qoro-divi 0.2.1b1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.3.0b1__py3-none-any.whl

divi/qprog/_vqe.py

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 from enum import Enum
+from warnings import warn
 
-import numpy as np
 import pennylane as qml
 import sympy as sp
 
@@ -45,10 +45,9 @@ class VQEAnsatz(Enum):
 class VQE(QuantumProgram):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        symbols,
-        bond_length: float,
-        coordinate_structure: list[tuple[float, float, float]],
-        charge: float = 0,
+        hamiltonian: qml.operation.Operator | None = None,
+        molecule: qml.qchem.Molecule | None = None,
+        n_electrons: int | None = None,
         n_layers: int = 1,
         ansatz=VQEAnsatz.HARTREE_FOCK,
         optimizer=Optimizer.MONTE_CARLO,
@@ -59,25 +58,16 @@ class VQE(QuantumProgram):
         Initialize the VQE problem.
 
         Args:
-            symbols (list): The symbols of the atoms in the molecule
-            bond_length (float): The bond length to consider
-            coordinate_structure (list): The coordinate structure of the molecule, represented in unit lengths
-            charge (float): the charge of the molecule. Defaults to 0.
+            hamiltonain (pennylane.operation.Operator, optional): A Hamiltonian representing the problem.
+            molecule (pennylane.qchem.Molecule, optional): The molecule representing the problem.
+            n_electrons (int, optional): Number of electrons associated with the Hamiltonian.
+                Only needs to be provided when a Hamiltonian is given.
             ansatz (VQEAnsatz): The ansatz to use for the VQE problem
             optimizer (Optimizers): The optimizer to use.
             max_iterations (int): Maximum number of iteration optimizers.
         """
 
         # Local Variables
-        self.symbols = symbols
-        self.coordinate_structure = coordinate_structure
-        self.bond_length = bond_length
-        self.charge = charge
-        if len(self.coordinate_structure) != len(self.symbols):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "The number of symbols must match the number of coordinates"
-            )
-
         self.n_layers = n_layers
         self.results = {}
         self.ansatz = ansatz
@@ -85,40 +75,59 @@ class VQE(QuantumProgram):
         self.max_iterations = max_iterations
         self.current_iteration = 0
 
-        self.cost_hamiltonian = self._generate_hamiltonian_operations()
+        self._process_problem_input(
+            hamiltonian=hamiltonian, molecule=molecule, n_electrons=n_electrons
+        )
 
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         self._meta_circuits = self._create_meta_circuits_dict()
 
-    def _generate_hamiltonian_operations(self) -> qml.operation.Operator:
-        """
-        Generate the Hamiltonian operators for the given bond length.
+    def _process_problem_input(self, hamiltonian, molecule, n_electrons):
+        if hamiltonian is None and molecule is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Either one of `molecule` and `hamiltonian` must be provided."
+            )
 
-        Returns:
-            The Hamiltonian corresponding to the VQE problem.
-        """
+        if hamiltonian is not None:
+            if not isinstance(n_electrons, int) or n_electrons < 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"`n_electrons` is expected to be a non-negative integer. Got {n_electrons}."
+                )
 
-        coordinates = [
-            (
-                coord_0 * self.bond_length,
-                coord_1 * self.bond_length,
-                coord_2 * self.bond_length,
-            )
-            for (coord_0, coord_1, coord_2) in self.coordinate_structure
-        ]
+            self.n_electrons = n_electrons
+            self.n_qubits = len(hamiltonian.wires)
 
-        coordinates = np.array(coordinates)
-        molecule = qml.qchem.Molecule(self.symbols, coordinates, charge=self.charge)
-        hamiltonian, qubits = qml.qchem.molecular_hamiltonian(molecule)
+        if molecule is not None:
+            self.molecule = molecule
+            hamiltonian, self.n_qubits = qml.qchem.molecular_hamiltonian(molecule)
+            self.n_electrons = molecule.n_electrons
 
-        self.n_qubits = qubits
-        self.n_electrons = molecule.n_electrons
+            if (n_electrons is not None) and self.n_electrons != n_electrons:
+                warn(
+                    "`n_electrons` is provided but not consistent with the molecule's. "
+                    f"Got {n_electrons}, but molecule has {self.n_electrons}. "
+                    "The molecular value will be used.",
+                    UserWarning,
+                )
 
         self.n_params = self.ansatz.n_params(
             self.n_qubits, n_electrons=self.n_electrons
         )
 
+        self.cost_hamiltonian = self._clean_hamiltonian(hamiltonian)
+
+    def _clean_hamiltonian(
+        self, hamiltonian: qml.operation.Operator
+    ) -> qml.operation.Operator:
+        """
+        Extracts the scalar from the Hamiltonian, and stores it in
+        the `loss_constant` variable.
+
+        Returns:
+            The Hamiltonian without the scalar component.
+        """
+
         constant_terms_idx = list(
             filter(
                 lambda x: all(
@@ -129,7 +138,7 @@ class VQE(QuantumProgram):
         )
 
         self.loss_constant = sum(
-            map(lambda x: hamiltonian[x].scalar.item(), constant_terms_idx)
+            map(lambda x: hamiltonian[x].scalar, constant_terms_idx)
         )
 
         for idx in constant_terms_idx:

divi/qprog/_vqe_sweep.py

@@ -2,17 +2,390 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
+import inspect
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import partial
 from itertools import product
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal, NamedTuple
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import pennylane as qml
 
 from divi.qprog import VQE, ProgramBatch, VQEAnsatz
 
 from .optimizers import Optimizer
 
 
+def _ctor_attrs(obj):
+    sig = inspect.signature(obj.__class__.__init__)
+    arg_names = list(sig.parameters.keys())[1:]  # skip 'self'
+    return {name: getattr(obj, name) for name in arg_names if hasattr(obj, name)}
+
+
+class _ZMatrixEntry(NamedTuple):
+    bond_ref: int | None
+    angle_ref: int | None
+    dihedral_ref: int | None
+    bond_length: float | None
+    angle: float | None
+    dihedral: float | None
+
+
+# --- Helper functions ---
+def _safe_normalize(v, fallback=None):
+    norm = np.linalg.norm(v)
+    if norm < 1e-6:
+        if fallback is None:
+            fallback = np.array([1.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+        return fallback / np.linalg.norm(fallback)
+    return v / norm
+
+
+def _compute_angle(v1, v2):
+    dot = np.dot(v1, v2) / (np.linalg.norm(v1) * np.linalg.norm(v2))
+    return np.degrees(np.arccos(np.clip(dot, -1.0, 1.0)))
+
+
+def _compute_dihedral(b0, b1, b2):
+    n1 = np.cross(b0, b1)
+    n2 = np.cross(b0, b2)
+    if np.linalg.norm(n1) < 1e-6 or np.linalg.norm(n2) < 1e-6:
+        return 0.0
+    dot = np.dot(n1, n2) / (np.linalg.norm(n1) * np.linalg.norm(n2))
+    angle = np.degrees(np.arccos(np.clip(dot, -1.0, 1.0)))
+    if np.dot(b1, n2) < 0:
+        angle *= -1
+    return angle
+
+
+def _find_refs(adj, placed, parent, child):
+    gp = next((n for n in adj[parent] if n != child and n in placed), -1)
+    ggp = -1
+    if gp != -1:
+        ggp = next((n for n in adj[gp] if n != parent and n in placed), -1)
+    return gp if gp != -1 else None, ggp if ggp != -1 else None
+
+
+# --- Main functions ---
+def _cartesian_to_zmatrix(
+    coords: np.ndarray, connectivity: list[tuple[int, int]]
+) -> list[_ZMatrixEntry]:
+    num_atoms = len(coords)
+    if num_atoms == 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Cannot convert empty coordinate array to Z-matrix: molecule must have at least one atom."
+        )
+
+    adj = [[] for _ in range(num_atoms)]
+    for i, j in connectivity:
+        adj[i].append(j)
+        adj[j].append(i)
+
+    zmatrix_entries = {0: _ZMatrixEntry(None, None, None, None, None, None)}
+    q = deque([0])
+    placed_atoms = {0}
+
+    while q:
+        parent_idx = q.popleft()
+        for child_idx in adj[parent_idx]:
+            if child_idx in placed_atoms:
+                continue
+            placed_atoms.add(child_idx)
+            q.append(child_idx)
+
+            bond_len = np.linalg.norm(coords[child_idx] - coords[parent_idx])
+            gp, ggp = _find_refs(adj, placed_atoms, parent_idx, child_idx)
+
+            angle = None
+            if gp is not None:
+                angle = _compute_angle(
+                    coords[child_idx] - coords[parent_idx],
+                    coords[gp] - coords[parent_idx],
+                )
+
+            dihedral = None
+            if gp is not None and ggp is not None:
+                dihedral = _compute_dihedral(
+                    coords[parent_idx] - coords[gp],
+                    coords[child_idx] - coords[parent_idx],
+                    coords[ggp] - coords[gp],
+                )
+
+            zmatrix_entries[child_idx] = _ZMatrixEntry(
+                parent_idx, gp, ggp, bond_len, angle, dihedral
+            )
+
+    return [zmatrix_entries[i] for i in range(num_atoms)]
+
+
+def _zmatrix_to_cartesian(z_matrix: list[_ZMatrixEntry]) -> np.ndarray:
+    n_atoms = len(z_matrix)
+    coords = np.zeros((n_atoms, 3))
+
+    if n_atoms == 0:
+        return coords
+
+    # --- First atom at origin ---
+    coords[0] = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+
+    # --- Second atom along +X axis ---
+    if n_atoms > 1:
+        coords[1] = np.array([z_matrix[1].bond_length, 0.0, 0.0])
+
+    # --- Third atom in XY plane ---
+    if n_atoms > 2:
+        entry = z_matrix[2]
+        r = entry.bond_length
+        theta = np.radians(entry.angle) if entry.angle is not None else 0.0
+
+        a1 = coords[entry.bond_ref]
+        a2 = coords[entry.angle_ref]
+
+        v = a2 - a1
+        v /= np.linalg.norm(v)
+        # fixed perpendicular in XY plane, fallback handled inline
+        perp = np.array([-v[1], v[0], 0.0])
+        perp /= np.linalg.norm(perp) if np.linalg.norm(perp) > 1e-6 else 1.0
+
+        coords[2] = a1 + r * (np.cos(theta) * v + np.sin(theta) * perp)
+
+    for i, entry in enumerate(z_matrix[3:], start=3):
+        a1 = coords[entry.bond_ref] if entry.bond_ref is not None else np.zeros(3)
+        a2 = coords[entry.angle_ref] if entry.angle_ref is not None else np.zeros(3)
+        a3 = (
+            coords[entry.dihedral_ref]
+            if entry.dihedral_ref is not None
+            else np.zeros(3)
+        )
+
+        r = entry.bond_length
+
+        theta = np.radians(entry.angle) if entry.angle is not None else 0.0
+        phi = np.radians(entry.dihedral) if entry.dihedral is not None else 0.0
+
+        b1 = _safe_normalize(a1 - a2, fallback=np.array([1.0, 0.0, 0.0]))
+        b2 = a3 - a2
+        n = _safe_normalize(np.cross(b1, b2), fallback=np.array([0.0, 0.0, 1.0]))
+        nc = np.cross(n, b1)
+
+        coords[i] = a1 + r * (
+            -np.cos(theta) * b1 + np.sin(theta) * (np.cos(phi) * nc + np.sin(phi) * n)
+        )
+
+    return coords
+
+
+def _transform_bonds(
+    zmatrix: list[_ZMatrixEntry],
+    bonds_to_transform: list[tuple[int, int]],
+    value: float,
+    transform_type: Literal["scale", "delta"] = "scale",
+) -> list[_ZMatrixEntry]:
+    """
+    Transform specified bonds in a Z-matrix.
+
+    Args:
+        zmatrix: List of _ZMatrixEntry.
+        bonds_to_transform: List of (atom1, atom2) tuples specifying bonds.
+        value: Multiplier or additive value.
+        transform_type: "scale" or "add".
+
+    Returns:
+        New Z-matrix with transformed bond lengths.
+    """
+    # Convert to set of sorted tuples for quick lookup
+    bonds_set = {tuple(sorted(b)) for b in bonds_to_transform}
+
+    new_zmatrix = []
+    for i, entry in enumerate(zmatrix):
+        if (
+            entry.bond_ref is not None
+            and tuple(sorted((i, entry.bond_ref))) in bonds_set
+        ):
+            old_length = entry.bond_length
+            new_length = (
+                old_length * value if transform_type == "scale" else old_length + value
+            )
+            if new_length == 0.0:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "New bond length can't be zero after transformation."
+                )
+            new_zmatrix.append(entry._replace(bond_length=new_length))
+        else:
+            new_zmatrix.append(entry)
+    return new_zmatrix
+
+
+def _kabsch_align(P_in: np.ndarray, Q_in: np.ndarray, reference_atoms_idx=slice(None)):
+    """
+    Align point set P onto Q using the Kabsch algorithm.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    P : (N, D) ndarray. Source coordinates.
+    Q : (N, D) ndarray. Target coordinates.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    P_aligned : (N, D) ndarray
+        P rotated and translated onto Q.
+    """
+
+    P = P_in[reference_atoms_idx, :]
+    Q = Q_in[reference_atoms_idx, :]
+
+    P = np.asarray(P, dtype=float)
+    Q = np.asarray(Q, dtype=float)
+
+    # Centroids
+    Pc = np.mean(P, axis=0)
+    Qc = np.mean(Q, axis=0)
+
+    # Centered coordinates
+    P_centered = P - Pc
+    Q_centered = Q - Qc
+
+    # Covariance and SVD
+    H = P_centered.T @ Q_centered
+    U, _, Vt = np.linalg.svd(H)
+
+    # Reflection check
+    d = np.sign(np.linalg.det(Vt.T @ U.T))
+    D = np.diag([1] * (P.shape[1] - 1) + [d])
+
+    # Optimal rotation and translation
+    R = Vt.T @ D @ U.T
+    t = Qc - Pc @ R
+
+    # Apply transformation
+    P_aligned = P_in @ R + t
+
+    P_aligned[np.abs(P_aligned) < 1e-12] = 0.0
+
+    return P_aligned
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True)
+class MoleculeTransformer:
+    """
+    base_molecule: qml.qchem.Molecule
+        The reference molecule used as a template for generating variants.
+    bond_modifiers: Sequence[float]
+        A list of values used to adjust bond lengths. The class will generate
+        **one new molecule for each modifier** in this list. The modification
+        mode is detected automatically:
+            - **Scale mode**: If all values are positive, they are used as scaling
+            factors (e.g., 1.1 for a 10% increase).
+            - **Delta mode**: If any value is zero or negative, all values are
+            treated as additive changes to the bond length, in Ångstroms.
+    atom_connectivity: Sequence[tuple[int, int]] | None
+        A sequence of atom index pairs specifying the bonds in the molecule.
+        If not provided, a chain structure will be assumed
+        e.g.: `[(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), ...]`.
+    bonds_to_transform: Sequence[tuple[int, int]] | None
+        A subset of `atom_connectivity` that specifies the bonds to modify.
+        If None, all bonds will be transformed.
+    alignment_atoms: Sequence[int] | None
+        Indices of atoms onto which to align the orientation of the resulting
+        variants of the molecule. Only useful for visualization and debuggin.
+        If None, no alignment is carried out.
+    """
+
+    base_molecule: qml.qchem.Molecule
+    bond_modifiers: Sequence[float]
+    atom_connectivity: Sequence[tuple[int, int]] | None = None
+    bonds_to_transform: Sequence[tuple[int, int]] | None = None
+    alignment_atoms: Sequence[int] | None = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not isinstance(self.base_molecule, qml.qchem.Molecule):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "`base_molecule` is expected to be a Pennylane `Molecule` instance."
+            )
+
+        if not all(isinstance(x, (float, int)) for x in self.bond_modifiers):
+            raise ValueError("`bond_modifiers` should be a sequence of floats.")
+        if len(set(self.bond_modifiers)) < len(self.bond_modifiers):
+            raise ValueError("`bond_modifiers` contains duplicate values.")
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self,
+            "_mode",
+            "scale" if all(v > 0 for v in self.bond_modifiers) else "delta",
+        )
+
+        n_symbols = len(self.base_molecule.symbols)
+        if self.atom_connectivity is None:
+            object.__setattr__(
+                self,
+                "atom_connectivity",
+                tuple(zip(range(n_symbols), range(1, n_symbols))),
+            )
+        else:
+            if len(set(self.atom_connectivity)) < len(self.atom_connectivity):
+                raise ValueError("`atom_connectivity` contains duplicate values.")
+
+            if not all(
+                0 <= a < n_symbols and 0 <= b < n_symbols
+                for a, b in self.atom_connectivity
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "`atom_connectivity` should be a sequence of tuples of"
+                    " atom indices in (0, len(molecule.symbols))"
+                )
+
+        if self.bonds_to_transform is None:
+            object.__setattr__(self, "bonds_to_transform", self.atom_connectivity)
+        else:
+            if len(self.bonds_to_transform) == 0:
+                raise ValueError("`bonds_to_transform` cannot be empty.")
+            if not set(self.bonds_to_transform).issubset(self.atom_connectivity):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "`bonds_to_transform` is not a subset of `atom_connectivity`"
+                )
+
+        if self.alignment_atoms is not None and not all(
+            0 <= idx < n_symbols for idx in self.alignment_atoms
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "`alignment_atoms` need to be in range (0, len(molecule.symbols))"
+            )
+
+    def generate(self) -> dict[float, qml.qchem.Molecule]:
+        base_attrs = _ctor_attrs(self.base_molecule)
+
+        variants = {}
+        original_coords = self.base_molecule.coordinates
+        mode = "scale" if all(v > 0 for v in self.bond_modifiers) else "delta"
+
+        # Convert to Z-matrix, with connectivity
+        z_matrix = _cartesian_to_zmatrix(original_coords, self.atom_connectivity)
+
+        for value in self.bond_modifiers:
+            if (value == 0 and mode == "delta") or (value == 1 and mode == "scale"):
+                transformed_coords = original_coords.copy()
+            else:
+                transformed_z_matrix = _transform_bonds(
+                    z_matrix, self.bonds_to_transform, value, mode
+                )
+
+                transformed_coords = _zmatrix_to_cartesian(transformed_z_matrix)
+
+                if self.alignment_atoms is not None:
+                    transformed_coords = _kabsch_align(
+                        transformed_coords, original_coords, self.alignment_atoms
+                    )
+
+            # A single molecule is created after all bonds have been modified
+            base_attrs["coordinates"] = transformed_coords
+            mol = qml.qchem.Molecule(**base_attrs)
+            variants[value] = mol
+
+        return variants
+
+
 class VQEHyperparameterSweep(ProgramBatch):
     """Allows user to carry out a grid search across different values
     for the ansatz and the bond length used in a VQE program.
@@ -20,36 +393,37 @@ class VQEHyperparameterSweep(ProgramBatch):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        bond_lengths: list[float],
-        ansatze: list[VQEAnsatz],
-        symbols: list[str],
-        coordinate_structure: list[tuple[float, float, float]],
-        charge: float = 0,
+        ansatze: Sequence[VQEAnsatz],
+        molecule_transformer: MoleculeTransformer,
         optimizer: Optimizer = Optimizer.MONTE_CARLO,
         max_iterations: int = 10,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-        """Initiates the class.
-
-        Args:
-            bond_lengths (list): The bond lengths to consider.
-            ansatze (list): The ansatze to use for the VQE problem.
-            symbols (list): The symbols of the atoms in the molecule.
-            coordinate_structure (list): The coordinate structure of the molecule.
-            optimizer (Optimizers): The optimizer to use.
-            max_iterations (int): Maximum number of iteration optimizers.
+        """
+        Initialize a VQE hyperparameter sweep.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        ansatze: Sequence[VQEAnsatz]
+            A sequence of ansatz circuits to test.
+        molecule_transformer: MoleculeTransformer
+            A `MoleculeTransformer` object defining the configuration for
+            generating the molecule variants.
+        optimizer: Optimizer
+            The optimization algorithm for the VQE runs.
+        max_iterations: int
+            The maximum number of optimizer iterations for each VQE run.
+        **kwargs: Forwarded to parent class.
         """
         super().__init__(backend=kwargs.pop("backend"))
 
+        self.molecule_transformer = molecule_transformer
+
         self.ansatze = ansatze
-        self.bond_lengths = [round(bnd, 9) for bnd in bond_lengths]
         self.max_iterations = max_iterations
 
         self._constructor = partial(
             VQE,
-            symbols=symbols,
-            coordinate_structure=coordinate_structure,
-            charge=charge,
             optimizer=optimizer,
             max_iterations=self.max_iterations,
             backend=self.backend,
@@ -57,19 +431,17 @@ class VQEHyperparameterSweep(ProgramBatch):
         )
 
     def create_programs(self):
-        if len(self.programs) > 0:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Some programs already exist. "
-                "Clear the program dictionary before creating new ones by using batch.reset()."
-            )
-
         super().create_programs()
 
-        for ansatz, bond_length in product(self.ansatze, self.bond_lengths):
-            _job_id = (ansatz, bond_length)
+        self.molecule_variants = self.molecule_transformer.generate()
+
+        for ansatz, (modifier, molecule) in product(
+            self.ansatze, self.molecule_variants.items()
+        ):
+            _job_id = (ansatz, modifier)
             self.programs[_job_id] = self._constructor(
                 job_id=_job_id,
-                bond_length=bond_length,
+                molecule=molecule,
                 ansatz=ansatz,
                 losses=self._manager.list(),
                 final_params=self._manager.list(),
@@ -77,16 +449,7 @@ class VQEHyperparameterSweep(ProgramBatch):
             )
 
     def aggregate_results(self):
-        if len(self.programs) == 0:
-            raise RuntimeError("No programs to aggregate. Run create_programs() first.")
-
-        if self._executor is not None:
-            self.wait_for_all()
-
-        if any(len(program.losses) == 0 for program in self.programs.values()):
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Some/All programs have empty losses. Did you call run()?"
-            )
+        super().aggregate_results()
 
         all_energies = {key: prog.losses[-1] for key, prog in self.programs.items()}
 
@@ -105,7 +468,7 @@ class VQEHyperparameterSweep(ProgramBatch):
             )
 
         if self._executor is not None:
-            self.wait_for_all()
+            self.join()
 
         data = []
         colors = ["blue", "g", "r", "c", "m", "y", "k"]
@@ -113,13 +476,13 @@ class VQEHyperparameterSweep(ProgramBatch):
         ansatz_list = list(VQEAnsatz)
 
         if graph_type == "scatter":
-            for ansatz, bond_length in self.programs.keys():
+            for ansatz, modifier in self.programs.keys():
                 min_energies = []
 
-                curr_energies = self.programs[(ansatz, bond_length)].losses[-1]
+                curr_energies = self.programs[(ansatz, modifier)].losses[-1]
                 min_energies.append(
                     (
-                        bond_length,
+                        modifier,
                         min(curr_energies.values()),
                         colors[ansatz_list.index(ansatz)],
                     )
@@ -132,13 +495,17 @@ class VQEHyperparameterSweep(ProgramBatch):
         elif graph_type == "line":
             for ansatz in self.ansatze:
                 energies = []
-                for bond_length in self.bond_lengths:
+                for modifier in self.molecule_transformer.bond_modifiers:
                     energies.append(
-                        min(self.programs[(ansatz, bond_length)].losses[-1].values())
+                        min(self.programs[(ansatz, modifier)].losses[-1].values())
                     )
-                plt.plot(self.bond_lengths, energies, label=ansatz)
+                plt.plot(
+                    self.molecule_transformer.bond_modifiers, energies, label=ansatz
+                )
 
-        plt.xlabel("Bond length")
+        plt.xlabel(
+            "Scale Factor" if self.molecule_transformer._mode == "scale" else "Bond Δ"
+        )
         plt.ylabel("Energy level")
         plt.legend()
         plt.show()