private_groups) + 1)
+            self.private_groups[group_alias] = group
+            group = group_alias
+
+        self.open_groups.append(group)
+        self.open_group_count[group] = self.open_group_count.get(group, 0) + 1
+
+        return group
+
+    def close_group(self):
+        self.open_groups.pop()
+
+    def is_open_group(self, name):
+        # In version 1, a group reference can refer to an open group. We'll
+        # just pretend the group isn't open.
+        version = (self.flags & _ALL_VERSIONS) or DEFAULT_VERSION
+        if version == VERSION1:
+            return False
+
+        if name.isdigit():
+            group = int(name)
+        else:
+            group = self.group_index.get(name)
+
+        return group in self.open_groups
+
+def _check_group_features(info, parsed):
+    """Checks whether the reverse and fuzzy features of the group calls match
+    the groups which they call.
+    """
+    call_refs = {}
+    additional_groups = []
+    for call, reverse, fuzzy in info.group_calls:
+        # Look up the reference of this group call.
+        key = (call.group, reverse, fuzzy)
+        ref = call_refs.get(key)
+        if ref is None:
+            # This group doesn't have a reference yet, so look up its features.
+            if call.group == 0:
+                # Calling the pattern as a whole.
+                rev = bool(info.flags & REVERSE)
+                fuz = isinstance(parsed, Fuzzy)
+                if (rev, fuz) != (reverse, fuzzy):
+                    # The pattern as a whole doesn't have the features we want,
+                    # so we'll need to make a copy of it with the desired
+                    # features.
+                    additional_groups.append((CallRef(len(call_refs), parsed),
+                      reverse, fuzzy))
+            else:
+                # Calling a capture group.
+                def_info = info.defined_groups[call.group]
+                group = def_info[0]
+                if def_info[1 : ] != (reverse, fuzzy):
+                    # The group doesn't have the features we want, so we'll
+                    # need to make a copy of it with the desired features.
+                    additional_groups.append((group, reverse, fuzzy))
+
+            ref = len(call_refs)
+            call_refs[key] = ref
+
+        call.call_ref = ref
+
+    info.call_refs = call_refs
+    info.additional_groups = additional_groups
+
+def _get_required_string(parsed, flags):
+    "Gets the required string and related info of a parsed pattern."
+
+    req_offset, required = parsed.get_required_string(bool(flags & REVERSE))
+    if required:
+        required.required = True
+        if req_offset >= UNLIMITED:
+            req_offset = -1
+
+        req_flags = required.case_flags
+        if not (flags & UNICODE):
+            req_flags &= ~UNICODE
+
+        req_chars = required.folded_characters
+    else:
+        req_offset = 0
+        req_chars = ()
+        req_flags = 0
+
+    return req_offset, req_chars, req_flags
+
+class Scanner:
+    def __init__(self, lexicon, flags=0):
+        self.lexicon = lexicon
+
+        # Combine phrases into a compound pattern.
+        patterns = []
+        for phrase, action in lexicon:
+            # Parse the regular expression.
+            source = Source(phrase)
+            info = Info(flags, source.char_type)
+            source.ignore_space = bool(info.flags & VERBOSE)
+            parsed = _parse_pattern(source, info)
+            if not source.at_end():
+                raise error("unbalanced parenthesis", source.string,
+                  source.pos)
+
+            # We want to forbid capture groups within each phrase.
+            patterns.append(parsed.remove_captures())
+
+        # Combine all the subpatterns into one pattern.
+        info = Info(flags)
+        patterns = [Group(info, g + 1, p) for g, p in enumerate(patterns)]
+        parsed = Branch(patterns)
+
+        # Optimise the compound pattern.
+        reverse = bool(info.flags & REVERSE)
+        parsed = parsed.optimise(info, reverse)
+        parsed = parsed.pack_characters(info)
+
+        # Get the required string.
+        req_offset, req_chars, req_flags = _get_required_string(parsed,
+          info.flags)
+
+        # Check the features of the groups.
+        _check_group_features(info, parsed)
+
+        # Complain if there are any group calls. They are not supported by the
+        # Scanner class.
+        if info.call_refs:
+            raise error("recursive regex not supported by Scanner",
+              source.string, source.pos)
+
+        reverse = bool(info.flags & REVERSE)
+
+        # Compile the compound pattern. The result is a list of tuples.
+        code = parsed.compile(reverse) + [(OP.SUCCESS, )]
+
+        # Flatten the code into a list of ints.
+        code = _flatten_code(code)
+
+        if not parsed.has_simple_start():
+            # Get the first set, if possible.
+            try:
+                fs_code = _compile_firstset(info, parsed.get_firstset(reverse))
+                fs_code = _flatten_code(fs_code)
+                code = fs_code + code
+            except _FirstSetError:
+                pass
+
+        # Check the global flags for conflicts.
+        version = (info.flags & _ALL_VERSIONS) or DEFAULT_VERSION
+        if version not in (0, VERSION0, VERSION1):
+            raise ValueError("VERSION0 and VERSION1 flags are mutually incompatible")
+
+        # Create the PatternObject.
+        #
+        # Local flags like IGNORECASE affect the code generation, but aren't
+        # needed by the PatternObject itself. Conversely, global flags like
+        # LOCALE _don't_ affect the code generation but _are_ needed by the
+        # PatternObject.
+        self.scanner = _regex.compile(None, (flags & GLOBAL_FLAGS) | version,
+          code, {}, {}, {}, [], req_offset, req_chars, req_flags,
+          len(patterns))
+
+    def scan(self, string):
+        result = []
+        append = result.append
+        match = self.scanner.scanner(string).match
+        i = 0
+        while True:
+            m = match()
+            if not m:
+                break
+            j = m.end()
+            if i == j:
+                break
+            action = self.lexicon[m.lastindex - 1][1]
+            if hasattr(action, '__call__'):
+                self.match = m
+                action = action(self, m.group())
+            if action is not None:
+                append(action)
+            i = j
+
+        return result, string[i : ]
+
+# Get the known properties dict.
+PROPERTIES = _regex.get_properties()
+
+# Build the inverse of the properties dict.
+PROPERTY_NAMES = {}
+for prop_name, (prop_id, values) in PROPERTIES.items():
+    name, prop_values = PROPERTY_NAMES.get(prop_id, ("", {}))
+    name = max(name, prop_name, key=len)
+    PROPERTY_NAMES[prop_id] = name, prop_values
+
+    for val_name, val_id in values.items():
+        prop_values[val_id] = max(prop_values.get(val_id, ""), val_name,
+          key=len)
+
+# Character escape sequences.
+CHARACTER_ESCAPES = {
+    "a": "\a",
+    "b": "\b",
+    "f": "\f",
+    "n": "\n",
+    "r": "\r",
+    "t": "\t",
+    "v": "\v",
+}
+
+ASCII_ENCODING = 1
+UNICODE_ENCODING = 2
+
+# Predefined character set escape sequences.
+CHARSET_ESCAPES = {
+    "d": lookup_property(None, "Digit", True),
+    "D": lookup_property(None, "Digit", False),
+    "h": lookup_property(None, "Blank", True),
+    "s": lookup_property(None, "Space", True),
+    "S": lookup_property(None, "Space", False),
+    "w": lookup_property(None, "Word", True),
+    "W": lookup_property(None, "Word", False),
+}
+
+ASCII_CHARSET_ESCAPES = dict(CHARSET_ESCAPES)
+ASCII_CHARSET_ESCAPES.update({
+    "d": lookup_property(None, "Digit", True, encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "D": lookup_property(None, "Digit", False, encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "s": lookup_property(None, "Space", True, encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "S": lookup_property(None, "Space", False, encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "w": lookup_property(None, "Word", True, encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "W": lookup_property(None, "Word", False, encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+})
+UNICODE_CHARSET_ESCAPES = dict(CHARSET_ESCAPES)
+UNICODE_CHARSET_ESCAPES.update({
+    "d": lookup_property(None, "Digit", True, encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "D": lookup_property(None, "Digit", False, encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "s": lookup_property(None, "Space", True, encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "S": lookup_property(None, "Space", False, encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "w": lookup_property(None, "Word", True, encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "W": lookup_property(None, "Word", False, encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+})
+
+# Positional escape sequences.
+POSITION_ESCAPES = {
+    "A": StartOfString(),
+    "b": Boundary(),
+    "B": Boundary(False),
+    "K": Keep(),
+    "m": StartOfWord(),
+    "M": EndOfWord(),
+    "Z": EndOfString(),
+}
+ASCII_POSITION_ESCAPES = dict(POSITION_ESCAPES)
+ASCII_POSITION_ESCAPES.update({
+    "b": Boundary(encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "B": Boundary(False, encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "m": StartOfWord(encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+    "M": EndOfWord(encoding=ASCII_ENCODING),
+})
+UNICODE_POSITION_ESCAPES = dict(POSITION_ESCAPES)
+UNICODE_POSITION_ESCAPES.update({
+    "b": Boundary(encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "B": Boundary(False, encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "m": StartOfWord(encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+    "M": EndOfWord(encoding=UNICODE_ENCODING),
+})
+
+# Positional escape sequences when WORD flag set.
+WORD_POSITION_ESCAPES = dict(POSITION_ESCAPES)
+WORD_POSITION_ESCAPES.update({
+    "b": DefaultBoundary(),
+    "B": DefaultBoundary(False),
+    "m": DefaultStartOfWord(),
+    "M": DefaultEndOfWord(),
+})
+
+# Regex control verbs.
+VERBS = {
+    "FAIL": Failure(),
+    "F": Failure(),
+    "PRUNE": Prune(),
+    "SKIP": Skip(),
+}