python-sat 1.8.dev15__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl

python_sat-1.8.dev15.data/scripts/rc2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1804 @@
+#!python
+#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
+##
+## rc2.py
+##
+##  Created on: Dec 2, 2017
+##      Author: Alexey S. Ignatiev
+##      E-mail: aignatiev@ciencias.ulisboa.pt
+##
+
+"""
+    ===============
+    List of classes
+    ===============
+
+    .. autosummary::
+        :nosignatures:
+
+        RC2
+        RC2Stratified
+
+    ==================
+    Module description
+    ==================
+
+    An implementation of the RC2 algorithm for solving maximum
+    satisfiability. RC2 stands for *relaxable cardinality constraints*
+    (alternatively, *soft cardinality constraints*) and represents an
+    improved version of the OLLITI algorithm, which was described in
+    [1]_ and [2]_ and originally implemented in the `MSCG MaxSAT
+    solver <https://reason.di.fc.ul.pt/wiki/doku.php?id=mscg>`_.
+
+    Initially, this solver was supposed to serve as an example of a possible
+    PySAT usage illustrating how a state-of-the-art MaxSAT algorithm could be
+    implemented in Python and still be efficient. It participated in the
+    `MaxSAT Evaluations 2018
+    <https://maxsat-evaluations.github.io/2018/rankings.html>`_ and `2019
+    <https://maxsat-evaluations.github.io/2019/rankings.html>`_ where,
+    surprisingly, it was ranked first in two complete categories: *unweighted*
+    and *weighted*. A brief solver description can be found in [3]_. A more
+    detailed solver description can be found in [4]_.
+
+    .. [1] António Morgado, Carmine Dodaro, Joao Marques-Silva.
+        *Core-Guided MaxSAT with Soft Cardinality Constraints*. CP
+        2014. pp. 564-573
+
+    .. [2] António Morgado, Alexey Ignatiev, Joao Marques-Silva.
+        *MSCG: Robust Core-Guided MaxSAT Solving*. JSAT 9. 2014.
+        pp. 129-134
+
+    .. [3] Alexey Ignatiev, António Morgado, Joao Marques-Silva.
+        *RC2: A Python-based MaxSAT Solver*. MaxSAT Evaluation 2018.
+        p. 22
+
+    .. [4] Alexey Ignatiev, António Morgado, Joao Marques-Silva.
+        *RC2: An Efficient MaxSAT Solver*. MaxSAT Evaluation 2018.
+        JSAT 11. 2019. pp. 53-64
+
+    The file implements two classes: :class:`RC2` and
+    :class:`RC2Stratified`. The former class is the basic
+    implementation of the algorithm, which can be applied to a MaxSAT
+    formula in the :class:`.WCNFPlus` format. The latter class
+    additionally implements Boolean lexicographic optimization (BLO)
+    [5]_ and stratification [6]_ on top of :class:`RC2`.
+
+    .. [5] Joao Marques-Silva, Josep Argelich, Ana Graça, Inês Lynce.
+        *Boolean lexicographic optimization: algorithms &
+        applications*. Ann. Math. Artif. Intell. 62(3-4). 2011.
+        pp. 317-343
+
+    .. [6] Carlos Ansótegui, Maria Luisa Bonet, Joel Gabàs, Jordi
+        Levy. *Improving WPM2 for (Weighted) Partial MaxSAT*. CP
+        2013. pp. 117-132
+
+    The implementation can be used as an executable (the list of
+    available command-line options can be shown using ``rc2.py -h``)
+    in the following way:
+
+    ::
+
+        $ xzcat formula.wcnf.xz
+        p wcnf 3 6 4
+        1 1 0
+        1 2 0
+        1 3 0
+        4 -1 -2 0
+        4 -1 -3 0
+        4 -2 -3 0
+
+        $ rc2.py -vv formula.wcnf.xz
+        c formula: 3 vars, 3 hard, 3 soft
+        c cost: 1; core sz: 2; soft sz: 2
+        c cost: 2; core sz: 2; soft sz: 1
+        s OPTIMUM FOUND
+        o 2
+        v -1 -2 3
+        c oracle time: 0.0001
+
+    Alternatively, the algorithm can be accessed and invoked through the
+    standard ``import`` interface of Python, e.g.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        >>> from pysat.examples.rc2 import RC2
+        >>> from pysat.formula import WCNF
+        >>>
+        >>> wcnf = WCNF(from_file='formula.wcnf.xz')
+        >>>
+        >>> with RC2(wcnf) as rc2:
+        ...     for m in rc2.enumerate():
+        ...         print('model {0} has cost {1}'.format(m, rc2.cost))
+        model [-1, -2, 3] has cost 2
+        model [1, -2, -3] has cost 2
+        model [-1, 2, -3] has cost 2
+        model [-1, -2, -3] has cost 3
+
+    As can be seen in the example above, the solver can be instructed
+    either to compute one MaxSAT solution of an input formula, or to
+    enumerate a given number (or *all*) of its top MaxSAT solutions.
+
+    ==============
+    Module details
+    ==============
+"""
+
+#
+#==============================================================================
+from __future__ import print_function
+import collections
+import getopt
+import itertools
+from math import copysign
+import os
+from pysat.formula import CNFPlus, WCNFPlus, IDPool
+from pysat.card import ITotalizer
+from pysat.solvers import Solver, SolverNames
+import re
+import six
+from six.moves import range
+import sys
+
+
+# names of BLO strategies
+#==============================================================================
+blomap = {'none': 0, 'basic': 1, 'div': 3, 'cluster': 5, 'full': 7}
+
+
+#
+#==============================================================================
+class RC2(object):
+    """
+        Implementation of the basic RC2 algorithm. Given a (weighted)
+        (partial) CNF formula, i.e. formula in the :class:`.WCNFPlus`
+        format, this class can be used to compute a given number of
+        MaxSAT solutions for the input formula. :class:`RC2` roughly
+        follows the implementation of algorithm OLLITI [1]_ [2]_ of
+        MSCG and applies a few heuristics on top of it. These include
+
+        - *unsatisfiable core exhaustion* (see method :func:`exhaust_core`),
+        - *unsatisfiable core reduction* (see method :func:`minimize_core`),
+        - *intrinsic AtMost1 constraints* (see method :func:`adapt_am1`).
+
+        :class:`RC2` can use any SAT solver available in PySAT. The
+        default SAT solver to use is ``g3`` (see
+        :class:`.SolverNames`). Additionally, if Glucose is chosen,
+        the ``incr`` parameter controls whether to use the incremental
+        mode of Glucose [7]_ (turned off by default). Boolean
+        parameters ``adapt``, ``exhaust``, and ``minz`` control
+        whether or to apply detection and adaptation of intrinsic
+        AtMost1 constraints, core exhaustion, and core reduction.
+        Unsatisfiable cores can be trimmed if the ``trim`` parameter
+        is set to a non-zero integer. Finally, verbosity level can be
+        set using the ``verbose`` parameter.
+
+        .. [7] Gilles Audemard, Jean-Marie Lagniez, Laurent Simon.
+            *Improving Glucose for Incremental SAT Solving with
+            Assumptions: Application to MUS Extraction*. SAT 2013.
+            pp. 309-317
+
+        :param formula: (weighted) (partial) CNFPlus formula
+        :param solver: SAT oracle name
+        :param adapt: detect and adapt intrinsic AtMost1 constraints
+        :param exhaust: do core exhaustion
+        :param incr: use incremental mode of Glucose
+        :param minz: do heuristic core reduction
+        :param trim: do core trimming at most this number of times
+        :param verbose: verbosity level
+
+        :type formula: :class:`.WCNFPlus`
+        :type solver: str
+        :type adapt: bool
+        :type exhaust: bool
+        :type incr: bool
+        :type minz: bool
+        :type trim: int
+        :type verbose: int
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, formula, solver='g3', adapt=False, exhaust=False,
+            incr=False, minz=False, trim=0, verbose=0):
+        """
+            Constructor.
+        """
+
+        # saving verbosity level and other options
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.exhaust = exhaust
+        self.solver = solver
+        self.adapt = adapt
+        self.minz = minz
+        self.trim = trim
+
+        # clause selectors and mapping from selectors to clause ids
+        self.sels, self.smap, self.sall, self.s2cl, self.sneg = [], {}, [], {}, set([])
+
+        # other MaxSAT related stuff
+        self.pool = IDPool(start_from=formula.nv + 1)
+        self.wght = {}  # weights of soft clauses
+        self.sums = []  # totalizer sum assumptions
+        self.bnds = {}  # a mapping from sum assumptions to totalizer bounds
+        self.tobj = {}  # a mapping from sum assumptions to totalizer objects
+        self.swgt = {}  # a mapping from sum assumptions to their core weights
+        self.cost = 0
+
+        # mappings between internal and external variables
+        VariableMap = collections.namedtuple('VariableMap', ['e2i', 'i2e'])
+        self.vmap = VariableMap(e2i={}, i2e={})
+
+        # initialize SAT oracle with hard clauses only
+        self.init(formula, incr=incr)
+
+        # core minimization is going to be extremely expensive
+        # for large plain formulas, and so we turn it off here
+        wght = self.wght.values()
+        if not formula.hard and len(self.sels) > 100000 and min(wght) == max(wght):
+            self.minz = False
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """
+            Destructor.
+        """
+
+        self.delete()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """
+            'with' constructor.
+        """
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        """
+            'with' destructor.
+        """
+
+        self.delete()
+
+    def init(self, formula, incr=False):
+        """
+            Initialize the internal SAT oracle. The oracle is used
+            incrementally and so it is initialized only once when
+            constructing an object of class :class:`RC2`. Given an
+            input :class:`.WCNFPlus` formula, the method bootstraps the
+            oracle with its hard clauses. It also augments the soft
+            clauses with "fresh" selectors and adds them to the oracle
+            afterwards.
+
+            Optional input parameter ``incr`` (``False`` by default)
+            regulates whether or not Glucose's incremental mode [7]_
+            is turned on.
+
+            :param formula: input formula
+            :param incr: apply incremental mode of Glucose
+
+            :type formula: :class:`.WCNFPlus`
+            :type incr: bool
+        """
+
+        # creating a solver object
+        self.oracle = Solver(name=self.solver, bootstrap_with=formula.hard,
+                incr=incr, use_timer=True)
+
+        # adding native cardinality constraints (if any) as hard clauses
+        # this can be done only if the Minicard solver is in use
+        # this cannot be done if RC2 is run from the command line
+        if isinstance(formula, WCNFPlus) and formula.atms:
+            # we are using CaDiCaL195 and it can use external linear engine
+            if self.solver in SolverNames.cadical195:
+                self.oracle.activate_atmost()
+
+            assert self.oracle.supports_atmost(), \
+                    '{0} does not support native cardinality constraints. Make sure you use the right type of formula.'.format(self.solver)
+
+            for atm in formula.atms:
+                self.oracle.add_atmost(*atm)
+
+        # adding soft clauses to oracle
+        for i, cl in enumerate(formula.soft):
+            selv = cl[0]  # if clause is unit, selector variable is its literal
+
+            if len(cl) > 1:
+                selv = self.pool.id()
+
+                self.s2cl[selv] = cl[:]
+                cl.append(-selv)
+                self.oracle.add_clause(cl)
+
+            if selv not in self.wght:
+                # record selector and its weight
+                self.sels.append(selv)
+                self.wght[selv] = formula.wght[i]
+                self.smap[selv] = i
+            else:
+                # selector is not new; increment its weight
+                self.wght[selv] += formula.wght[i]
+
+        # storing the set of selectors
+        self.sels_set = set(self.sels)
+        self.sall = self.sels[:]
+
+        # at this point internal and external variables are the same
+        for v in range(1, formula.nv + 1):
+            self.vmap.e2i[v] = v
+            self.vmap.i2e[v] = v
+
+        if self.verbose > 1:
+            print('c formula: {0} vars, {1} hard, {2} soft'.format(formula.nv,
+                len(formula.hard), len(formula.soft)))
+
+    def add_clause(self, clause, weight=None):
+        """
+            The method for adding a new hard of soft clause to the
+            problem formula. Although the input formula is to be
+            specified as an argument of the constructor of
+            :class:`RC2`, adding clauses may be helpful when
+            *enumerating* MaxSAT solutions of the formula. This way,
+            the clauses are added incrementally, i.e. *on the fly*.
+
+            The clause to add can be any iterable over integer
+            literals. The additional integer parameter ``weight`` can
+            be set to meaning the the clause being added is soft
+            having the corresponding weight (note that parameter
+            ``weight`` is set to ``None`` by default meaning that the
+            clause is hard).
+
+            Also note that besides pure clauses, the method can also expect
+            native cardinality constraints represented as a pair ``(lits,
+            bound)``. Only hard cardinality constraints can be added.
+
+            :param clause: a clause to add
+            :param weight: weight of the clause (if any)
+
+            :type clause: iterable(int)
+            :type weight: int
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                >>> from pysat.examples.rc2 import RC2
+                >>> from pysat.formula import WCNF
+                >>>
+                >>> wcnf = WCNF()
+                >>> wcnf.append([-1, -2])  # adding hard clauses
+                >>> wcnf.append([-1, -3])
+                >>>
+                >>> wcnf.append([1], weight=1)  # adding soft clauses
+                >>> wcnf.append([2], weight=1)
+                >>> wcnf.append([3], weight=1)
+                >>>
+                >>> with RC2(wcnf) as rc2:
+                ...     rc2.compute()  # solving the MaxSAT problem
+                [-1, 2, 3]
+                ...     print(rc2.cost)
+                1
+                ...     rc2.add_clause([-2, -3])  # adding one more hard clause
+                ...     rc2.compute()  # computing another model
+                [-1, -2, 3]
+                ...     print(rc2.cost)
+                2
+        """
+
+        # first, map external literals to internal literals
+        # introduce new variables if necessary
+        cl = list(map(lambda l: self._map_extlit(l), clause if not len(clause) == 2 or not type(clause[0]) in (list, tuple, set) else clause[0]))
+
+        if not weight:
+            if not len(clause) == 2 or not type(clause[0]) in (list, tuple, set):
+                # the clause is hard, and so we simply add it to the SAT oracle
+                self.oracle.add_clause(cl)
+            else:
+                # this should be a native cardinality constraint,
+                # which can be used only together with Minicard
+                assert self.oracle.supports_atmost(), \
+                        '{0} does not support native cardinality constraints. Make sure you use the right type of formula.'.format(self.solver)
+
+                self.oracle.add_atmost(cl, clause[1], weights=clause[2] if len(clause) == 3 else [])
+        else:
+            # soft clauses should be augmented with a selector
+            selv = cl[0]  # for a unit clause, no selector is needed
+
+            if len(cl) > 1:
+                selv = self.pool.id()
+
+                self.s2cl[selv] = cl[:]
+                cl.append(-selv)
+                self.oracle.add_clause(cl)
+
+            if selv not in self.wght:
+                # record selector and its weight
+                self.sels.append(selv)
+                self.wght[selv] = weight
+                self.smap[selv] = len(self.sels) - 1
+            else:
+                # selector is not new; increment its weight
+                self.wght[selv] += weight
+
+            self.sall.append(selv)
+            self.sels_set.add(selv)
+
+    def delete(self):
+        """
+            Explicit destructor of the internal SAT oracle and all the
+            totalizer objects creating during the solving process.
+        """
+
+        if self.oracle:
+            if not self.oracle.supports_atmost():  # for minicard-like, there is nothing to free
+                for t in six.itervalues(self.tobj):
+                    t.delete()
+
+            self.oracle.delete()
+            self.oracle = None
+
+    def compute(self):
+        """
+            This method can be used for computing one MaxSAT solution,
+            i.e. for computing an assignment satisfying all hard
+            clauses of the input formula and maximizing the sum of
+            weights of satisfied soft clauses. It is a wrapper for the
+            internal :func:`compute_` method, which does the job,
+            followed by the model extraction.
+
+            Note that the method returns ``None`` if no MaxSAT model
+            exists. The method can be called multiple times, each
+            being followed by blocking the last model. This way one
+            can enumerate top-:math:`k` MaxSAT solutions (this can
+            also be done by calling :meth:`enumerate()`).
+
+            :return: a MaxSAT model
+            :rtype: list(int)
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                >>> from pysat.examples.rc2 import RC2
+                >>> from pysat.formula import WCNF
+                >>>
+                >>> rc2 = RC2(WCNF())  # passing an empty WCNF() formula
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([-1, -2])
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([-1, -3])
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([-2, -3])
+                >>>
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([1], weight=1)
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([2], weight=1)
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([3], weight=1)
+                >>>
+                >>> model = rc2.compute()
+                >>> print(model)
+                [-1, -2, 3]
+                >>> print(rc2.cost)
+                2
+                >>> rc2.delete()
+        """
+
+        # simply apply MaxSAT only once
+        res = self.compute_()
+
+        if res:
+            # extracting a model
+            self.model = self.oracle.get_model()
+
+            if self.model is None and self.pool.top == 0:
+                # we seem to have been given an empty formula
+                # so let's transform the None model returned to []
+                self.model = []
+
+            self.model = filter(lambda l: abs(l) in self.vmap.i2e, self.model)
+            self.model = map(lambda l: int(copysign(self.vmap.i2e[abs(l)], l)), self.model)
+            self.model = sorted(self.model, key=lambda l: abs(l))
+
+            return self.model
+
+    def enumerate(self, block=0):
+        """
+            Enumerate top MaxSAT solutions (from best to worst). The
+            method works as a generator, which iteratively calls
+            :meth:`compute` to compute a MaxSAT model, blocks it
+            internally and returns it.
+
+            An optional parameter can be used to enforce computation of MaxSAT
+            models corresponding to different maximal satisfiable subsets
+            (MSSes) or minimal correction subsets (MCSes). To block MSSes, one
+            should set the ``block`` parameter to ``1``. To block MCSes, set
+            it to ``-1``. By the default (for blocking MaxSAT models),
+            ``block`` is set to ``0``.
+
+            :param block: preferred way to block solutions when enumerating
+            :type block: int
+
+            :return: a MaxSAT model
+            :rtype: list(int)
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                >>> from pysat.examples.rc2 import RC2
+                >>> from pysat.formula import WCNF
+                >>>
+                >>> rc2 = RC2(WCNF())  # passing an empty WCNF() formula
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([-1, -2])  # adding clauses "on the fly"
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([-1, -3])
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([-2, -3])
+                >>>
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([1], weight=1)
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([2], weight=1)
+                >>> rc2.add_clause([3], weight=1)
+                >>>
+                >>> for model in rc2.enumerate():
+                ...     print(model, rc2.cost)
+                [-1, -2, 3] 2
+                [1, -2, -3] 2
+                [-1, 2, -3] 2
+                [-1, -2, -3] 3
+                >>> rc2.delete()
+        """
+
+        done = False
+        while not done:
+            model = self.compute()
+
+            if model != None:
+                if block == 1:
+                    # to block an MSS corresponding to the model, we add
+                    # a clause enforcing at least one of the MSS clauses
+                    # to be falsified next time
+                    m, cl = set(self.oracle.get_model()), []
+
+                    for selv in self.sall:
+                        if selv in m:
+                            # clause is satisfied
+                            cl.append(-selv)
+
+                            # next time we want to falsify one of these
+                            # clauses, i.e. we should encode the negation
+                            # of each of these selectors
+                            if selv in self.s2cl and not selv in self.sneg:
+                                self.sneg.add(selv)
+                                for il in self.s2cl[selv]:
+                                    self.oracle.add_clause([selv, -il])
+
+                    self.oracle.add_clause(cl)
+                elif block == -1:
+                    # a similar (but simpler) piece of code goes here,
+                    # to block the MCS corresponding to the model
+                    # (this blocking is stronger than MSS blocking above)
+                    m = set(self.oracle.get_model())
+                    self.oracle.add_clause([l for l in filter(lambda l: -l in m, self.sall)])
+                else:
+                    # here, we simply block a previous MaxSAT model
+                    self.add_clause([-l for l in model])
+
+                yield model
+            else:
+                done = True
+
+    def compute_(self):
+        """
+            Main core-guided loop, which iteratively calls a SAT
+            oracle, extracts a new unsatisfiable core and processes
+            it. The loop finishes as soon as a satisfiable formula is
+            obtained. If specified in the command line, the method
+            additionally calls :meth:`adapt_am1` to detect and adapt
+            intrinsic AtMost1 constraints before executing the loop.
+
+            :rtype: bool
+        """
+
+        # trying to adapt (simplify) the formula
+        # by detecting and using atmost1 constraints
+        if self.adapt:
+            self.adapt_am1()
+
+        # main solving loop
+        while not self.oracle.solve(assumptions=self.sels + self.sums):
+            self.get_core()
+
+            if not self.core:
+                # core is empty, i.e. hard part is unsatisfiable
+                return False
+
+            self.process_core()
+
+            if self.verbose > 1:
+                print('c cost: {0}; core sz: {1}; soft sz: {2}'.format(self.cost,
+                    len(self.core), len(self.sels) + len(self.sums)))
+
+        return True
+
+    def get_core(self):
+        """
+            Extract unsatisfiable core. The result of the procedure is
+            stored in variable ``self.core``. If necessary, core
+            trimming and also heuristic core reduction is applied
+            depending on the command-line options. A *minimum weight*
+            of the core is computed and stored in ``self.minw``.
+            Finally, the core is divided into two parts:
+
+            1. clause selectors (``self.core_sels``),
+            2. sum assumptions (``self.core_sums``).
+        """
+
+        # extracting the core
+        self.core = self.oracle.get_core()
+
+        if self.core:
+            # try to reduce the core by trimming
+            self.trim_core()
+
+            # and by heuristic minimization
+            self.minimize_core()
+
+            # the core may be empty after core minimization
+            if not self.core:
+                return
+
+            # core weight
+            self.minw = min(map(lambda l: self.wght[l], self.core))
+
+            # dividing the core into two parts
+            iter1, iter2 = itertools.tee(self.core)
+            self.core_sels = list(l for l in iter1 if l in self.sels_set)
+            self.core_sums = list(l for l in iter2 if l not in self.sels_set)
+
+    def process_core(self):
+        """
+            The method deals with a core found previously in
+            :func:`get_core`. Clause selectors ``self.core_sels`` and
+            sum assumptions involved in the core are treated
+            separately of each other. This is handled by calling
+            methods :func:`process_sels` and :func:`process_sums`,
+            respectively. Whenever necessary, both methods relax the
+            core literals, which is followed by creating a new
+            totalizer object encoding the sum of the new relaxation
+            variables. The totalizer object can be "exhausted"
+            depending on the option.
+        """
+
+        # updating the cost
+        self.cost += self.minw
+
+        # assumptions to remove
+        self.garbage = set()
+
+        if len(self.core_sels) != 1 or len(self.core_sums) > 0:
+            # process selectors in the core
+            self.process_sels()
+
+            # process previously introducded sums in the core
+            self.process_sums()
+
+            if len(self.rels) > 1:
+                # create a new cardunality constraint
+                t = self.create_sum()
+
+                # apply core exhaustion if required
+                b = self.exhaust_core(t) if self.exhaust else 1
+
+                if b:
+                    # save the info about this sum and
+                    # add its assumption literal
+                    self.set_bound(t, b, self.minw)
+                else:
+                    # impossible to satisfy any of these clauses
+                    # they must become hard
+                    for relv in self.rels:
+                        self.oracle.add_clause([relv])
+        else:
+            # unit cores are treated differently
+            # (their negation is added to the hard part)
+            self.oracle.add_clause([-self.core_sels[0]])
+            self.garbage.add(self.core_sels[0])
+
+        # remove unnecessary assumptions
+        self.filter_assumps()
+
+    def adapt_am1(self):
+        """
+            Detect and adapt intrinsic AtMost1 constraints. Assume
+            there is a subset of soft clauses
+            :math:`\\mathcal{S}'\\subseteq \\mathcal{S}` s.t.
+            :math:`\\sum_{c\\in\\mathcal{S}'}{c\\leq 1}`, i.e. at most
+            one of the clauses of :math:`\\mathcal{S}'` can be
+            satisfied.
+
+            Each AtMost1 relationship between the soft clauses can be
+            detected in the following way. The method traverses all
+            soft clauses of the formula one by one, sets one
+            respective selector literal to true and checks whether
+            some other soft clauses are forced to be false. This is
+            checked by testing if selectors for other soft clauses are
+            unit-propagated to be false. Note that this method for
+            detection of AtMost1 constraints is *incomplete*, because
+            in general unit propagation does not suffice to test
+            whether or not :math:`\\mathcal{F}\\wedge l_i\\models
+            \\neg{l_j}`.
+
+            Each intrinsic AtMost1 constraint detected this way is
+            handled by calling :func:`process_am1`.
+        """
+
+        # literal connections
+        conns = collections.defaultdict(lambda: set([]))
+        confl = []
+
+        # prepare connections
+        for l1 in self.sels:
+            st, props = self.oracle.propagate(assumptions=[l1], phase_saving=2)
+            if st:
+                for l2 in props:
+                    if -l2 in self.sels_set:
+                        conns[l1].add(-l2)
+                        conns[-l2].add(l1)
+            else:
+                # propagating this literal results in a conflict
+                confl.append(l1)
+
+        if confl:  # filtering out unnecessary connections
+            ccopy = {}
+            confl = set(confl)
+
+            for l in conns:
+                if l not in confl:
+                    cc = conns[l].difference(confl)
+                    if cc:
+                        ccopy[l] = cc
+
+            conns = ccopy
+            confl = list(confl)
+
+            # processing unit size cores
+            for l in confl:
+                self.core, self.minw = [l], self.wght[l]
+                self.core_sels, self.core_sums = [l], []
+                self.process_core()
+
+            if self.verbose > 1:
+                print('c unit cores found: {0}; cost: {1}'.format(len(confl),
+                    self.cost))
+
+        nof_am1 = 0
+        len_am1 = []
+        lits = set(conns.keys())
+        while lits:
+            am1 = [min(lits, key=lambda l: len(conns[l]))]
+
+            for l in sorted(conns[am1[0]], key=lambda l: len(conns[l])):
+                if l in lits:
+                    for l_added in am1[1:]:
+                        if l_added not in conns[l]:
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        am1.append(l)
+
+            # updating remaining lits and connections
+            lits.difference_update(set(am1))
+            for l in conns:
+                conns[l] = conns[l].difference(set(am1))
+
+            if len(am1) > 1:
+                # treat the new atmost1 relation
+                self.process_am1(am1)
+                nof_am1 += 1
+                len_am1.append(len(am1))
+
+        # updating the set of selectors
+        self.sels_set = set(self.sels)
+
+        if self.verbose > 1 and nof_am1:
+            print('c am1s found: {0}; avgsz: {1:.1f}; cost: {2}'.format(nof_am1,
+                sum(len_am1) / float(nof_am1), self.cost))
+
+    def process_am1(self, am1):
+        """
+            Process an AtMost1 relation detected by :func:`adapt_am1`.
+            Note that given a set of soft clauses
+            :math:`\\mathcal{S}'` at most one of which can be
+            satisfied, one can immediately conclude that the formula
+            has cost at least :math:`|\\mathcal{S}'|-1` (assuming
+            *unweighted* MaxSAT). Furthermore, it is safe to replace
+            all clauses of :math:`\\mathcal{S}'` with a single soft
+            clause :math:`\\sum_{c\\in\\mathcal{S}'}{c}`.
+
+            Here, input parameter ``am1`` plays the role of subset
+            :math:`\\mathcal{S}'` mentioned above. The procedure bumps
+            the MaxSAT cost by ``self.minw * (len(am1) - 1)``.
+
+            All soft clauses involved in ``am1`` are replaced by a
+            single soft clause, which is a disjunction of the
+            selectors of clauses in ``am1``. The weight of the new
+            soft clause is set to ``self.minw``.
+
+            :param am1: a list of selectors connected by an AtMost1 constraint
+
+            :type am1: list(int)
+        """
+
+        # assumptions to remove
+        self.garbage = set()
+
+        while len(am1) > 1:
+            # computing am1's weight
+            self.minw = min(map(lambda l: self.wght[l], am1))
+
+            # pretending am1 to be a core, and the bound is its size - 1
+            self.core_sels, b = am1, len(am1) - 1
+
+            # incrementing the cost
+            self.cost += b * self.minw
+
+            # splitting and relaxing if needed
+            self.process_sels()
+
+            # updating the list of literals in am1 after splitting the weights
+            am1 = list(filter(lambda l: l not in self.garbage, am1))
+
+            # new selector
+            selv = self.pool.id()
+
+            # adding a new clause
+            self.oracle.add_clause([-l for l in self.rels] + [-selv])
+
+            # integrating the new selector
+            self.sels.append(selv)
+            self.wght[selv] = self.minw
+            self.smap[selv] = len(self.wght) - 1
+
+        # removing unnecessary assumptions
+        self.filter_assumps()
+
+    def trim_core(self):
+        """
+            This method trims a previously extracted unsatisfiable
+            core at most a given number of times. If a fixed point is
+            reached before that, the method returns.
+        """
+
+        for i in range(self.trim):
+            # call solver with core assumption only
+            # it must return 'unsatisfiable'
+            self.oracle.solve(assumptions=self.core)
+
+            # extract a new core
+            new_core = self.oracle.get_core()
+
+            if len(new_core) == len(self.core):
+                # stop if new core is not better than the previous one
+                break
+
+            # otherwise, update core
+            self.core = new_core
+
+    def minimize_core(self):
+        """
+            Reduce a previously extracted core and compute an
+            over-approximation of an MUS. This is done using the
+            simple deletion-based MUS extraction algorithm.
+
+            The idea is to try to deactivate soft clauses of the
+            unsatisfiable core one by one while checking if the
+            remaining soft clauses together with the hard part of the
+            formula are unsatisfiable. Clauses that are necessary for
+            preserving unsatisfiability comprise an MUS of the input
+            formula (it is contained in the given unsatisfiable core)
+            and are reported as a result of the procedure.
+
+            During this core minimization procedure, all SAT calls are
+            dropped after obtaining 1000 conflicts.
+        """
+
+        if self.minz and len(self.core) > 1:
+            self.core = sorted(self.core, key=lambda l: self.wght[l])
+            self.oracle.conf_budget(1000)
+
+            i = 0
+            while i < len(self.core):
+                to_test = self.core[:i] + self.core[(i + 1):]
+
+                if self.oracle.solve_limited(assumptions=to_test) == False:
+                    self.core = to_test
+                elif self.oracle.get_status() == True:
+                    i += 1
+                else:
+                    break
+
+    def exhaust_core(self, tobj):
+        """
+            Exhaust core by increasing its bound as much as possible.
+            Core exhaustion was originally referred to as *cover
+            optimization* in [6]_.
+
+            Given a totalizer object ``tobj`` representing a sum of
+            some *relaxation* variables :math:`r\\in R` that augment
+            soft clauses :math:`\\mathcal{C}_r`, the idea is to
+            increase the right-hand side of the sum (which is equal to
+            1 by default) as much as possible, reaching a value
+            :math:`k` s.t. formula
+            :math:`\\mathcal{H}\\wedge\\mathcal{C}_r\\wedge(\\sum_{r\\in
+            R}{r\\leq k})` is still unsatisfiable while increasing it
+            further makes the formula satisfiable (here
+            :math:`\\mathcal{H}` denotes the hard part of the
+            formula).
+
+            The rationale is that calling an oracle incrementally on a
+            series of slightly modified formulas focusing only on the
+            recently computed unsatisfiable core and disregarding the
+            rest of the formula may be practically effective.
+        """
+
+        # the first case is simpler
+        if self.oracle.solve(assumptions=[-tobj.rhs[1]]):
+            return 1
+        else:
+            self.cost += self.minw
+
+        for i in range(2, len(self.rels)):
+            # saving the previous bound
+            self.tobj[-tobj.rhs[i - 1]] = tobj
+            self.bnds[-tobj.rhs[i - 1]] = i - 1
+
+            # increasing the bound
+            self.update_sum(-tobj.rhs[i - 1])
+
+            if self.oracle.solve(assumptions=[-tobj.rhs[i]]):
+                # the bound should be equal to i
+                return i
+
+            # the cost should increase further
+            self.cost += self.minw
+
+        return None
+
+    def process_sels(self):
+        """
+            Process soft clause selectors participating in a new core.
+            The negation :math:`\\neg{s}` of each selector literal
+            :math:`s` participating in the unsatisfiable core is added
+            to the list of relaxation literals, which will be later
+            used to create a new totalizer object in
+            :func:`create_sum`.
+
+            If the weight associated with a selector is equal to the
+            minimal weight of the core, e.g. ``self.minw``, the
+            selector is marked as garbage and will be removed in
+            :func:`filter_assumps`. Otherwise, the clause is split as
+            described in [1]_.
+        """
+
+        # new relaxation variables
+        self.rels = []
+
+        for l in self.core_sels:
+            if self.wght[l] == self.minw:
+                # marking variable as being a part of the core
+                # so that next time it is not used as an assump
+                self.garbage.add(l)
+            else:
+                # do not remove this variable from assumps
+                # since it has a remaining non-zero weight
+                self.wght[l] -= self.minw
+
+            # reuse assumption variable as relaxation
+            self.rels.append(-l)
+
+    def process_sums(self):
+        """
+            Process cardinality sums participating in a new core.
+            Whenever necessary, some of the sum assumptions are
+            removed or split (depending on the value of
+            ``self.minw``). Deleted sums are marked as garbage and are
+            dealt with in :func:`filter_assumps`.
+
+            In some cases, the process involves updating the
+            right-hand sides of the existing cardinality sums (see the
+            call to :func:`update_sum`). The overall procedure is
+            detailed in [1]_.
+        """
+
+        for l in self.core_sums:
+            if self.wght[l] == self.minw:
+                # marking variable as being a part of the core
+                # so that next time it is not used as an assump
+                self.garbage.add(l)
+            else:
+                # do not remove this variable from assumps
+                # since it has a remaining non-zero weight
+                self.wght[l] -= self.minw
+
+            # increase bound for the sum
+            t, b = self.update_sum(l)
+
+            # updating bounds and weights
+            if b < len(t.rhs):
+                lnew = -t.rhs[b]
+                if lnew not in self.swgt:
+                    self.set_bound(t, b, self.swgt[l])
+
+            # put this assumption to relaxation vars
+            self.rels.append(-l)
+
+    def create_sum(self, bound=1):
+        """
+            Create a totalizer object encoding a cardinality
+            constraint on the new list of relaxation literals obtained
+            in :func:`process_sels` and :func:`process_sums`. The
+            clauses encoding the sum of the relaxation literals are
+            added to the SAT oracle. The sum of the totalizer object
+            is encoded up to the value of the input parameter
+            ``bound``, which is set to ``1`` by default.
+
+            :param bound: right-hand side for the sum to be created
+            :type bound: int
+
+            :rtype: :class:`.ITotalizer`
+
+            Note that if Minicard is used as a SAT oracle, native
+            cardinality constraints are used instead of
+            :class:`.ITotalizer`.
+        """
+
+        if not self.oracle.supports_atmost():  # standard totalizer-based encoding
+            # new totalizer sum
+            t = ITotalizer(lits=self.rels, ubound=bound, top_id=self.pool.top)
+
+            # updating top variable id
+            self.pool.top = t.top_id
+
+            # adding its clauses to oracle
+            for cl in t.cnf.clauses:
+                self.oracle.add_clause(cl)
+        else:
+            # for minicard, use native cardinality constraints instead of the
+            # standard totalizer, i.e. create a new (empty) totalizer sum and
+            # fill it with the necessary data supported by minicard
+            t = ITotalizer()
+            t.lits = self.rels
+
+            # a new variable will represent the bound
+            bvar = self.pool.id()
+
+            # proper initial bound
+            t.rhs = [None] * (len(t.lits))
+            t.rhs[bound] = bvar
+
+            # new atmostb constraint instrumented with
+            # an implication and represented natively
+            rhs = len(t.lits)
+            amb = [[-bvar] * (rhs - bound) + t.lits, rhs]
+
+            # add constraint to the solver
+            self.oracle.add_atmost(*amb)
+
+        return t
+
+    def update_sum(self, assump):
+        """
+            The method is used to increase the bound for a given
+            totalizer sum. The totalizer object is identified by the
+            input parameter ``assump``, which is an assumption literal
+            associated with the totalizer object.
+
+            The method increases the bound for the totalizer sum,
+            which involves adding the corresponding new clauses to the
+            internal SAT oracle.
+
+            The method returns the totalizer object followed by the
+            new bound obtained.
+
+            :param assump: assumption literal associated with the sum
+            :type assump: int
+
+            :rtype: :class:`.ITotalizer`, int
+
+            Note that if Minicard is used as a SAT oracle, native
+            cardinality constraints are used instead of
+            :class:`.ITotalizer`.
+        """
+
+        # getting a totalizer object corresponding to assumption
+        t = self.tobj[assump]
+
+        # increment the current bound
+        b = self.bnds[assump] + 1
+
+        if not self.oracle.supports_atmost():  # the case of standard totalizer encoding
+            # increasing its bound
+            t.increase(ubound=b, top_id=self.pool.top)
+
+            # updating top variable id
+            self.pool.top = t.top_id
+
+            # adding its clauses to oracle
+            if t.nof_new:
+                for cl in t.cnf.clauses[-t.nof_new:]:
+                    self.oracle.add_clause(cl)
+        else:  # the case of cardinality constraints represented natively
+            # right-hand side is always equal to the number of input literals
+            rhs = len(t.lits)
+
+            if b < rhs:
+                # creating an additional bound
+                if not t.rhs[b]:
+                    t.rhs[b] = self.pool.id()
+
+                # a new at-most-b constraint
+                amb = [[-t.rhs[b]] * (rhs - b) + t.lits, rhs]
+                self.oracle.add_atmost(*amb)
+
+        return t, b
+
+    def set_bound(self, tobj, rhs, weight=None):
+        """
+            Given a totalizer sum, its right-hand side to be enforced, and a
+            weight, the method creates a new sum assumption literal, which
+            will be used in the following SAT oracle calls. If ``weight`` is
+            left unspecified, the current core's weight, i.e. ``self.minw``,
+            is used.
+
+            :param tobj: totalizer sum
+            :param rhs: right-hand side
+            :param weight: numeric weight of the assumption
+
+            :type tobj: :class:`.ITotalizer`
+            :type rhs: int
+            :type weight: int
+        """
+
+        if weight is None:
+            # if no specific weight is provided, use the core's weight
+            weight = self.minw
+
+        # saving the sum and its weight in a mapping
+        self.tobj[-tobj.rhs[rhs]] = tobj
+        self.bnds[-tobj.rhs[rhs]] = rhs
+        self.wght[-tobj.rhs[rhs]] = weight
+        self.swgt[-tobj.rhs[rhs]] = weight
+
+        # adding a new assumption to force the sum to be at most rhs
+        self.sums.append(-tobj.rhs[rhs])
+
+    def filter_assumps(self):
+        """
+            Filter out unnecessary selectors and sums from the list of
+            assumption literals. The corresponding values are also
+            removed from the dictionaries of bounds and weights.
+
+            Note that assumptions marked as garbage are collected in
+            the core processing methods, i.e. in :func:`process_core`,
+            :func:`process_sels`, and :func:`process_sums`.
+        """
+
+        self.sels = list(filter(lambda x: x not in self.garbage, self.sels))
+        self.sums = list(filter(lambda x: x not in self.garbage, self.sums))
+
+        self.bnds = {l: b for l, b in six.iteritems(self.bnds) if l not in self.garbage}
+        self.wght = {l: w for l, w in six.iteritems(self.wght) if l not in self.garbage}
+
+        self.sels_set.difference_update(set(self.garbage))
+
+        self.garbage.clear()
+
+    def oracle_time(self):
+        """
+            Report the total SAT solving time.
+        """
+
+        return self.oracle.time_accum()
+
+    def _map_extlit(self, l):
+        """
+            Map an external variable to an internal one if necessary.
+
+            This method is used when new clauses are added to the
+            formula incrementally, which may result in introducing new
+            variables clashing with the previously used *clause
+            selectors*. The method makes sure no clash occurs, i.e. it
+            maps the original variables used in the new problem
+            clauses to the newly introduced auxiliary variables (see
+            :func:`add_clause`).
+
+            Given an integer literal, a fresh literal is returned. The
+            returned integer has the same sign as the input literal.
+
+            :param l: literal to map
+            :type l: int
+
+            :rtype: int
+        """
+
+        v = abs(l)
+
+        if v in self.vmap.e2i:
+            return int(copysign(self.vmap.e2i[v], l))
+        else:
+            i = self.pool.id()
+
+            self.vmap.e2i[v] = i
+            self.vmap.i2e[i] = v
+
+            return int(copysign(i, l))
+
+
+#
+#==============================================================================
+class RC2Stratified(RC2, object):
+    """
+        RC2 augmented with BLO and stratification techniques. Although
+        class :class:`RC2` can deal with weighted formulas, there are
+        situations when it is necessary to apply additional heuristics
+        to improve the performance of the solver on weighted MaxSAT
+        formulas. This class extends capabilities of :class:`RC2` with
+        two heuristics, namely
+
+        1. Boolean lexicographic optimization (BLO) [5]_
+        2. diversity-based stratification [6]_
+        3. cluster-based stratification
+
+        To specify which heuristics to apply, a user can assign the ``blo``
+        parameter to one of the values (by default it is set to ``'div'``):
+
+        - ``'basic'`` ('BLO' only)
+        - ``div`` ('BLO' + diversity-based stratification)
+        - ``cluster`` ('BLO' + cluster-based stratification)
+        - ``full`` ('BLO' + diversity- + cluster-based stratification)
+
+        Except for the aforementioned additional techniques, every other
+        component of the solver remains as in the base class :class:`RC2`.
+        Therefore, a user is referred to the documentation of :class:`RC2` for
+        details.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, formula, solver='g3', adapt=False, blo='div',
+            exhaust=False, incr=False, minz=False, nohard=False, trim=0,
+            verbose=0):
+        """
+            Constructor.
+        """
+
+        # calling the constructor for the basic version
+        super(RC2Stratified, self).__init__(formula, solver=solver,
+                adapt=adapt, exhaust=exhaust, incr=incr, minz=minz, trim=trim,
+                verbose=verbose)
+
+        self.levl = 0    # initial optimization level
+        self.blop = []   # a list of blo levels
+
+        # BLO strategy
+        assert blo and blo in blomap, 'Unknown BLO strategy'
+        self.bstr = blomap[blo]
+
+        # do clause hardening
+        self.hard = nohard == False
+
+        # backing up selectors
+        self.bckp, self.bckp_set = self.sels, self.sels_set
+        self.sels = []
+
+        # initialize Boolean lexicographic optimization
+        self.init_wstr()
+
+    def init_wstr(self):
+        """
+            Compute and initialize optimization levels for BLO and
+            stratification. This method is invoked once, from the
+            constructor of an object of :class:`RC2Stratified`. Given
+            the weights of the soft clauses, the method divides the
+            MaxSAT problem into several optimization levels.
+        """
+
+        # a mapping for stratified problem solving,
+        # i.e. from a weight to a list of selectors
+        self.wstr = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [])
+
+        for s, w in six.iteritems(self.wght):
+            self.wstr[w].append(s)
+
+        # sorted list of distinct weight levels
+        self.blop = sorted([w for w in self.wstr], reverse=True)
+
+        # diversity parameter for stratification
+        self.sdiv = len(self.blop) / 2.0
+
+        # number of finished levels
+        self.done = 0
+
+    def compute(self):
+        """
+            This method solves the MaxSAT problem iteratively. Each
+            optimization level is tackled the standard way, i.e. by
+            calling :func:`compute_`. A new level is started by
+            calling :func:`next_level` and finished by calling
+            :func:`finish_level`. Each new optimization level
+            activates more soft clauses by invoking
+            :func:`activate_clauses`.
+        """
+
+        if self.done == 0 and self.levl != None:
+            # it is a fresh start of the solver
+            # i.e. no optimization level is finished yet
+
+            # first attempt to get an optimization level
+            self.next_level()
+
+            while self.levl != None and self.done < len(self.blop):
+                # add more clauses
+                self.done = self.activate_clauses(self.done)
+
+                if self.verbose > 1:
+                    print('c wght str:', self.blop[self.levl])
+
+                # call RC2
+                if self.compute_() == False:
+                    return
+
+                # updating the list of distinct weight levels
+                self.blop = sorted([w for w in self.wstr], reverse=True)
+
+                if self.done < len(self.blop):
+                    if self.verbose > 1:
+                        print('c curr opt:', self.cost)
+
+                    # done with this level
+                    if self.hard:
+                        # harden the clauses if necessary
+                        self.finish_level()
+
+                    self.levl += 1
+
+                    # get another level
+                    self.next_level()
+
+                    if self.verbose > 1:
+                        print('c')
+        else:
+            # we seem to be in the model enumeration mode
+            # with the first model being already computed
+            # i.e. all levels are finished and so all clauses are present
+            # thus, we need to simply call RC2 for the next model
+            self.done = -1  # we are done with stratification, disabling it
+            if self.compute_() == False:
+                return
+
+        # extracting a model
+        self.model = self.oracle.get_model()
+
+        if self.model is None and self.pool.top == 0:
+            # we seem to have been given an empty formula
+            # so let's transform the None model returned to []
+            self.model = []
+
+        self.model = filter(lambda l: abs(l) in self.vmap.i2e, self.model)
+        self.model = map(lambda l: int(copysign(self.vmap.i2e[abs(l)], l)), self.model)
+        self.model = sorted(self.model, key=lambda l: abs(l))
+
+        return self.model
+
+    def next_level(self):
+        """
+            Compute the next optimization level (starting from the
+            current one). The procedure represents a loop, each
+            iteration of which checks whether or not one of the
+            conditions holds:
+
+            - partial BLO condition
+            - diversity-based stratification condition
+            - cluster-based stratification condition
+
+            If any of these holds, the loop stops.
+        """
+
+        if self.levl >= len(self.blop):
+            self.levl = None
+            return
+
+        # determining which heuristics to use
+        div_str, clu_str = (self.bstr >> 1) & 1, (self.bstr >> 2) & 1
+
+        # cluster of weights to build (if needed)
+        cluster = [self.levl]
+
+        while self.levl < len(self.blop) - 1:
+            # current weight
+            wght = self.blop[self.levl]
+
+            # number of selectors with weight less than current weight
+            numr = sum([len(self.wstr[w]) for w in self.blop[(self.levl + 1):]])
+
+            # sum of their weights
+            sumr = sum([w * len(self.wstr[w]) for w in self.blop[(self.levl + 1):]])
+
+            # partial BLO
+            if wght > sumr and sumr != 0:
+                break
+
+            # diversity-based stratification
+            if div_str and numr / float(len(self.blop) - self.levl - 1) > self.sdiv:
+                break
+
+            # last resort = cluster-based stratification
+            if clu_str:
+                # is the distance from current weight to the cluster
+                # being built larger than the distance to the mean of
+                # smaller weights?
+                numc = sum([len(self.wstr[self.blop[l]]) for l in cluster])
+                sumc = sum([self.blop[l] * len(self.wstr[self.blop[l]]) for l in cluster])
+
+                if abs(wght - sumc / numc) > abs(wght - sumr / numr):
+                    # remaining weights are too far from the cluster; stop
+                    # here and report the splitting to be last-added weight
+                    self.levl = cluster[-1]
+                    break
+
+                cluster.append(self.levl)
+
+            self.levl += 1
+
+    def activate_clauses(self, beg):
+        """
+            This method is used for activating the clauses that belong
+            to optimization levels up to the newly computed level. It
+            also reactivates previously deactivated clauses (see
+            :func:`process_sels` and :func:`process_sums` for
+            details).
+        """
+
+        end = min(self.levl + 1, len(self.blop))
+
+        for l in range(beg, end):
+            for sel in self.wstr[self.blop[l]]:
+                if sel in self.bckp_set:
+                    self.sels.append(sel)
+                else:
+                    self.sums.append(sel)
+
+        # updating set of selectors
+        self.sels_set = set(self.sels)
+
+        return end
+
+    def finish_level(self):
+        """
+            This method does postprocessing of the current
+            optimization level after it is solved. This includes
+            *hardening* some of the soft clauses (depending on their
+            remaining weights) and also garbage collection.
+        """
+
+        # assumptions to remove
+        self.garbage = set()
+
+        # sum of weights of the remaining levels
+        sumw = sum([w * len(self.wstr[w]) for w in self.blop[(self.levl + 1):]])
+
+        # trying to harden selectors and sums
+        for s in self.sels + self.sums:
+            if self.wght[s] > sumw:
+                self.oracle.add_clause([s])
+                self.garbage.add(s)
+
+        if self.verbose > 1:
+            print('c hardened:', len(self.garbage))
+
+        # remove unnecessary assumptions
+        self.filter_assumps()
+
+    def process_am1(self, am1):
+        """
+            Due to the solving process involving multiple optimization
+            levels to be treated individually, new soft clauses for
+            the detected intrinsic AtMost1 constraints should be
+            remembered. The method is a slightly modified version of
+            the base method :func:`RC2.process_am1` taking care of
+            this.
+        """
+
+        # assumptions to remove
+        self.garbage = set()
+
+        # clauses to deactivate
+        to_deactivate = set([])
+
+        while len(am1) > 1:
+            # computing am1's weight
+            self.minw = min(map(lambda l: self.wght[l], am1))
+
+            # pretending am1 to be a core, and the bound is its size - 1
+            self.core_sels, b = am1, len(am1) - 1
+
+            # incrementing the cost
+            self.cost += b * self.minw
+
+            # splitting and relaxing if needed
+            super(RC2Stratified, self).process_sels()
+
+            # updating the list of literals in am1 after splitting the weights
+            am1 = list(filter(lambda l: l not in self.garbage, am1))
+
+            # new selector
+            selv = self.pool.id()
+
+            # adding a new clause
+            self.oracle.add_clause([-l for l in self.rels] + [-selv])
+
+            # integrating the new selector
+            self.sels.append(selv)
+            self.wght[selv] = self.minw
+            self.smap[selv] = len(self.wght) - 1
+
+            # do not forget this newly selector!
+            self.bckp_set.add(selv)
+
+            if self.done != -1 and self.wght[selv] < self.blop[self.levl]:
+                self.wstr[self.wght[selv]].append(selv)
+                to_deactivate.add(selv)
+
+        # marking all remaining literals with small weights to be deactivated
+        for l in am1:
+            if self.done != -1 and self.wght[l] < self.blop[self.levl]:
+                self.wstr[self.wght[l]].append(l)
+                to_deactivate.add(l)
+
+        # deactivating unnecessary selectors
+        self.sels = list(filter(lambda x: x not in to_deactivate, self.sels))
+
+        # removing unnecessary assumptions
+        self.filter_assumps()
+
+    def process_sels(self):
+        """
+            A redefined version of :func:`RC2.process_sels`. The only
+            modification affects the clauses whose weight after
+            splitting becomes less than the weight of the current
+            optimization level. Such clauses are deactivated and to be
+            reactivated at a later stage.
+        """
+
+        # new relaxation variables
+        self.rels = []
+
+        # selectors that should be deactivated (but not removed completely)
+        to_deactivate = set([])
+
+        for l in self.core_sels:
+            if self.wght[l] == self.minw:
+                # marking variable as being a part of the core
+                # so that next time it is not used as an assump
+                self.garbage.add(l)
+            else:
+                # do not remove this variable from assumps
+                # since it has a remaining non-zero weight
+                self.wght[l] -= self.minw
+
+                # deactivate this assumption and put at a lower level
+                # if self.done != -1, i.e. if stratification is disabled
+                if self.done != -1 and self.wght[l] < self.blop[self.levl]:
+                    self.wstr[self.wght[l]].append(l)
+                    to_deactivate.add(l)
+
+            # reuse assumption variable as relaxation
+            self.rels.append(-l)
+
+        # deactivating unnecessary selectors
+        self.sels = list(filter(lambda x: x not in to_deactivate, self.sels))
+
+    def process_sums(self):
+        """
+            A redefined version of :func:`RC2.process_sums`. The only
+            modification affects the clauses whose weight after
+            splitting becomes less than the weight of the current
+            optimization level. Such clauses are deactivated and to be
+            reactivated at a later stage.
+        """
+
+        # sums that should be deactivated (but not removed completely)
+        to_deactivate = set([])
+
+        for l in self.core_sums:
+            if self.wght[l] == self.minw:
+                # marking variable as being a part of the core
+                # so that next time it is not used as an assump
+                self.garbage.add(l)
+            else:
+                # do not remove this variable from assumps
+                # since it has a remaining non-zero weight
+                self.wght[l] -= self.minw
+
+                # deactivate this assumption and put at a lower level
+                # if self.done != -1, i.e. if stratification is disabled
+                if self.done != -1 and self.wght[l] < self.blop[self.levl]:
+                    self.wstr[self.wght[l]].append(l)
+                    to_deactivate.add(l)
+
+            # increase bound for the sum
+            t, b = self.update_sum(l)
+
+            # updating bounds and weights
+            if b < len(t.rhs):
+                lnew = -t.rhs[b]
+                if lnew not in self.swgt:
+                    self.set_bound(t, b, self.swgt[l])
+
+            # put this assumption to relaxation vars
+            self.rels.append(-l)
+
+        # deactivating unnecessary sums
+        self.sums = list(filter(lambda x: x not in to_deactivate, self.sums))
+
+
+#
+#==============================================================================
+def parse_options():
+    """
+        Parses command-line option
+    """
+
+    try:
+        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ab:c:e:hil:ms:t:vx',
+                ['adapt', 'block=', 'comp=', 'enum=', 'exhaust', 'help',
+                    'incr', 'blo=', 'minimize', 'solver=', 'trim=', 'verbose',
+                    'vnew'])
+    except getopt.GetoptError as err:
+        sys.stderr.write(str(err).capitalize())
+        usage()
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    adapt = False
+    block = 'model'
+    exhaust = False
+    cmode = None
+    to_enum = 1
+    incr = False
+    blo = 'none'
+    minz = False
+    solver = 'g3'
+    trim = 0
+    verbose = 1
+    vnew = False
+
+    for opt, arg in opts:
+        if opt in ('-a', '--adapt'):
+            adapt = True
+        elif opt in ('-b', '--block'):
+            block = str(arg)
+        elif opt in ('-c', '--comp'):
+            cmode = str(arg)
+        elif opt in ('-e', '--enum'):
+            to_enum = str(arg)
+            if to_enum != 'all':
+                to_enum = int(to_enum)
+            else:
+                to_enum = 0
+        elif opt in ('-h', '--help'):
+            usage()
+            sys.exit(0)
+        elif opt in ('-i', '--incr'):
+            incr = True
+        elif opt in ('-l', '--blo'):
+            blo = str(arg)
+        elif opt in ('-m', '--minimize'):
+            minz = True
+        elif opt in ('-s', '--solver'):
+            solver = str(arg)
+        elif opt in ('-t', '--trim'):
+            trim = int(arg)
+        elif opt in ('-v', '--verbose'):
+            verbose += 1
+        elif opt == '--vnew':
+            vnew = True
+        elif opt in ('-x', '--exhaust'):
+            exhaust = True
+        else:
+            assert False, 'Unhandled option: {0} {1}'.format(opt, arg)
+
+    # solution blocking
+    bmap = {'mcs': -1, 'mcses': -1, 'model': 0, 'models': 0, 'mss': 1, 'msses': 1}
+    assert block in bmap, 'Unknown solution blocking'
+    block = bmap[block]
+
+    return adapt, blo, block, cmode, to_enum, exhaust, incr, minz, \
+            solver, trim, verbose, vnew, args
+
+
+#
+#==============================================================================
+def usage():
+    """
+        Prints usage message.
+        """
+
+    print('Usage:', os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]), '[options] dimacs-file')
+    print('Options:')
+    print('        -a, --adapt              Try to adapt (simplify) input formula')
+    print('        -b, --block=<string>     When enumerating MaxSAT models, how to block previous solutions')
+    print('                                 Available values: mcs, model, mss (default = model)')
+    print('        -c, --comp=<string>      Enable one of the MSE18 configurations')
+    print('                                 Available values: a, b, none (default = none)')
+    print('        -e, --enum=<int>         Number of MaxSAT models to compute')
+    print('                                 Available values: [1 .. INT_MAX], all (default = 1)')
+    print('        -h, --help               Show this message')
+    print('        -i, --incr               Use SAT solver incrementally (only for g3 and g4)')
+    print('        -l, --blo=<string>       Use BLO and stratification')
+    print('                                 Available values: basic, div, cluster, none, full (default = none)')
+    print('        -m, --minimize           Use a heuristic unsatisfiable core minimizer')
+    print('        -s, --solver=<string>    SAT solver to use')
+    print('                                 Available values: cd15, cd19, g3, g4, lgl, mcb, mcm, mpl, m22, mc, mgh (default = g3)')
+    print('        -t, --trim=<int>         How many times to trim unsatisfiable cores')
+    print('                                 Available values: [0 .. INT_MAX] (default = 0)')
+    print('        -v, --verbose            Be verbose')
+    print('        --vnew                   Print v-line in the new format')
+    print('        -x, --exhaust            Exhaust new unsatisfiable cores')
+
+
+#
+#==============================================================================
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    adapt, blo, block, cmode, to_enum, exhaust, incr, minz, solver, trim, \
+            verbose, vnew, files = parse_options()
+
+    if files:
+        # parsing the input formula
+        if re.search('\.wcnf[p|+]?(\.(gz|bz2|lzma|xz))?$', files[0]):
+            formula = WCNFPlus(from_file=files[0])
+        else:  # expecting '*.cnf[,p,+].*'
+            formula = CNFPlus(from_file=files[0]).weighted()
+
+        # enabling the competition mode
+        if cmode:
+            assert cmode in ('a', 'b'), 'Wrong MSE18 mode chosen: {0}'.format(cmode)
+            adapt, blo, exhaust, solver, verbose = True, 'div', True, 'g3', 3
+
+            if cmode == 'a':
+                trim = 5 if max(formula.wght) > min(formula.wght) else 0
+                minz = False
+            else:
+                trim, minz = 0, True
+
+            # trying to use unbuffered standard output
+            if sys.version_info.major == 2:
+                sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)
+
+        # deciding whether or not to stratify
+        if blo != 'none' and max(formula.wght) > min(formula.wght):
+            MXS = RC2Stratified
+        else:
+            MXS = RC2
+
+        # starting the solver
+        with MXS(formula, solver=solver, adapt=adapt, exhaust=exhaust,
+                incr=incr, minz=minz, trim=trim, verbose=verbose) as rc2:
+
+            if isinstance(rc2, RC2Stratified):
+                rc2.bstr = blomap[blo]  # select blo strategy
+                if to_enum != 1:
+                    # no clause hardening in case we enumerate multiple models
+                    print('c hardening is disabled for model enumeration')
+                    rc2.hard = False
+
+            optimum_found = False
+            for i, model in enumerate(rc2.enumerate(block=block), 1):
+                optimum_found = True
+
+                if verbose:
+                    if i == 1:
+                        print('s OPTIMUM FOUND')
+                        print('o {0}'.format(rc2.cost))
+
+                    if verbose > 2:
+                        if vnew:  # new format of the v-line
+                            print('v', ''.join(str(int(l > 0)) for l in model))
+                        else:
+                            print('v', ' '.join([str(l) for l in model]))
+
+                if i == to_enum:
+                    break
+            else:
+                # needed for MSE'20
+                if verbose > 2 and vnew and to_enum != 1 and block == 1:
+                    print('v')
+
+            if verbose:
+                if not optimum_found:
+                    print('s UNSATISFIABLE')
+                elif to_enum != 1:
+                    print('c models found:', i)
+
+                if verbose > 1:
+                    print('c oracle time: {0:.4f}'.format(rc2.oracle_time()))