pytrilogy 0.3.142__cp313-cp313-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl

trilogy/core/models/author.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2669 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+from abc import ABC
+from datetime import date, datetime
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Self,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import (
+    BaseModel,
+    ConfigDict,
+    Field,
+    ValidationInfo,
+    computed_field,
+    field_validator,
+    model_validator,
+)
+
+from trilogy.constants import DEFAULT_NAMESPACE, MagicConstants
+from trilogy.core.constants import ALL_ROWS_CONCEPT
+from trilogy.core.enums import (
+    BooleanOperator,
+    ComparisonOperator,
+    ConceptSource,
+    DatePart,
+    Derivation,
+    FunctionClass,
+    FunctionType,
+    Granularity,
+    InfiniteFunctionArgs,
+    Modifier,
+    Ordering,
+    Purpose,
+    WindowOrder,
+    WindowType,
+)
+from trilogy.core.models.core import (
+    Addressable,
+    ArrayType,
+    DataType,
+    DataTyped,
+    ListWrapper,
+    MapType,
+    MapWrapper,
+    NumericType,
+    StructType,
+    TraitDataType,
+    TupleWrapper,
+    arg_to_datatype,
+    is_compatible_datatype,
+)
+from trilogy.utility import unique
+
+# TODO: refactor to avoid these
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from trilogy.core.models.environment import Environment
+
+
+class Namespaced(ABC):
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class Mergeable(ABC):
+    def with_merge(self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source: str, target: Expr | ArgBinding):
+        raise NotImplementedError(type(self))
+
+
+class ConceptArgs(ABC):
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> Sequence["ConceptRef"]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def existence_arguments(self) -> Sequence[tuple["ConceptRef", ...]]:
+        return []
+
+    @property
+    def row_arguments(self) -> Sequence["ConceptRef"]:
+        return self.concept_arguments
+
+
+class HasUUID(ABC):
+    @property
+    def uuid(self) -> str:
+        return hashlib.md5(str(self).encode()).hexdigest()
+
+
+class ConceptRef(Addressable, Namespaced, DataTyped, Mergeable, BaseModel):
+    address: str
+    datatype: (
+        DataType | TraitDataType | ArrayType | StructType | MapType | NumericType
+    ) = DataType.UNKNOWN
+    metadata: Optional["Metadata"] = None
+
+    @property
+    def reference(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def line_no(self) -> int | None:
+        if self.metadata:
+            return self.metadata.line_number
+        return None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"ref:{self.address}"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, Concept):
+            return self.address == other.address
+        elif isinstance(other, str):
+            return self.address == other
+        elif isinstance(other, ConceptRef):
+            return self.address == other.address
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def namespace(self):
+        return self.address.rsplit(".", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.address.rsplit(".", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return self.datatype
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> ConceptRef:
+        if self.address == source.address:
+            return ConceptRef.model_construct(
+                address=target.address, datatype=target.datatype, metadata=self.metadata
+            )
+        return self
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str):
+        return ConceptRef.model_construct(
+            address=address_with_namespace(self.address, namespace),
+            datatype=self.datatype,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source: str, target: Expr | ArgBinding):
+        # a reference might be to an attribute of a struct that is bound late
+        # if the replacement is a parent in the access path; replace reference
+        # with an attribute access call
+        candidates = [f"{DEFAULT_NAMESPACE}.{self.address}", self.address]
+        for candidate in candidates:
+            if candidate == source:
+                return target
+            if not candidate.startswith(f"{source}."):
+                continue
+            attribute = self.address.rsplit(".", 1)[1]
+            dtype = arg_to_datatype(target)
+            if not isinstance(dtype, StructType):
+                continue
+            output_type = dtype.field_types.get(attribute, DataType.UNKNOWN)
+            return Function(
+                arguments=[target, self.address.rsplit(".", 1)[1]],
+                operator=FunctionType.ATTR_ACCESS,
+                arg_count=2,
+                output_datatype=output_type,
+                output_purpose=Purpose.PROPERTY,
+            )
+        return self
+
+
+class UndefinedConcept(ConceptRef):
+    pass
+
+    @property
+    def reference(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def purpose(self):
+        return Purpose.UNKNOWN
+
+
+def address_with_namespace(address: str, namespace: str) -> str:
+    existing_ns = address.split(".", 1)[0]
+    if "." in address:
+        existing_name = address.split(".", 1)[1]
+    else:
+        existing_name = address
+    if existing_name == ALL_ROWS_CONCEPT:
+        return address
+    if existing_ns == DEFAULT_NAMESPACE:
+        return f"{namespace}.{existing_name}"
+    return f"{namespace}.{address}"
+
+
+class Parenthetical(
+    DataTyped,
+    ConceptArgs,
+    Mergeable,
+    Namespaced,
+    BaseModel,
+):
+    content: "Expr"
+
+    @field_validator("content", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def content_validator(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return v.reference
+        return v
+
+    def __add__(self, other) -> Union["Parenthetical", "Conditional"]:
+        if other is None:
+            return self
+        elif isinstance(other, (Comparison, Conditional, Parenthetical)):
+            return Conditional(left=self, right=other, operator=BooleanOperator.AND)
+        raise ValueError(f"Cannot add {self.__class__} and {type(other)}")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"({str(self.content)})"
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> Parenthetical:
+        return Parenthetical.model_construct(
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Namespaced)
+                else self.content
+            )
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]):
+        return Parenthetical.model_construct(
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Mergeable)
+                else self.content
+            )
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return Parenthetical.model_construct(
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Mergeable)
+                else self.content
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        base: List[ConceptRef] = []
+        x = self.content
+        if isinstance(x, ConceptRef):
+            base += [x]
+        elif isinstance(x, ConceptArgs):
+            base += x.concept_arguments
+        return base
+
+    @property
+    def row_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        if isinstance(self.content, ConceptArgs):
+            return self.content.row_arguments
+        return self.concept_arguments
+
+    @property
+    def existence_arguments(self) -> Sequence[tuple["ConceptRef", ...]]:
+        if isinstance(self.content, ConceptArgs):
+            return self.content.existence_arguments
+        return []
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return arg_to_datatype(self.content)
+
+
+class Conditional(Mergeable, ConceptArgs, Namespaced, DataTyped, BaseModel):
+    left: Expr
+    right: Expr
+    operator: BooleanOperator
+
+    @field_validator("left", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def left_validator(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return v.reference
+        return v
+
+    @field_validator("right", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def right_validator(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return v.reference
+        return v
+
+    def __add__(self, other) -> "Conditional":
+        if other is None:
+            return self
+        elif str(other) == str(self):
+            return self
+        elif isinstance(other, (Comparison, Conditional, Parenthetical)):
+            return Conditional.model_construct(
+                left=self, right=other, operator=BooleanOperator.AND
+            )
+        raise ValueError(f"Cannot add {self.__class__} and {type(other)}")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{str(self.left)} {self.operator.value} {str(self.right)}"
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Conditional):
+            return False
+        return (
+            self.left == other.left
+            and self.right == other.right
+            and self.operator == other.operator
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "Conditional":
+        return Conditional.model_construct(
+            left=(
+                self.left.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.left, Namespaced)
+                else self.left
+            ),
+            right=(
+                self.right.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.right, Namespaced)
+                else self.right
+            ),
+            operator=self.operator,
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "Conditional":
+        return Conditional.model_construct(
+            left=(
+                self.left.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.left, Mergeable)
+                else self.left
+            ),
+            right=(
+                self.right.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.right, Mergeable)
+                else self.right
+            ),
+            operator=self.operator,
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            left=(
+                self.left.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.left, Mergeable)
+                else self.left
+            ),
+            right=(
+                self.right.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.right, Mergeable)
+                else self.right
+            ),
+            operator=self.operator,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        output = []
+        output += get_concept_arguments(self.left)
+        output += get_concept_arguments(self.right)
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def row_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        output = []
+        output += get_concept_row_arguments(self.left)
+        output += get_concept_row_arguments(self.right)
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def existence_arguments(self) -> Sequence[tuple[ConceptRef, ...]]:
+        output: list[tuple[ConceptRef, ...]] = []
+        if isinstance(self.left, ConceptArgs):
+            output += self.left.existence_arguments
+        if isinstance(self.right, ConceptArgs):
+            output += self.right.existence_arguments
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        # a conditional is always a boolean
+        return DataType.BOOL
+
+    def decompose(self):
+        chunks = []
+        if self.operator == BooleanOperator.AND:
+            for val in [self.left, self.right]:
+                if isinstance(val, Conditional):
+                    chunks.extend(val.decompose())
+                else:
+                    chunks.append(val)
+        else:
+            chunks.append(self)
+        return chunks
+
+
+class WhereClause(Mergeable, ConceptArgs, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    conditional: Union[SubselectComparison, Comparison, Conditional, Parenthetical]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(self.conditional)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        return self.conditional.concept_arguments
+
+    @property
+    def row_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        return self.conditional.row_arguments
+
+    @property
+    def existence_arguments(self) -> Sequence[tuple["ConceptRef", ...]]:
+        return self.conditional.existence_arguments
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> Self:
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            conditional=self.conditional.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> Self:
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            conditional=self.conditional.with_namespace(namespace)
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            conditional=self.conditional.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+        )
+
+
+class HavingClause(WhereClause):
+    pass
+
+
+class Grain(Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    components: set[str] = Field(default_factory=set)
+    where_clause: Optional["WhereClause"] = None
+    _str: str | None = None
+    _abstract: bool = False
+
+    def without_condition(self):
+        return Grain(components=self.components)
+
+    def with_merge(self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]):
+        new_components = set()
+        for c in self.components:
+            if c == source.address:
+                new_components.add(target.address)
+            else:
+                new_components.add(c)
+        return Grain.model_construct(components=new_components)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_concepts(
+        cls,
+        concepts: Iterable[Concept | ConceptRef | str],
+        environment: Environment | None = None,
+        where_clause: WhereClause | None = None,
+        local_concepts: dict[str, Concept] | None = None,
+    ) -> Grain:
+        from trilogy.parsing.common import concepts_to_grain_concepts
+
+        x = Grain.model_construct(
+            components=concepts_to_grain_concepts(
+                concepts, environment=environment, local_concepts=local_concepts
+            ),
+            where_clause=where_clause,
+        )
+
+        return x
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "Grain":
+        return Grain.model_construct(
+            components={address_with_namespace(c, namespace) for c in self.components},
+            where_clause=(
+                self.where_clause.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if self.where_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @field_validator("components", mode="before")
+    def component_validator(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo):
+        output = set()
+        if isinstance(v, list):
+            for vc in v:
+                if isinstance(vc, Addressable):
+                    output.add(vc._address)
+                else:
+                    output.add(vc)
+        else:
+            output = v
+        if not isinstance(output, set):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid grain component {output}, is not set")
+        if not all(isinstance(x, str) for x in output):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid component {output}")
+        return output
+
+    def __add__(self, other: "Grain") -> "Grain":
+        if not other:
+            return self
+        where = self.where_clause
+        if other.where_clause:
+            if not self.where_clause:
+                where = other.where_clause
+            elif not other.where_clause == self.where_clause:
+                where = WhereClause.model_construct(
+                    conditional=Conditional(
+                        left=self.where_clause.conditional,
+                        right=other.where_clause.conditional,
+                        operator=BooleanOperator.AND,
+                    )
+                )
+                # raise NotImplementedError(
+                #     f"Cannot merge grains with where clauses, self {self.where_clause} other {other.where_clause}"
+                # )
+        return Grain(
+            components=self.components.union(other.components), where_clause=where
+        )
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: "Grain") -> "Grain":
+        return Grain.model_construct(
+            components=self.components.difference(other.components),
+            where_clause=self.where_clause,
+        )
+
+    def _gen_abstract(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.components or all(
+            [c.endswith(ALL_ROWS_CONCEPT) for c in self.components]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def abstract(self):
+        if not self._abstract:
+            self._abstract = self._gen_abstract()
+        return self._abstract
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object):
+        if isinstance(other, list):
+            if all([isinstance(c, Concept) for c in other]):
+                return self.components == set([c.address for c in other])
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, Grain):
+            return False
+        if self.components == other.components:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def issubset(self, other: "Grain"):
+        return self.components.issubset(other.components)
+
+    def union(self, other: "Grain"):
+        addresses = self.components.union(other.components)
+        return Grain(components=addresses, where_clause=self.where_clause)
+
+    def isdisjoint(self, other: "Grain"):
+        return self.components.isdisjoint(other.components)
+
+    def intersection(self, other: "Grain") -> "Grain":
+        intersection = self.components.intersection(other.components)
+        return Grain(components=intersection)
+
+    def _gen_str(self) -> str:
+        if self.abstract:
+            base = "Grain<Abstract>"
+        else:
+            base = "Grain<" + ",".join(sorted(self.components)) + ">"
+        if self.where_clause:
+            base += f"|{str(self.where_clause)}"
+        return base
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if not self._str:
+            self._str = self._gen_str()
+        return self._str
+
+    def __radd__(self, other) -> "Grain":
+        if other == 0:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self.__add__(other)
+
+
+class Comparison(ConceptArgs, Mergeable, DataTyped, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    left: Union[
+        int,
+        str,
+        float,
+        list,
+        bool,
+        datetime,
+        date,
+        Function,
+        ConceptRef,
+        Conditional,
+        DataType,
+        Comparison,
+        FunctionCallWrapper,
+        Parenthetical,
+        MagicConstants,
+        WindowItem,
+        AggregateWrapper,
+        FilterItem,
+    ]
+    right: Union[
+        int,
+        str,
+        float,
+        list,
+        bool,
+        date,
+        datetime,
+        ConceptRef,
+        Function,
+        Conditional,
+        DataType,
+        Comparison,
+        FunctionCallWrapper,
+        Parenthetical,
+        MagicConstants,
+        WindowItem,
+        AggregateWrapper,
+        TupleWrapper,
+        FilterItem,
+    ]
+    operator: ComparisonOperator
+
+    @field_validator("left", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def left_validator(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return v.reference
+        return v
+
+    @field_validator("right", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def right_validator(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return v.reference
+        return v
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_comparison(self):
+        left_type = arg_to_datatype(self.left)
+        right_type = arg_to_datatype(self.right)
+        left_name = (
+            left_type.name if isinstance(left_type, DataType) else str(left_type)
+        )
+        right_name = (
+            right_type.name if isinstance(right_type, DataType) else str(right_type)
+        )
+        if self.operator in (ComparisonOperator.IS, ComparisonOperator.IS_NOT):
+            if self.right != MagicConstants.NULL and DataType.BOOL != right_type:
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    f"Cannot use {self.operator.value} with non-null or boolean value {self.right}"
+                )
+        elif self.operator in (ComparisonOperator.IN, ComparisonOperator.NOT_IN):
+
+            if isinstance(right_type, ArrayType) and not is_compatible_datatype(
+                left_type, right_type.value_data_type
+            ):
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    f"Cannot compare {left_type} and {right_type} with operator {self.operator} in {str(self)}"
+                )
+            elif isinstance(self.right, Concept) and not is_compatible_datatype(
+                left_type, right_type
+            ):
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    f"Cannot compare {left_name} and {right_name} with operator {self.operator} in {str(self)}"
+                )
+        else:
+            if not is_compatible_datatype(left_type, right_type):
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    f"Cannot compare {left_name} ({self.left}) and {right_name} ({self.right}) of different types with operator {self.operator.value} in {str(self)}"
+                )
+
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return self
+        if not isinstance(other, (Comparison, Conditional, Parenthetical)):
+            raise ValueError("Cannot add Comparison to non-Comparison")
+        if other == self:
+            return self
+        return Conditional(left=self, right=other, operator=BooleanOperator.AND)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.left, Concept):
+            left = self.left.address
+        else:
+            left = str(self.left)
+        if isinstance(self.right, Concept):
+            right = self.right.address
+        else:
+            right = str(self.right)
+        return f"{left} {self.operator.value} {right}"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Comparison):
+            return False
+        return (
+            self.left == other.left
+            and self.right == other.right
+            and self.operator == other.operator
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]):
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            left=(
+                self.left.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.left, Mergeable)
+                else self.left
+            ),
+            right=(
+                self.right.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.right, Mergeable)
+                else self.right
+            ),
+            operator=self.operator,
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            left=(
+                self.left.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.left, Mergeable)
+                else self.left
+            ),
+            right=(
+                self.right.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.right, Mergeable)
+                else self.right
+            ),
+            operator=self.operator,
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str):
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            left=(
+                self.left.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.left, Namespaced)
+                else self.left
+            ),
+            right=(
+                self.right.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.right, Namespaced)
+                else self.right
+            ),
+            operator=self.operator,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        """Return concepts directly referenced in where clause"""
+        output = []
+        output += get_concept_arguments(self.left)
+        output += get_concept_arguments(self.right)
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def row_arguments(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        output = []
+        output += get_concept_row_arguments(self.left)
+        output += get_concept_row_arguments(self.right)
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def existence_arguments(self) -> List[Tuple[ConceptRef, ...]]:
+        """Return concepts directly referenced in where clause"""
+        output: List[Tuple[ConceptRef, ...]] = []
+        if isinstance(self.left, ConceptArgs):
+            output += self.left.existence_arguments
+        if isinstance(self.right, ConceptArgs):
+            output += self.right.existence_arguments
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        # a conditional is always a boolean
+        return DataType.BOOL
+
+
+class SubselectComparison(Comparison):
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, SubselectComparison):
+            return False
+
+        comp = (
+            self.left == other.left
+            and self.right == other.right
+            and self.operator == other.operator
+        )
+        return comp
+
+    @property
+    def row_arguments(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        return get_concept_row_arguments(self.left)
+
+    @property
+    def existence_arguments(self) -> list[tuple["ConceptRef", ...]]:
+        return [tuple(get_concept_arguments(self.right))]
+
+
+class Concept(Addressable, DataTyped, ConceptArgs, Mergeable, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+    name: str
+    datatype: DataType | TraitDataType | ArrayType | StructType | MapType | NumericType
+    purpose: Purpose
+    derivation: Derivation = Derivation.ROOT
+    granularity: Granularity = Granularity.MULTI_ROW
+    metadata: Metadata = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: Metadata(description=None, line_number=None),
+        validate_default=True,
+    )
+    lineage: Optional[
+        Union[
+            Function,
+            WindowItem,
+            FilterItem,
+            AggregateWrapper,
+            RowsetItem,
+            MultiSelectLineage,
+            Comparison,
+        ]
+    ] = None
+    namespace: str = Field(default=DEFAULT_NAMESPACE, validate_default=True)
+    keys: Optional[set[str]] = None
+    grain: "Grain" = Field(default=None, validate_default=True)  # type: ignore
+    modifiers: List[Modifier] = Field(default_factory=list)  # type: ignore
+    pseudonyms: set[str] = Field(default_factory=set)
+
+    def duplicate(self) -> Concept:
+        return self.model_copy(deep=True)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(
+            f"{self.name}+{self.datatype}+ {self.purpose} + {str(self.lineage)} + {self.namespace} + {str(self.grain)} + {str(self.keys)}"
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        base = f"{self.address}@{self.grain}"
+        return base
+
+    @property
+    def is_internal(self) -> bool:
+        return self.namespace.startswith("_") or self.name.startswith("_")
+
+    @property
+    def reference(self) -> ConceptRef:
+        return ConceptRef.model_construct(
+            address=self.address,
+            datatype=self.output_datatype,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return self.datatype
+
+    @classmethod
+    def calculate_is_aggregate(cls, lineage):
+        if lineage and isinstance(lineage, Function):
+            if lineage.operator in FunctionClass.AGGREGATE_FUNCTIONS.value:
+                return True
+        if (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, AggregateWrapper)
+            and lineage.function.operator in FunctionClass.AGGREGATE_FUNCTIONS.value
+        ):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_aggregate(self):
+        base = getattr(self, "_is_aggregate", None)
+        if base:
+            return base
+        setattr(self, "_is_aggregate", self.calculate_is_aggregate(self.lineage))
+        return self._is_aggregate
+
+    def with_merge(self, source: Self, target: Self, modifiers: List[Modifier]) -> Self:
+        if self.address == source.address:
+            new = target.with_grain(self.grain.with_merge(source, target, modifiers))
+            new.pseudonyms.add(self.address)
+            return new
+        if not self.grain.components and not self.lineage and not self.keys:
+            return self
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            name=self.name,
+            datatype=self.datatype,
+            purpose=self.purpose,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            derivation=self.derivation,
+            granularity=self.granularity,
+            lineage=(
+                self.lineage.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.lineage
+                else None
+            ),
+            grain=self.grain.with_merge(source, target, modifiers),
+            namespace=self.namespace,
+            keys=(
+                set(x if x != source.address else target.address for x in self.keys)
+                if self.keys
+                else None
+            ),
+            modifiers=self.modifiers,
+            pseudonyms=self.pseudonyms,
+        )
+
+    @field_validator("namespace", mode="plain")
+    @classmethod
+    def namespace_validation(cls, v):
+        return v or DEFAULT_NAMESPACE
+
+    @field_validator("metadata", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def metadata_validation(cls, v):
+        v = v or Metadata()
+        return v
+
+    @field_validator("purpose", mode="after")
+    @classmethod
+    def purpose_validation(cls, v):
+        if v == Purpose.AUTO:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot set purpose to AUTO")
+        return v
+
+    @field_validator("grain", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_grain(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo) -> Grain:
+
+        # this is silly - rethink how we do grains
+        values = info.data
+
+        if not v and values.get("purpose", None) == Purpose.KEY:
+            v = Grain(
+                components={
+                    f'{values.get("namespace", DEFAULT_NAMESPACE)}.{values["name"]}'
+                }
+            )
+        elif not v and values.get("purpose", None) == Purpose.PROPERTY:
+            v = Grain(components=values.get("keys", set()) or set())
+        elif (
+            "lineage" in values
+            and isinstance(values["lineage"], AggregateWrapper)
+            and values["lineage"].by
+        ):
+            v = Grain(components={c.address for c in values["lineage"].by})
+        elif not v:
+            v = Grain(components=set())
+        elif isinstance(v, Grain):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(v, Concept):
+            v = Grain(components={v.address})
+        elif isinstance(v, dict):
+            v = Grain.model_validate(v)
+        else:
+            raise SyntaxError(f"Invalid grain {v} for concept {values['name']}")
+        return v
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object):
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            if self.address == other:
+                return True
+        if isinstance(other, ConceptRef):
+            return self.address == other.address
+        if not isinstance(other, Concept):
+            return False
+        return (
+            self.name == other.name
+            and self.datatype == other.datatype
+            and self.purpose == other.purpose
+            and self.namespace == other.namespace
+            and self.grain == other.grain
+            and self.derivation == other.derivation
+            and self.granularity == other.granularity
+            # and self.keys == other.keys
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        grain = str(self.grain) if self.grain else "Grain<>"
+        return f"{self.namespace}.{self.name}@{grain}"
+
+    @property
+    def address(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.namespace}.{self.name}"
+
+    @property
+    def output(self) -> "Concept":
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def safe_address(self) -> str:
+        if self.namespace == DEFAULT_NAMESPACE:
+            return self.name.replace(".", "_")
+        elif self.namespace:
+            return f"{self.namespace.replace('.','_')}_{self.name.replace('.','_')}"
+        return self.name.replace(".", "_")
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> Self:
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            name=self.name,
+            datatype=self.datatype,
+            purpose=self.purpose,
+            granularity=self.granularity,
+            derivation=self.derivation,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            lineage=self.lineage.with_namespace(namespace) if self.lineage else None,
+            grain=(
+                self.grain.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if self.grain
+                else Grain(components=set())
+            ),
+            namespace=(
+                namespace + "." + self.namespace
+                if self.namespace != DEFAULT_NAMESPACE
+                else namespace
+            ),
+            keys=(
+                set([address_with_namespace(x, namespace) for x in self.keys])
+                if self.keys
+                else None
+            ),
+            modifiers=self.modifiers,
+            pseudonyms={address_with_namespace(v, namespace) for v in self.pseudonyms},
+        )
+
+    def get_select_grain_and_keys(
+        self, grain: Grain, environment: Environment
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Function
+        | WindowItem
+        | FilterItem
+        | AggregateWrapper
+        | RowsetItem
+        | MultiSelectLineage
+        | Comparison
+        | None,
+        Grain,
+        set[str] | None,
+    ]:
+        new_lineage = self.lineage
+        final_grain = grain if not self.grain.components else self.grain
+        keys = self.keys
+
+        if self.is_aggregate and grain.components and isinstance(new_lineage, Function):
+            grain_components: list[ConceptRef | Concept] = [
+                environment.concepts[c].reference for c in grain.components
+            ]
+            new_lineage = AggregateWrapper.model_construct(
+                function=new_lineage, by=grain_components
+            )
+            final_grain = grain
+            keys = set(grain.components)
+        elif (
+            grain
+            and new_lineage
+            and isinstance(new_lineage, AggregateWrapper)
+            and not new_lineage.by
+        ):
+            grain_components = [
+                environment.concepts[c].reference for c in grain.components
+            ]
+            new_lineage = AggregateWrapper.model_construct(
+                function=new_lineage.function, by=grain_components
+            )
+            final_grain = grain
+            keys = set([x.address for x in new_lineage.by])
+        elif self.derivation == Derivation.BASIC:
+
+            pkeys: set[str] = set()
+            assert new_lineage
+            for x_ref in new_lineage.concept_arguments:
+                x = environment.concepts[x_ref.address]
+                if isinstance(x, UndefinedConcept):
+                    continue
+                _, _, parent_keys = x.get_select_grain_and_keys(grain, environment)
+                if parent_keys:
+                    pkeys.update(parent_keys)
+            raw_keys = pkeys
+            # deduplicate
+
+            final_grain = Grain.from_concepts(raw_keys, environment)
+            keys = final_grain.components
+        return new_lineage, final_grain, keys
+
+    def set_select_grain(self, grain: Grain, environment: Environment) -> Self:
+        """Assign a mutable concept the appropriate grain/keys for a select"""
+        new_lineage, final_grain, keys = self.get_select_grain_and_keys(
+            grain, environment
+        )
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            name=self.name,
+            datatype=self.datatype,
+            purpose=self.purpose,
+            granularity=self.granularity,
+            derivation=self.derivation,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            lineage=new_lineage,
+            grain=final_grain,
+            namespace=self.namespace,
+            keys=keys,
+            modifiers=self.modifiers,
+            pseudonyms=self.pseudonyms,
+        )
+
+    def with_grain(self, grain: Optional["Grain"] = None) -> Self:
+
+        return self.__class__.model_construct(
+            name=self.name,
+            datatype=self.datatype,
+            purpose=self.purpose,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            granularity=self.granularity,
+            derivation=self.derivation,
+            lineage=self.lineage,
+            grain=grain if grain else Grain.model_construct(components=set()),
+            namespace=self.namespace,
+            keys=self.keys,
+            modifiers=self.modifiers,
+            pseudonyms=self.pseudonyms,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def sources(self) -> List["ConceptRef"]:
+        if self.lineage:
+            output: List[ConceptRef] = []
+
+            def get_sources(
+                expr: Union[
+                    Function,
+                    WindowItem,
+                    FilterItem,
+                    AggregateWrapper,
+                    RowsetItem,
+                    MultiSelectLineage,
+                    Comparison,
+                ],
+                output: List[ConceptRef],
+            ):
+
+                for item in expr.concept_arguments:
+                    if isinstance(item, (ConceptRef,)):
+                        if item.address == self.address:
+                            raise SyntaxError(
+                                f"Concept {self.address} references itself"
+                            )
+                        output.append(item)
+
+                        # output += item.sources
+
+            get_sources(self.lineage, output)
+            return output
+        return []
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        return self.lineage.concept_arguments if self.lineage else []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def calculate_derivation(self, lineage, purpose: Purpose) -> Derivation:
+        from trilogy.core.models.build import (
+            BuildAggregateWrapper,
+            BuildComparison,
+            BuildFilterItem,
+            BuildFunction,
+            BuildMultiSelectLineage,
+            BuildRowsetItem,
+            BuildWindowItem,
+        )
+
+        if lineage and isinstance(lineage, (BuildWindowItem, WindowItem)):
+            return Derivation.WINDOW
+        elif lineage and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFilterItem, FilterItem)):
+            return Derivation.FILTER
+        elif lineage and isinstance(lineage, (BuildAggregateWrapper, AggregateWrapper)):
+            return Derivation.AGGREGATE
+        # elif lineage and isinstance(lineage, (BuildParenthetical, Parenthetical)):
+        #     return Derivation.PARENTHETICAL
+        elif lineage and isinstance(lineage, (BuildRowsetItem, RowsetItem)):
+            return Derivation.ROWSET
+        elif lineage and isinstance(lineage, BuildComparison):
+            return Derivation.BASIC
+        elif lineage and isinstance(
+            lineage, (BuildMultiSelectLineage, MultiSelectLineage)
+        ):
+            return Derivation.MULTISELECT
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function))
+            and lineage.operator in FunctionClass.AGGREGATE_FUNCTIONS.value
+        ):
+            return Derivation.AGGREGATE
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function))
+            and lineage.operator in FunctionClass.ONE_TO_MANY.value
+        ):
+            return Derivation.UNNEST
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function))
+            and lineage.operator == FunctionType.RECURSE_EDGE
+        ):
+            return Derivation.RECURSIVE
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function))
+            and lineage.operator == FunctionType.UNION
+        ):
+            return Derivation.UNION
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function))
+            and lineage.operator == FunctionType.GROUP
+        ):
+            return Derivation.GROUP_TO
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function))
+            and lineage.operator == FunctionType.ALIAS
+        ):
+            return Derivation.BASIC
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function))
+            and lineage.operator in FunctionClass.SINGLE_ROW.value
+        ):
+            return Derivation.CONSTANT
+
+        elif lineage and isinstance(lineage, (BuildFunction, Function)):
+            if not lineage.concept_arguments:
+                return Derivation.CONSTANT
+            elif all(
+                [x.derivation == Derivation.CONSTANT for x in lineage.concept_arguments]
+            ):
+                return Derivation.CONSTANT
+            return Derivation.BASIC
+        elif purpose == Purpose.CONSTANT:
+            return Derivation.CONSTANT
+        return Derivation.ROOT
+
+    @classmethod
+    def calculate_granularity(cls, derivation: Derivation, grain: Grain, lineage):
+        from trilogy.core.models.build import BuildFunction
+
+        if derivation == Derivation.CONSTANT:
+            return Granularity.SINGLE_ROW
+        elif derivation == Derivation.AGGREGATE:
+            if all([x.endswith(ALL_ROWS_CONCEPT) for x in grain.components]):
+                return Granularity.SINGLE_ROW
+        elif (
+            lineage
+            and isinstance(lineage, (Function, BuildFunction))
+            and lineage.operator
+            in (FunctionType.UNNEST, FunctionType.UNION, FunctionType.DATE_SPINE)
+        ):
+            return Granularity.MULTI_ROW
+        elif lineage and all(
+            [x.granularity == Granularity.SINGLE_ROW for x in lineage.concept_arguments]
+        ):
+            return Granularity.SINGLE_ROW
+        return Granularity.MULTI_ROW
+
+    # @property
+    # def granularity(self) -> Granularity:
+    #     return self.calculate_granularity(self.derivation, self.grain, self.lineage)
+
+    def with_filter(
+        self,
+        condition: Conditional | Comparison | Parenthetical,
+        environment: Environment | None = None,
+    ) -> "Concept":
+        from trilogy.utility import string_to_hash
+
+        if self.lineage and isinstance(self.lineage, FilterItem):
+            if self.lineage.where.conditional == condition:
+                return self
+        hash = string_to_hash(self.name + str(condition))
+        new_lineage = FilterItem(
+            content=self.reference, where=WhereClause(conditional=condition)
+        )
+        new = Concept.model_construct(
+            name=f"{self.name}_filter_{hash}",
+            datatype=self.datatype,
+            purpose=self.purpose,
+            derivation=self.calculate_derivation(new_lineage, self.purpose),
+            granularity=self.granularity,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            lineage=new_lineage,
+            keys=(self.keys if self.purpose == Purpose.PROPERTY else None),
+            grain=self.grain if self.grain else Grain(components=set()),
+            namespace=self.namespace,
+            modifiers=self.modifiers,
+            pseudonyms=self.pseudonyms,
+        )
+        if environment:
+            environment.add_concept(new)
+        return new
+
+
+class UndefinedConceptFull(Concept, Mergeable, Namespaced):
+    model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+    name: str
+    line_no: int | None = None
+    datatype: (
+        DataType | TraitDataType | ArrayType | StructType | MapType | NumericType
+    ) = DataType.UNKNOWN
+    purpose: Purpose = Purpose.UNKNOWN
+
+    @property
+    def reference(self) -> UndefinedConcept:
+        return UndefinedConcept(address=self.address)
+
+
+class OrderItem(Mergeable, ConceptArgs, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    # this needs to be a full concept as it may not exist in environment
+    expr: Expr
+    order: Ordering
+
+    @field_validator("expr", mode="before")
+    def enforce_reference(cls, v):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return v.reference
+        return v
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "OrderItem":
+        return OrderItem.model_construct(
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Namespaced)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+            order=self.order,
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "OrderItem":
+        return OrderItem.model_construct(
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+            order=self.order,
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return OrderItem.model_construct(
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+            order=self.order,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        return get_concept_arguments(self.expr)
+
+    @property
+    def row_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        if isinstance(self.expr, ConceptArgs):
+            return self.expr.row_arguments
+        return self.concept_arguments
+
+    @property
+    def existence_arguments(self) -> Sequence[tuple["ConceptRef", ...]]:
+        if isinstance(self.expr, ConceptArgs):
+            return self.expr.existence_arguments
+        return []
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return arg_to_datatype(self.expr)
+
+
+class WindowItem(DataTyped, ConceptArgs, Mergeable, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    type: WindowType
+    content: FuncArgs
+    order_by: List["OrderItem"]
+    over: List["ConceptRef"] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    index: Optional[int] = None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{self.type.value} {self.content} by {self.index} over {self.over} order {self.order_by}"
+
+    @field_validator("content", mode="before")
+    def enforce_concept_ref(cls, v):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return ConceptRef(address=v.address, datatype=v.datatype)
+        return v
+
+    @field_validator("over", mode="before")
+    def enforce_concept_ref_over(cls, v):
+        final = []
+        for item in v:
+            if isinstance(item, Concept):
+                final.append(ConceptRef(address=item.address, datatype=item.datatype))
+            else:
+                final.append(item)
+        return final
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "WindowItem":
+        output = WindowItem.model_construct(
+            type=self.type,
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Mergeable)
+                else self.content
+            ),
+            over=[x.with_merge(source, target, modifiers) for x in self.over],
+            order_by=[x.with_merge(source, target, modifiers) for x in self.order_by],
+            index=self.index,
+        )
+        return output
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return WindowItem.model_construct(
+            type=self.type,
+            content=self.content.with_reference_replacement(source, target),
+            over=[x.with_reference_replacement(source, target) for x in self.over],
+            order_by=[
+                x.with_reference_replacement(source, target) for x in self.order_by
+            ],
+            index=self.index,
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "WindowItem":
+        return WindowItem.model_construct(
+            type=self.type,
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Namespaced)
+                else self.content
+            ),
+            over=[x.with_namespace(namespace) for x in self.over],
+            order_by=[x.with_namespace(namespace) for x in self.order_by],
+            index=self.index,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        output = []
+        output += get_concept_arguments(self.content)
+        for order in self.order_by:
+            output += get_concept_arguments(order)
+        for item in self.over:
+            output += get_concept_arguments(item)
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        if self.type in (WindowType.RANK, WindowType.ROW_NUMBER):
+            return DataType.INTEGER
+        return self.content.output_datatype
+
+
+def get_basic_type(
+    type: DataType | ArrayType | StructType | MapType | NumericType | TraitDataType,
+) -> DataType:
+    if isinstance(type, ArrayType):
+        return DataType.ARRAY
+    if isinstance(type, StructType):
+        return DataType.STRUCT
+    if isinstance(type, MapType):
+        return DataType.MAP
+    if isinstance(type, NumericType):
+        return DataType.NUMERIC
+    if isinstance(type, TraitDataType):
+        return get_basic_type(type.type)
+    return type
+
+
+class CaseWhen(Namespaced, DataTyped, ConceptArgs, Mergeable, BaseModel):
+    comparison: Conditional | SubselectComparison | Comparison
+    expr: "Expr"
+
+    @field_validator("expr", mode="before")
+    def enforce_reference(cls, v):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return v.reference
+        return v
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return arg_to_datatype(self.expr)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"WHEN {str(self.comparison)} THEN {str(self.expr)}"
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self):
+        return get_concept_arguments(self.comparison) + get_concept_arguments(self.expr)
+
+    @property
+    def concept_row_arguments(self):
+        return get_concept_row_arguments(self.comparison) + get_concept_row_arguments(
+            self.expr
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> CaseWhen:
+        return CaseWhen.model_construct(
+            comparison=self.comparison.with_namespace(namespace),
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(
+                    self.expr,
+                    Namespaced,
+                )
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> CaseWhen:
+        return CaseWhen.model_construct(
+            comparison=self.comparison.with_merge(source, target, modifiers),
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return CaseWhen.model_construct(
+            comparison=self.comparison.with_reference_replacement(source, target),
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class CaseElse(Namespaced, ConceptArgs, DataTyped, Mergeable, BaseModel):
+    expr: "Expr"
+    # this ensures that it's easily differentiable from CaseWhen
+    discriminant: ComparisonOperator = ComparisonOperator.ELSE
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"ELSE {str(self.expr)}"
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return arg_to_datatype(self.expr)
+
+    @field_validator("expr", mode="before")
+    def enforce_expr(cls, v):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return ConceptRef(address=v.address, datatype=v.datatype)
+        return v
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self):
+        return get_concept_arguments(self.expr)
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> CaseElse:
+        return CaseElse.model_construct(
+            discriminant=self.discriminant,
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return CaseElse.model_construct(
+            discriminant=self.discriminant,
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_reference_replacement(
+                    source,
+                    target,
+                )
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> CaseElse:
+        return CaseElse.model_construct(
+            discriminant=self.discriminant,
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(
+                    self.expr,
+                    Namespaced,
+                )
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+def get_concept_row_arguments(expr) -> List["ConceptRef"]:
+    output = []
+    if isinstance(expr, ConceptRef):
+        output += [expr]
+
+    elif isinstance(expr, ConceptArgs):
+        output += expr.row_arguments
+    return output
+
+
+def get_concept_arguments(expr) -> List["ConceptRef"]:
+    output = []
+    if isinstance(expr, ConceptRef):
+        output += [expr]
+
+    elif isinstance(
+        expr,
+        ConceptArgs,
+    ):
+        output += expr.concept_arguments
+    return output
+
+
+def args_to_pretty(input: set[DataType]) -> str:
+    return ", ".join(sorted([f"'{x.value}'" for x in input if x != DataType.UNKNOWN]))
+
+
+class Function(DataTyped, ConceptArgs, Mergeable, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    operator: FunctionType
+    arg_count: int = Field(default=1)
+    output_datatype: (
+        DataType | ArrayType | StructType | MapType | NumericType | TraitDataType
+    )
+    output_purpose: Purpose
+    valid_inputs: Optional[
+        Union[
+            Set[DataType],
+            List[Set[DataType]],
+        ]
+    ] = None
+    arguments: Sequence[FuncArgs]
+
+    class Config:
+        frozen = True
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.operator.value}({",".join([str(a) for a in self.arguments])})'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    @property
+    def datatype(self):
+        return self.output_datatype
+
+    @field_validator("arguments", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_arguments(cls, v, info: ValidationInfo):
+        from trilogy.core.models.build import BuildConcept
+        from trilogy.parsing.exceptions import ParseError
+
+        values = info.data
+        arg_count = len(v)
+        final = []
+        for x in v:
+            if isinstance(x, Concept) and not isinstance(x, BuildConcept):
+                final.append(x.reference)
+            else:
+                final.append(x)
+        v = final
+        target_arg_count = values["arg_count"]
+        operator_name = values["operator"].name
+        # surface right error
+        if "valid_inputs" not in values:
+            return v
+        valid_inputs = values["valid_inputs"]
+        if not arg_count <= target_arg_count:
+            if target_arg_count != InfiniteFunctionArgs:
+                raise ParseError(
+                    f"Incorrect argument count to {operator_name} function, expects"
+                    f" {target_arg_count}, got {arg_count}"
+                )
+        # if all arguments can be any of the set type
+        # turn this into an array for validation
+        if isinstance(valid_inputs, set):
+            valid_inputs = [valid_inputs for _ in v]
+        elif not valid_inputs:
+            return v
+        for idx, arg in enumerate(v):
+            if (
+                isinstance(arg, ConceptRef)
+                and get_basic_type(arg.datatype.data_type) not in valid_inputs[idx]
+            ):
+                if arg.datatype != DataType.UNKNOWN:
+
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Invalid argument type '{arg.datatype.data_type.value}' passed into {operator_name} function in position {idx+1}"
+                        f" from concept: {arg.name}. Valid: {args_to_pretty(valid_inputs[idx])}."
+                    )
+            if (
+                isinstance(arg, Function)
+                and get_basic_type(arg.output_datatype) not in valid_inputs[idx]
+            ):
+                if arg.output_datatype != DataType.UNKNOWN:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Invalid argument type {arg.output_datatype}' passed into"
+                        f" {operator_name} function from function {arg.operator.name} in position {idx+1}. Valid: {args_to_pretty(valid_inputs[idx])}"
+                    )
+            # check constants
+            comparisons: List[Tuple[Type, DataType]] = [
+                (str, DataType.STRING),
+                (int, DataType.INTEGER),
+                (float, DataType.FLOAT),
+                (bool, DataType.BOOL),
+                (DatePart, DataType.DATE_PART),
+            ]
+            for ptype, dtype in comparisons:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(arg, ptype)
+                    and get_basic_type(dtype) in valid_inputs[idx]
+                ):
+                    # attempt to exit early to avoid checking all types
+                    break
+                elif isinstance(arg, ptype):
+                    if isinstance(arg, str) and DataType.DATE_PART in valid_inputs[idx]:
+                        if arg not in [x.value for x in DatePart]:
+                            pass
+                        else:
+                            break
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f'Invalid {dtype} constant passed into {operator_name} "{arg}", expecting one of {valid_inputs[idx]}'
+                    )
+        return v
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source: str, target: Expr | ArgBinding):
+        from trilogy.core.functions import arg_to_datatype, merge_datatypes
+
+        nargs = [
+            (
+                c.with_reference_replacement(
+                    source,
+                    target,
+                )
+                if isinstance(
+                    c,
+                    Mergeable,
+                )
+                else c
+            )
+            for c in self.arguments
+        ]
+        if self.output_datatype == DataType.UNKNOWN:
+            new_output = merge_datatypes([arg_to_datatype(x) for x in nargs])
+
+            if self.operator == FunctionType.ATTR_ACCESS:
+                if isinstance(new_output, StructType):
+                    new_output = new_output.field_types[str(nargs[1])]
+        else:
+            new_output = self.output_datatype
+        # this is not ideal - see hacky logic for datatypes above
+        # we need to figure out how to patch properly
+        # should use function factory, but does not have environment access
+        # probably move all datatype resolution to build?
+        return Function.model_construct(
+            operator=self.operator,
+            arguments=nargs,
+            output_datatype=new_output,
+            output_purpose=self.output_purpose,
+            valid_inputs=self.valid_inputs,
+            arg_count=self.arg_count,
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "Function":
+        return Function.model_construct(
+            operator=self.operator,
+            arguments=[
+                (
+                    c.with_namespace(namespace)
+                    if isinstance(
+                        c,
+                        Namespaced,
+                    )
+                    else c
+                )
+                for c in self.arguments
+            ],
+            output_datatype=self.output_datatype,
+            output_purpose=self.output_purpose,
+            valid_inputs=self.valid_inputs,
+            arg_count=self.arg_count,
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "Function":
+        return Function.model_construct(
+            operator=self.operator,
+            arguments=[
+                (
+                    c.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                    if isinstance(
+                        c,
+                        Mergeable,
+                    )
+                    else c
+                )
+                for c in self.arguments
+            ],
+            output_datatype=self.output_datatype,
+            output_purpose=self.output_purpose,
+            valid_inputs=self.valid_inputs,
+            arg_count=self.arg_count,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        base = []
+        for arg in self.arguments:
+            base += get_concept_arguments(arg)
+        return base
+
+
+class FunctionCallWrapper(
+    DataTyped,
+    ConceptArgs,
+    Mergeable,
+    Namespaced,
+    BaseModel,
+):
+    content: Expr
+    name: str
+    args: List[Expr]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'@{self.name}({",".join([str(x) for x in self.args])})'
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace) -> "FunctionCallWrapper":
+        return FunctionCallWrapper.model_construct(
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Namespaced)
+                else self.content
+            ),
+            name=self.name,
+            args=[
+                x.with_namespace(namespace) if isinstance(x, Namespaced) else x
+                for x in self.args
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Cannot reference replace")
+        return self
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "FunctionCallWrapper":
+        return FunctionCallWrapper.model_construct(
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Mergeable)
+                else self.content
+            ),
+            name=self.name,
+            args=[
+                (
+                    x.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                    if isinstance(x, Mergeable)
+                    else x
+                )
+                for x in self.args
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> Sequence[ConceptRef]:
+        base: List[ConceptRef] = []
+        x = self.content
+        if isinstance(x, ConceptRef):
+            base += [x]
+        elif isinstance(x, ConceptArgs):
+            base += x.concept_arguments
+        return base
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return arg_to_datatype(self.content)
+
+
+class AggregateWrapper(Mergeable, DataTyped, ConceptArgs, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    function: Function
+    by: List[ConceptRef | Concept] = Field(default_factory=list)
+
+    @field_validator("by", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def enforce_concept_ref(cls, v):
+        output = []
+        for item in v:
+            if isinstance(item, Concept):
+                output.append(item.reference)
+            else:
+                output.append(item)
+        return output
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        grain_str = [str(c) for c in self.by] if self.by else "abstract"
+        return f"{str(self.function)}<{grain_str}>"
+
+    @property
+    def datatype(self):
+        return self.function.datatype
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        return self.function.concept_arguments + [x.reference for x in self.by]
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return self.function.output_datatype
+
+    @property
+    def output_purpose(self):
+        return self.function.output_purpose
+
+    def with_merge(self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]):
+        return AggregateWrapper.model_construct(
+            function=self.function.with_merge(source, target, modifiers=modifiers),
+            by=(
+                [c.with_merge(source, target, modifiers) for c in self.by]
+                if self.by
+                else []
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return AggregateWrapper.model_construct(
+            function=self.function.with_reference_replacement(source, target),
+            by=(
+                [c.with_reference_replacement(source, target) for c in self.by]
+                if self.by
+                else []
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "AggregateWrapper":
+        return AggregateWrapper.model_construct(
+            function=self.function.with_namespace(namespace),
+            by=[c.with_namespace(namespace) for c in self.by] if self.by else [],
+        )
+
+
+class FilterItem(DataTyped, Namespaced, ConceptArgs, BaseModel):
+    content: FuncArgs
+    where: "WhereClause"
+
+    @field_validator("content", mode="before")
+    def enforce_concept_ref(cls, v):
+        if isinstance(v, Concept):
+            return ConceptRef(address=v.address, datatype=v.datatype)
+        return v
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"<Filter: {str(self.content)} where {str(self.where)}>"
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "FilterItem":
+        return FilterItem.model_construct(
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Mergeable)
+                else self.content
+            ),
+            where=self.where.with_merge(source, target, modifiers),
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "FilterItem":
+        return FilterItem.model_construct(
+            content=(
+                self.content.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.content, Namespaced)
+                else self.content
+            ),
+            where=self.where.with_namespace(namespace),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return arg_to_datatype(self.content)
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self):
+        if isinstance(self.content, ConceptRef):
+            return [self.content] + self.where.concept_arguments
+        elif isinstance(self.content, ConceptArgs):
+            return self.content.concept_arguments + self.where.concept_arguments
+        return self.where.concept_arguments
+
+
+class RowsetLineage(Namespaced, Mergeable, BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    derived_concepts: List[ConceptRef]
+    select: SelectLineage | MultiSelectLineage
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str):
+        return RowsetLineage.model_construct(
+            name=self.name,
+            derived_concepts=[
+                x.with_namespace(namespace) for x in self.derived_concepts
+            ],
+            select=self.select.with_namespace(namespace),
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]):
+        return RowsetLineage.model_construct(
+            name=self.name,
+            derived_concepts=[
+                x.with_merge(source, target, modifiers) for x in self.derived_concepts
+            ],
+            select=self.select.with_merge(source, target, modifiers),
+        )
+
+
+class RowsetItem(Mergeable, DataTyped, ConceptArgs, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    content: ConceptRef
+    rowset: RowsetLineage
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Rowset<{self.rowset.name}>: {str(self.content)}>"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
+    def with_merge(self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]):
+        return RowsetItem.model_construct(
+            content=self.content.with_merge(source, target, modifiers),
+            rowset=self.rowset,
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "RowsetItem":
+        return RowsetItem.model_construct(
+            content=self.content.with_namespace(namespace),
+            rowset=self.rowset.with_namespace(namespace),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def output(self) -> ConceptRef:
+        return self.content
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        return self.content.datatype
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self):
+        return [self.content]
+
+
+class OrderBy(Mergeable, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    items: List[OrderItem]
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "OrderBy":
+        return OrderBy.model_construct(
+            items=[x.with_namespace(namespace) for x in self.items]
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "OrderBy":
+        return OrderBy.model_construct(
+            items=[x.with_merge(source, target, modifiers) for x in self.items]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self):
+        base = []
+        for x in self.items:
+            base += x.concept_arguments
+        return base
+
+
+class AlignClause(Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    items: List[AlignItem]
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "AlignClause":
+        return AlignClause.model_construct(
+            items=[x.with_namespace(namespace) for x in self.items]
+        )
+
+
+class DeriveItem(Namespaced, DataTyped, ConceptArgs, Mergeable, BaseModel):
+    expr: Expr
+    name: str
+    namespace: str
+
+    @property
+    def derived_concept(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.namespace}.{self.name}"
+        # return ConceptRef(
+        #     address=f"{self.namespace}.{self.name}",
+        #     datatype=arg_to_datatype(self.expr),
+        # )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace):
+        return DeriveItem.model_construct(
+            expr=(self.expr.with_namespace(namespace) if self.expr else None),
+            name=self.name,
+            namespace=namespace,
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "DeriveItem":
+        return DeriveItem.model_construct(
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+            name=self.name,
+            namespace=self.namespace,
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return DeriveItem.model_construct(
+            expr=(
+                self.expr.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                if isinstance(self.expr, Mergeable)
+                else self.expr
+            ),
+            name=self.name,
+            namespace=self.namespace,
+        )
+
+
+class DeriveClause(Mergeable, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    items: List[DeriveItem]
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "DeriveClause":
+        return DeriveClause.model_construct(
+            items=[
+                x.with_namespace(namespace) if isinstance(x, Namespaced) else x
+                for x in self.items
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> "DeriveClause":
+        return DeriveClause.model_construct(
+            items=[
+                (
+                    x.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                    if isinstance(x, Mergeable)
+                    else x
+                )
+                for x in self.items
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def with_reference_replacement(self, source, target):
+        return DeriveClause.model_construct(
+            items=[
+                (
+                    x.with_reference_replacement(source, target)
+                    if isinstance(x, Mergeable)
+                    else x
+                )
+                for x in self.items
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+class SelectLineage(Mergeable, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    selection: List[ConceptRef]
+    hidden_components: set[str]
+    local_concepts: dict[str, Concept]
+    order_by: Optional[OrderBy] = None
+    limit: Optional[int] = None
+    meta: Metadata = Field(default_factory=lambda: Metadata())
+    grain: Grain = Field(default_factory=Grain)
+    where_clause: Union["WhereClause", None] = Field(default=None)
+    having_clause: Union["HavingClause", None] = Field(default=None)
+
+    @property
+    def output_components(self) -> List[ConceptRef]:
+        return self.selection
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> SelectLineage:
+        return SelectLineage.model_construct(
+            selection=[x.with_merge(source, target, modifiers) for x in self.selection],
+            hidden_components=self.hidden_components,
+            local_concepts={
+                x: y.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                for x, y in self.local_concepts.items()
+            },
+            order_by=(
+                self.order_by.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.order_by
+                else None
+            ),
+            limit=self.limit,
+            grain=self.grain.with_merge(source, target, modifiers),
+            where_clause=(
+                self.where_clause.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.where_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+            having_clause=(
+                self.having_clause.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.having_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace):
+        return SelectLineage.model_construct(
+            selection=[x.with_namespace(namespace) for x in self.selection],
+            hidden_components=self.hidden_components,
+            local_concepts={
+                x: y.with_namespace(namespace) for x, y in self.local_concepts.items()
+            },
+            order_by=self.order_by.with_namespace(namespace) if self.order_by else None,
+            limit=self.limit,
+            meta=self.meta,
+            grain=self.grain.with_namespace(namespace),
+            where_clause=(
+                self.where_clause.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if self.where_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+            having_clause=(
+                self.having_clause.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if self.having_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class MultiSelectLineage(Mergeable, ConceptArgs, Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    selects: List[SelectLineage]
+    align: AlignClause
+
+    namespace: str
+    order_by: Optional[OrderBy] = None
+    limit: Optional[int] = None
+    where_clause: Union["WhereClause", None] = Field(default=None)
+    having_clause: Union["HavingClause", None] = Field(default=None)
+    derive: DeriveClause | None = None
+    hidden_components: set[str]
+
+    @property
+    def grain(self):
+        base = Grain()
+        for select in self.selects:
+            base += select.grain
+        return base
+
+    @property
+    def output_components(self) -> list[ConceptRef]:
+        output = [
+            ConceptRef.model_construct(address=x, datatype=DataType.UNKNOWN)
+            for x in self.derived_concepts
+        ]
+        for select in self.selects:
+            output += select.output_components
+        return [x for x in output if x.address not in self.hidden_components]
+
+    def with_merge(
+        self, source: Concept, target: Concept, modifiers: List[Modifier]
+    ) -> MultiSelectLineage:
+        new = MultiSelectLineage.model_construct(
+            selects=[s.with_merge(source, target, modifiers) for s in self.selects],
+            align=self.align,
+            derive=(
+                self.derive.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.derive
+                else None
+            ),
+            namespace=self.namespace,
+            hidden_components=self.hidden_components,
+            order_by=(
+                self.order_by.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.order_by
+                else None
+            ),
+            limit=self.limit,
+            where_clause=(
+                self.where_clause.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.where_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+            having_clause=(
+                self.having_clause.with_merge(source, target, modifiers)
+                if self.having_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+        return new
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "MultiSelectLineage":
+        return MultiSelectLineage.model_construct(
+            selects=[c.with_namespace(namespace) for c in self.selects],
+            align=self.align.with_namespace(namespace),
+            derive=self.derive.with_namespace(namespace) if self.derive else None,
+            namespace=namespace,
+            hidden_components=self.hidden_components,
+            order_by=self.order_by.with_namespace(namespace) if self.order_by else None,
+            limit=self.limit,
+            where_clause=(
+                self.where_clause.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if self.where_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+            having_clause=(
+                self.having_clause.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if self.having_clause
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def derived_concepts(self) -> set[str]:
+        output = set()
+        for item in self.align.items:
+            output.add(item.aligned_concept)
+        if self.derive:
+            for ditem in self.derive.items:
+                output.add(ditem.derived_concept)
+        return output
+
+    @property
+    def concept_arguments(self):
+        output = []
+        for select in self.selects:
+            output += select.output_components
+        return unique(output, "address")
+
+
+class LooseConceptList(BaseModel):
+    concepts: Sequence[Concept | ConceptRef]
+
+    @cached_property
+    def addresses(self) -> set[str]:
+        return {s.address for s in self.concepts}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, v):
+        return cls(v)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def sorted_addresses(self) -> List[str]:
+        return sorted(list(self.addresses))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"lcl{str(self.sorted_addresses)}"
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.concepts)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, LooseConceptList):
+            return False
+        return self.addresses == other.addresses
+
+    def issubset(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, LooseConceptList):
+            return False
+        return self.addresses.issubset(other.addresses)
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            return other in self.addresses
+        if not isinstance(other, Concept):
+            return False
+        return other.address in self.addresses
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, LooseConceptList):
+            return False
+        return self.addresses.difference(other.addresses)
+
+    def isdisjoint(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, LooseConceptList):
+            return False
+        return self.addresses.isdisjoint(other.addresses)
+
+
+class AlignItem(Namespaced, BaseModel):
+    alias: str
+    concepts: List[ConceptRef]
+    namespace: str = Field(default=DEFAULT_NAMESPACE, validate_default=True)
+
+    @field_validator("concepts", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def enforce_concept_ref(cls, v):
+        output = []
+        for item in v:
+            if isinstance(item, Concept):
+                output.append(item.reference)
+            else:
+                output.append(item)
+        return output
+
+    @computed_field  # type: ignore
+    @cached_property
+    def concepts_lcl(self) -> LooseConceptList:
+        return LooseConceptList(concepts=self.concepts)
+
+    @property
+    def aligned_concept(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.namespace}.{self.alias}"
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "AlignItem":
+        return AlignItem.model_construct(
+            alias=self.alias,
+            concepts=[c.with_namespace(namespace) for c in self.concepts],
+            namespace=namespace,
+        )
+
+
+class CustomFunctionFactory:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        function: Expr,
+        namespace: str,
+        function_arguments: list[ArgBinding],
+        name: str,
+    ):
+        self.namespace = namespace
+        self.function = function
+        self.function_arguments = function_arguments
+        self.name = name
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str):
+        self.namespace = namespace
+        self.function = (
+            self.function.with_namespace(namespace)
+            if isinstance(self.function, Namespaced)
+            else self.function
+        )
+        self.function_arguments = [
+            x.with_namespace(namespace) for x in self.function_arguments
+        ]
+        return self
+
+    def __call__(self, *creation_args: ArgBinding | Expr):
+        nout = (
+            self.function.model_copy(deep=True)
+            if isinstance(self.function, BaseModel)
+            else self.function
+        )
+        creation_arg_list: list[ArgBinding | Expr] = list(creation_args)
+        if len(creation_args) < len(self.function_arguments):
+            for binding in self.function_arguments[len(creation_arg_list) :]:
+                if binding.default is None:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Missing argument {binding.name}")
+
+                creation_arg_list.append(binding.default)
+        for arg_idx, arg in enumerate(self.function_arguments):
+            if not arg.datatype or arg.datatype == DataType.UNKNOWN:
+                continue
+            if arg_idx > len(creation_arg_list):
+                continue
+            comparison = arg_to_datatype(creation_arg_list[arg_idx])
+            if comparison != arg.datatype:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Invalid type passed into custom function @{self.name} in position {arg_idx+1} for argument {arg.name}, expected {arg.datatype}, got {comparison}"
+                )
+            if isinstance(arg.datatype, TraitDataType):
+                if not (
+                    isinstance(comparison, TraitDataType)
+                    and all(x in comparison.traits for x in arg.datatype.traits)
+                ):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Invalid argument type passed into custom function @{self.name} in position {arg_idx+1} for argument {arg.name}, expected traits {arg.datatype.traits}, got {comparison}"
+                    )
+
+        if isinstance(nout, Mergeable):
+            for idx, x in enumerate(creation_arg_list):
+                if self.namespace == DEFAULT_NAMESPACE:
+                    target = f"{DEFAULT_NAMESPACE}.{self.function_arguments[idx].name}"
+                else:
+                    target = self.function_arguments[idx].name
+                nout = nout.with_reference_replacement(target, x)
+        return nout
+
+
+class Metadata(BaseModel):
+    """Metadata container object.
+    TODO: support arbitrary tags"""
+
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    line_number: Optional[int] = None
+    concept_source: ConceptSource = ConceptSource.MANUAL
+
+
+class Window(BaseModel):
+    count: int
+    window_order: WindowOrder
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"Window<{self.window_order}>"
+
+
+class WindowItemOver(BaseModel):
+    contents: List[ConceptRef]
+
+
+class WindowItemOrder(BaseModel):
+    contents: List["OrderItem"]
+
+
+class Comment(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+
+
+class ArgBinding(Namespaced, DataTyped, BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    default: Expr | None = None
+    datatype: (
+        DataType | MapType | ArrayType | NumericType | StructType | TraitDataType
+    ) = DataType.UNKNOWN
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace):
+        return ArgBinding(
+            name=address_with_namespace(self.name, namespace),
+            default=(
+                self.default.with_namespace(namespace)
+                if isinstance(self.default, Namespaced)
+                else self.default
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def output_datatype(self):
+        if self.default is not None:
+            return arg_to_datatype(self.default)
+        return self.datatype
+
+
+class CustomType(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    type: DataType | list[DataType]
+    drop_on: list[FunctionType] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    add_on: list[FunctionType] = Field(default_factory=list)
+
+    def with_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> "CustomType":
+        return CustomType.model_construct(
+            name=address_with_namespace(self.name, namespace),
+            type=self.type,
+            drop_on=self.drop_on,
+            add_on=self.add_on,
+        )
+
+
+Expr = (
+    MagicConstants
+    | bool
+    | int
+    | str
+    | float
+    | date
+    | datetime
+    | TupleWrapper
+    | ListWrapper
+    | MapWrapper
+    | WindowItem
+    | FilterItem
+    | ConceptRef
+    | Comparison
+    | Conditional
+    | FunctionCallWrapper
+    | Parenthetical
+    | Function
+    | AggregateWrapper
+    | CaseWhen
+    | CaseElse
+)
+
+FuncArgs = (
+    ConceptRef
+    | AggregateWrapper
+    | Function
+    | FunctionCallWrapper
+    | Parenthetical
+    | CaseWhen
+    | CaseElse
+    | WindowItem
+    | FilterItem
+    | bool
+    | int
+    | float
+    | DatePart
+    | str
+    | date
+    | datetime
+    | MapWrapper[Any, Any]
+    | TraitDataType
+    | DataType
+    | ArrayType
+    | MapType
+    | NumericType
+    | ListWrapper[Any]
+    | TupleWrapper[Any]
+    | Comparison
+    | Conditional
+    | MagicConstants
+    | ArgBinding
+    | Ordering
+)