qilisdk 0.1.4__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.6__py3-none-any.whl

qilisdk/core/model.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1034 @@
+# Copyright 2025 Qilimanjaro Quantum Tech
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+# import numpy as np
+import copy
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Mapping, Type
+
+# import cupy as np
+import numpy as np
+from loguru import logger
+
+from qilisdk.yaml import yaml
+
+from .variables import (
+    GEQ,
+    LEQ,
+    BaseVariable,
+    Bitwise,
+    ComparisonOperation,
+    ComparisonTerm,
+    Domain,
+    Number,
+    Operation,
+    RealNumber,
+    Term,
+    Variable,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ruamel.yaml.nodes import ScalarNode
+    from ruamel.yaml.representer import RoundTripRepresenter
+
+    from qilisdk.analog.hamiltonian import Hamiltonian
+
+
+class SlackCounter:
+    """A singleton class to generate a slack counter id that increments continuously within the user's active session."""
+
+    _instance: SlackCounter | None = None
+    _count: int = 0
+
+    def __new__(cls: Type[SlackCounter]) -> SlackCounter:  # noqa: PYI034
+        if cls._instance is None:
+            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
+        return cls._instance
+
+    def next(self) -> int:
+        """Return the next counter value and increment the counter."""
+        value = self._count
+        self._count += 1
+        return value
+
+    def reset_counter(self) -> None:
+        self._count = 0
+
+
+@yaml.register_class
+class ObjectiveSense(str, Enum):
+    """An Enumeration of the Objective sense options."""
+
+    MINIMIZE = "minimize"
+    MAXIMIZE = "maximize"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_yaml(cls, representer: RoundTripRepresenter, node: ObjectiveSense) -> ScalarNode:
+        """
+        Method to be called automatically during YAML serialization.
+
+        Returns:
+            ScalarNode: The YAML scalar node representing the ObjectiveSense.
+        """
+        return representer.represent_scalar("!ObjectiveSense", f"{node.value}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_yaml(cls, _, node: ScalarNode) -> ObjectiveSense:
+        """
+        Method to be called automatically during YAML deserialization.
+
+        Returns:
+            ObjectiveSense: The ObjectiveSense instance created from the YAML node value.
+        """
+        return cls(node.value)
+
+
+@yaml.register_class
+class Constraint:
+    """
+    Represent a symbolic constraint inside a ``Model``.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from qilisdk.core.model import Constraint
+            from qilisdk.core.variables import BinaryVariable, LEQ
+
+            x = BinaryVariable("x")
+            constraint = Constraint("limit", LEQ(x, 1))
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, label: str, term: ComparisonTerm) -> None:
+        """
+        Build a constraint defined by a comparison term such as ``x + y <= 2``.
+
+        Args:
+            label (str): The constraint's label.
+            term (ComparisonTerm): The comparison term that defines the constraint.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the term provided is not a ConstraintTerm.
+        """
+        self._label = label
+        if not isinstance(term, ComparisonTerm):
+            raise ValueError(f"the parameter term is expecting a {ComparisonTerm} but received {term.__class__}")
+
+        self._term = term
+
+    @property
+    def label(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            str: The label of the constraint object.
+        """
+        return self._label
+
+    @property
+    def term(self) -> ComparisonTerm:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            ComparisonTerm: The comparison term of the constraint object.
+        """
+        return self._term
+
+    def variables(self) -> list[BaseVariable]:
+        """
+        Returns the list of variables in the constraint term.
+
+        :rtype: list[BaseVariable]
+        Returns:
+            list[BaseVariable]: the list of variables in the constraint term.
+        """
+        return self._term.variables()
+
+    @property
+    def lhs(self) -> Term:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            Term: The left hand side of the constraint term.
+        """
+        return self.term.lhs
+
+    @property
+    def rhs(self) -> Term:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            Term: The right hand side of the constraint term.
+        """
+        return self.term.rhs
+
+    @property
+    def degree(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            int: The degree of the constraint term.
+        """
+        return max(self.lhs.degree, self.rhs.degree)
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> Constraint:
+        return Constraint(label=self.label, term=copy.copy(self.term))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.label}: {self.term}"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.label}: {self.term}"
+
+
+@yaml.register_class
+class Objective:
+    """
+    Represent the scalar objective function optimized by a ``Model``.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from qilisdk.core.model import Objective, ObjectiveSense
+            from qilisdk.core.variables import BinaryVariable
+
+            x = BinaryVariable("x")
+            obj = Objective("profit", 3 * x, sense=ObjectiveSense.MAXIMIZE)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, label: str, term: BaseVariable | Term, sense: ObjectiveSense = ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE) -> None:
+        """
+        Build a new objective function.
+
+        Args:
+            label (str): Objective label.
+            term (BaseVariable | Term): Expression to minimize or maximize.
+            sense (ObjectiveSense, optional): Optimization sense. Defaults to ``ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE``.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the term provided is not a Term Object.
+            ValueError: if the optimization sense provided is not one that is defined by the ObjectiveSense Enum.
+        """
+        if isinstance(term, Variable):
+            term = Term(elements=[term], operation=Operation.ADD)
+        if not isinstance(term, Term):
+            raise ValueError(f"the parameter term is expecting a {Term} but received {term.__class__}")
+        if not isinstance(sense, ObjectiveSense):
+            raise ValueError(f"the objective sense is expecting a {ObjectiveSense} but received {sense.__class__}")
+        self._term = term
+        self._label = label
+        self._sense = sense
+
+    @property
+    def label(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            str: the label of the objective.
+        """
+        return self._label
+
+    @property
+    def term(self) -> Term:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            Term: the objective term.
+        """
+        return self._term
+
+    @property
+    def sense(self) -> ObjectiveSense:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            ObjectiveSense: the objective optimization sense.
+        """
+        return self._sense
+
+    def variables(self) -> list[BaseVariable]:
+        """Gathers a list of all the variables in the objective term.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[BaseVariable]: the list of variables in the objective term.
+        """
+        return self._term.variables()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.label}: {self.term}"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.label}: {self.term}"
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> Objective:
+        return Objective(label=self.label, term=copy.copy(self.term), sense=self.sense)
+
+
+@yaml.register_class
+class Model:
+    """
+    Aggregate an objective and constraints into an optimization problem.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from qilisdk.core import BinaryVariable, LEQ, Model
+
+            num_items = 4
+            values = [1, 3, 5, 2]
+            weights = [3, 2, 4, 5]
+            max_weight = 6
+            bin_vars = [BinaryVariable(f"b{i}") for i in range(num_items)]
+            model = Model("Knapsack")
+            objective = sum(values[i] * bin_vars[i] for i in range(num_items))
+            model.set_objective(objective)
+            constraint = LEQ(sum(weights[i] * bin_vars[i] for i in range(num_items)), max_weight)
+            model.add_constraint("maximum weight", constraint)
+
+            print(model)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, label: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            label (str): Model label.
+        """
+        self._constraints: dict[str, Constraint] = {}
+        self._encoding_constraints: dict[str, Constraint] = {}
+        self._lagrange_multipliers: dict[str, float] = {}
+        self._objective = Objective("objective", Term([0], Operation.ADD))
+        self._label = label
+
+    @property
+    def lagrange_multipliers(self) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return self._lagrange_multipliers
+
+    def set_lagrange_multiplier(self, constraint_label: str, lagrange_multiplier: float) -> None:
+        """Sets the lagrange multiplier value for a given constraint.
+
+        Args:
+            constraint_label (str): the constraint to which the lagrange multiplier value corresponds.
+            lagrange_multiplier (float): the lagrange multiplier value.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the constraint provided is not in the model.
+        """
+        if constraint_label not in self._lagrange_multipliers:
+            raise ValueError(f'constraint "{constraint_label}" not in model.')
+        self.lagrange_multipliers[constraint_label] = lagrange_multiplier
+
+    @property
+    def label(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            str: The model label.
+        """
+        return self._label
+
+    @property
+    def constraints(self) -> list[Constraint]:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            list[Constraint]: a list of all the constraints in the model.
+        """
+        return list(self._constraints.values())
+
+    @property
+    def encoding_constraints(self) -> list[Constraint]:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            list[Constraint]: a list of all variable encoding constraints in the model.
+        """
+        return list(self._encoding_constraints.values())
+
+    @property
+    def objective(self) -> Objective:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            Objective: The objective of the model.
+        """
+        return self._objective
+
+    def variables(self) -> list[BaseVariable]:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            list[BaseVariable]: a list of variables that are used in the model whether that is in the constraints
+            or the objective.
+        """
+        var = set()
+
+        for c in self.constraints:
+            var.update(c.variables())
+
+        var.update(self.objective.variables())
+
+        return sorted(var, key=lambda x: x.label)
+
+    def _generate_encoding_constraints(
+        self,
+        lagrange_multiplier: float = 100,
+    ) -> None:
+        for var in self.variables():
+            if not isinstance(var, Variable) or var.domain in {Domain.BINARY, Domain.SPIN}:
+                continue
+            ub_encoding_name = f"{var}_upper_bound_constraint"
+            lb_encoding_name = f"{var}_lower_bound_constraint"
+            if ub_encoding_name not in self._encoding_constraints:
+                self._encoding_constraints[ub_encoding_name] = Constraint(
+                    label=ub_encoding_name, term=LEQ(var, var.upper_bound)
+                )
+                self._lagrange_multipliers[ub_encoding_name] = lagrange_multiplier
+            if lb_encoding_name not in self._encoding_constraints:
+                self._encoding_constraints[lb_encoding_name] = Constraint(
+                    label=lb_encoding_name, term=GEQ(var, var.lower_bound)
+                )
+                self._lagrange_multipliers[lb_encoding_name] = lagrange_multiplier
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        output = f"Model name: {self.label} \n"
+        if self.objective is not None:
+            output += (
+                f"objective ({self.objective.label}):"
+                + f" \n\t {self.objective.sense.value} : \n\t {self.objective.term} \n\n"
+            )
+        if len(self.constraints) > 0:
+            output += "subject to the constraint/s: \n"
+            for c in self.constraints:
+                output += f"\t {c} \n"
+            output += "\n"
+
+        if len(self.encoding_constraints) > 0:
+            output += "subject to the encoding constraint/s: \n"
+            for c in self.encoding_constraints:
+                output += f"\t {c} \n"
+            output += "\n"
+
+        if len(self.lagrange_multipliers) > 0:
+            output += "With Lagrange Multiplier/s: \n"
+            for key, value in self.lagrange_multipliers.items():
+                output += f"\t {key} : {value} \n"
+        return output
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return self.label
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> Model:
+        out = Model(label=self.label)
+        obj = copy.copy(self.objective)
+        out.set_objective(term=obj.term, label=obj.label, sense=obj.sense)
+        for c in self.constraints:
+            out.add_constraint(label=c.label, term=copy.copy(c.term))
+        return out
+
+    def add_constraint(
+        self,
+        label: str,
+        term: ComparisonTerm,
+        lagrange_multiplier: float = 100,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a constraint to the model.
+
+        Args:
+            label (str): constraint label.
+            term (ComparisonTerm): The constraint's comparison term.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the constraint label is already used in the model.
+        """
+        if label in self._constraints:
+            raise ValueError((f'Constraint "{label}" already exists:\n \t\t{self._constraints[label]}'))
+        c = Constraint(label=label, term=copy.copy(term))
+        self._constraints[label] = c
+        self._lagrange_multipliers[label] = lagrange_multiplier
+        self._generate_encoding_constraints(lagrange_multiplier=lagrange_multiplier)
+
+    def set_objective(self, term: Term, label: str = "obj", sense: ObjectiveSense = ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE) -> None:
+        """Sets the model's objective.
+
+        Args:
+            term (Term): the objective term.
+            label (str, optional): the objective's label. Defaults to "obj".
+            sense (ObjectiveSense, optional): The optimization sense of the model's objective.
+                                                Defaults to ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE.
+        """
+        self._objective = Objective(label=label, term=copy.copy(term), sense=sense)
+        self._generate_encoding_constraints()
+
+    def evaluate(self, sample: Mapping[BaseVariable, RealNumber | list[int]]) -> dict[str, Number]:
+        """Evaluates the objective and the constraints of the model given a set of values for the variables.
+
+        Args:
+            sample (Mapping[BaseVariable, Number  |  list[int]]): The dictionary maps the variable to the value to be
+                                                                used during the evaluation. In case the variable is
+                                                                continuous (Not Binary or Spin) then the value could
+                                                                either be a number or a list of binary bits that
+                                                                correspond to the encoding of the variable.
+                                                                Note: All the model's variables must be provided for
+                                                                the model to be evaluated.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict[str, float]: a dictionary that maps the name of the objective/constraint to it's evaluated value.
+                            Note: For constraints, the value is equal to lagrange multiplier of that constraint if
+                            the constraint is not satisfied or 0 otherwise.
+        """
+        results = {}
+
+        results[self.objective.label] = self.objective.term.evaluate(sample)
+        results[self.objective.label] *= -1 if self.objective.sense is ObjectiveSense.MAXIMIZE else 1
+
+        for c in self.constraints:
+            results[c.label] = float(not c.term.evaluate(sample)) * self.lagrange_multipliers[c.label]
+        return results
+
+    def to_qubo(
+        self,
+        lagrange_multiplier_dict: dict[str, float] | None = None,
+        penalization: Literal["unbalanced", "slack"] = "slack",
+        parameters: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> QUBO:
+        """Export the model to a qubo model.
+        Args:
+            lagrange_multiplier_dict (dict[str, float] | None, optional): A dictionary with lagrange multiplier values to scale the model's constraints. Defaults to None.
+            penalization (Literal[&quot;unbalanced&quot;, &quot;slack&quot;], optional): the penalization used to handel inequality constraints. Defaults to "slack".
+            parameters (list[float] | None, optional): the parameters used for the unbalanced penalization method. Defaults to None.
+
+        Note:
+            this exportation only works if the model doesn't violate the QUBO format.
+            Automatic constraint and objective linearization will be added in the future.
+        Returns:
+            QUBO: A QUBO model that is generate from the model object.
+        """
+        if lagrange_multiplier_dict is None:
+            lagrange_multiplier_dict = {}
+        for lm in self.lagrange_multipliers:
+            if lm not in lagrange_multiplier_dict:
+                lagrange_multiplier_dict[lm] = self.lagrange_multipliers[lm]
+        return QUBO.from_model(self, lagrange_multiplier_dict, penalization, parameters)
+
+
+@yaml.register_class
+class QUBO(Model):
+    """
+    Specialized ``Model`` constrained to Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization form.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from qilisdk.core.model import QUBO
+            from qilisdk.core.variables import BinaryVariable
+
+            x0, x1 = BinaryVariable("x0"), BinaryVariable("x1")
+            qubo = QUBO("Example")
+            qubo.set_objective((x0 + x1) ** 2)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, label: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            label (str): QUBO model label.
+        """
+        super().__init__(label)
+        self.continuous_vars: dict[str, Variable] = {}
+        self.__qubo_objective: Objective | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def qubo_objective(self) -> Objective | None:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            Objective | None: The QUBO objective (factoring in the constraints and objective of the model). If the objective and constraints are not defined in the model, this property returns None.
+        """
+        self.__qubo_objective = None
+        if self.objective is not None:
+            self._build_qubo_objective(self.objective.term, self.objective.label, self.objective.sense)
+        for constraint in self.constraints:
+            if constraint.label in self.lagrange_multipliers:
+                self._build_qubo_objective(
+                    constraint.term.lhs * self.lagrange_multipliers[constraint.label]
+                    - constraint.term.rhs * self.lagrange_multipliers[constraint.label]
+                )
+            else:
+                self._build_qubo_objective(
+                    constraint.term.lhs - constraint.term.rhs
+                )  # I don't think this line can be reached.
+        return self.__qubo_objective
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return self.label
+
+    def _parse_term(self, term: Term) -> tuple[Number, list[tuple[Number, BaseVariable]]]:
+        """parses a Term object into a list of variables and coefficients.
+
+        Args:
+            term (Term): The term to be parsed.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the degree of the term is higher than 1.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[Number, list[tuple[Number, BaseVariable]]]:
+                The first return value is the constant value in the term.
+                The second return value is a list of variables and their respective coefficients.
+        """
+        const = term.get_constant()
+        terms: list[tuple[Number, BaseVariable]] = []
+
+        if term.degree > 1:
+            raise ValueError(f'QUBO constraints only allow linear terms but received "{term}" of degree {term.degree}')
+
+        if term.operation is Operation.ADD:
+            for element in term:
+                if isinstance(element, Term):  # I don't think this will ever be true for a QUBO model.
+                    _, aux_terms = self._parse_term(element)
+                    terms.extend(aux_terms)
+                elif element != Term.CONST:
+                    terms.append((term[element], element))
+        if term.operation is Operation.MUL:
+            for element in term:
+                if not isinstance(element, Term) and element != Term.CONST:
+                    terms.append((1, element))
+        return const, terms
+
+    def _check_valid_constraint(self, label: str, term: Term, operation: ComparisonOperation) -> int | None:
+        """Checks if a given constraint is valid. Assumes that the right hand side of the constraint is set to zero.
+
+        Args:
+            label (str): the label of the constraint.
+            term (Term): the left hand side of the constraint term.
+            operation (ComparisonOperation): the comparison operation between the left and right hand sides.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the constraint is never feasible given the variable ranges.
+
+        Returns:
+            int | None: the upper bound of the continuous slack variable needed for this given constraint.
+                        None in case the constraint is always feasible.
+        """
+        ub = np.iinfo(np.int64).max if operation in {ComparisonOperation.GEQ, ComparisonOperation.GT} else 0
+        lb = np.iinfo(np.int64).min if operation in {ComparisonOperation.LEQ, ComparisonOperation.LT} else 0
+        _const, terms = self._parse_term(term)
+
+        def to_real(num: Number) -> RealNumber:
+            if isinstance(num, RealNumber):
+                return num
+            if isinstance(num, complex) and num.imag == 0:
+                return num.real
+            raise ValueError("Complex values encountered in the constraint.")
+
+        const = to_real(_const)
+        term_upper_limit: RealNumber = sum(to_real(coeff) for coeff, _ in terms if to_real(coeff) > 0)
+        term_lower_limit: RealNumber = sum(to_real(coeff) for coeff, _ in terms if to_real(coeff) < 0)
+
+        if operation == ComparisonOperation.GT and term_upper_limit + const <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Constraint {label} is unsatisfiable.")
+        if operation == ComparisonOperation.LT and term_lower_limit + const >= 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Constraint {label} is unsatisfiable.")
+
+        upper_cut = min(term_upper_limit, ub - const)
+        lower_cut = max(term_lower_limit, lb - const)
+
+        if term_upper_limit <= upper_cut and term_lower_limit >= lower_cut:
+            logger.warning(
+                f'constraint "{label}" was not added to model "{self.label}" because it is always feasible.',
+            )
+            return None
+
+        ub_slack = int(upper_cut - lower_cut)
+
+        if upper_cut < lower_cut:
+            raise ValueError(f"Constraint {label} is unsatisfiable.")
+
+        return ub_slack
+
+    def _transform_constraint(
+        self,
+        label: str,
+        term: ComparisonTerm,
+        penalization: Literal["unbalanced", "slack"] = "slack",
+        parameters: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> Term | None:
+        """Transforms a constraint into QUBO format.
+
+        Args:
+            label (str): the constraint's label.
+            term (ComparisonTerm): the constraint term.
+            penalization (Literal[&quot;unbalanced&quot;, &quot;slack&quot;], optional): The penalization used to
+                            handel inequality constraints. Defaults to "slack".
+            parameters (list[float] | None, optional): the parameters used for the unbalanced penalization method.
+                            Defaults to None.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if a penalization method is provided that is not (&quot;unbalanced&quot;, &quot;slack&quot;)
+            ValueError: if unbalanced penalization method is used and not enough parameters are provided.
+
+        Returns:
+            Term | None: A transformed term that is in QUBO format.
+                        None if the constraint is always feasible.
+        """
+
+        lower_penalization = penalization.lower()
+
+        if lower_penalization not in {"unbalanced", "slack"}:
+            raise ValueError('Only penalization of type "unbalanced" or "slack" is supported.')
+
+        if parameters is None:
+            parameters = []
+
+        if term.operation is ComparisonOperation.EQ:
+            h = term.lhs - term.rhs
+            ub_slack = self._check_valid_constraint(label, h, term.operation)
+            if ub_slack is None:
+                return None
+            return h**2
+
+        if term.operation in {
+            ComparisonOperation.GEQ,
+            ComparisonOperation.GT,
+        }:
+            # assuming the operation is h >= 0 or h > 0
+            h = term.lhs - term.rhs
+            if lower_penalization == "unbalanced":
+                if len(parameters) < 2:  # noqa: PLR2004
+                    raise ValueError("using unbalanced penalization requires at least 2 parameters.")
+                return -parameters[0] * h + parameters[1] * (h**2)
+
+            if lower_penalization == "slack":
+                ub_slack = self._check_valid_constraint(label, h, term.operation)
+
+                if ub_slack is None:
+                    return None
+                if ub_slack == 0:
+                    return h**2
+
+                slack = Variable(
+                    f"{label}_slack", domain=Domain.POSITIVE_INTEGER, bounds=(0, ub_slack), encoding=Bitwise
+                )
+                slack_terms = slack.to_binary()
+                out = h + slack_terms
+                return (out) ** 2
+
+        if term.operation in {
+            ComparisonOperation.LEQ,
+            ComparisonOperation.LT,
+        }:
+            if lower_penalization == "unbalanced":
+                # assuming the operation is -> 0 < h  or 0 <= h
+                h = term.rhs - term.lhs
+                if len(parameters) < 2:  # noqa: PLR2004
+                    raise ValueError("using unbalanced penalization requires at least 2 parameters.")
+                return -parameters[0] * h + parameters[1] * (h**2)
+            if lower_penalization == "slack":
+                # assuming the operation is h <= 0 or h < 0
+                h = term.lhs - term.rhs
+                ub_slack = self._check_valid_constraint(label, h, term.operation)
+
+                if ub_slack is None:
+                    return None
+                if ub_slack == 0:
+                    return h**2
+
+                slack = Variable(
+                    f"{label}_slack", domain=Domain.POSITIVE_INTEGER, bounds=(0, ub_slack), encoding=Bitwise
+                )
+
+                slack_terms = slack.to_binary()
+                out = h + slack_terms
+                return (out) ** 2
+        return None
+
+    def add_constraint(
+        self,
+        label: str,
+        term: ComparisonTerm,
+        lagrange_multiplier: float = 100,
+        penalization: Literal["unbalanced", "slack"] = "slack",
+        parameters: list[float] | None = None,
+        transform_to_qubo: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Adds a constraint to the QUBO model.
+
+        Args:
+            label (str): the constraint label.
+            term (ComparisonTerm): the constraint's comparison term.
+            lagrange_multiplier (float, optional): the lagrange multiplier used to scale this constraint.
+                                                    Defaults to 100.
+            penalization (Literal[&quot;unbalanced&quot;, &quot;slack&quot;], optional): the penalization used to
+                            handel inequality constraints. Defaults to "slack".
+            parameters (list[float] | None, optional): the parameters used for the unbalanced penalization method.
+                            Defaults to None.
+            transform_to_qubo (bool, optional): Automatically transform a given constraint to QUBO format.
+                                                Defaults to True.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if constraint label already exists in the model.
+            ValueError: if a penalization method is provided that is not (&quot;unbalanced&quot;, &quot;slack&quot;)
+            ValueError: if unbalanced penalization method is used and not enough parameters are provided.
+            ValueError: if the degree of the provided term is larger than 2.
+            ValueError: if the constraint term contains variables that are not from Positive Integers or Binary domains.
+            ValueError: if the constraint term contains variable that do not have 0 as their lower bound.
+        """
+        if label in self._constraints:
+            raise ValueError((f'Constraint "{label}" already exists:\n \t\t{self._constraints[label]}'))
+
+        lower_penalization = penalization.lower()
+
+        if lower_penalization not in {"unbalanced", "slack"}:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'Only penalization of type "unbalanced" or "slack" is supported for inequality constraints.'
+            )
+
+        if parameters is None:
+            parameters = [1, 1] if lower_penalization == "unbalanced" else []
+
+        if term.operation in {ComparisonOperation.GEQ, ComparisonOperation.GT}:
+            c = ComparisonTerm(lhs=(term.lhs - term.rhs), rhs=0, operation=term.operation)
+        elif term.operation in {ComparisonOperation.LEQ, ComparisonOperation.LT}:
+            c = ComparisonTerm(lhs=0, rhs=(term.rhs - term.lhs), operation=term.operation)
+        else:
+            c = copy.copy(term)
+
+        if c.degree > 2:  # noqa: PLR2004
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"QUBO models can not contain terms of order 2 or higher but received terms with degree {c.degree}."
+            )
+
+        self._check_variables(c, lagrange_multiplier=lagrange_multiplier)
+
+        if transform_to_qubo:
+            c = c.to_binary()
+            transformed_c = self._transform_constraint(label, c, penalization=penalization, parameters=parameters)
+            if transformed_c is None:
+                return
+            if lower_penalization == "unbalanced" and lagrange_multiplier != 1:
+                self.lagrange_multipliers[label] = 1
+                logger.warning(
+                    "add_constraint() in QUBO model:"
+                    + f' The Lagrange Multiplier for the constraint "{label}" in the QUBO model ({self.label})'
+                    + " has been set to 1 because the constraint uses unbalanced"
+                    + " penalization method."
+                    + ' To customize the penalization coefficient, please use the "parameters" field.',
+                )
+            else:
+                self.lagrange_multipliers[label] = lagrange_multiplier
+            self._constraints[label] = Constraint(label, term=ComparisonTerm(transformed_c, 0, ComparisonOperation.EQ))
+
+        else:
+            self.lagrange_multipliers[label] = lagrange_multiplier
+            self._constraints[label] = Constraint(label, term=c)
+
+    def set_objective(self, term: Term, label: str = "obj", sense: ObjectiveSense = ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE) -> None:
+        """Set the QUBO objective.
+
+        Args:
+            term (Term): The objective's term.
+            label (str, optional): the objective's label. Defaults to "obj".
+            sense (ObjectiveSense, optional): The optimization sense of the model's objective.
+                                                Defaults to ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE.
+
+        """
+
+        self._check_variables(term)
+
+        term = term.to_binary()
+        self._objective = Objective(label=label, term=term, sense=sense)
+
+    def _check_variables(self, term: Term | ComparisonTerm, lagrange_multiplier: RealNumber = 100) -> None:
+        """checks if the variables in the provided term are valid to be used in a QUBO model. Moreover, we add all the
+        encoding constraint for supported continuous variables.
+
+        Args:
+            term (Term): the term to be checked.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the constraint term contains variables that are not from Positive Integers or Binary domains.
+            ValueError: if the constraint term contains variable that do not have 0 as their lower bound.
+        """
+        for v in term.variables():
+            if v.domain not in {Domain.POSITIVE_INTEGER, Domain.BINARY}:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "QUBO models are not supported for variables that are not in the positive integers or binary domains."
+                )
+            if v.lower_bound != 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"All variables must have a lower bound of 0. But variable {v} has a lower bound of {v.lower_bound}"
+                )
+            if isinstance(v, Variable) and v.domain is Domain.POSITIVE_INTEGER and v.label not in self.continuous_vars:
+                self.continuous_vars[v.label] = v
+                encoding_constraint = v.encoding_constraint()
+                if encoding_constraint is not None:
+                    enc_label = f"{v.label}_encoding_constraint"
+                    self.add_constraint(
+                        label=enc_label, term=encoding_constraint, lagrange_multiplier=lagrange_multiplier
+                    )
+
+    def _build_qubo_objective(
+        self, term: Term, label: str | None = None, sense: ObjectiveSense = ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE
+    ) -> None:
+        """updates the internal qubo objective term.
+
+        Args:
+            term (Term): A term to be added to the qubo objective.
+            label (str | None, optional): the label of the objective (if None then the current label is maintained).
+                                            Defaults to None.
+            sense (ObjectiveSense, optional): The optimization sense of the model's objective.
+                                                Defaults to ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE.
+        """
+        term = copy.copy(term.to_binary())
+        if self.__qubo_objective is None:
+            self.__qubo_objective = Objective(
+                label=label if label is not None else "obj",
+                term=-term if sense == ObjectiveSense.MAXIMIZE else term,
+                sense=ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.__qubo_objective = Objective(
+                label=label if label is not None else self.__qubo_objective.label,
+                term=(
+                    copy.copy(self.__qubo_objective.term) - term
+                    if sense == ObjectiveSense.MAXIMIZE
+                    else copy.copy(self.__qubo_objective.term) + term
+                ),
+                sense=ObjectiveSense.MINIMIZE,
+            )
+
+    def evaluate(self, sample: Mapping[BaseVariable, RealNumber | list[int]]) -> dict[str, Number]:
+        """Evaluates the objective and the constraints of the model given a set of values for the variables.
+
+        Args:
+            sample (Mapping[BaseVariable, RealNumber  |  list[int]]): The dictionary maps the variable to the value to be
+                                                                used during the evaluation. In case the variable is
+                                                                continuous (Not Binary or Spin) then the value could
+                                                                either be a number or a list of binary bits that
+                                                                correspond to the encoding of the variable.
+                                                                Note: All the model's variables must be provided for
+                                                                the model to be evaluated.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict[str, float]: a dictionary that maps the name of the objective/constraint to it's evaluated value.
+                            Note: For constraints, the value is equal to the value of the evaluated constraint term
+                            multiplied by the lagrange multiplier of that constraint.
+        """
+        results = {}
+
+        results[self.objective.label] = self.objective.term.evaluate(sample)
+        results[self.objective.label] *= -1 if self.objective.sense is ObjectiveSense.MAXIMIZE else 1
+
+        for c in self.constraints:
+            results[c.label] = c.term.lhs.evaluate(sample) - c.term.rhs.evaluate(sample)
+            results[c.label] *= self.lagrange_multipliers[c.label]
+        return results
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_model(
+        cls,
+        model: Model,
+        lagrange_multiplier_dict: dict[str, float] | None = None,
+        penalization: Literal["unbalanced", "slack"] = "slack",
+        parameters: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> QUBO:
+        """A class method that constructs a QUBO model from a regular model if possible.
+
+        Args:
+            model (Model): the model to be used to construct the QUBO model.
+            lagrange_multiplier_dict (dict[str, float] | None, optional): A dictionary with lagrange multiplier values
+                                    to scale the model's constraints. Defaults to None.
+            penalization (Literal[&quot;unbalanced&quot;, &quot;slack&quot;], optional): the penalization used to
+                            handel inequality constraints. Defaults to "slack".
+            parameters (list[float] | None, optional): the parameters used for the unbalanced penalization method.
+                            Defaults to None.
+        Returns:
+            QUBO: _description_
+        """
+        instance = QUBO(label="QUBO_" + model.label)
+        instance.set_objective(term=model.objective.term, label=model.objective.label, sense=model.objective.sense)
+        for constraint in model.constraints:
+            if lagrange_multiplier_dict is not None and constraint.label in lagrange_multiplier_dict:
+                lagrange_multiplier = lagrange_multiplier_dict[constraint.label]
+
+            else:
+                lagrange_multiplier = 100
+
+            instance.add_constraint(
+                label=constraint.label,
+                term=constraint.term,
+                lagrange_multiplier=lagrange_multiplier,
+                penalization=penalization,
+                parameters=parameters,
+            )
+        return instance
+
+    def to_hamiltonian(self) -> Hamiltonian:
+        """Construct an ising hamiltonian from the current QUBO model.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the QUBO model is empty (doesn't have an objective nor constraints.)
+            ValueError: if the QUBO model uses operations that are not addition or multiplications.
+
+        Returns:
+            Hamiltonian: An ising hamiltonian that represents the QUBO model.
+        """
+        from qilisdk.analog.hamiltonian import Hamiltonian, Z  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        spins: dict[BaseVariable, Hamiltonian] = {}
+        obj = self.qubo_objective
+
+        if obj is None:
+            raise ValueError("Can't transform empty QUBO model to a Hamiltonian.")
+
+        for i, v in enumerate(obj.variables()):
+            spins[v] = (1 - Z(i)) / 2
+
+        def _parse_term(term: Term) -> Hamiltonian:
+            ham = Hamiltonian()
+            terms = term.to_list()
+            operation = term.operation
+            default = 0.0 if operation is Operation.ADD else 1.0
+            aux_term: Number | Hamiltonian = copy.copy(default)
+            for t in terms:
+                aux: Number | Hamiltonian = copy.copy(default)
+                if isinstance(t, Term):
+                    aux = _parse_term(t)
+                elif isinstance(t, Number):
+                    aux = t
+                elif isinstance(t, BaseVariable):
+                    aux = spins[t]
+
+                if operation is Operation.ADD:
+                    aux_term += aux
+                elif operation is Operation.MUL:
+                    aux_term *= aux
+                else:  # I don't think this can be reached.
+                    raise ValueError(f"operation {operation} is not supported")
+            ham += aux_term
+            return ham
+
+        ham = _parse_term(obj.term)
+
+        return ham
+
+    def to_qubo(
+        self,
+        lagrange_multiplier_dict: dict[str, float] | None = None,
+        penalization: Literal["unbalanced", "slack"] = "slack",
+        parameters: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> QUBO:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"Running `to_qubo()` on the model {self.label} that is already in QUBO format.",
+        )
+        return copy.copy(self)
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> QUBO:
+        out = QUBO(label=self.label)
+        obj = copy.copy(self.objective)
+        out.set_objective(term=obj.term, label=obj.label, sense=obj.sense)
+        for c in self.constraints:
+            # THIS DOESN'T COPY ANY PARAMETERS ATTACHED TO A CONSTRAINT
+            out.add_constraint(
+                label=c.label,
+                term=copy.copy(c.term),
+                lagrange_multiplier=self.lagrange_multipliers[c.label],
+                transform_to_qubo=False,
+            )
+        return out