pypomes-iam 0.2.3__py3-none-any.whl → 0.7.0__py3-none-any.whl

pypomes_iam/iam_actions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+import json
+import requests
+import secrets
+import string
+import sys
+from datetime import datetime
+from logging import Logger
+from pypomes_core import TZ_LOCAL, exc_format
+from typing import Any
+
+from .iam_common import (
+    IamServer, IamParam, UserParam, _iam_lock,
+    _get_iam_users, _get_iam_registry, _get_public_key,
+    _get_login_timeout, _get_user_data, _iam_server_from_issuer
+)
+from .token_pomes import token_get_claims, token_validate
+
+
+def action_login(iam_server: IamServer,
+                 args: dict[str, Any],
+                 errors: list[str] = None,
+                 logger: Logger = None) -> str:
+    """
+    Build the URL for redirecting the request to *iam_server*'s authentication page.
+
+    These are the expected attributes in *args*:
+        - user-id: optional, identifies the reference user (alias: 'login')
+        - redirect-uri: a parameter to be added to the query part of the returned URL
+
+    If provided, the user identification will be validated against the authorization data
+    returned by *iam_server* upon login. On success, the appropriate URL for invoking
+    the IAM server's authentication page is returned.
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference registered *IAM* server
+    :param args: the arguments passed when requesting the service
+    :param errors: incidental error messages
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: the callback URL, with the appropriate parameters, of *None* if error
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: str | None = None
+
+    # obtain the optional user's identification
+    user_id: str = args.get("user-id") or args.get("login")
+
+    # build the user data
+    # ('oauth_state' is a randomly-generated string, thus 'user_data' is always a new entry)
+    oauth_state: str = "".join(secrets.choice(string.ascii_letters + string.digits) for _ in range(16))
+
+    with _iam_lock:
+        # retrieve the user data from the IAM server's registry
+        user_data: dict[str, Any] = _get_user_data(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                   user_id=oauth_state,
+                                                   errors=errors,
+                                                   logger=logger)
+        if user_data:
+            user_data[UserParam.LOGIN_ID] = user_id
+            timeout: int = _get_login_timeout(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                              errors=errors,
+                                              logger=logger)
+            if not errors:
+                user_data[UserParam.LOGIN_EXPIRATION] = (int(datetime.now(tz=TZ_LOCAL).timestamp()) + timeout) \
+                    if timeout else None
+                redirect_uri: str = args.get(UserParam.REDIRECT_URI)
+                user_data[UserParam.REDIRECT_URI] = redirect_uri
+
+                # build the login url
+                registry: dict[str, Any] = _get_iam_registry(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                             errors=errors,
+                                                             logger=logger)
+                if registry:
+                    base_url: str = f"{registry[IamParam.URL_BASE]}/realms/{registry[IamParam.CLIENT_REALM]}"
+                    result = (f"{base_url}/protocol/openid-connect/auth"
+                              f"?response_type=code&scope=openid"
+                              f"&client_id={registry[IamParam.CLIENT_ID]}"
+                              f"&redirect_uri={redirect_uri}"
+                              f"&state={oauth_state}")
+    return result
+
+
+def action_logout(iam_server: IamServer,
+                  args: dict[str, Any],
+                  errors: list[str] = None,
+                  logger: Logger = None) -> None:
+    """
+    Logout the user, by removing all data associating it from *iam_server*'s registry.
+
+    The user is identified by the attribute *user-id* or "login", provided in *args*.
+    If successful, remove all data relating to the user from the *IAM* server's registry.
+    Otherwise, this operation fails silently, unless an error has ocurred.
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference registered *IAM* server
+    :param args: the arguments passed when requesting the service
+    :param errors: incidental error messages
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    """
+    # obtain the user's identification
+    user_id: str = args.get("user-id") or args.get("login")
+
+    if user_id:
+        with _iam_lock:
+            # retrieve the data for all users in the IAM server's registry
+            users: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = _get_iam_users(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                              errors=errors,
+                                                              logger=logger) or {}
+            if user_id in users:
+                users.pop(user_id)
+                if logger:
+                    logger.debug(msg=f"User '{user_id}' removed from {iam_server}'s registry")
+
+
+def action_token(iam_server: IamServer,
+                 args: dict[str, Any],
+                 errors: list[str] = None,
+                 logger: Logger = None) -> str:
+    """
+    Retrieve the authentication token for the user, from *iam_server*.
+
+    The user is identified by the attribute *user-id* or *login*, provided in *args*.
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference registered *IAM* server
+    :param args: the arguments passed when requesting the service
+    :param errors: incidental error messages
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: the token for user indicated, or *None* if error
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: str | None = None
+
+    # obtain the user's identification
+    user_id: str = args.get("user-id") or args.get("login")
+
+    err_msg: str | None = None
+    if user_id:
+        with _iam_lock:
+            # retrieve the user data in the IAM server's registry
+            user_data: dict[str, Any] = _get_user_data(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                       user_id=user_id,
+                                                       errors=errors,
+                                                       logger=logger)
+            # retrieve the stored access token
+            token: str = user_data[UserParam.ACCESS_TOKEN] if user_data else None
+            if token:
+                access_expiration: int = user_data.get(UserParam.ACCESS_EXPIRATION)
+                now: int = int(datetime.now(tz=TZ_LOCAL).timestamp())
+                if now < access_expiration:
+                    result = token
+                else:
+                    # access token has expired
+                    refresh_token: str = user_data[UserParam.REFRESH_TOKEN]
+                    if refresh_token:
+                        refresh_expiration: int = user_data[UserParam.REFRESH_EXPIRATION]
+                        if now < refresh_expiration:
+                            header_data: dict[str, str] = {
+                                "Content-Type": "application/json"
+                            }
+                            body_data: dict[str, str] = {
+                                "grant_type": "refresh_token",
+                                "refresh_token": refresh_token
+                            }
+                            now: int = int(datetime.now(tz=TZ_LOCAL).timestamp())
+                            token_data: dict[str, Any] = __post_for_token(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                                          header_data=header_data,
+                                                                          body_data=body_data,
+                                                                          errors=errors,
+                                                                          logger=logger)
+                            # validate and store the token data
+                            if token_data:
+                                token_info: tuple[str, str] = __validate_and_store(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                                                   user_data=user_data,
+                                                                                   token_data=token_data,
+                                                                                   now=now,
+                                                                                   errors=errors,
+                                                                                   logger=logger)
+                                result = token_info[1]
+                            else:
+                                # refresh token is no longer valid
+                                user_data[UserParam.REFRESH_TOKEN] = None
+                        else:
+                            # refresh token has expired
+                            err_msg = "Access and refresh tokens expired"
+                            if logger:
+                                logger.error(msg=err_msg)
+                    else:
+                        err_msg = "Access token expired, no refresh token available"
+                        if logger:
+                            logger.error(msg=err_msg)
+            else:
+                err_msg = f"User '{user_id}' not authenticated"
+                if logger:
+                    logger.error(msg=err_msg)
+    else:
+        err_msg = "User identification not provided"
+        if logger:
+            logger.error(msg=err_msg)
+
+    if err_msg and isinstance(errors, list):
+        errors.append(err_msg)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def action_callback(iam_server: IamServer,
+                    args: dict[str, Any],
+                    errors: list[str] = None,
+                    logger: Logger = None) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+    """
+    Entry point for the callback from *iam_server* via the front-end application, on authentication operations.
+
+    The relevant expected arguments in *args* are:
+        - *state*: used to enhance security during the authorization process, typically to provide *CSRF* protection
+        - *code*: the temporary authorization code provided by *iam_server*, to be exchanged for the token
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference registered *IAM* server
+    :param args: the arguments passed when requesting the service
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: a tuple containing the reference user identification and the token obtained, or *None* if error
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: tuple[str, str] | None = None
+
+    with _iam_lock:
+        # retrieve the IAM server's data for all users
+        users: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = _get_iam_users(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                          errors=errors,
+                                                          logger=logger) or {}
+        # retrieve the OAuth2 state
+        oauth_state: str = args.get("state")
+        user_data: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+        if oauth_state:
+            for user, data in users.items():
+                if user == oauth_state:
+                    user_data = data
+                    break
+
+        # exchange 'code' received for the token
+        if user_data:
+            expiration: int = user_data["login-expiration"] or sys.maxsize
+            if int(datetime.now(tz=TZ_LOCAL).timestamp()) > expiration:
+                errors.append("Operation timeout")
+            else:
+                users.pop(oauth_state)
+                code: str = args.get("code")
+                header_data: dict[str, str] = {
+                    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+                }
+                body_data: dict[str, Any] = {
+                    "grant_type": "authorization_code",
+                    "code": code,
+                    "redirect_uri": user_data.pop("redirect-uri")
+                }
+                now: int = int(datetime.now(tz=TZ_LOCAL).timestamp())
+                token_data: dict[str, Any] = __post_for_token(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                              header_data=header_data,
+                                                              body_data=body_data,
+                                                              errors=errors,
+                                                              logger=logger)
+                # validate and store the token data
+                if token_data:
+                    result = __validate_and_store(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                  user_data=user_data,
+                                                  token_data=token_data,
+                                                  now=now,
+                                                  errors=errors,
+                                                  logger=logger)
+        else:
+            msg: str = f"State '{oauth_state}' not found in {iam_server}'s registry"
+            if logger:
+                logger.error(msg=msg)
+            if isinstance(errors, list):
+                errors.append(msg)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def action_exchange(iam_server: IamServer,
+                    args: dict[str, Any],
+                    errors: list[str] = None,
+                    logger: Logger = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Request *iam_server* to issue a token in exchange for the token obtained from another *IAM* server.
+
+    The expected parameters in *args* are:
+        - user-id: identification for the reference user (alias: 'login')
+        - token: the token to be exchanged
+
+    The typical data set returned contains the following attributes:
+        {
+            "token_type": "Bearer",
+            "access_token": <str>,
+            "expires_in": <number-of-seconds>,
+            "refresh_token": <str>,
+            "refesh_expires_in": <number-of-seconds>
+        }
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference registered *IAM* server
+    :param args: the arguments passed when requesting the service
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: the data for the new token, or *None* if error
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+
+    # obtain the user's identification
+    user_id: str = args.get("user-id") or args.get("login")
+
+    # obtain the token to be exchanged
+    token: str = args.get("access-token") if user_id else None
+    token_claims: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = token_get_claims(token=token,
+                                                               errors=errors,
+                                                               logger=logger) if token else None
+    token_issuer: str = _iam_server_from_issuer(issuer=token_claims["payload"]["iss"],
+                                                errors=errors,
+                                                logger=logger) if token_claims else None
+    if not errors:
+        # HAZARD: only 'IAM_KEYCLOAK' is currently supported
+        with _iam_lock:
+            # retrieve the IAM server's registry
+            registry: dict[str, Any] = _get_iam_registry(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                         errors=errors,
+                                                         logger=logger)
+            if registry:
+                # make sure 'client_id' is linked to the token's 'token_sub' at the IAM server
+                __assert_link(iam_server=iam_server,
+                              user_id=user_id,
+                              token=token,
+                              errors=errors,
+                              logger=logger)
+                if not errors:
+                    # exchange the token
+                    if logger:
+                        logger.debug(msg=f"Requesting the token exchange to IAM server '{iam_server}'")
+                    header_data: dict[str, Any] = {
+                        "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+                    }
+                    body_data: dict[str, str] = {
+                        "grant_type": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange",
+                        "subject_token": token,
+                        "subject_token_type": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:access_token",
+                        "requested_token_type": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:access_token",
+                        "audience": registry[IamParam.CLIENT_ID],
+                        "subject_issuer": token_issuer
+                    }
+                    now: int = int(datetime.now(tz=TZ_LOCAL).timestamp())
+                    token_data: dict[str, Any] = __post_for_token(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                                  header_data=header_data,
+                                                                  body_data=body_data,
+                                                                  errors=errors,
+                                                                  logger=logger)
+                    # validate and store the token data
+                    if token_data:
+                        user_data: dict[str, Any] = {}
+                        result = __validate_and_store(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                      user_data=user_data,
+                                                      token_data=token_data,
+                                                      now=now,
+                                                      errors=errors,
+                                                      logger=logger)
+    else:
+        msg: str = "User identification or token not provided"
+        if logger:
+            logger.error(msg=msg)
+        if isinstance(errors, list):
+            errors.append(msg)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def __assert_link(iam_server: IamServer,
+                  user_id: str,
+                  token: str,
+                  errors: list[str] | None,
+                  logger: Logger | None) -> None:
+    """
+    Make sure *iam_server* has a link associating *user_id* to an internal user identification.
+    This is a requirement for exchanging a token issued by a federated *IAM* server for an equivalent
+    one from *iam_server*.
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference *IAM* server
+    :param user_id: the reference user identification
+    :param token: the reference token
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    """
+    if logger:
+        logger.debug(msg="Verifying associations for user "
+                         f"'{user_id}' in IAM server '{iam_server}'")
+    # obtain a token with administrative rights
+    admin_token: str = __get_administrative_token(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                  errors=errors,
+                                                  logger=logger)
+    if admin_token:
+        registry: dict[str, Any] = _get_iam_registry(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                     errors=errors,
+                                                     logger=logger)
+        # obtain the internal user identification for 'user_id'
+        if logger:
+            logger.debug(msg="Obtaining internal identification "
+                             f"for user {user_id} in IAM server {iam_server}")
+        url: str = f"{registry[IamParam.URL_BASE]}/admin/realms/{registry[IamParam.CLIENT_REALM]}/users"
+        header_data: dict[str, str] = {
+            "Authorization": f"Bearer {admin_token}",
+            "Content-Type": "application/json"
+        }
+        params: dict[str, str] = {
+            "username": user_id,
+            "exact": "true"
+        }
+        users: list[dict[str, Any]] = __get_for_data(url=url,
+                                                     header_data=header_data,
+                                                     params=params,
+                                                     errors=errors,
+                                                     logger=logger)
+        if users:
+            # verify whether the 'oidc' protocol is referred to in an
+            # association between 'user_id' and the internal user identification
+            internal_id: str = users[0].get("id")
+            if logger:
+                logger.debug(msg="Obtaining the providers federated with "
+                                 f"IAM server '{iam_server}' for internal identification '{internal_id}'")
+            url = (f"{registry[IamParam.URL_BASE]}/admin/realms/"
+                   f"{registry[IamParam.CLIENT_REALM]}/users/{internal_id}/federated-identity")
+            providers: list[dict[str, Any]] = __get_for_data(url=url,
+                                                             header_data=header_data,
+                                                             params=None,
+                                                             errors=errors,
+                                                             logger=logger)
+            no_link: bool = True
+            claims: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = token_get_claims(token=token,
+                                                                 errors=errors,
+                                                                 logger=logger)
+            issuer: str = claims["payload"]["iss"] if claims else None
+            provider_name: str = _iam_server_from_issuer(issuer=issuer,
+                                                         errors=errors,
+                                                         logger=logger) if issuer else None
+            if provider_name:
+                for provider in providers:
+                    if provider.get("identityProvider") == provider_name:
+                        no_link = False
+                        break
+                if no_link:
+                    # link the identities
+                    claims: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = token_get_claims(token=token,
+                                                                         errors=errors,
+                                                                         logger=logger)
+                    if claims:
+                        token_sub: str = claims["payload"]["sub"]
+                        if logger:
+                            logger.debug(msg="Creating an association between identifications "
+                                             f"'{user_id}' and '{token_sub}' in IAM server {iam_server}")
+                        url += f"/{provider_name}"
+                        body_data: dict[str, Any] = {
+                            "userId": token_sub,
+                            "userName": user_id
+                        }
+                        __post_data(url=url,
+                                    header_data=header_data,
+                                    body_data=body_data,
+                                    errors=errors,
+                                    logger=logger)
+
+
+def __get_administrative_token(iam_server: IamServer,
+                               errors: list[str] | None,
+                               logger: Logger | None) -> str:
+    """
+    Obtain a token with administrative rights from *iam_server*'s reference realm.
+
+    The reference realm is the realm specified at *iam_server*'s setup time. This operation requires
+    the realm administrator's identification and secret password to have also been provided.
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference *IAM* server
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: a token with administrative rights for the reference realm
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: str | None = None
+
+    if logger:
+        logger.debug(msg="Requesting a token with "
+                         f"administrative rights to IAM Server '{iam_server}'")
+
+    # obtain the IAM server's registry
+    registry: dict[str, Any] = _get_iam_registry(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                 errors=errors,
+                                                 logger=logger)
+    if registry:
+        if registry[IamParam.ADMIN_ID] and registry[IamParam.ADMIN_SECRET]:
+            header_data: dict[str, str] = {
+                "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+            }
+            body_data: dict[str, str] = {
+                "grant_type": "password",
+                "username": registry[IamParam.ADMIN_ID],
+                "password": registry[IamParam.ADMIN_SECRET],
+                "client_id": "admin-cli"
+            }
+            token_data: dict[str, Any] = __post_for_token(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                          header_data=header_data,
+                                                          body_data=body_data,
+                                                          errors=errors,
+                                                          logger=logger)
+            if token_data:
+                # obtain the token
+                result = token_data["access_token"]
+                if logger:
+                    logger.debug(msg="Administrative token obtained")
+
+        elif logger or isinstance(errors, list):
+            msg: str = ("Credentials for administrator of realm "
+                        f"'{registry[IamParam.CLIENT_REALM]}' "
+                        f"at IAM server '{iam_server}' not provided")
+            if logger:
+                logger.error(msg=msg)
+            if isinstance(errors, list):
+                errors.append(msg)
+
+    elif logger or isinstance(errors, list):
+        msg: str = f"Unknown IAM server {iam_server}"
+        if logger:
+            logger.error(msg=msg)
+        if isinstance(errors, list):
+            errors.append(msg)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def __get_client_secret(iam_server: IamServer,
+                        errors: list[str] | None,
+                        logger: Logger | None) -> str:
+    """
+    Retrieve the client's secret password.
+
+    If it has not been provided at *iam_server*'s setup time, an attempt is made to obtain it
+    from the *IAM* server itself. This would require the realm administrator's identification and
+    secret password to have been provided, instead.
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference *IAM* server
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+     :return: the client's secret password, or *None* if error
+    """
+    # retrieve client's secret password stored in the IAM server's registry
+    registry: dict[str, Any] = _get_iam_registry(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                 errors=errors,
+                                                 logger=logger)
+    result: str = registry[IamParam.CLIENT_SECRET] if registry else None
+
+    if not result and not errors:
+        # obtain a token with administrative rights
+        token: str = __get_administrative_token(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                errors=errors,
+                                                logger=logger)
+        if token:
+            realm: str = registry[IamParam.CLIENT_REALM]
+            client_id: str = registry[IamParam.CLIENT_ID]
+            if logger:
+                logger.debug(msg=f"Obtaining the UUID for client '{client_id}', "
+                                 f"in realm '{realm}' at IAM server '{iam_server}'")
+            # obtain the client UUID
+            url: str = f"{registry[IamParam.URL_BASE]}/realms/{realm}/clients"
+            header_data: dict[str, str] = {
+                "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+                "Content-Type": "application/json"
+            }
+            params: dict[str, str] = {
+                "clientId": client_id
+            }
+            clients: list[dict[str, Any]] = __get_for_data(url=url,
+                                                           header_data=header_data,
+                                                           params=params,
+                                                           errors=errors,
+                                                           logger=logger)
+            if clients:
+                # obtain the client's secret password
+                client_uuid: str = clients[0]["id"]
+                if logger:
+                    logger.debug(msg=f"Obtaining the secret for client UUID '{client_uuid}', "
+                                     f"in realm '{realm}' at IAM server '{iam_server}'")
+                url += f"/{client_uuid}/client-secret"
+                reply: dict[str, Any] = __get_for_data(url=url,
+                                                       header_data=header_data,
+                                                       params=None,
+                                                       errors=errors,
+                                                       logger=logger)
+                if reply:
+                    # store the client's secret password and return it
+                    result = reply["value"]
+                    registry[IamParam.CLIENT_ID] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __get_for_data(url: str,
+                   header_data: dict[str, str],
+                   params: dict[str, Any] | None,
+                   errors: list[str] | None,
+                   logger: Logger | None) -> Any:
+    """
+    Send a *GET* request to *url* and return the data obtained.
+
+    :param url: the target URL
+    :param header_data: the data to send in the header of the request
+    :param params: the query parameters to send in the request
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: the data requested, or *None* if error
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: Any = None
+
+    # log the GET
+    if logger:
+        logger.debug(msg=f"GET {url}, {json.dumps(obj=params,
+                                                  ensure_ascii=False)}")
+    try:
+        response: requests.Response = requests.get(url=url,
+                                                   headers=header_data,
+                                                   params=params)
+        if response.status_code == 200:
+            # request succeeded
+            result = response.json() or {}
+            if logger:
+                logger.debug(msg=f"GET success, {json.dumps(obj=result,
+                                                            ensure_ascii=False)}")
+        else:
+            # request failed, report the problem
+            msg: str = f"GET failure, status {response.status_code}, reason {response.reason}"
+            if hasattr(response, "content") and response.content:
+                msg += f", content '{response.content}'"
+            if logger:
+                logger.error(msg=msg)
+            if isinstance(errors, list):
+                errors.append(msg)
+    except Exception as e:
+        # the operation raised an exception
+        msg: str = exc_format(exc=e,
+                              exc_info=sys.exc_info())
+        if logger:
+            logger.error(msg=msg)
+        if isinstance(errors, list):
+            errors.append(msg)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def __post_data(url: str,
+                header_data: dict[str, str],
+                body_data: dict[str, Any],
+                errors: list[str] | None,
+                logger: Logger | None) -> None:
+    """
+    Submit a *POST* request to *url*.
+
+    :param header_data: the data to send in the header of the request
+    :param body_data: the data to send in the body of the request
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    """
+    # log the POST
+    if logger:
+        logger.debug(msg=f"POST {url}, {json.dumps(obj=body_data,
+                                                   ensure_ascii=False)}")
+    try:
+        response: requests.Response = requests.get(url=url,
+                                                   headers=header_data,
+                                                   data=body_data)
+        if response.status_code >= 400:
+            # request failed, report the problem
+            msg = f"POST failure, status {response.status_code}, reason {response.reason}"
+            if hasattr(response, "content") and response.content:
+                msg += f", content '{response.content}'"
+            if logger:
+                logger.error(msg=msg)
+            if isinstance(errors, list):
+                errors.append(msg)
+        elif logger:
+            logger.debug(msg=f"POST success")
+    except Exception as e:
+        # the operation raised an exception
+        msg = exc_format(exc=e,
+                         exc_info=sys.exc_info())
+        if logger:
+            logger.error(msg=msg)
+        if isinstance(errors, list):
+            errors.append(msg)
+
+
+def __post_for_token(iam_server: IamServer,
+                     header_data: dict[str, str],
+                     body_data: dict[str, Any],
+                     errors: list[str] | None,
+                     logger: Logger | None) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """
+    Send a *POST* request to *iam_server* and return the authentication token data obtained.
+
+    For token acquisition, *body_data* will have the attributes:
+        - "grant_type": "authorization_code"
+        - "code": <16-character-random-code>
+        - "redirect_uri": <redirect-uri>
+
+    For token refresh, *body_data* will have the attributes:
+        - "grant_type": "refresh_token"
+        - "refresh_token": <current-refresh-token>
+
+    For token exchange, *body_data* will have the attributes:
+        - "grant_type": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange",
+        - "subject_token": <token-to-be-exchanged>,
+        - "subject_token_type": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:access_token",
+        - "requested_token_type": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:access_token",
+        - "audience": <client-id>,
+        - "subject_issuer": "oidc"
+
+    For administrative token acquisition, *body_data* will have the attributes:
+        - "grant_type": "password"
+        - "username": <realm-administrator-identification>
+        - "password": <realm-administrator-secret>
+
+    These attributes are then added to *body_data*, except for acquiring administrative tokens:
+        - "client_id": <client-id>
+        - "client_secret": <client-secret>
+
+    If the operation is successful, the token data is stored in the *IAM* server's registry, and returned.
+    Otherwise, *errors* will contain the appropriate error message.
+
+    The typical data set returned contains the following attributes:
+        {
+            "token_type": "Bearer",
+            "access_token": <str>,
+            "expires_in": <number-of-seconds>,
+            "refresh_token": <str>,
+            "refesh_expires_in": <number-of-seconds>
+        }
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference registered *IAM* server
+    :param header_data: the data to send in the header of the request
+    :param body_data: the data to send in the body of the request
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: the token data, or *None* if error
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+
+    err_msg: str | None = None
+    with _iam_lock:
+        # retrieve the IAM server's registry
+        registry: dict[str, Any] = _get_iam_registry(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                     errors=errors,
+                                                     logger=logger)
+        if registry:
+            # complete the data to send in body of request
+            if body_data["grant_type"] != "password":
+                body_data["client_id"] = registry[IamParam.CLIENT_ID]
+
+            # build the URL
+            base_url: str = f"{registry[IamParam.URL_BASE]}/realms/{registry[IamParam.CLIENT_REALM]}"
+            url: str = f"{base_url}/protocol/openid-connect/token"
+            #  'client_secret' data must not be shown in log
+            msg: str = f"POST {url}, {json.dumps(obj=body_data,
+                                                 ensure_ascii=False)}"
+            if body_data["grant_type"] != "password":
+                # 'client_secret' not required for requesting tokens from staging environments
+                client_secret: str = __get_client_secret(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                         errors=None,
+                                                         logger=logger)
+                if client_secret:
+                    body_data["client_secret"] = client_secret
+            # log the POST
+            if logger:
+                logger.debug(msg=msg)
+
+            # obtain the token
+            try:
+                # typical return on a token request:
+                # {
+                #   "token_type": "Bearer",
+                #   "access_token": <str>,
+                #   "expires_in": <number-of-seconds>,
+                #   "refresh_token": <str>,
+                #   "refesh_expires_in": <number-of-seconds>
+                # }
+                response: requests.Response = requests.post(url=url,
+                                                            headers=header_data,
+                                                            data=body_data)
+                if response.status_code == 200:
+                    # request succeeded
+                    result = response.json()
+                    if logger:
+                        logger.debug(msg=f"POST success, {json.dumps(obj=result,
+                                                                     ensure_ascii=False)}")
+                else:
+                    # request failed, report the problem
+                    err_msg = f"POST failure, status {response.status_code}, reason {response.reason}"
+                    if hasattr(response, "content") and response.content:
+                        err_msg += f", content '{response.content}'"
+                    if logger:
+                        logger.error(msg=err_msg)
+            except Exception as e:
+                # the operation raised an exception
+                err_msg = exc_format(exc=e,
+                                     exc_info=sys.exc_info())
+                if logger:
+                    logger.error(msg=err_msg)
+
+    if err_msg and isinstance(errors, list):
+        errors.append(err_msg)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def __validate_and_store(iam_server: IamServer,
+                         user_data: dict[str, Any],
+                         token_data: dict[str, Any],
+                         now: int,
+                         errors: list[str] | None,
+                         logger: Logger) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+    """
+    Validate and store the token data.
+
+    The typical *token_data* contains the following attributes:
+        {
+            "token_type": "Bearer",
+            "access_token": <str>,
+            "expires_in": <number-of-seconds>,
+            "refresh_token": <str>,
+            "refesh_expires_in": <number-of-seconds>
+        }
+
+    :param iam_server: the reference registered *IAM* server
+    :param user_data: the aurthentication data kepth in *iam_server*'s registry
+    :param token_data: the token data
+    :param errors: incidental errors
+    :param logger: optional logger
+    :return: tuple containing the user identification and the validated and stored token, or *None* if error
+    """
+    # initialize the return variable
+    result: tuple[str, str] | None = None
+
+    with _iam_lock:
+        # retrieve the IAM server's registry
+        registry: dict[str, Any] = _get_iam_registry(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                     errors=errors,
+                                                     logger=logger)
+        if registry:
+            token: str = token_data.get("access_token")
+            user_data["access-token"] = token
+            # keep current refresh token if a new one is not provided
+            if token_data.get("refresh_token"):
+                user_data["refresh-token"] = token_data.get("refresh_token")
+            user_data["access-expiration"] = now + token_data.get("expires_in")
+            refresh_exp: int = user_data.get("refresh_expires_in")
+            user_data["refresh-expiration"] = (now + refresh_exp) if refresh_exp else sys.maxsize
+            public_key: str = _get_public_key(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                              errors=errors,
+                                              logger=logger)
+            recipient_attr = registry[IamParam.RECIPIENT_ATTR]
+            login_id = user_data.pop("login-id", None)
+            base_url: str = f"{registry[IamParam.URL_BASE]}/realms/{registry[IamParam.CLIENT_REALM]}"
+            claims: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = token_validate(token=token,
+                                                               issuer=base_url,
+                                                               recipient_id=login_id,
+                                                               recipient_attr=recipient_attr,
+                                                               public_key=public_key,
+                                                               errors=errors,
+                                                               logger=logger)
+            if claims:
+                users: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = _get_iam_users(iam_server=iam_server,
+                                                                  errors=errors,
+                                                                  logger=logger)
+                # must test with 'not errors'
+                if not errors:
+                    user_id: str = login_id if login_id else claims["payload"][recipient_attr]
+                    users[user_id] = user_data
+                    result = (user_id, token)
+    return result