python-pptx2 2.13.0__py3-none-any.whl

pptx2/oxml/xmlchemy.py

@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+"""Base and meta classes enabling declarative definition of custom element classes."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, Protocol, Sequence, Type, cast
+
+from lxml import etree
+from lxml.etree import ElementBase, _Element  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
+
+from pptx2.exc import InvalidXmlError
+from pptx2.oxml import oxml_parser
+from pptx2.oxml.ns import NamespacePrefixedTag, _nsmap, qn  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
+from pptx2.util import lazyproperty
+
+
+class AttributeType(Protocol):
+    """Interface for an object that can act as an attribute type.
+
+    An attribute-type specifies how values are transformed to and from the XML "string" value of the
+    attribute.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_xml(cls, xml_value: str) -> Any:
+        """Transform an attribute value to a Python value."""
+        ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_xml(cls, value: Any) -> str:
+        """Transform a Python value to a str value suitable to this XML attribute."""
+        ...
+
+
+def OxmlElement(nsptag_str: str, nsmap: dict[str, str] | None = None) -> BaseOxmlElement:
+    """Return a "loose" lxml element having the tag specified by `nsptag_str`.
+
+    `nsptag_str` must contain the standard namespace prefix, e.g. 'a:tbl'. The resulting element is
+    an instance of the custom element class for this tag name if one is defined.
+    """
+    nsptag = NamespacePrefixedTag(nsptag_str)
+    nsmap = nsmap if nsmap is not None else nsptag.nsmap
+    return oxml_parser.makeelement(nsptag.clark_name, nsmap=nsmap)
+
+
+def serialize_for_reading(element: ElementBase):
+    """
+    Serialize *element* to human-readable XML suitable for tests. No XML
+    declaration.
+    """
+    xml = etree.tostring(element, encoding="unicode", pretty_print=True)
+    return XmlString(xml)
+
+
+class XmlString(str):
+    """Provides string comparison override suitable for serialized XML; useful for tests."""
+
+    # '    <w:xyz xmlns:a="http://ns/decl/a" attr_name="val">text</w:xyz>'
+    # |          |                                          ||           |
+    # +----------+------------------------------------------++-----------+
+    #  front      attrs                                     | text
+    #                                                     close
+
+    _xml_elm_line_patt = re.compile(r"( *</?[\w:]+)(.*?)(/?>)([^<]*</[\w:]+>)?")
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, str):
+            return False
+        lines = self.splitlines()
+        lines_other = other.splitlines()
+        if len(lines) != len(lines_other):
+            return False
+        for line, line_other in zip(lines, lines_other):
+            if not self._eq_elm_strs(line, line_other):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def _attr_seq(self, attrs: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Return a sequence of attribute strings parsed from *attrs*.
+
+        Each attribute string is stripped of whitespace on both ends.
+        """
+        attrs = attrs.strip()
+        attr_lst = attrs.split()
+        return sorted(attr_lst)
+
+    def _eq_elm_strs(self, line: str, line_2: str) -> bool:
+        """True if the element in `line_2` is XML-equivalent to the element in `line`.
+
+        In particular, the order of attributes in XML is not significant.
+        """
+        front, attrs, close, text = self._parse_line(line)
+        front_2, attrs_2, close_2, text_2 = self._parse_line(line_2)
+        if front != front_2:
+            return False
+        if self._attr_seq(attrs) != self._attr_seq(attrs_2):
+            return False
+        if close != close_2:
+            return False
+        if text != text_2:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _parse_line(self, line: str):
+        """Return front, attrs, close, text 4-tuple result of parsing XML element string `line`."""
+        match = self._xml_elm_line_patt.match(line)
+        if match is None:
+            raise ValueError("`line` does not match pattern for an XML element")
+        front, attrs, close, text = [match.group(n) for n in range(1, 5)]
+        return front, attrs, close, text
+
+
+class MetaOxmlElement(type):
+    """Metaclass for BaseOxmlElement."""
+
+    def __init__(cls, clsname: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], clsdict: dict[str, Any]):
+        dispatchable = (
+            OneAndOnlyOne,
+            OneOrMore,
+            OptionalAttribute,
+            RequiredAttribute,
+            ZeroOrMore,
+            ZeroOrOne,
+            ZeroOrOneChoice,
+        )
+        for key, value in clsdict.items():
+            if isinstance(value, dispatchable):
+                value.populate_class_members(cls, key)
+
+
+class BaseAttribute:
+    """Base class for OptionalAttribute and RequiredAttribute, providing common methods."""
+
+    def __init__(self, attr_name: str, simple_type: type[AttributeType]):
+        self._attr_name = attr_name
+        self._simple_type = simple_type
+
+    def populate_class_members(self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], prop_name: str):
+        """
+        Add the appropriate methods to *element_cls*.
+        """
+        self._element_cls = element_cls
+        self._prop_name = prop_name
+
+        self._add_attr_property()
+
+    def _add_attr_property(self):
+        """Add a read/write `{prop_name}` property to the element class.
+
+        The property returns the interpreted value of this attribute on access and changes the
+        attribute value to its ST_* counterpart on assignment.
+        """
+        property_ = property(self._getter, self._setter, None)
+        # assign unconditionally to overwrite element name definition
+        setattr(self._element_cls, self._prop_name, property_)
+
+    @property
+    def _clark_name(self):
+        if ":" in self._attr_name:
+            return qn(self._attr_name)
+        return self._attr_name
+
+    @property
+    def _getter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement], Any]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "get" side of the attribute property descriptor."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented by each subclass")
+
+    @property
+    def _setter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement, Any], None]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "set" side of the attribute property descriptor."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented by each subclass")
+
+
+class OptionalAttribute(BaseAttribute):
+    """Defines an optional attribute on a custom element class.
+
+    An optional attribute returns a default value when not present for reading. When assigned
+    |None|, the attribute is removed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, attr_name: str, simple_type: type[AttributeType], default: Any = None):
+        super(OptionalAttribute, self).__init__(attr_name, simple_type)
+        self._default = default
+
+    @property
+    def _docstring(self):
+        """
+        Return the string to use as the ``__doc__`` attribute of the property
+        for this attribute.
+        """
+        return (
+            "%s type-converted value of ``%s`` attribute, or |None| (or spec"
+            "ified default value) if not present. Assigning the default valu"
+            "e causes the attribute to be removed from the element."
+            % (self._simple_type.__name__, self._attr_name)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _getter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement], Any]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "get" side of the attribute property descriptor."""
+
+        def get_attr_value(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> Any:
+            attr_str_value = obj.get(self._clark_name)
+            if attr_str_value is None:
+                return self._default
+            return self._simple_type.from_xml(attr_str_value)
+
+        get_attr_value.__doc__ = self._docstring
+        return get_attr_value
+
+    @property
+    def _setter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement, Any], None]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "set" side of the attribute property descriptor."""
+
+        def set_attr_value(obj: BaseOxmlElement, value: Any) -> None:
+            # -- when an XML attribute has a default value, setting it to that default removes the
+            # -- attribute from the element (when it is present)
+            if value == self._default:
+                if self._clark_name in obj.attrib:
+                    del obj.attrib[self._clark_name]
+                return
+            str_value = self._simple_type.to_xml(value)
+            obj.set(self._clark_name, str_value)
+
+        return set_attr_value
+
+
+class RequiredAttribute(BaseAttribute):
+    """Defines a required attribute on a custom element class.
+
+    A required attribute is assumed to be present for reading, so does not have a default value;
+    its actual value is always used. If missing on read, an |InvalidXmlError| is raised. It also
+    does not remove the attribute if |None| is assigned. Assigning |None| raises |TypeError| or
+    |ValueError|, depending on the simple type of the attribute.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _getter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement], Any]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "get" side of the attribute property descriptor."""
+
+        def get_attr_value(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> Any:
+            attr_str_value = obj.get(self._clark_name)
+            if attr_str_value is None:
+                raise InvalidXmlError(
+                    "required '%s' attribute not present on element %s" % (self._attr_name, obj.tag)
+                )
+            return self._simple_type.from_xml(attr_str_value)
+
+        get_attr_value.__doc__ = self._docstring
+        return get_attr_value
+
+    @property
+    def _docstring(self):
+        """
+        Return the string to use as the ``__doc__`` attribute of the property
+        for this attribute.
+        """
+        return "%s type-converted value of ``%s`` attribute." % (
+            self._simple_type.__name__,
+            self._attr_name,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _setter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement, Any], None]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "set" side of the attribute property descriptor."""
+
+        def set_attr_value(obj: BaseOxmlElement, value: Any) -> None:
+            str_value = self._simple_type.to_xml(value)
+            obj.set(self._clark_name, str_value)
+
+        return set_attr_value
+
+
+class _BaseChildElement:
+    """Base class for the child element classes corresponding to varying cardinalities.
+
+    Subclasses include ZeroOrOne and ZeroOrMore.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, nsptagname: str, successors: Sequence[str] = ()):
+        super(_BaseChildElement, self).__init__()
+        self._nsptagname = nsptagname
+        self._successors = successors
+
+    def populate_class_members(self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], prop_name: str):
+        """Baseline behavior for adding the appropriate methods to `element_cls`."""
+        self._element_cls = element_cls
+        self._prop_name = prop_name
+
+    def _add_adder(self):
+        """Add an ``_add_x()`` method to the element class for this child element."""
+
+        def _add_child(obj: BaseOxmlElement, **attrs: Any):
+            new_method = getattr(obj, self._new_method_name)
+            child = new_method()
+            for key, value in attrs.items():
+                setattr(child, key, value)
+            insert_method = getattr(obj, self._insert_method_name)
+            insert_method(child)
+            return child
+
+        _add_child.__doc__ = (
+            "Add a new ``<%s>`` child element unconditionally, inserted in t"
+            "he correct sequence." % self._nsptagname
+        )
+        self._add_to_class(self._add_method_name, _add_child)
+
+    def _add_creator(self):
+        """Add a `_new_{prop_name}()` method to the element class.
+
+        This method creates a new, empty element of the correct type, having no attributes.
+        """
+        creator = self._creator
+        creator.__doc__ = (
+            'Return a "loose", newly created ``<%s>`` element having no attri'
+            "butes, text, or children." % self._nsptagname
+        )
+        self._add_to_class(self._new_method_name, creator)
+
+    def _add_getter(self):
+        """Add a read-only `{prop_name}` property to the parent element class.
+
+        The property locates and returns this child element or `None` if not present.
+        """
+        property_ = property(self._getter, None, None)
+        # assign unconditionally to overwrite element name definition
+        setattr(self._element_cls, self._prop_name, property_)
+
+    def _add_inserter(self):
+        """Add an ``_insert_x()`` method to the element class for this child element."""
+
+        def _insert_child(obj: BaseOxmlElement, child: BaseOxmlElement):
+            obj.insert_element_before(child, *self._successors)
+            return child
+
+        _insert_child.__doc__ = (
+            "Return the passed ``<%s>`` element after inserting it as a chil"
+            "d in the correct sequence." % self._nsptagname
+        )
+        self._add_to_class(self._insert_method_name, _insert_child)
+
+    def _add_list_getter(self):
+        """
+        Add a read-only ``{prop_name}_lst`` property to the element class to
+        retrieve a list of child elements matching this type.
+        """
+        prop_name = f"{self._prop_name}_lst"
+        property_ = property(self._list_getter, None, None)
+        setattr(self._element_cls, prop_name, property_)
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _add_method_name(self):
+        return "_add_%s" % self._prop_name
+
+    def _add_to_class(self, name: str, method: Callable[..., Any]):
+        """Add `method` to the target class as `name`, unless `name` is already defined there."""
+        if hasattr(self._element_cls, name):
+            return
+        setattr(self._element_cls, name, method)
+
+    @property
+    def _creator(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement], BaseOxmlElement]:
+        """Callable that creates a new, empty element of the child type, having no attributes."""
+
+        def new_child_element(obj: BaseOxmlElement):
+            return OxmlElement(self._nsptagname)
+
+        return new_child_element
+
+    @property
+    def _getter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement], BaseOxmlElement | None]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "get" side of the property descriptor.
+
+        This default getter returns the child element with matching tag name or |None| if not
+        present.
+        """
+
+        def get_child_element(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> BaseOxmlElement | None:
+            return obj.find(qn(self._nsptagname))
+
+        get_child_element.__doc__ = (
+            "``<%s>`` child element or |None| if not present." % self._nsptagname
+        )
+        return get_child_element
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _insert_method_name(self):
+        return "_insert_%s" % self._prop_name
+
+    @property
+    def _list_getter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement], list[BaseOxmlElement]]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "get" side of a list property descriptor."""
+
+        def get_child_element_list(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> list[BaseOxmlElement]:
+            return cast("list[BaseOxmlElement]", obj.findall(qn(self._nsptagname)))
+
+        get_child_element_list.__doc__ = (
+            "A list containing each of the ``<%s>`` child elements, in the o"
+            "rder they appear." % self._nsptagname
+        )
+        return get_child_element_list
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _remove_method_name(self):
+        return "_remove_%s" % self._prop_name
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _new_method_name(self):
+        return "_new_%s" % self._prop_name
+
+
+class Choice(_BaseChildElement):
+    """Defines a child element belonging to a group, only one of which may appear as a child."""
+
+    @property
+    def nsptagname(self):
+        return self._nsptagname
+
+    def populate_class_members(  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleMethodOverride]
+        self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], group_prop_name: str, successors: Sequence[str]
+    ):
+        """Add the appropriate methods to `element_cls`."""
+        self._element_cls = element_cls
+        self._group_prop_name = group_prop_name
+        self._successors = successors
+
+        self._add_getter()
+        self._add_creator()
+        self._add_inserter()
+        self._add_adder()
+        self._add_get_or_change_to_method()
+
+    def _add_get_or_change_to_method(self) -> None:
+        """Add a `get_or_change_to_x()` method to the element class for this child element."""
+
+        def get_or_change_to_child(obj: BaseOxmlElement):
+            child = getattr(obj, self._prop_name)
+            if child is not None:
+                return child
+            remove_group_method = getattr(obj, self._remove_group_method_name)
+            remove_group_method()
+            add_method = getattr(obj, self._add_method_name)
+            child = add_method()
+            return child
+
+        get_or_change_to_child.__doc__ = (
+            "Return the ``<%s>`` child, replacing any other group element if" " found."
+        ) % self._nsptagname
+        self._add_to_class(self._get_or_change_to_method_name, get_or_change_to_child)
+
+    @property
+    def _prop_name(self):
+        """
+        Calculate property name from tag name, e.g. a:schemeClr -> schemeClr.
+        """
+        if ":" in self._nsptagname:
+            start = self._nsptagname.index(":") + 1
+        else:
+            start = 0
+        return self._nsptagname[start:]
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _get_or_change_to_method_name(self):
+        return "get_or_change_to_%s" % self._prop_name
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _remove_group_method_name(self):
+        return "_remove_%s" % self._group_prop_name
+
+
+class OneAndOnlyOne(_BaseChildElement):
+    """Defines a required child element for MetaOxmlElement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, nsptagname: str):
+        super(OneAndOnlyOne, self).__init__(nsptagname, ())
+
+    def populate_class_members(self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], prop_name: str):
+        """
+        Add the appropriate methods to *element_cls*.
+        """
+        super(OneAndOnlyOne, self).populate_class_members(element_cls, prop_name)
+        self._add_getter()
+
+    @property
+    def _getter(self) -> Callable[[BaseOxmlElement], BaseOxmlElement]:
+        """Callable suitable for the "get" side of the property descriptor."""
+
+        def get_child_element(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> BaseOxmlElement:
+            child = obj.find(qn(self._nsptagname))
+            if child is None:
+                raise InvalidXmlError(
+                    "required ``<%s>`` child element not present" % self._nsptagname
+                )
+            return child
+
+        get_child_element.__doc__ = "Required ``<%s>`` child element." % self._nsptagname
+        return get_child_element
+
+
+class OneOrMore(_BaseChildElement):
+    """Defines a repeating child element for MetaOxmlElement that must appear at least once."""
+
+    def populate_class_members(self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], prop_name: str):
+        """Add the appropriate methods to *element_cls*."""
+        super(OneOrMore, self).populate_class_members(element_cls, prop_name)
+        self._add_list_getter()
+        self._add_creator()
+        self._add_inserter()
+        self._add_adder()
+        self._add_public_adder()
+        delattr(element_cls, prop_name)
+
+    def _add_public_adder(self) -> None:
+        """Add a public `.add_x()` method to the parent element class."""
+
+        def add_child(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> BaseOxmlElement:
+            private_add_method = getattr(obj, self._add_method_name)
+            child = private_add_method()
+            return child
+
+        add_child.__doc__ = (
+            "Add a new ``<%s>`` child element unconditionally, inserted in t"
+            "he correct sequence." % self._nsptagname
+        )
+        self._add_to_class(self._public_add_method_name, add_child)
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _public_add_method_name(self):
+        """
+        add_childElement() is public API for a repeating element, allowing
+        new elements to be added to the sequence. May be overridden to
+        provide a friendlier API to clients having domain appropriate
+        parameter names for required attributes.
+        """
+        return "add_%s" % self._prop_name
+
+
+class ZeroOrMore(_BaseChildElement):
+    """
+    Defines an optional repeating child element for MetaOxmlElement.
+    """
+
+    def populate_class_members(self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], prop_name: str):
+        """
+        Add the appropriate methods to *element_cls*.
+        """
+        super(ZeroOrMore, self).populate_class_members(element_cls, prop_name)
+        self._add_list_getter()
+        self._add_creator()
+        self._add_inserter()
+        self._add_adder()
+        delattr(element_cls, prop_name)
+
+
+class ZeroOrOne(_BaseChildElement):
+    """Defines an optional child element for MetaOxmlElement."""
+
+    def populate_class_members(self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], prop_name: str):
+        """Add the appropriate methods to `element_cls`."""
+        super(ZeroOrOne, self).populate_class_members(element_cls, prop_name)
+        self._add_getter()
+        self._add_creator()
+        self._add_inserter()
+        self._add_adder()
+        self._add_get_or_adder()
+        self._add_remover()
+
+    def _add_get_or_adder(self):
+        """Add a `.get_or_add_x()` method to the element class for this child element."""
+
+        def get_or_add_child(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> BaseOxmlElement:
+            child = getattr(obj, self._prop_name)
+            if child is None:
+                add_method = getattr(obj, self._add_method_name)
+                child = add_method()
+            return child
+
+        get_or_add_child.__doc__ = (
+            "Return the ``<%s>`` child element, newly added if not present."
+        ) % self._nsptagname
+        self._add_to_class(self._get_or_add_method_name, get_or_add_child)
+
+    def _add_remover(self):
+        """Add a `._remove_x()` method to the element class for this child element."""
+
+        def _remove_child(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> None:
+            obj.remove_all(self._nsptagname)
+
+        _remove_child.__doc__ = f"Remove all `{self._nsptagname}` child elements."
+        self._add_to_class(self._remove_method_name, _remove_child)
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _get_or_add_method_name(self):
+        return "get_or_add_%s" % self._prop_name
+
+
+class ZeroOrOneChoice(_BaseChildElement):
+    """An `EG_*` element group where at most one of its members may appear as a child."""
+
+    def __init__(self, choices: Iterable[Choice], successors: Iterable[str] = ()):
+        self._choices = tuple(choices)
+        self._successors = tuple(successors)
+
+    def populate_class_members(self, element_cls: Type[BaseOxmlElement], prop_name: str):
+        """Add the appropriate methods to `element_cls`."""
+        super(ZeroOrOneChoice, self).populate_class_members(element_cls, prop_name)
+        self._add_choice_getter()
+        for choice in self._choices:
+            choice.populate_class_members(element_cls, self._prop_name, self._successors)
+        self._add_group_remover()
+
+    def _add_choice_getter(self):
+        """Add a read-only `.{prop_name}` property to the element class.
+
+        The property returns the present member of this group, or |None| if none are present.
+        """
+        property_ = property(self._choice_getter, None, None)
+        # assign unconditionally to overwrite element name definition
+        setattr(self._element_cls, self._prop_name, property_)
+
+    def _add_group_remover(self):
+        """Add a `._remove_eg_x()` method to the element class for this choice group."""
+
+        def _remove_choice_group(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> None:
+            for tagname in self._member_nsptagnames:
+                obj.remove_all(tagname)
+
+        _remove_choice_group.__doc__ = "Remove the current choice group child element if present."
+        self._add_to_class(self._remove_choice_group_method_name, _remove_choice_group)
+
+    @property
+    def _choice_getter(self):
+        """
+        Return a function object suitable for the "get" side of the property
+        descriptor.
+        """
+
+        def get_group_member_element(obj: BaseOxmlElement) -> BaseOxmlElement | None:
+            return cast(
+                "BaseOxmlElement | None", obj.first_child_found_in(*self._member_nsptagnames)
+            )
+
+        get_group_member_element.__doc__ = (
+            "Return the child element belonging to this element group, or "
+            "|None| if no member child is present."
+        )
+        return get_group_member_element
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _member_nsptagnames(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Sequence of namespace-prefixed tagnames, one for each member element of choice group."""
+        return [choice.nsptagname for choice in self._choices]
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def _remove_choice_group_method_name(self):
+        """Function-name for choice remover."""
+        return f"_remove_{self._prop_name}"
+
+
+# -- lxml typing isn't quite right here, just ignore this error on _Element --
+class BaseOxmlElement(etree.ElementBase, metaclass=MetaOxmlElement):
+    """Effective base class for all custom element classes.
+
+    Adds standardized behavior to all classes in one place.
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s '<%s>' at 0x%0x>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self._nsptag,
+            id(self),
+        )
+
+    def first_child_found_in(self, *tagnames: str) -> _Element | None:
+        """First child with tag in `tagnames`, or None if not found."""
+        for tagname in tagnames:
+            child = self.find(qn(tagname))
+            if child is not None:
+                return child
+        return None
+
+    def insert_element_before(self, elm: ElementBase, *tagnames: str):
+        successor = self.first_child_found_in(*tagnames)
+        if successor is not None:
+            successor.addprevious(elm)
+        else:
+            self.append(elm)
+        return elm
+
+    def remove_all(self, *tagnames: str) -> None:
+        """Remove child elements with tagname (e.g. "a:p") in `tagnames`."""
+        for tagname in tagnames:
+            matching = self.findall(qn(tagname))
+            for child in matching:
+                self.remove(child)
+
+    @property
+    def xml(self) -> str:
+        """XML string for this element, suitable for testing purposes.
+
+        Pretty printed for readability and without an XML declaration at the top.
+        """
+        return serialize_for_reading(self)
+
+    def xpath(self, xpath_str: str) -> Any:  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleMethodOverride]
+        """Override of `lxml` _Element.xpath() method.
+
+        Provides standard Open XML namespace mapping (`nsmap`) in centralized location.
+        """
+        return super().xpath(xpath_str, namespaces=_nsmap)
+
+    @property
+    def _nsptag(self) -> str:
+        return NamespacePrefixedTag.from_clark_name(self.tag)