pyqrack-cpu 1.75.0__py3-none-win_amd64.whl

pyqrack/qrack_simulator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4533 @@
+# (C) Daniel Strano and the Qrack contributors 2017-2025. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file or at https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT.
+
+import copy
+import ctypes
+import math
+import os
+import re
+from .qrack_system import Qrack
+from .pauli import Pauli
+
+_IS_QISKIT_AVAILABLE = True
+try:
+    from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit
+    from qiskit.compiler import transpile
+    from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford import Clifford
+except ImportError:
+    _IS_QISKIT_AVAILABLE = False
+
+try:
+    from qiskit import qasm3
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+_IS_NUMPY_AVAILABLE = True
+try:
+    import numpy as np
+except:
+    _IS_NUMPY_AVAILABLE = False
+
+
+class QrackSimulator:
+    """Interface for all the Qrack functionality.
+
+    Attributes:
+        sid(int): Corresponding simulator id.
+    """
+
+    def _get_error(self):
+        return Qrack.qrack_lib.get_error(self.sid)
+
+    def _throw_if_error(self):
+        if self._get_error() != 0:
+            raise RuntimeError("QrackSimulator C++ library raised exception.")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        qubitCount=-1,
+        cloneSid=-1,
+        isTensorNetwork=True,
+        isSchmidtDecomposeMulti=False,
+        isSchmidtDecompose=True,
+        isStabilizerHybrid=False,
+        isBinaryDecisionTree=False,
+        isPaged=True,
+        isCpuGpuHybrid=True,
+        isOpenCL=True,
+        isHostPointer=(
+            True if os.environ.get("PYQRACK_HOST_POINTER_DEFAULT_ON") else False
+        ),
+        isSparse=False,
+        noise=0,
+        pyzxCircuit=None,
+        qiskitCircuit=None,
+    ):
+        self.sid = None
+
+        if pyzxCircuit is not None:
+            qubitCount = pyzxCircuit.qubits
+        elif qiskitCircuit is not None and qubitCount < 0:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Must specify qubitCount with qiskitCircuit parameter in QrackSimulator constructor!"
+            )
+
+        if qubitCount > -1 and cloneSid > -1:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Cannot clone a QrackSimulator and specify its qubit length at the same time, in QrackSimulator constructor!"
+            )
+
+        self.is_tensor_network = isTensorNetwork
+        self.is_pure_stabilizer = False
+
+        if cloneSid > -1:
+            self.sid = Qrack.qrack_lib.init_clone(cloneSid)
+        else:
+            if qubitCount < 0:
+                qubitCount = 0
+
+            self.sid = Qrack.qrack_lib.init_count_type(
+                qubitCount,
+                isTensorNetwork,
+                isSchmidtDecomposeMulti,
+                isSchmidtDecompose,
+                isStabilizerHybrid,
+                isBinaryDecisionTree,
+                isPaged,
+                (noise > 0),
+                isCpuGpuHybrid,
+                isOpenCL,
+                isHostPointer,
+                isSparse
+            )
+
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+        if noise > 0:
+            self.set_noise_parameter(noise)
+
+        if pyzxCircuit is not None:
+            self.run_pyzx_gates(pyzxCircuit.gates)
+        elif qiskitCircuit is not None:
+            self.run_qiskit_circuit(qiskitCircuit)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if self.sid is not None:
+            Qrack.qrack_lib.destroy(self.sid)
+            self.sid = None
+
+    def _int_byref(self, a):
+        return (ctypes.c_int * len(a))(*a)
+
+    def _ulonglong_byref(self, a):
+        return (ctypes.c_ulonglong * len(a))(*a)
+
+    def _longlong_byref(self, a):
+        return (ctypes.c_longlong * len(a))(*a)
+
+    def _double_byref(self, a):
+        return (ctypes.c_double * len(a))(*a)
+
+    def _complex_byref(self, a):
+        t = [(c.real, c.imag) for c in a]
+        return self._double_byref([float(item) for sublist in t for item in sublist])
+
+    def _real1_byref(self, a):
+        # This needs to be c_double, if PyQrack is built with fp64.
+        if Qrack.fppow < 6:
+            return (ctypes.c_float * len(a))(*a)
+        return (ctypes.c_double * len(a))(*a)
+
+    def _bool_byref(self, a):
+        return (ctypes.c_bool * len(a))(*a)
+
+    def _qrack_complex_byref(self, a):
+        t = [(c.real, c.imag) for c in a]
+        return self._real1_byref([float(item) for sublist in t for item in sublist])
+
+    def _to_ubyte(self, nv, v):
+        c = math.floor((nv - 1) / 8) + 1
+        b = (ctypes.c_ubyte * (c * (1 << nv)))()
+        n = 0
+        for u in v:
+            for _ in range(c):
+                b[n] = u & 0xFF
+                u >>= 8
+                n += 1
+
+        return b
+
+    def _to_ulonglong(self, m, v):
+        b = (ctypes.c_ulonglong * (m * len(v)))()
+        n = 0
+        for u in v:
+            for _ in range(m):
+                b[n] = u & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+                u >>= 64
+                n += 1
+
+        return b
+
+    # See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5389507/iterating-over-every-two-elements-in-a-list#answer-30426000
+    def _pairwise(self, it):
+        it = iter(it)
+        while True:
+            try:
+                yield next(it), next(it)
+            except StopIteration:
+                # no more elements in the iterator
+                return
+
+    # non-quantum
+    def seed(self, s):
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.seed(self.sid, s)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_concurrency(self, p):
+        """Set the CPU parallel thread count"""
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.set_concurrency(self.sid, p)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_device(self, d):
+        """Set the GPU device ID"""
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.set_device(self.sid, d)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_device_list(self, d):
+        """Set the GPU device ID"""
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.set_device_list(self.sid, len(d), self._longlong_byref(d))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def clone(self):
+        return QrackSimulator(cloneSid=self.sid)
+
+    # standard gates
+
+    ## single-qubits gates
+    def x(self, q):
+        """Applies X gate.
+
+        Applies the Pauli “X” operator to the qubit at position “q.”
+        The Pauli “X” operator is equivalent to a logical “NOT.”
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.X(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def y(self, q):
+        """Applies Y gate.
+
+        Applies the Pauli “Y” operator to the qubit at “q.”
+        The Pauli “Y” operator is equivalent to a logical “NOT" with
+        permutation phase.
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Y(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def z(self, q):
+        """Applies Z gate.
+
+        Applies the Pauli “Z” operator to the qubit at “q.”
+        The Pauli “Z” operator flips the phase of `|1>`
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Z(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def h(self, q):
+        """Applies H gate.
+
+        Applies the Hadarmard operator to the qubit at “q.”
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.H(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def s(self, q):
+        """Applies S gate.
+
+        Applies the 1/4 phase rotation to the qubit at “q.”
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.S(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def t(self, q):
+        """Applies T gate.
+
+        Applies the 1/8 phase rotation to the qubit at “q.”
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.T(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def adjs(self, q):
+        """Adjoint of S gate
+
+        Applies the gate equivalent to the inverse of S gate.
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.AdjS(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def adjt(self, q):
+        """Adjoint of T gate
+
+        Applies the gate equivalent to the inverse of T gate.
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.AdjT(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def u(self, q, th, ph, la):
+        """General unitary gate.
+
+        Applies a gate guaranteed to be unitary.
+        Spans all possible single bit unitary gates.
+
+        `U(theta, phi, lambda) = RZ(phi + pi/2)RX(theta)RZ(lambda - pi/2)`
+
+        Args:
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+            th: theta
+            ph: phi
+            la: lambda
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.U(
+            self.sid, q, ctypes.c_double(th), ctypes.c_double(ph), ctypes.c_double(la)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mtrx(self, m, q):
+        """Operation from matrix.
+
+        Applies arbitrary operation defined by the given matrix.
+
+        Args:
+            m: row-major complex list representing the operator.
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: 2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.mtrx() must contain at least 4 elements.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(m) < 4:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.mtrx() must contain at least 4 elements."
+            )
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Mtrx(self.sid, self._complex_byref(m), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def r(self, b, ph, q):
+        """Rotation gate.
+
+        Rotate the qubit along the given pauli basis by the given angle.
+
+
+        Args:
+            b: Pauli basis
+            ph: rotation angle
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.R(self.sid, ctypes.c_ulonglong(b), ctypes.c_double(ph), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def exp(self, b, ph, q):
+        """Arbitrary exponentiation
+
+        `exp(b, theta) = e^{i*theta*[b_0 . b_1 ...]}`
+        where `.` is the tensor product.
+
+
+        Args:
+            b: Pauli basis
+            ph: coefficient of exponentiation
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(b) != len(q):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Exp(
+            self.sid,
+            len(b),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(b),
+            ctypes.c_double(ph),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    ## multi-qubit gates
+    def mcx(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled X gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the target qubit is flipped.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCX(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcy(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled Y gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the Pauli "Y" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCY(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcz(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled Z gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the Pauli "Z" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCZ(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mch(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled H gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the Hadarmard gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCH(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcs(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled S gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the "S" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCS(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mct(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled T gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the "T" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCT(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcadjs(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled adjs gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the adjs gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCAdjS(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcadjt(self, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled adjt gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the adjt gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCAdjT(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcu(self, c, q, th, ph, la):
+        """Multi-controlled arbitraty unitary
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the unitary gate described by
+        parameters is applied to the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+            th: theta
+            ph: phi
+            la: lambda
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCU(
+            self.sid,
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            q,
+            ctypes.c_double(th),
+            ctypes.c_double(ph),
+            ctypes.c_double(la),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcmtrx(self, c, m, q):
+        """Multi-controlled arbitrary operator
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the arbitrary operation by
+        parameters is applied to the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits
+            m: row-major complex list representing the operator.
+            q: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: 2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.mcmtrx() must contain at least 4 elements.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(m) < 4:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.mcmtrx() must contain at least 4 elements."
+            )
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCMtrx(
+            self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), self._complex_byref(m), q
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macx(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled X gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the target qubit is flipped.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACX(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macy(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled Y gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the Pauli "Y" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACY(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macz(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled Z gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the Pauli "Z" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACZ(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mach(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled H gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the Hadarmard gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACH(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macs(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled S gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the "S" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACS(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mact(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled T gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the "T" gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACT(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macadjs(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled adjs gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the adjs gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACAdjS(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macadjt(self, c, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled adjt gate
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the adjt gate is applied to
+        the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACAdjT(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macu(self, c, q, th, ph, la):
+        """Anti multi-controlled arbitraty unitary
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the unitary gate described by
+        parameters is applied to the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: target qubit.
+            th: theta
+            ph: phi
+            la: lambda
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACU(
+            self.sid,
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            q,
+            ctypes.c_double(th),
+            ctypes.c_double(ph),
+            ctypes.c_double(la),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def macmtrx(self, c, m, q):
+        """Anti multi-controlled arbitraty operator
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|0>` then the arbitrary operation by
+        parameters is applied to the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            m: row-major complex matrix which defines the operator.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: 2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.macmtrx() must contain at least 4 elements.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(m) < 4:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.macmtrx() must contain at least 4 elements."
+            )
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MACMtrx(
+            self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), self._complex_byref(m), q
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def ucmtrx(self, c, m, q, p):
+        """Multi-controlled arbitrary operator with arbitrary controls
+
+        If all control qubits match 'p' permutation by bit order, then the arbitrary
+        operation by parameters is applied to the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of control qubits
+            m: row-major complex list representing the operator.
+            q: target qubit
+            p: permutation of list of control qubits
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: 2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.ucmtrx() must contain at least 4 elements.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(m) < 4:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "2x2 matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.ucmtrx() must contain at least 4 elements."
+            )
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.UCMtrx(
+            self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), self._complex_byref(m), q, p
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def multiplex1_mtrx(self, c, q, m):
+        """Multiplex gate
+
+        A multiplex gate with a single target and an arbitrary number of
+        controls.
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            m: row-major complex matrix which defines the operator.
+            q: target qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: Multiplex matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.multiplex1_mtrx() must contain at least 4 elements.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(m) < ((1 << len(c)) * 4):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Multiplex matrix 'm' in QrackSimulator.multiplex1_mtrx() must contain at least (4 * 2 ** len(c)) elements."
+            )
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Multiplex1Mtrx(
+            self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), q, self._complex_byref(m)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mx(self, q):
+        """Multi X-gate
+
+        Applies the Pauli “X” operator on all qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubits to apply X on.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MX(self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def my(self, q):
+        """Multi Y-gate
+
+        Applies the Pauli “Y” operator on all qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubits to apply Y on.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MY(self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mz(self, q):
+        """Multi Z-gate
+
+        Applies the Pauli “Z” operator on all qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubits to apply Z on.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MZ(self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcr(self, b, ph, c, q):
+        """Multi-controlled arbitrary rotation.
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the arbitrary rotation by
+        parameters is applied to the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            b: Pauli basis
+            ph: coefficient of exponentiation.
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCR(
+            self.sid,
+            ctypes.c_ulonglong(b),
+            ctypes.c_double(ph),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            q,
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcexp(self, b, ph, cs, q):
+        """Multi-controlled arbitrary exponentiation
+
+        If all controlled qubits are `|1>` then the target qubit is
+        exponentiated an pauli basis basis with coefficient.
+
+        Args:
+            b: Pauli basis
+            ph: coefficient of exponentiation.
+            q: the qubit number on which the gate is applied to.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(b) != len(q):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCExp(
+            self.sid,
+            len(b),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(b),
+            ctypes.c_double(ph),
+            len(cs),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(cs),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def swap(self, qi1, qi2):
+        """Swap Gate
+
+        Swaps the qubits at two given positions.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: First position of qubit.
+            qi2: Second position of qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SWAP(self.sid, qi1, qi2)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def iswap(self, qi1, qi2):
+        """Swap Gate with phase.
+
+        Swaps the qubits at two given positions.
+        If the bits are different then there is additional phase of `i`.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: First position of qubit.
+            qi2: Second position of qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ISWAP(self.sid, qi1, qi2)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def adjiswap(self, qi1, qi2):
+        """Swap Gate with phase.
+
+        Swaps the qubits at two given positions.
+        If the bits are different then there is additional phase of `-i`.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: First position of qubit.
+            qi2: Second position of qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.AdjISWAP(self.sid, qi1, qi2)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def fsim(self, th, ph, qi1, qi2):
+        """Fsim gate.
+
+        The 2-qubit “fSim” gate
+        Useful in the simulation of particles with fermionic statistics
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: First position of qubit.
+            qi2: Second position of qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.FSim(
+            self.sid, ctypes.c_double(th), ctypes.c_double(ph), qi1, qi2
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def cswap(self, c, qi1, qi2):
+        """Controlled-swap Gate
+
+        Swaps the qubits at two given positions if the control qubits are `|1>`
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            qi1: First position of qubit.
+            qi2: Second position of qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.CSWAP(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), qi1, qi2)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def acswap(self, c, qi1, qi2):
+        """Anti controlled-swap Gate
+
+        Swaps the qubits at two given positions if the control qubits are `|0>`
+
+        Args:
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            qi1: First position of qubit.
+            qi2: Second position of qubit.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ACSWAP(self.sid, len(c), self._ulonglong_byref(c), qi1, qi2)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    # standard operations
+    def m(self, q):
+        """Measurement gate
+
+        Measures the qubit at "q" and returns Boolean value.
+        This operator is not unitary & is probabilistic in nature.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit to measure
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement result.
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.M(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def force_m(self, q, r):
+        """Force-Measurement gate
+
+        Acts as if the measurement is applied and the result obtained is `r`
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit to measure
+            r: the required result
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement result.
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.ForceM(self.sid, q, r)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def m_all(self):
+        """Measure-all gate
+
+        Measures measures all qubits.
+        This operator is not unitary & is probabilistic in nature.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement result of all qubits.
+        """
+        num_q = self.num_qubits()
+        num_words = (num_q + 63) // 64
+        _r = (ctypes.c_ulonglong * num_words)()
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MAllLong(self.sid, _r)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        r = 0
+        for w in range(num_words):
+            r <<= 64
+            r |= _r[w]
+        return r
+
+    def measure_pauli(self, b, q):
+        """Pauli Measurement gate
+
+        Measures the qubit at "q" with the given pauli basis.
+        This operator is not unitary & is probabilistic in nature.
+
+        Args:
+            b: Pauli basis
+            q: qubit to measure
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement result.
+        """
+        if len(b) != len(q):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.Measure(
+            self.sid, len(b), self._int_byref(b), self._ulonglong_byref(q)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def measure_shots(self, q, s):
+        """Multi-shot measurement operator
+
+        Measures the qubit at "q" with the given pauli basis.
+        This operator is not unitary & is probabilistic in nature.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubits to measure
+            s: number of shots
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            list of measurement result.
+        """
+        m = self._ulonglong_byref([0] * s)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MeasureShots(self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), s, m)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return [m[i] for i in range(s)]
+
+    def reset_all(self):
+        """Reset gate
+
+        Resets all qubits to `|0>`
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ResetAll(self.sid)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    # arithmetic-logic-unit (ALU)
+    def _split_longs(self, a):
+        """Split operation
+
+        Splits the given integer into 64 bit numbers.
+
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to split
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            list of split numbers.
+        """
+        aParts = []
+        if a == 0:
+            aParts.append(0)
+        while a > 0:
+            aParts.append(a & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
+            a = a >> 64
+        return aParts
+
+    def _split_longs_2(self, a, m):
+        """Split simultanoues operation
+
+        Splits 2 integers into same number of 64 bit numbers.
+
+        Args:
+            a: first number to split
+            m: second number to split
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            pair of lists of split numbers.
+        """
+        aParts = []
+        mParts = []
+        if a == 0 and m == 0:
+            aParts.append(0)
+            mParts.append(0)
+        while a > 0 or m > 0:
+            aParts.append(a & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
+            a = a >> 64
+            mParts.append(m & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
+            m = m >> 64
+        return aParts, mParts
+
+    def add(self, a, q):
+        """Add integer to qubit
+
+        Adds the given integer to the given set of qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            a: first number to split
+            q: list of qubits to add the number
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ADD(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def sub(self, a, q):
+        """Subtract integer to qubit
+
+        Subtracts the given integer to the given set of qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            a: first number to split
+            q: list of qubits to subtract the number
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SUB(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def adds(self, a, s, q):
+        """Signed Addition integer to qubit
+
+        Signed Addition of the given integer to the given set of qubits,
+        if there is an overflow the resultant will become negative.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to add
+            s: qubit to store overflow
+            q: list of qubits to add the number
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ADDS(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            s,
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def subs(self, a, s, q):
+        """Subtract integer to qubit
+
+        Subtracts the given integer to the given set of qubits,
+        if there is an overflow the resultant will become negative.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to subtract
+            s: qubit to store overflow
+            q: list of qubits to subtract the number
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SUBS(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            s,
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mul(self, a, q, o):
+        """Multiplies integer to qubit
+
+        Multiplies the given integer to the given set of qubits.
+        Carry register is required for maintaining the unitary nature of
+        operation and must be as long as the input qubit register.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to multiply
+            q: list of qubits to multiply the number
+            o: carry register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mul()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mul()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot mul()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MUL(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def div(self, a, q, o):
+        """Divides qubit by integer
+
+        'Divides' the given qubits by the integer.
+        (This is rather the adjoint of mul().)
+        Carry register is required for maintaining the unitary nature of
+        operation.
+
+        Args:
+            a: integer to divide by
+            q: qubits to divide
+            o: carry register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot div()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot div()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot div()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.DIV(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def muln(self, a, m, q, o):
+        """Modulo Multiplication
+
+        Modulo Multiplication of the given integer to the given set of qubits
+        Out-of-place register is required to store the resultant.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to multiply
+            m: modulo number
+            q: list of qubits to multiply the number
+            o: carry register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts, mParts = self._split_longs_2(a, m)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MULN(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(mParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def divn(self, a, m, q, o):
+        """Modulo Division
+
+        'Modulo Division' of the given set of qubits by the given integer
+        (This is rather the adjoint of muln().)
+        Out-of-place register is required to retrieve the resultant.
+
+        Args:
+            a: integer by which qubit will be divided
+            m: modulo integer
+            q: qubits to divide
+            o: carry register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts, mParts = self._split_longs_2(a, m)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.DIVN(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(mParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def pown(self, a, m, q, o):
+        """Modulo Power
+
+        Raises the qubit to the power `a` to which `mod m` is applied to.
+        Out-of-place register is required to store the resultant.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number in power
+            m: modulo number
+            q: list of qubits to exponentiate
+            o: out-of-place register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot pown()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot pown()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot pown()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts, mParts = self._split_longs_2(a, m)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.POWN(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(mParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcadd(self, a, c, q):
+        """Controlled-add
+
+        Adds the given integer to the given set of qubits if all controlled
+        qubits are `|1>`.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to add.
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: list of qubits to add the number
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCADD(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcsub(self, a, c, q):
+        """Controlled-subtract
+
+        Subtracts the given integer to the given set of qubits if all controlled
+        qubits are `|1>`.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to subtract.
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: list of qubits to add the number
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCSUB(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcmul(self, a, c, q, o):
+        """Controlled-multiply
+
+        Multiplies the given integer to the given set of qubits if all controlled
+        qubits are `|1>`.
+        Carry register is required for maintaining the unitary nature of
+        operation.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to multiply
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: list of qubits to add the number
+            o: carry register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mcmul()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mcmul()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot mcmul()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCMUL(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcdiv(self, a, c, q, o):
+        """Controlled-divide.
+
+        'Divides' the given qubits by the integer if all controlled
+        qubits are `|1>`.
+        (This is rather the adjoint of mcmul().)
+        Carry register is required for maintaining the unitary nature of
+        operation.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to divide by
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            q: qubits to divide
+            o: carry register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mcdiv()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mcdiv()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot mcdiv()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts = self._split_longs(a)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCDIV(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcmuln(self, a, c, m, q, o):
+        """Controlled-modulo multiplication
+
+        Modulo multiplication of the given integer to the given set of qubits
+        if all controlled qubits are `|1>`.
+        Out-of-place register is required to store the resultant.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to multiply
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            m: modulo number
+            q: list of qubits to add the number
+            o: out-of-place output register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts, mParts = self._split_longs_2(a, m)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCMULN(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(mParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcdivn(self, a, c, m, q, o):
+        """Controlled-divide.
+
+        Modulo division of the given qubits by the given number if all
+        controlled qubits are `|1>`.
+        (This is rather the adjoint of mcmuln().)
+        Out-of-place register is required to retrieve the resultant.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number to divide by
+            c: list of controlled qubits.
+            m: modulo number
+            q: qubits to divide
+            o: carry register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts, mParts = self._split_longs_2(a, m)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCDIVN(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(mParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def mcpown(self, a, c, m, q, o):
+        """Controlled-modulo Power
+
+        Raises the qubit to the power `a` to which `mod m` is applied to if
+        all the controlled qubits are set to `|1>`.
+        Out-of-place register is required to store the resultant.
+
+        Args:
+            a: number in power
+            c: control qubits
+            m: modulo number
+            q: list of qubits to exponentiate
+            o: out-of-place register
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mcpown()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot mcpown()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot mcpown()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        if len(q) != len(o):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        aParts, mParts = self._split_longs_2(a, m)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.MCPOWN(
+            self.sid,
+            len(aParts),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(aParts),
+            len(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(c),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(mParts),
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(o),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def lda(self, qi, qv, t):
+        """Load Accumalator
+
+        Quantum counterpart for LDA from MOS-6502 assembly. `t` must be of
+        the length `2 ** len(qi)`. It loads each list entry index of t into
+        the qi register and each list entry value into the qv register.
+
+        Args:
+            qi: qubit register for index
+            qv: qubit register for value
+            t: list of values
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot lda()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot lda()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot lda()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.LDA(
+            self.sid,
+            len(qi),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(qi),
+            len(qv),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(qv),
+            self._to_ubyte(len(qv), t),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def adc(self, s, qi, qv, t):
+        """Add with Carry
+
+        Quantum counterpart for ADC from MOS-6502 assembly. `t` must be of
+        the length `2 ** len(qi)`.
+
+        Args:
+            qi: qubit register for index
+            qv: qubit register for value
+            t: list of values
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot adc()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot adc()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot adc()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ADC(
+            self.sid,
+            s,
+            len(qi),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(qi),
+            len(qv),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(qv),
+            self._to_ubyte(len(qv), t),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def sbc(self, s, qi, qv, t):
+        """Subtract with Carry
+
+        Quantum counterpart for SBC from MOS-6502 assembly. `t` must be of
+        the length `2 ** len(qi)`
+
+        Args:
+            qi: qubit register for index
+            qv: qubit register for value
+            t: list of values
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot sbc()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot sbc()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot sbc()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SBC(
+            self.sid,
+            s,
+            len(qi),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(qi),
+            len(qv),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(qv),
+            self._to_ubyte(len(qv), t),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def hash(self, q, t):
+        """Hash function
+
+        Replicates the behaviour of LDA without the index register.
+        For the operation to be unitary, the entries present in `t` must be
+        unique, and the length of `t` must be `2 ** len(qi)`.
+
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit register for value
+            t: list of values
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot hash()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot hash()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot hash()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Hash(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._to_ubyte(len(q), t)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    # boolean logic gates
+    def qand(self, qi1, qi2, qo):
+        """Logical AND
+
+        Logical AND of 2 qubits whose result is stored in the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.AND(self.sid, qi1, qi2, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def qor(self, qi1, qi2, qo):
+        """Logical OR
+
+        Logical OR of 2 qubits whose result is stored in the target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.OR(self.sid, qi1, qi2, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def qxor(self, qi1, qi2, qo):
+        """Logical XOR
+
+        Logical exlusive-OR of 2 qubits whose result is stored in the target
+        qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.XOR(self.sid, qi1, qi2, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def qnand(self, qi1, qi2, qo):
+        """Logical NAND
+
+        Logical NAND of 2 qubits whose result is stored in the target
+        qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.NAND(self.sid, qi1, qi2, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def qnor(self, qi1, qi2, qo):
+        """Logical NOR
+
+        Logical NOR of 2 qubits whose result is stored in the target
+        qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.NOR(self.sid, qi1, qi2, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def qxnor(self, qi1, qi2, qo):
+        """Logical XOR
+
+        Logical exlusive-NOR of 2 qubits whose result is stored in the target
+        qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.XNOR(self.sid, qi1, qi2, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def cland(self, ci, qi, qo):
+        """Classical AND
+
+        Logical AND with one qubit and one classical bit whose result is
+        stored in target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.CLAND(self.sid, ci, qi, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def clor(self, ci, qi, qo):
+        """Classical OR
+
+        Logical OR with one qubit and one classical bit whose result is
+        stored in target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.CLOR(self.sid, ci, qi, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def clxor(self, ci, qi, qo):
+        """Classical XOR
+
+        Logical exlusive-OR with one qubit and one classical bit whose result is
+        stored in target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.CLXOR(self.sid, ci, qi, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def clnand(self, ci, qi, qo):
+        """Classical NAND
+
+        Logical NAND with one qubit and one classical bit whose result is
+        stored in target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.CLNAND(self.sid, ci, qi, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def clnor(self, ci, qi, qo):
+        """Classical NOR
+
+        Logical NOR with one qubit and one classical bit whose result is
+        stored in target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.CLNOR(self.sid, ci, qi, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def clxnor(self, ci, qi, qo):
+        """Classical XNOR
+
+        Logical exlusive-NOR with one qubit and one classical bit whose result is
+        stored in target qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit 1
+            qi2: qubit 2
+            qo: target qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.CLXNOR(self.sid, ci, qi, qo)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    # Particular Quantum Circuits
+
+    ## fourier transform
+    def qft(self, qs):
+        """Quantum Fourier Transform
+
+        Applies Quantum Fourier Transform on the list of qubits provided.
+
+        Args:
+            qs: list of qubits
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.QFT(self.sid, len(qs), self._ulonglong_byref(qs))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def iqft(self, qs):
+        """Inverse-quantum Fourier Transform
+
+        Applies Inverse-quantum Fourier Transform on the list of qubits
+        provided.
+
+        Args:
+            qs: list of qubits
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.IQFT(self.sid, len(qs), self._ulonglong_byref(qs))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    # pseudo-quantum
+
+    ## allocate and release
+    def allocate_qubit(self, qid):
+        """Allocate Qubit
+
+        Allocate 1 new qubit with the given qubit ID.
+
+        Args:
+            qid: qubit id
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.allocateQubit(self.sid, qid)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def release(self, q):
+        """Release Qubit
+
+        Release qubit given by the given qubit ID.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit id
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            If the qubit was in `|0>` state with small tolerance.
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.release(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def num_qubits(self):
+        """Get Qubit count
+
+        Returns the qubit count of the simulator.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit id
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Qubit count of the simulator
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.num_qubits(self.sid)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    ## schmidt decomposition
+    def compose(self, other, q):
+        """Compose qubits
+
+        Compose quantum description of given qubit with the current system.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit id
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot compose()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot compose()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Compose(self.sid, other.sid, self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def decompose(self, q):
+        """Decompose system
+
+        Factorize a set of contiguous bits with minimal fidelity loss.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit id
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot decompose()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+
+        Returns:
+            Decomposed subsystem simulator.
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot decompose()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+
+        other = QrackSimulator()
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.destroy(other.sid)
+        l = len(q)
+        other.sid = Qrack.qrack_lib.Decompose(self.sid, l, self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return other
+
+    def dispose(self, q):
+        """Dispose qubits
+
+        Factorize a set of contiguous bits with minimal fidelity loss,
+        and discard the separable bits.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot dispose()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot dispose()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+
+        l = len(q)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Dispose(self.sid, l, self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    ## miscellaneous
+    def dump_ids(self):
+        """Dump all IDs
+
+        Dump all IDs from the selected simulator ID into the callback.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of ids
+        """
+        global ids_list
+        global ids_list_index
+        ids_list = [0] * self.num_qubits()
+        ids_list_index = 0
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.DumpIds(self.sid, self.dump_ids_callback)
+        return ids_list
+
+    @ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(None, ctypes.c_ulonglong)
+    def dump_ids_callback(i):
+        """C callback function"""
+        global ids_list
+        global ids_list_index
+        ids_list[ids_list_index] = i
+        ids_list_index = ids_list_index + 1
+
+    def dump(self):
+        """Dump state vector
+
+        Dump state vector from the selected simulator ID into the callback.
+
+        Returns:
+            State vector list
+        """
+        global state_vec_list
+        global state_vec_list_index
+        global state_vec_probability
+        state_vec_list = [complex(0, 0)] * (1 << self.num_qubits())
+        state_vec_list_index = 0
+        state_vec_probability = 0
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Dump(self.sid, self.dump_callback)
+        return state_vec_list
+
+    @ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_bool, ctypes.c_double, ctypes.c_double)
+    def dump_callback(r, i):
+        """C callback function"""
+        global state_vec_list
+        global state_vec_list_index
+        global state_vec_probability
+        state_vec_list[state_vec_list_index] = complex(r, i)
+        state_vec_list_index = state_vec_list_index + 1
+        state_vec_probability = state_vec_probability + (r * r) + (i * i)
+        if (1.0 - state_vec_probability) <= (7.0 / 3 - 4.0 / 3 - 1):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def in_ket(self, ket):
+        """Set state vector
+
+        Set state vector for the selected simulator ID.
+        Warning: State vector is not always the internal representation leading
+        to sub-optimal performance of the method.
+
+        Args:
+            ket: the state vector to which simulator will be set
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.InKet(self.sid, self._qrack_complex_byref(ket))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def out_ket(self):
+        """Get state vector
+
+        Returns the raw state vector of the simulator.
+        Warning: State vector is not always the internal representation leading
+        to sub-optimal performance of the method.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            list representing the state vector.
+        """
+        amp_count = 1 << self.num_qubits()
+        ket = self._qrack_complex_byref([complex(0, 0)] * amp_count)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.OutKet(self.sid, ket)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return [complex(r, i) for r, i in self._pairwise(ket)]
+
+    def out_probs(self):
+        """Get basis dimension probabilities
+
+        Returns the probabilities of each basis dimension in the state vector
+        of the simulator.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            list representing the basis dimension probabilities.
+        """
+        prob_count = 1 << self.num_qubits()
+        probs = self._real1_byref([0.0] * prob_count)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.OutProbs(self.sid, probs)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return list(probs)
+
+    def out_rdm(self, q):
+        """Get reduced density matrix
+
+        Returns the raw reduced density matrix of the simulator, for the qubit list.
+        Warning: State vector or is not always the internal representation leading
+        to sub-optimal performance of the method.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            flat list structure representing the reduced density matrix.
+        """
+        amp_count = 1 << len(q)
+        sqr_amp_count = amp_count * amp_count
+        flat_rdm = self._qrack_complex_byref([complex(0, 0)] * sqr_amp_count)
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.OutReducedDensityMatrix(self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), flat_rdm)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return [complex(r, i) for r, i in self._pairwise(flat_rdm)]
+
+    def highest_prob_perm(self):
+        """Get the permutation (bit string) with the highest probability
+
+        Returns the single highest-probability bit string in the Hilbert space
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Highest probability dimension index
+        """
+        num_q = self.num_qubits()
+        num_words = (num_q + 63) // 64
+        _r = (ctypes.c_ulonglong * num_words)()
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.HighestProbAll(self.sid, _r)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        r = 0
+        for w in range(num_words):
+            r <<= 64
+            r |= _r[w]
+        return r
+
+    def highest_n_prob_perm(self, n):
+        """Get the top n permutations (bit strings) with the highest probability
+
+        Returns the top n highest-probability bit strings in the Hilbert space
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Top n highest probability dimension indices
+        """
+        num_q = self.num_qubits()
+        num_words = (num_q + 63) // 64
+        _r = (ctypes.c_ulonglong * (num_words * n))()
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.HighestProbAllN(self.sid, n, _r)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        r = [0] * n
+        for i in range(n):
+            r[i] = 0
+            for w in range(num_words):
+                r[i] <<= 64
+                r[i] |= _r[(i * num_words) + w]
+        return r
+
+    def prob_all(self, q):
+        """Probabilities of all subset permutations
+
+        Get the probabilities of all permutations of the subset.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubit ids
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            list representing the state vector.
+        """
+        probs = self._real1_byref([0.0] * (1 << len(q)))
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ProbAll(self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), probs)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return list(probs)
+
+    def prob(self, q):
+        """Probability of `|1>`
+
+        Get the probability that a qubit is in the `|1>` state.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit id
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            probability of qubit being in `|1>`
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.Prob(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def prob_rdm(self, q):
+        """Probability of `|1>`, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the probability that a qubit is in the `|1>` state.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubit id
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            probability of qubit being in `|1>`
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.ProbRdm(self.sid, q)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def prob_perm(self, q, c):
+        """Probability of permutation
+
+        Get the probability that the qubit IDs in "q" have the truth values
+        in "c", directly corresponding by list index.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubit ids
+            c: list of qubit truth values bools
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            probability that each qubit in "q[i]" has corresponding truth
+            value in "c[i]", at once
+        """
+
+        if len(q) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError("prob_perm argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.PermutationProb(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._bool_byref(c)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def prob_perm_rdm(self, q, c, r=True):
+        """Probability of permutation, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the probability that the qubit IDs in "q" have the truth
+        values in "c", directly corresponding by list index.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubit ids
+            c: list of qubit truth values bools
+            r: round Rz gates down from T^(1/2)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            probability that each qubit in "q[i]" has corresponding truth
+            value in "c[i]", at once
+        """
+
+        if len(q) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError("prob_perm argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.PermutationProbRdm(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._bool_byref(c), r
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def permutation_expectation(self, q):
+        """Permutation expectation value
+
+        Get the permutation expectation value, based upon the order of
+        input qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.PermutationExpectation(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def permutation_expectation_rdm(self, q, r=True):
+        """Permutation expectation value, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the permutation expectation value, based upon the order of
+        input qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            r: round Rz gates down from T^(1/2)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.PermutationExpectationRdm(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), r
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_expectation(self, q, c):
+        """Factorized expectation value
+
+        Get the factorized expectation value, where each entry
+        in "c" is an expectation value for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError("factorized_expectation argument lengths do not match.")
+        m = max([(x.bit_length() + 63) // 64 for x in c])
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedExpectation(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), m, self._to_ulonglong(m, c)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_expectation_rdm(self, q, c, r=True):
+        """Factorized expectation value, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the factorized expectation value, where each entry
+        in "c" is an expectation value for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+            r: round Rz gates down from T^(1/2)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "factorized_expectation_rdm argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        m = max([(x.bit_length() + 63) // 64 for x in c])
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedExpectationRdm(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), m, self._to_ulonglong(m, c), r
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_expectation_fp(self, q, c):
+        """Factorized expectation value (floating-point)
+
+        Get the factorized expectation value, where each entry
+        in "c" is an expectation value for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "factorized_expectation_rdm argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedExpectationFp(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._real1_byref(c)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_expectation_fp_rdm(self, q, c, r=True):
+        """Factorized expectation value, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the factorized expectation value, where each entry
+        in "c" is an expectation value for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+            r: round Rz gates down from T^(1/2)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "factorized_expectation_fp_rdm argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedExpectationFpRdm(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._real1_byref(c), r
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def unitary_expectation(self, q, b):
+        """3-parameter unitary tensor product expectation value
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        expectation value for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: 3-parameter, single-qubit, unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (3 * len(q)) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError("unitary_expectation argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.UnitaryExpectation(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._real1_byref(b)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def matrix_expectation(self, q, b):
+        """Single-qubit operator tensor product expectation value
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        expectation value for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: single-qubit (2x2) operator unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 2) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError("matrix_expectation argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.MatrixExpectation(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._complex_byref(b)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def unitary_expectation_eigenval(self, q, b, e):
+        """3-parameter unitary tensor product expectation value
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        expectation value for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: 3-parameter, single-qubit, unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (3 * len(q)) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "unitary_expectation_eigenval qubit and basis argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(e):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "unitary_expectation_eigenval qubit and eigenvalue argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.UnitaryExpectationEigenVal(
+            self.sid,
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._real1_byref(b),
+            self._real1_byref(e),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def matrix_expectation_eigenval(self, q, b, e):
+        """Single-qubit operator tensor product expectation value
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        expectation value for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: single-qubit (2x2) operator unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 2) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "matrix_expectation_eigenval qubit and basis argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(e):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "matrix_expectation_eigenval qubit and eigenvalue argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.MatrixExpectationEigenVal(
+            self.sid,
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._complex_byref(b),
+            self._real1_byref(e),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def pauli_expectation(self, q, b):
+        """Pauli tensor product expectation value
+
+        Get the Pauli tensor product expectation value,
+        where each entry in "b" is a Pauli observable for
+        corresponding "q", as the product for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: qubit Pauli bases
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Expectation value
+        """
+        if len(q) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError("pauli_expectation argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.PauliExpectation(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._ulonglong_byref(b)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def variance(self, q):
+        """Variance of probabilities of all subset permutations
+
+        Get the overall variance of probabilities of all
+        permutations of the subset.
+
+        Args:
+            q: list of qubit ids
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            float variance
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.Variance(self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def variance_rdm(self, q, r=True):
+        """Permutation variance, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the permutation variance, based upon the order of
+        input qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            r: round Rz gates down from T^(1/2)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.VarianceRdm(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), r
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_variance(self, q, c):
+        """Factorized variance
+
+        Get the factorized variance, where each entry
+        in "c" is an variance for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError("factorized_variance argument lengths do not match.")
+        m = max([(x.bit_length() + 63) // 64 for x in c])
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedVariance(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), m, self._to_ulonglong(m, c)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_variance_rdm(self, q, c, r=True):
+        """Factorized variance, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the factorized variance, where each entry
+        in "c" is an variance for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+            r: round Rz gates down from T^(1/2)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError("factorized_variance_rdm argument lengths do not match.")
+        m = max([(x.bit_length() + 63) // 64 for x in c])
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedVarianceRdm(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), m, self._to_ulonglong(m, c), r
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_variance_fp(self, q, c):
+        """Factorized variance (floating-point)
+
+        Get the factorized variance, where each entry
+        in "c" is an variance for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError("factorized_variance_rdm argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedVarianceFp(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._real1_byref(c)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def factorized_variance_fp_rdm(self, q, c, r=True):
+        """Factorized variance, (tracing out the reduced
+        density matrix without stabilizer ancillary qubits)
+
+        Get the factorized variance, where each entry
+        in "c" is an variance for corresponding "q"
+        being false, then true, repeated for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            c: qubit falsey/truthy values, from low to high
+            r: round Rz gates down from T^(1/2)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(c):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "factorized_variance_fp_rdm argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.FactorizedVarianceFpRdm(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._real1_byref(c), r
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def unitary_variance(self, q, b):
+        """3-parameter unitary tensor product variance
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        variance for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: 3-parameter, single-qubit, unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (3 * len(q)) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError("unitary_variance argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.UnitaryVariance(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._real1_byref(b)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def matrix_variance(self, q, b):
+        """Single-qubit operator tensor product variance
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        variance for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: single-qubit (2x2) operator unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 2) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError("matrix_variance argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.MatrixVariance(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._complex_byref(b)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def unitary_variance_eigenval(self, q, b, e):
+        """3-parameter unitary tensor product variance
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        variance for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: 3-parameter, single-qubit, unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (3 * len(q)) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "unitary_variance_eigenval qubit and basis argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(e):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "unitary_variance_eigenval qubit and eigenvalue argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.UnitaryVarianceEigenVal(
+            self.sid,
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._real1_byref(b),
+            self._real1_byref(e),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def matrix_variance_eigenval(self, q, b, e):
+        """Single-qubit operator tensor product variance
+
+        Get the single-qubit (3-parameter) operator
+        variance for the array of qubits and bases.
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: single-qubit (2x2) operator unitary bases (flat over wires)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if (len(q) << 2) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "matrix_variance_eigenval qubit and basis argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        if (len(q) << 1) != len(e):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "matrix_variance_eigenval qubit and eigenvalue argument lengths do not match."
+            )
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.MatrixVarianceEigenVal(
+            self.sid,
+            len(q),
+            self._ulonglong_byref(q),
+            self._complex_byref(b),
+            self._real1_byref(e),
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def pauli_variance(self, q, b):
+        """Pauli tensor product variance
+
+        Get the Pauli tensor product variance,
+        where each entry in "b" is a Pauli observable for
+        corresponding "q", as the product for each in "q".
+
+        Args:
+            q: qubits, from low to high
+            b: qubit Pauli bases
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            variance
+        """
+        if len(q) != len(b):
+            raise RuntimeError("pauli_variance argument lengths do not match.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.PauliVariance(
+            self.sid, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q), self._ulonglong_byref(b)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def joint_ensemble_probability(self, b, q):
+        """Ensemble probability
+
+        Find the joint probability for all specified qubits under the
+        respective Pauli basis transformations.
+
+        Args:
+            b: pauli basis
+            q: specified qubits
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Variance
+        """
+        if len(b) != len(q):
+            raise RuntimeError("Lengths of list parameters are mismatched.")
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.JointEnsembleProbability(
+            self.sid, len(b), self._ulonglong_byref(b), q
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def phase_parity(self, la, q):
+        """Phase to odd parity
+
+        Applies `e^(i*la)` phase factor to all combinations of bits with
+        odd parity, based upon permutations of qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            la: phase
+            q: specified qubits
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot phase_parity()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot phase_parity()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot phase_parity()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.PhaseParity(
+            self.sid, ctypes.c_double(la), len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q)
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def phase_root_n(self, n, q):
+        """Phase to root n
+
+        Applies `-2 * math.pi / (2**N)` phase rotation to each qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            n: Phase root
+            q: specified qubits
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot phase_root_n()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)
+        """
+        if self.is_tensor_network:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackSimulator with isTensorNetwork=True option cannot phase_root_n()! (Turn off just this option, in the constructor.)"
+            )
+        if self.is_pure_stabilizer:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "QrackStabilizer cannot phase_root_n()! (Create a QrackSimulator instead, also with isTensorNetwork=False.)"
+            )
+
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.PhaseRootN(self.sid, n, len(q), self._ulonglong_byref(q))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def try_separate_1qb(self, qi1):
+        """Manual seperation
+
+        Exposes manual control for schmidt decomposition which attempts to
+        decompose the qubit with possible performance improvement
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: qubit to be decomposed
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            State of the qubit.
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.TrySeparate1Qb(self.sid, qi1)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def try_separate_2qb(self, qi1, qi2):
+        """Manual two-qubits seperation
+
+        two-qubits counterpart of `try_separate_1qb`.
+
+        Args:
+            qi1: first qubit to be decomposed
+            qi2: second qubit to be decomposed
+
+        Raises:
+            Runtimeerror: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            State of both the qubits.
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.TrySeparate2Qb(self.sid, qi1, qi2)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def try_separate_tolerance(self, qs, t):
+        """Manual multi-qubits seperation
+
+        Multi-qubits counterpart of `try_separate_1qb`.
+
+        Args:
+            qs: list of qubits to be decomposed
+            t: allowed tolerance
+
+        Raises:
+            Runtimeerror: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            State of all the qubits.
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.TrySeparateTol(
+            self.sid, len(qs), self._ulonglong_byref(qs), t
+        )
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def separate(self, qs):
+        """Force manual multi-qubits seperation
+
+        Force separation as per `try_separate_tolerance`.
+
+        Args:
+            qs: list of qubits to be decomposed
+
+        Raises:
+            Runtimeerror: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.Separate(self.sid, len(qs), self._ulonglong_byref(qs))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def get_unitary_fidelity(self):
+        """Get fidelity estimate
+
+        When using "Schmidt decomposition rounding parameter" ("SDRP")
+        approximate simulation, QrackSimulator() can make an excellent
+        estimate of its overall fidelity at any time, tested against a
+        nearest-neighbor variant of quantum volume circuits.
+
+        Resetting the fidelity calculation to 1.0 happens automatically
+        when calling `mall` are can be done manually with
+        `reset_unitary_fidelity()`.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+
+        Returns:
+            Fidelity estimate
+        """
+        result = Qrack.qrack_lib.GetUnitaryFidelity(self.sid)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+        return result
+
+    def reset_unitary_fidelity(self):
+        """Reset fidelity estimate
+
+        When using "Schmidt decomposition rounding parameter" ("SDRP")
+        approximate simulation, QrackSimulator() can make an excellent
+        estimate of its overall fidelity at any time, tested against a
+        nearest-neighbor variant of quantum volume circuits.
+
+        Resetting the fidelity calculation to 1.0 happens automatically
+        when calling `m_all` or can be done manually with
+        `reset_unitary_fidelity()`.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.ResetUnitaryFidelity(self.sid)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_sdrp(self, sdrp):
+        """Set "Schmidt decomposition rounding parameter"
+
+        When using "Schmidt decomposition rounding parameter" ("SDRP")
+        approximate simulation, QrackSimulator() can make an excellent
+        estimate of its overall fidelity at any time, tested against a
+        nearest-neighbor variant of quantum volume circuits.
+
+        Resetting the fidelity calculation to 1.0 happens automatically
+        when calling `m_all` or can be done manually with
+        `reset_unitary_fidelity()`.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SetSdrp(self.sid, sdrp)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_ncrp(self, ncrp):
+        """Set "Near-Clifford rounding parameter"
+
+        When using "near-Clifford rounding parameter" ("NCRP")
+        approximate simulation, QrackSimulator() can make an excellent
+        estimate of its overall fidelity after measurement, tested against
+        a nearest-neighbor variant of quantum volume circuits.
+
+        Resetting the fidelity calculation to 1.0 happens automatically
+        when calling `m_all` or can be done manually with
+        `reset_unitary_fidelity()`.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SetNcrp(self.sid, ncrp)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_reactive_separate(self, irs):
+        """Set reactive separation option
+
+        If reactive separation is available, then this method turns it off/on.
+        Note that reactive separation is on by default.
+
+        Args:
+            irs: is aggresively separable
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SetReactiveSeparate(self.sid, irs)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_t_injection(self, iti):
+        """Set t-injection option
+
+        If t-injection is available, then this method turns it off/on.
+        Note that t-injection is on by default.
+
+        Args:
+            iti: use "reverse t-injection gadget"
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SetTInjection(self.sid, iti)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_noise_parameter(self, np):
+        """Set noise parameter option
+
+        If noisy simulation is on, then this set the depolarization
+        parameter per qubit per gate. (Default is 0.01.)
+
+        Args:
+            np: depolarizing noise parameter
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SetNoiseParameter(self.sid, np)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_ace_max_qb(self, qb):
+        """Set "automatic circuit elision" (ACE) max qubits
+
+        If isSchmidtDecompose=True, maximum entangled subsytem size
+        of this simulator will be capped to 'qb', and entangling
+        gates that would exceed that size are replaced with gate
+        shadows.
+
+        Args:
+            qb: maximum subsystem qubits
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SetAceMaxQb(self.sid, qb)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def set_sparse_ace_max_mb(self, mb):
+        """Set sparse "automatic circuit elision" (ACE) max memory
+
+        If isSchmidtDecompose=True, isSparse=True, and
+        isOpenCL=False, maximum subsytem size memory MB of this
+        simulator will be capped to 'mb', and entangling gates
+        that would exceed that size are replaced with gate
+        shadows.
+
+        Args:
+            mb: maximum subsystem memory in MB
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.SetSparseAceMaxMb(self.sid, mb)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def normalize(self):
+        """Normalize the state
+
+        This should never be necessary to use unless
+        decompose() is "abused." ("Abusing" decompose()
+        might lead to efficient entanglement-breaking
+        channels, though.)
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.Normalize(self.sid)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def out_to_file(self, filename):
+        """Output state to file (stabilizer only!)
+
+        Outputs the hybrid stabilizer state to file.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Name of file
+        """
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.qstabilizer_out_to_file(self.sid, filename.encode("utf-8"))
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def in_from_file(
+        filename,
+        is_binary_decision_tree=False,
+        is_paged=True,
+        is_cpu_gpu_hybrid=False,
+        is_opencl=True,
+        is_host_pointer=False,
+        is_noisy=False,
+    ):
+        """Input state from file (stabilizer only!)
+
+        Reads in a hybrid stabilizer state from file.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Name of file
+        """
+        qb_count = 1
+        with open(filename) as f:
+            qb_count = int(f.readline())
+        out = QrackSimulator(
+            qubitCount=qb_count,
+            isTensorNetwork=False,
+            isSchmidtDecomposeMulti=False,
+            isSchmidtDecompose=False,
+            isStabilizerHybrid=True,
+            isBinaryDecisionTree=is_binary_decision_tree,
+            isPaged=is_paged,
+            isCpuGpuHybrid=is_cpu_gpu_hybrid,
+            isOpenCL=is_opencl,
+            isHostPointer=is_host_pointer,
+            isNoisy=is_noisy,
+        )
+        Qrack.qrack_lib.qstabilizer_in_from_file(out.sid, filename.encode("utf-8"))
+        out._throw_if_error()
+
+        return out
+
+    def file_to_qiskit_circuit(filename, is_hardware_encoded=False):
+        """Convert an output state file to a Qiskit circuit
+
+        Reads in an (optimized) circuit from a file named
+        according to the "filename" parameter and outputs
+        a Qiskit circuit.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Name of file
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeErorr: Before trying to file_to_qiskit_circuit() with
+                QrackCircuit, you must install Qiskit, numpy, and math!
+        """
+        if not (_IS_QISKIT_AVAILABLE and _IS_NUMPY_AVAILABLE):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Before trying to file_to_qiskit_circuit() with QrackCircuit, you must install Qiskit, numpy, and math!"
+            )
+
+        lines = []
+        with open(filename, "r") as file:
+            lines = file.readlines()
+
+        logical_qubits = int(lines[0])
+        stabilizer_qubits = int(lines[1])
+
+        stabilizer_count = int(lines[2])
+
+        clifford_circ = None
+        line_number = 3
+        for i in range(stabilizer_count):
+            shard_map_size = int(lines[line_number])
+            line_number += 1
+
+            shard_map = {}
+            for j in range(shard_map_size):
+                line = lines[line_number].split()
+                line_number += 1
+                shard_map[int(line[0])] = int(line[1])
+
+            line_number += 1
+            tableau = []
+            row_count = shard_map_size << 1
+            for line in lines[line_number : (line_number + row_count)]:
+                bits = line.split()
+                if len(bits) != (row_count + 1):
+                    raise QrackException("Invalid Qrack hybrid stabilizer file!")
+                row = []
+                for b in range(row_count):
+                    row.append(bool(int(bits[b])))
+                row.append(bool((int(bits[-1]) >> 1) & 1))
+                tableau.append(row)
+            line_number += shard_map_size << 1
+            tableau = np.array(tableau, bool)
+
+            clifford = Clifford(tableau, validate=False, copy=False)
+            clifford_circ = clifford.to_circuit()
+            clifford_circ = QrackSimulator._reorder_qubits(clifford_circ, shard_map)
+
+        non_clifford_gates = []
+        g = 0
+        for line in lines[line_number:]:
+            i = 0
+            tokens = line.split()
+            op = np.zeros((2, 2), dtype=complex)
+            row = []
+            for _ in range(2):
+                amp = tokens[i].replace("(", "").replace(")", "").split(",")
+                row.append(float(amp[0]) + float(amp[1]) * 1j)
+                i = i + 1
+            l = math.sqrt(np.real(row[0] * np.conj(row[0]) + row[1] * np.conj(row[1])))
+            op[0][0] = row[0] / l
+            op[0][1] = row[1] / l
+
+            if np.abs(op[0][0] - row[0]) > 1e-5:
+                print("Warning: gate ", str(g), " might not be unitary!")
+            if np.abs(op[0][1] - row[1]) > 1e-5:
+                print("Warning: gate ", str(g), " might not be unitary!")
+
+            row = []
+            for _ in range(2):
+                amp = tokens[i].replace("(", "").replace(")", "").split(",")
+                row.append(float(amp[0]) + float(amp[1]) * 1j)
+                i = i + 1
+            l = math.sqrt(np.real(row[0] * np.conj(row[0]) + row[1] * np.conj(row[1])))
+            op[1][0] = row[0] / l
+            op[1][1] = row[1] / l
+
+            ph = np.real(np.log(np.linalg.det(op)) / 1j)
+
+            op[1][0] = -np.exp(1j * ph) * np.conj(op[0][1])
+            op[1][1] = np.exp(1j * ph) * np.conj(op[0][0])
+
+            if np.abs(op[1][0] - row[0]) > 1e-5:
+                print("Warning: gate ", str(g), " might not be unitary!")
+            if np.abs(op[1][1] - row[1]) > 1e-5:
+                print("Warning: gate ", str(g), " might not be unitary!")
+
+            non_clifford_gates.append(op)
+            g = g + 1
+
+        basis_gates = [
+            "rz",
+            "h",
+            "x",
+            "y",
+            "z",
+            "sx",
+            "sxdg",
+            "s",
+            "sdg",
+            "t",
+            "tdg",
+            "cx",
+            "cy",
+            "cz",
+            "swap",
+        ]
+        try:
+            circ = transpile(
+                clifford_circ, basis_gates=basis_gates, optimization_level=2
+            )
+        except:
+            circ = clifford_circ
+
+        for i in range(len(non_clifford_gates)):
+            circ.unitary(non_clifford_gates[i], [i])
+
+        if is_hardware_encoded:
+            for i in range(logical_qubits, stabilizer_qubits, 2):
+                circ.h(i + 1)
+                circ.cz(i, i + 1)
+                circ.h(i + 1)
+
+        return circ
+
+    def _reorder_qubits(circuit, mapping):
+        """
+        Reorders qubits in the circuit according to the given mapping using SWAP gates.
+        (Thanks to "Elara," an OpenAI GPT, for this implementation)
+
+        Parameters:
+        - circuit (QuantumCircuit): The circuit to modify.
+        - mapping (dict): Dictionary mapping internal qubit indices to logical qubit indices.
+
+        Returns:
+        - QuantumCircuit: The modified circuit with qubits reordered.
+        """
+        swaps = []
+
+        # Determine swaps to fix the order
+        for logical_index in sorted(mapping):
+            internal_index = mapping[logical_index]
+            if logical_index != internal_index:
+                swaps.append((logical_index, internal_index))
+                # Update the reverse mapping for subsequent swaps
+                mapping[logical_index] = logical_index
+                mapping[internal_index] = internal_index
+
+        # Apply the swaps to the circuit
+        for qubit1, qubit2 in swaps:
+            circuit.swap(qubit1, qubit2)
+
+        return circuit
+
+    def file_to_optimized_qiskit_circuit(filename):
+        """Convert an output state file to a Qiskit circuit
+
+        Reads in a circuit from a file named according to the "filename"
+        parameter and outputs a 'hyper-optimized' Qiskit circuit that
+        favors maximum reduction in gate count and depth at the potential
+        expense of additional non-Clifford gates. (Ancilla qubits are
+        left included in the output, though they probably have no gates.)
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Name of file
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeErorr: Before trying to file_to_qiskit_circuit() with
+                QrackCircuit, you must install Qiskit, numpy, and math!
+        """
+        circ = QrackSimulator.file_to_qiskit_circuit(filename)
+
+        width = 0
+        with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
+            width = int(file.readline())
+
+        sqrt_pi = np.sqrt(1j)
+        sqrt_ni = np.sqrt(-1j)
+        sqrt1_2 = 1 / math.sqrt(2)
+        ident = np.eye(2, dtype=np.complex128)
+        # passable_gates = ["unitary", "rz", "h", "x", "y", "z", "sx", "sxdg", "s", "sdg", "t", "tdg"]
+
+        passed_swaps = []
+        for i in range(0, circ.width()):
+            # We might trace out swap, but we want to maintain the iteration order of qubit channels.
+            non_clifford = np.copy(ident)
+            j = 0
+            while j < len(circ.data):
+                op = circ.data[j].operation
+                qubits = circ.data[j].qubits
+                if len(qubits) > 2:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Something went wrong while optimizing circuit! (Found a gate with 3 or more qubits)"
+                    )
+                q1 = circ.find_bit(qubits[0])[0]
+                if (len(qubits) < 2) and (q1 == i):
+                    if op.name == "unitary":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(op.params[0], non_clifford)
+                    elif op.name == "rz":
+                        lm = float(op.params[0])
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            [[np.exp(-1j * lm / 2), 0], [0, np.exp(1j * lm / 2)]],
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "h":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array(
+                                [[sqrt1_2, sqrt1_2], [sqrt1_2, -sqrt1_2]], np.complex128
+                            ),
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "x":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]], np.complex128), non_clifford
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "y":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array([[0, -1j], [1j, 0]], np.complex128), non_clifford
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "z":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]], np.complex128), non_clifford
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sx":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sxdg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sy":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, -(1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sydg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(-1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "s":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1j]], np.complex128), non_clifford
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sdg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1j]], np.complex128), non_clifford
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "t":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array([[1, 0], [0, sqrt_pi]], np.complex128),
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "tdg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            np.array([[1, 0], [0, sqrt_ni]], np.complex128),
+                            non_clifford,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            "Something went wrong while optimizing circuit! (Dropped a single-qubit gate.)"
+                        )
+
+                    del circ.data[j]
+                    continue
+
+                if len(qubits) < 2:
+                    j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                q2 = circ.find_bit(qubits[1])[0]
+
+                if (i != q1) and (i != q2):
+                    j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if op.name == "swap":
+                    i = q2 if i == q1 else q1
+
+                    if circ.data[j] in passed_swaps:
+                        passed_swaps.remove(circ.data[j])
+                        del circ.data[j]
+                        continue
+
+                    passed_swaps.append(circ.data[j])
+
+                    j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if (q1 == i) and (
+                    (op.name == "cx") or (op.name == "cy") or (op.name == "cz")
+                ):
+                    if np.isclose(np.abs(non_clifford[0][1]), 0) and np.isclose(
+                        np.abs(non_clifford[1][0]), 0
+                    ):
+                        # If we're not buffering anything but phase, the blocking gate has no effect, and we're safe to continue.
+                        del circ.data[j]
+                        continue
+
+                    if np.isclose(np.abs(non_clifford[0][0]), 0) and np.isclose(
+                        np.abs(non_clifford[1][1]), 0
+                    ):
+                        # If we're buffering full negation (plus phase), the control qubit can be dropped.
+                        c = QuantumCircuit(circ.qubits)
+                        if op.name == "cx":
+                            c.x(qubits[1])
+                        elif op.name == "cy":
+                            c.y(qubits[1])
+                        else:
+                            c.z(qubits[1])
+                        circ.data[j] = copy.deepcopy(c.data[0])
+
+                        j += 1
+                        continue
+
+                if np.allclose(non_clifford, ident):
+                    # No buffer content to write to circuit definition
+                    non_clifford = np.copy(ident)
+                    break
+
+                # We're blocked, so we insert our buffer at this place in the circuit definition.
+                c = QuantumCircuit(circ.qubits)
+                c.unitary(non_clifford, qubits[0])
+                circ.data.insert(j, copy.deepcopy(c.data[0]))
+
+                non_clifford = np.copy(ident)
+                break
+
+            if (j == len(circ.data)) and not np.allclose(non_clifford, ident):
+                # We're at the end of the wire, so add the buffer gate.
+                circ.unitary(non_clifford, i)
+
+        passed_swaps.clear()
+        for i in range(width, circ.width()):
+            # We might trace out swap, but we want to maintain the iteration order of qubit channels.
+            non_clifford = np.copy(ident)
+            j = len(circ.data) - 1
+            while j >= 0:
+                op = circ.data[j].operation
+                qubits = circ.data[j].qubits
+                if len(qubits) > 2:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Something went wrong while optimizing circuit! (Found a gate with 3 or more qubits.)"
+                    )
+                q1 = circ.find_bit(qubits[0])[0]
+                if (len(qubits) < 2) and (q1 == i):
+                    if op.name == "unitary":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(non_clifford, op.params[0])
+                    elif op.name == "rz":
+                        lm = float(op.params[0])
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            [[np.exp(-1j * lm / 2), 0], [0, np.exp(1j * lm / 2)]],
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "h":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            np.array(
+                                [[sqrt1_2, sqrt1_2], [sqrt1_2, -sqrt1_2]], np.complex128
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "x":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford, np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]], np.complex128)
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "y":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford, np.array([[0, -1j], [1j, 0]], np.complex128)
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "z":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford, np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]], np.complex128)
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sx":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sxdg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sy":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, -(1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sydg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            np.array(
+                                [
+                                    [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                    [(-1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                                ],
+                                np.complex128,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "s":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford, np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1j]], np.complex128)
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "sdg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford, np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1j]], np.complex128)
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "t":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            np.array([[1, 0], [0, sqrt_pi]], np.complex128),
+                        )
+                    elif op.name == "tdg":
+                        non_clifford = np.matmul(
+                            non_clifford,
+                            np.array([[1, 0], [0, sqrt_ni]], np.complex128),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            "Something went wrong while optimizing circuit! (Dropped a single-qubit gate.)"
+                        )
+
+                    del circ.data[j]
+                    j -= 1
+                    continue
+
+                if len(qubits) < 2:
+                    j -= 1
+                    continue
+
+                q2 = circ.find_bit(qubits[1])[0]
+
+                if (i != q1) and (i != q2):
+                    j -= 1
+                    continue
+
+                if (op.name == "swap") and (q1 >= width) and (q2 >= width):
+                    i = q2 if i == q1 else q1
+                    if circ.data[j] in passed_swaps:
+                        passed_swaps.remove(circ.data[j])
+                        del circ.data[j]
+                    else:
+                        passed_swaps.append(circ.data[j])
+
+                    j -= 1
+                    continue
+
+                if (
+                    (q1 == i)
+                    and ((op.name == "cx") or (op.name == "cy") or (op.name == "cz"))
+                    and (
+                        np.isclose(np.abs(non_clifford[0][1]), 0)
+                        and np.isclose(np.abs(non_clifford[1][0]), 0)
+                    )
+                ):
+                    # If we're not buffering anything but phase, this commutes with control, and we're safe to continue.
+                    j -= 1
+                    continue
+
+                if (q1 == i) and (op.name == "cx"):
+                    orig_instr = circ.data[j]
+                    del circ.data[j]
+
+                    # We're replacing CNOT with CNOT in the opposite direction plus four H gates
+                    rep = QuantumCircuit(circ.qubits)
+                    rep.h(qubits[0])
+                    circ.data.insert(j, copy.deepcopy(rep.data[0]))
+                    rep.h(qubits[1])
+                    circ.data.insert(j, copy.deepcopy(rep.data[1]))
+                    rep.cx(qubits[1], qubits[0])
+                    circ.data.insert(j, copy.deepcopy(rep.data[2]))
+                    rep.h(qubits[0])
+                    circ.data.insert(j, copy.deepcopy(rep.data[3]))
+                    rep.h(qubits[1])
+                    circ.data.insert(j, copy.deepcopy(rep.data[4]))
+
+                    j += 4
+                    continue
+
+                if (q1 == i) or (op.name != "cx"):
+                    if np.allclose(non_clifford, ident):
+                        # No buffer content to write to circuit definition
+                        break
+
+                    # We're blocked, so we insert our buffer at this place in the circuit definition.
+                    c = QuantumCircuit(circ.qubits)
+                    c.unitary(non_clifford, qubits[0])
+                    circ.data.insert(j + 1, copy.deepcopy(c.data[0]))
+
+                    break
+
+                # Re-injection branch (apply gadget to target)
+                to_inject = np.matmul(
+                    non_clifford, np.array([[sqrt1_2, sqrt1_2], [sqrt1_2, -sqrt1_2]])
+                )
+                if np.allclose(to_inject, ident):
+                    # No buffer content to write to circuit definition
+                    del circ.data[j]
+                    j -= 1
+                    continue
+
+                c = QuantumCircuit(circ.qubits)
+                c.unitary(to_inject, qubits[0])
+                circ.data.insert(j, copy.deepcopy(c.data[0]))
+                j -= 1
+
+        basis_gates = [
+            "u",
+            "rz",
+            "h",
+            "x",
+            "y",
+            "z",
+            "sx",
+            "sxdg",
+            "s",
+            "sdg",
+            "t",
+            "tdg",
+            "cx",
+            "cy",
+            "cz",
+            "swap",
+        ]
+        circ = transpile(circ, basis_gates=basis_gates, optimization_level=2)
+
+        # Eliminate unused ancillae
+        try:
+            qasm = qasm3.dumps(circ)
+        except:
+            qasm = circ.qasm()
+        qasm = qasm.replace(
+            "qreg q[" + str(circ.width()) + "];", "qreg q[" + str(width) + "];"
+        )
+        highest_index = max(
+            [int(x) for x in re.findall(r"\[(.*?)\]", qasm) if x.isdigit()]
+        )
+        if highest_index != width:
+            qasm = qasm.replace(
+                "qreg q[" + str(width) + "];", "qreg q[" + str(highest_index) + "];"
+            )
+
+        orig_circ = circ
+        try:
+            circ = QuantumCircuit.from_qasm_str(qasm)
+        except:
+            circ = orig_circ
+
+        return circ
+
+    def _apply_pyzx_op(self, gate):
+        if gate.name == "XPhase":
+            self.r(Pauli.PauliX, math.pi * gate.phase, gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "ZPhase":
+            self.r(Pauli.PauliZ, math.pi * gate.phase, gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "Z":
+            self.z(gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "S":
+            self.s(gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "T":
+            self.t(gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "NOT":
+            self.x(gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "HAD":
+            self.h(gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "CNOT":
+            self.mcx([gate.control], gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "CZ":
+            self.mcz([gate.control], gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "CX":
+            self.h(gate.control)
+            self.mcx([gate.control], gate.target)
+            self.h(gate.control)
+        elif gate.name == "SWAP":
+            self.swap(gate.control, gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "CRZ":
+            self.mcr(Pauli.PauliZ, math.pi * gate.phase, [gate.control], gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "CHAD":
+            self.mch([gate.control], gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "ParityPhase":
+            self.phase_parity(math.pi * gate.phase, gate.targets)
+        elif gate.name == "FSim":
+            self.fsim(gate.theta, gate.phi, gate.control, gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "CCZ":
+            self.mcz([gate.ctrl1, gate.ctrl2], gate.target)
+        elif gate.name == "Tof":
+            self.mcx([gate.ctrl1, gate.ctrl2], gate.target)
+        self._throw_if_error()
+
+    def run_pyzx_gates(self, gates):
+        """PYZX Gates
+
+        Converts PYZX gates to `QRackSimulator` and immediately executes them.
+
+        Args:
+            gates: list of PYZX gates
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: QrackSimulator raised an exception.
+        """
+        for gate in gates:
+            self._apply_pyzx_op(gate)
+
+    def _apply_op(self, operation):
+        name = operation.name
+
+        if (name == "id") or (name == "barrier"):
+            # Skip measurement logic
+            return
+
+        conditional = getattr(operation, "conditional", None)
+        if isinstance(conditional, int):
+            conditional_bit_set = (self._classical_register >> conditional) & 1
+            if not conditional_bit_set:
+                return
+        elif conditional is not None:
+            mask = int(conditional.mask, 16)
+            if mask > 0:
+                value = self._classical_memory & mask
+                while (mask & 0x1) == 0:
+                    mask >>= 1
+                    value >>= 1
+                if value != int(conditional.val, 16):
+                    return
+
+        if (name == "u1") or (name == "p"):
+            self._sim.u(operation.qubits[0]._index, 0, 0, float(operation.params[0]))
+        elif name == "u2":
+            self._sim.u(
+                operation.qubits[0]._index,
+                math.pi / 2,
+                float(operation.params[0]),
+                float(operation.params[1]),
+            )
+        elif (name == "u3") or (name == "u"):
+            self._sim.u(
+                operation.qubits[0]._index,
+                float(operation.params[0]),
+                float(operation.params[1]),
+                float(operation.params[2]),
+            )
+        elif (name == "unitary") and (len(operation.qubits) == 1):
+            self._sim.mtrx(operation.params[0].flatten(), operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "r":
+            self._sim.u(
+                operation.qubits[0]._index,
+                float(operation.params[0]),
+                float(operation.params[1]) - math.pi / 2,
+                (-1 * float(operation.params[1])) + math.pi / 2,
+            )
+        elif name == "rx":
+            self._sim.r(
+                Pauli.PauliX, float(operation.params[0]), operation.qubits[0]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "ry":
+            self._sim.r(
+                Pauli.PauliY, float(operation.params[0]), operation.qubits[0]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "rz":
+            self._sim.r(
+                Pauli.PauliZ, float(operation.params[0]), operation.qubits[0]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "h":
+            self._sim.h(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "x":
+            self._sim.x(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "y":
+            self._sim.y(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "z":
+            self._sim.z(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "s":
+            self._sim.s(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "sdg":
+            self._sim.adjs(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "sx":
+            self._sim.mtrx(
+                [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                operation.qubits[0]._index,
+            )
+        elif name == "sxdg":
+            self._sim.mtrx(
+                [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                operation.qubits[0]._index,
+            )
+        elif name == "t":
+            self._sim.t(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "tdg":
+            self._sim.adjt(operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "cu1":
+            self._sim.mcu(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]],
+                operation.qubits[1]._index,
+                0,
+                0,
+                float(operation.params[0]),
+            )
+        elif name == "cu2":
+            self._sim.mcu(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]],
+                operation.qubits[1]._index,
+                math.pi / 2,
+                float(operation.params[0]),
+                float(operation.params[1]),
+            )
+        elif (name == "cu3") or (name == "cu"):
+            self._sim.mcu(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]],
+                operation.qubits[1]._index,
+                float(operation.params[0]),
+                float(operation.params[1]),
+                float(operation.params[2]),
+            )
+        elif name == "cx":
+            self._sim.mcx(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]], operation.qubits[1]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "cy":
+            self._sim.mcy(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]], operation.qubits[1]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "cz":
+            self._sim.mcz(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]], operation.qubits[1]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "ch":
+            self._sim.mch(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]], operation.qubits[1]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "cp":
+            self._sim.mcmtrx(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]],
+                [
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    math.cos(float(operation.params[0]))
+                    + 1j * math.sin(float(operation.params[0])),
+                ],
+                operation.qubits[1]._index,
+            )
+        elif name == "csx":
+            self._sim.mcmtrx(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]],
+                [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                operation.qubits[1]._index,
+            )
+        elif name == "csxdg":
+            self._sim.mcmtrx(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]],
+                [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2],
+                operation.qubits[1]._index,
+            )
+        elif name == "dcx":
+            self._sim.mcx(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]], operation.qubits[1]._index
+            )
+            self._sim.mcx(operation.qubits[1:2]._index, operation.qubits[0]._index)
+        elif name == "ccx":
+            self._sim.mcx(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:2]], operation.qubits[2]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "ccy":
+            self._sim.mcy(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:2]], operation.qubits[2]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "ccz":
+            self._sim.mcz(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:2]], operation.qubits[2]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "mcx":
+            self._sim.mcx(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:-1]], operation.qubits[-1]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "mcy":
+            self._sim.mcy(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:-1]], operation.qubits[-1]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "mcz":
+            self._sim.mcz(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:-1]], operation.qubits[-1]._index
+            )
+        elif name == "swap":
+            self._sim.swap(operation.qubits[0]._index, operation.qubits[1]._index)
+        elif name == "iswap":
+            self._sim.iswap(operation.qubits[0]._index, operation.qubits[1]._index)
+        elif name == "iswap_dg":
+            self._sim.adjiswap(operation.qubits[0]._index, operation.qubits[1]._index)
+        elif name == "cswap":
+            self._sim.cswap(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[0:1]],
+                operation.qubits[1]._index,
+                operation.qubits[2]._index,
+            )
+        elif name == "mcswap":
+            self._sim.cswap(
+                [q._index for q in operation.qubits[:-2]],
+                operation.qubits[-2]._index,
+                operation.qubits[-1]._index,
+            )
+        elif name == "reset":
+            qubits = operation.qubits
+            for qubit in qubits:
+                if self._sim.m(qubit._index):
+                    self._sim.x(qubit._index)
+        elif name == "measure":
+            qubits = operation.qubits
+            clbits = operation.clbits
+            cregbits = (
+                operation.register
+                if hasattr(operation, "register")
+                else len(operation.qubits) * [-1]
+            )
+
+            self._sample_qubits += qubits
+            self._sample_clbits += clbits
+            self._sample_cregbits += cregbits
+
+            if not self._sample_measure:
+                for index in range(len(qubits)):
+                    qubit_outcome = self._sim.m(qubits[index]._index)
+
+                    clbit = clbits[index]
+                    clmask = 1 << clbit
+                    self._classical_memory = (self._classical_memory & (~clmask)) | (
+                        qubit_outcome << clbit
+                    )
+
+                    cregbit = cregbits[index]
+                    if cregbit < 0:
+                        cregbit = clbit
+
+                    regbit = 1 << cregbit
+                    self._classical_register = (
+                        self._classical_register & (~regbit)
+                    ) | (qubit_outcome << cregbit)
+
+        elif name == "bfunc":
+            mask = int(operation.mask, 16)
+            relation = operation.relation
+            val = int(operation.val, 16)
+
+            cregbit = operation.register
+            cmembit = operation.memory if hasattr(operation, "memory") else None
+
+            compared = (self._classical_register & mask) - val
+
+            if relation == "==":
+                outcome = compared == 0
+            elif relation == "!=":
+                outcome = compared != 0
+            elif relation == "<":
+                outcome = compared < 0
+            elif relation == "<=":
+                outcome = compared <= 0
+            elif relation == ">":
+                outcome = compared > 0
+            elif relation == ">=":
+                outcome = compared >= 0
+            else:
+                raise QrackError("Invalid boolean function relation.")
+
+            # Store outcome in register and optionally memory slot
+            regbit = 1 << cregbit
+            self._classical_register = (self._classical_register & (~regbit)) | (
+                int(outcome) << cregbit
+            )
+            if cmembit is not None:
+                membit = 1 << cmembit
+                self._classical_memory = (self._classical_memory & (~membit)) | (
+                    int(outcome) << cmembit
+                )
+        else:
+            err_msg = 'QrackSimulator encountered unrecognized operation "{0}"'
+            raise RuntimeError(err_msg.format(operation))
+
+    def _add_sample_measure(self, sample_qubits, sample_clbits, num_samples):
+        """Generate data samples from current statevector.
+
+        Taken almost straight from the terra source code.
+
+        Args:
+            measure_params (list): List of (qubit, clbit) values for
+                                   measure instructions to sample.
+            num_samples (int): The number of data samples to generate.
+
+        Returns:
+            list: A list of data values in hex format.
+        """
+        # Get unique qubits that are actually measured
+        measure_qubit = [qubit for qubit in sample_qubits]
+        measure_clbit = [clbit for clbit in sample_clbits]
+
+        # Sample and convert to bit-strings
+        if num_samples == 1:
+            sample = self._sim.m_all()
+            result = 0
+            for index in range(len(measure_qubit)):
+                qubit = measure_qubit[index]._index
+                qubit_outcome = (sample >> qubit) & 1
+                result |= qubit_outcome << index
+            measure_results = [result]
+        else:
+            measure_results = self._sim.measure_shots(
+                [q._index for q in measure_qubit], num_samples
+            )
+
+        data = []
+        for sample in measure_results:
+            for index in range(len(measure_qubit)):
+                qubit_outcome = (sample >> index) & 1
+                clbit = measure_clbit[index]._index
+                clmask = 1 << clbit
+                self._classical_memory = (self._classical_memory & (~clmask)) | (
+                    qubit_outcome << clbit
+                )
+
+            data.append(bin(self._classical_memory)[2:].zfill(self.num_qubits()))
+
+        return data
+
+    def run_qiskit_circuit(self, experiment, shots=1):
+        if not _IS_QISKIT_AVAILABLE:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Before trying to run_qiskit_circuit() with QrackSimulator, you must install Qiskit!"
+            )
+
+        instructions = []
+        if isinstance(experiment, QuantumCircuit):
+            instructions = experiment.data
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError('Unrecognized "run_input" argument specified for run().')
+
+        self._shots = shots
+        self._sample_qubits = []
+        self._sample_clbits = []
+        self._sample_cregbits = []
+        self._sample_measure = True
+        _data = []
+        shotLoopMax = 1
+
+        is_initializing = True
+        boundary_start = -1
+
+        for opcount in range(len(instructions)):
+            operation = instructions[opcount]
+
+            if operation.name == "id" or operation.name == "barrier":
+                continue
+
+            if is_initializing and (
+                (operation.name == "measure") or (operation.name == "reset")
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            is_initializing = False
+
+            if (operation.name == "measure") or (operation.name == "reset"):
+                if boundary_start == -1:
+                    boundary_start = opcount
+
+            if (boundary_start != -1) and (operation.name != "measure"):
+                shotsPerLoop = 1
+                shotLoopMax = self._shots
+                self._sample_measure = False
+                break
+
+        preamble_memory = 0
+        preamble_register = 0
+        preamble_sim = None
+
+        if self._sample_measure or boundary_start <= 0:
+            boundary_start = 0
+            self._sample_measure = True
+            shotsPerLoop = self._shots
+            shotLoopMax = 1
+        else:
+            boundary_start -= 1
+            if boundary_start > 0:
+                self._sim = self
+                self._classical_memory = 0
+                self._classical_register = 0
+
+                for operation in instructions[:boundary_start]:
+                    self._apply_op(operation)
+
+                preamble_memory = self._classical_memory
+                preamble_register = self._classical_register
+                preamble_sim = self._sim
+
+        for shot in range(shotLoopMax):
+            if preamble_sim is None:
+                self._sim = self
+                self._classical_memory = 0
+                self._classical_register = 0
+            else:
+                self._sim = QrackSimulator(cloneSid=preamble_sim.sid)
+                self._classical_memory = preamble_memory
+                self._classical_register = preamble_register
+
+            for operation in instructions[boundary_start:]:
+                self._apply_op(operation)
+
+            if not self._sample_measure and (len(self._sample_qubits) > 0):
+                _data += [bin(self._classical_memory)[2:].zfill(self.num_qubits())]
+                self._sample_qubits = []
+                self._sample_clbits = []
+                self._sample_cregbits = []
+
+        if self._sample_measure and (len(self._sample_qubits) > 0):
+            _data = self._add_sample_measure(
+                self._sample_qubits, self._sample_clbits, self._shots
+            )
+
+        del self._sim
+
+        return _data
+
+    def get_qiskit_basis_gates():
+        return [
+            "id",
+            "u",
+            "u1",
+            "u2",
+            "u3",
+            "r",
+            "rx",
+            "ry",
+            "rz",
+            "h",
+            "x",
+            "y",
+            "z",
+            "s",
+            "sdg",
+            "sx",
+            "sxdg",
+            "p",
+            "t",
+            "tdg",
+            "cu",
+            "cu1",
+            "cu3",
+            "cx",
+            "cy",
+            "cz",
+            "ch",
+            "cp",
+            "csx",
+            "ccx",
+            "ccz",
+            "swap",
+            "iswap",
+            "cswap",
+            "reset",
+            "measure",
+        ]