pypcapkit 1.3.3.post1__cp313-none-any.whl

pcapkit/protocols/internet/ipv4.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1782 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""IPv4 - Internet Protocol version 4
+========================================
+
+.. module:: pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4
+
+:mod:`pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4` contains
+:class:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4` only,
+which implements extractor for Internet Protocol
+version 4 (IPv4) [*]_, whose structure is described
+as below:
+
+======= ========= ====================== =============================================
+Octets      Bits        Name                    Description
+======= ========= ====================== =============================================
+  0           0   ``ip.version``              Version (``4``)
+  0           4   ``ip.hdr_len``              Internal Header Length (IHL)
+  1           8   ``ip.dsfield.dscp``         Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)
+  1          14   ``ip.dsfield.ecn``          Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
+  2          16   ``ip.len``                  Total Length
+  4          32   ``ip.id``                   Identification
+  6          48                               Reserved Bit (must be ``\\x00``)
+  6          49   ``ip.flags.df``             Don't Fragment (DF)
+  6          50   ``ip.flags.mf``             More Fragments (MF)
+  6          51   ``ip.frag_offset``          Fragment Offset
+  8          64   ``ip.ttl``                  Time To Live (TTL)
+  9          72   ``ip.proto``                Protocol (Transport Layer)
+  10         80   ``ip.checksum``             Header Checksum
+  12         96   ``ip.src``                  Source IP Address
+  16        128   ``ip.dst``                  Destination IP Address
+  20        160   ``ip.options``              IP Options (if IHL > ``5``)
+======= ========= ====================== =============================================
+
+.. [*] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4
+
+"""
+import datetime
+import ipaddress
+import math
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.classification_level import ClassificationLevel as Enum_ClassificationLevel
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_class import OptionClass as Enum_OptionClass
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number import OptionNumber as Enum_OptionNumber
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.protection_authority import ProtectionAuthority as Enum_ProtectionAuthority
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.qs_function import QSFunction as Enum_QSFunction
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.router_alert import RouterAlert as Enum_RouterAlert
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.tos_del import ToSDelay as Enum_ToSDelay
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.tos_ecn import ToSECN as Enum_ToSECN
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.tos_pre import ToSPrecedence as Enum_ToSPrecedence
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.tos_rel import ToSReliability as Enum_ToSReliability
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.tos_thr import ToSThroughput as Enum_ToSThroughput
+from pcapkit.const.ipv4.ts_flag import TSFlag as Enum_TSFlag
+from pcapkit.const.reg.transtype import TransType as Enum_TransType
+from pcapkit.corekit.multidict import OrderedMultiDict
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import EOOLOption as Data_EOOLOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import ESECOption as Data_ESECOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import Flags as Data_Flags
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import IPv4 as Data_IPv4
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import LSROption as Data_LSROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import MTUPOption as Data_MTUPOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import MTUROption as Data_MTUROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import NOPOption as Data_NOPOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import OptionType as Data_OptionType
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import QSOption as Data_QSOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import \
+    QuickStartReportOption as Data_QuickStartReportOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import \
+    QuickStartRequestOption as Data_QuickStartRequestOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import RROption as Data_RROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import RTRALTOption as Data_RTRALTOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import SECOption as Data_SECOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import SIDOption as Data_SIDOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import SSROption as Data_SSROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import ToSField as Data_ToSField
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import TROption as Data_TROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import TSOption as Data_TSOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import UnassignedOption as Data_UnassignedOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.internet.ip import IP
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import EOOLOption as Schema_EOOLOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import ESECOption as Schema_ESECOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import IPv4 as Schema_IPv4
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import LSROption as Schema_LSROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import MTUPOption as Schema_MTUPOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import MTUROption as Schema_MTUROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import NOPOption as Schema_NOPOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import QSOption as Schema_QSOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import \
+    QuickStartReportOption as Schema_QuickStartReportOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import \
+    QuickStartRequestOption as Schema_QuickStartRequestOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import RROption as Schema_RROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import RTRALTOption as Schema_RTRALTOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import SECOption as Schema_SECOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import SIDOption as Schema_SIDOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import SSROption as Schema_SSROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import TROption as Schema_TROption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import TSOption as Schema_TSOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import UnassignedOption as Schema_UnassignedOption
+from pcapkit.protocols.schema.schema import Schema
+from pcapkit.utilities.exceptions import ProtocolError
+from pcapkit.utilities.warnings import ProtocolWarning, RegistryWarning, warn
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from datetime import timedelta
+    from enum import IntEnum as StdlibEnum
+    from ipaddress import IPv4Address
+    from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Type
+
+    from aenum import IntEnum as AenumEnum
+    from mypy_extensions import DefaultArg, KwArg, NamedArg
+    from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+    from pcapkit.protocols.data.internet.ipv4 import Option as Data_Option
+    from pcapkit.protocols.protocol import ProtocolBase as Protocol
+    from pcapkit.protocols.schema.internet.ipv4 import Option as Schema_Option
+
+    Option = OrderedMultiDict[Enum_OptionNumber, Data_Option]
+    OptionParser = Callable[[Schema_Option, NamedArg(Option, 'options')], Data_Option]
+    OptionConstructor = Callable[[Enum_OptionNumber, DefaultArg(Optional[Data_Option]),
+                                  KwArg(Any)], Schema_Option]
+
+__all__ = ['IPv4']
+
+
+class IPv4(IP[Data_IPv4, Schema_IPv4],
+           schema=Schema_IPv4, data=Data_IPv4):
+    """This class implements Internet Protocol version 4.
+
+    This class currently supports parsing of the following IPv4 options,
+    which are directly mapped to the :class:`pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber`
+    enumeration:
+
+    .. list-table::
+       :header-rows: 1
+
+       * - Option Code
+         - Option Parser
+         - Option Constructor
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.EOOL`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_eool`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_eool`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.NOP`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_nop`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_nop`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.SEC`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_sec`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_sec`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.LSR`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_lsr`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_lsr`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.TS`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_ts`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_ts`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.E_SEC`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_e_sec`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_e_sec`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.RR`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_rr`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_rr`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.SID`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_sid`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_sid`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.SSR`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_ssr`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_ssr`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.MTUP`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_mtup`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_mtup`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.MTUR`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_mtur`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_mtur`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.TR`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_tr`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_tr`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.RTRALT`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_rtralt`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_rtralt`
+       * - :attr:`~pcapkit.const.ipv4.option_number.OptionNumber.QS`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._read_opt_qs`
+         - :meth:`~pcapkit.protocols.internet.ipv4.IPv4._make_opt_qs`
+
+    """
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Properties.
+    ##########################################################################
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> 'Literal["Internet Protocol version 4"]':
+        """Name of corresponding protocol."""
+        return 'Internet Protocol version 4'
+
+    @property
+    def length(self) -> 'int':
+        """Header length of corresponding protocol."""
+        return self._info.hdr_len
+
+    @property
+    def protocol(self) -> 'Enum_TransType':
+        """Name of next layer protocol."""
+        return self._info.protocol
+
+    # source IP address
+    @property
+    def src(self) -> 'IPv4Address':
+        """Source IP address."""
+        return self._info.src
+
+    # destination IP address
+    @property
+    def dst(self) -> 'IPv4Address':
+        """Destination IP address."""
+        return self._info.dst
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Methods.
+    ##########################################################################
+
+    def read(self, length: 'Optional[int]' = None, **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Data_IPv4':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).
+
+        Structure of IPv4 header [:rfc:`791`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+            0                   1                   2                   3
+            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+           |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+           |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+           |  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+           |                       Source Address                          |
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+           |                    Destination Address                        |
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+           |                    Options                    |    Padding    |
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+        Args:
+            length: Length of packet data.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed packet data.
+
+        """
+        if length is None:
+            length = len(self)
+        schema = self.__header__
+
+        if schema.vihl['version'] != 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f"[IPv4] invalid version: {schema.vihl['version']}")
+
+        ipv4 = Data_IPv4(
+            version=schema.vihl['version'],  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            hdr_len=schema.vihl['ihl'] * 4,
+            tos=Data_ToSField.from_dict({
+                'pre': Enum_ToSPrecedence.get(schema.tos['pre']),
+                'del': Enum_ToSDelay.get(schema.tos['del']),
+                'thr': Enum_ToSThroughput.get(schema.tos['thr']),
+                'rel': Enum_ToSReliability.get(schema.tos['rel']),
+                'ecn': Enum_ToSECN.get(schema.tos['ecn']),
+            }),
+            len=schema.length,
+            id=schema.id,
+            flags=Data_Flags(
+                df=bool(schema.flags['df']),
+                mf=bool(schema.flags['mf']),
+            ),
+            offset=int(schema.flags['offset']) * 8,
+            ttl=datetime.timedelta(seconds=schema.ttl),
+            protocol=schema.proto,
+            checksum=schema.chksum,
+            src=schema.src,
+            dst=schema.dst,
+        )
+
+        _optl = ipv4.hdr_len - 20
+        if _optl:
+            ipv4.__update__([
+                ('options', self._read_ipv4_options(_optl)),
+            ])
+
+        return self._decode_next_layer(ipv4, ipv4.protocol, ipv4.len - ipv4.hdr_len)
+
+    def make(self,
+             tos_pre: 'Enum_ToSPrecedence | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_ToSPrecedence.Routine,
+             tos_pre_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+             tos_pre_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+             tos_pre_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+             tos_del: 'Enum_ToSDelay | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_ToSDelay.NORMAL,
+             tos_del_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+             tos_del_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+             tos_del_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+             tos_thr: 'Enum_ToSThroughput | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_ToSThroughput.NORMAL,
+             tos_thr_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+             tos_thr_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+             tos_thr_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+             tos_rel: 'Enum_ToSReliability | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_ToSReliability.NORMAL,
+             tos_rel_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+             tos_rel_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+             tos_rel_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+             tos_ecn: 'Enum_ToSECN | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_ToSECN.Not_ECT,
+             tos_ecn_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+             tos_ecn_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+             tos_ecn_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+             id: 'int' = 0,
+             df: 'bool' = False,
+             mf: 'bool' = False,
+             offset: 'int' = 0,
+             ttl: 'timedelta | int' = 0,
+             protocol: 'Enum_TransType | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_TransType.UDP,
+             protocol_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+             protocol_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+             protocol_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+             checksum: 'bytes' = b'\x00\x00',
+             src: 'IPv4Address | str | int | bytes' = '127.0.0.1',
+             dst: 'IPv4Address | str | int | bytes' = '0.0.0.0',  # nosec: B104
+             options: 'Optional[list[Schema_Option | tuple[Enum_OptionNumber, dict[str, Any]] | bytes] | Option]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+             payload: 'bytes | Protocol | Schema' = b'',
+             **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_IPv4':
+        """Make (construct) packet data.
+
+        Args:
+            tos_pre: Precedence of the packet.
+            tos_pre_default: Default value of ``tos_pre``.
+            tos_pre_namespace: Namespace of ``tos_pre``.
+            tos_pre_reversed: If the namespace of ``tos_pre`` is reversed.
+            tos_del: Delay of the packet.
+            tos_del_default: Default value of ``tos_del``.
+            tos_del_namespace: Namespace of ``tos_del``.
+            tos_del_reversed: If the namespace of ``tos_del`` is reversed.
+            tos_thr: Throughput of the packet.
+            tos_thr_default: Default value of ``tos_thr``.
+            tos_thr_namespace: Namespace of ``tos_thr``.
+            tos_thr_reversed: If the namespace of ``tos_thr`` is reversed.
+            tos_rel: Reliability of the packet.
+            tos_rel_default: Default value of ``tos_rel``.
+            tos_rel_namespace: Namespace of ``tos_rel``.
+            tos_rel_reversed: If the namespace of ``tos_rel`` is reversed.
+            tos_ecn: ECN of the packet.
+            tos_ecn_default: Default value of ``tos_ecn``.
+            tos_ecn_namespace: Namespace of ``tos_ecn``.
+            tos_ecn_reversed: If the namespace of ``tos_ecn`` is reversed.
+            id: Identification of the packet.
+            df: Don't fragment flag.
+            mf: More fragments flag.
+            offset: Fragment offset.
+            ttl: Time to live of the packet.
+            protocol: Payload protocol of the packet.
+            protocol_default: Default value of ``protocol``.
+            protocol_namespace: Namespace of ``protocol``.
+            protocol_reversed: If the namespace of ``protocol`` is reversed.
+            checksum: Checksum of the packet.
+            src: Source address of the packet.
+            dst: Destination address of the packet.
+            options: Options of the packet.
+            payload: Payload of the packet.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructed packet data.
+
+        """
+        tos_pre_val = self._make_index(tos_pre, tos_pre_default, namespace=tos_pre_namespace,
+                                       reversed=tos_pre_reversed, pack=False)
+        tos_del_val = self._make_index(tos_del, tos_del_default, namespace=tos_del_namespace,
+                                       reversed=tos_del_reversed, pack=False)
+        tos_thr_val = self._make_index(tos_thr, tos_thr_default, namespace=tos_thr_namespace,
+                                       reversed=tos_thr_reversed, pack=False)
+        tos_rel_val = self._make_index(tos_rel, tos_rel_default, namespace=tos_rel_namespace,
+                                       reversed=tos_rel_reversed, pack=False)
+        tos_ecn_val = self._make_index(tos_ecn, tos_ecn_default, namespace=tos_ecn_namespace,
+                                       reversed=tos_ecn_reversed, pack=False)
+
+        proto = self._make_index(protocol, protocol_default, namespace=protocol_namespace,
+                                 reversed=protocol_reversed, pack=False)
+        ttl_val = ttl if isinstance(ttl, int) else math.ceil(ttl.total_seconds())
+
+        if options is not None:
+            options_value, total_length = self._make_ipv4_options(options)
+        else:
+            options_value, total_length = [], 0
+
+        ihl = 5 + math.ceil(total_length / 4)
+        len = ihl * 4 + len(payload)
+
+        return Schema_IPv4(
+            vihl={
+                'version': 4,
+                'ihl': ihl,
+            },
+            tos={
+                'pre': tos_pre_val,
+                'del': tos_del_val,
+                'thr': tos_thr_val,
+                'rel': tos_rel_val,
+                'ecn': tos_ecn_val,
+            },
+            length=len,
+            id=id,
+            flags={
+                'df': df,
+                'mf': mf,
+                'offset': offset,
+            },
+            ttl=ttl_val,
+            proto=proto,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            chksum=checksum,
+            src=src,
+            dst=dst,
+            options=options_value,
+            payload=payload,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def id(cls) -> 'tuple[Literal["IPv4"]]':  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Index ID of the protocol.
+
+        Returns:
+            Index ID of the protocol.
+
+        """
+        return ('IPv4',)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register_option(cls, code: 'Enum_OptionNumber', meth: 'str | tuple[OptionParser, OptionConstructor]') -> 'None':
+        """Register an option parser.
+
+        Args:
+            code: IPv4 option code.
+            meth: Method name or callable to parse and/or construct the option.
+
+        """
+        name = code.name.lower()
+        if hasattr(cls, f'_read_opt_{name}'):
+            warn(f'option {code} already registered, overwriting', RegistryWarning)
+
+        if isinstance(meth, str):
+            meth = (getattr(cls, f'_read_opt_{meth}', cls._read_opt_unassigned),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    getattr(cls, f'_make_opt_{meth}', cls._make_opt_unassigned))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        setattr(cls, f'_read_opt_{name}', meth[0])
+        setattr(cls, f'_make_opt_{name}', meth[1])
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Data models.
+    ##########################################################################
+
+    def __length_hint__(self) -> 'Literal[20]':
+        """Return an estimated length for the object."""
+        return 20
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __index__(cls) -> 'Enum_TransType':  # pylint: disable=invalid-index-returned
+        """Numeral registry index of the protocol.
+
+        Returns:
+            Numeral registry index of the protocol in `IANA`_.
+
+        .. _IANA: https://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers/protocol-numbers.xhtml
+
+        """
+        return Enum_TransType.IPv4  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Utilities.
+    ##########################################################################
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _make_data(cls, data: 'Data_IPv4') -> 'dict[str, Any]':  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Create key-value pairs from ``data`` for protocol construction.
+
+        Args:
+            data: protocol data
+
+        Returns:
+            Key-value pairs for protocol construction.
+
+        """
+        return {
+            'tos_pre': data.tos.pre,
+            'tos_del': data.tos['del'],
+            'tos_thr': data.tos.thr,
+            'tos_rel': data.tos.rel,
+            'tos_ecn': data.tos.ecn,
+            'id': data.id,
+            'df': data.flags.df,
+            'mf': data.flags.mf,
+            'offset': data.offset,
+            'ttl': data.ttl,
+            'protocol': data.protocol,
+            'checksum': data.checksum,
+            'src': data.src,
+            'dst': data.dst,
+            'options': data.options,
+            'payload': cls._make_payload(data),
+        }
+
+    def _read_ipv4_addr(self) -> 'IPv4Address':
+        """Read IP address.
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed IP address.
+
+        """
+        _byte = self._read_fileng(4)
+        # _addr = '.'.join([str(_) for _ in _byte])
+        # return _addr
+        return ipaddress.ip_address(_byte)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def _read_ipv4_opt_type(self, code: 'int') -> 'Data_OptionType':
+        """Read option type field.
+
+        Arguments:
+            code: option kind value
+
+        Returns:
+            Extracted IPv4 option type, as an object of the option flag (copied
+            flag), option class, and option number.
+
+        """
+        oflg = bool(code >> 7)
+        ocls = Enum_OptionClass.get((code >> 5) & 0b11)
+        onum = code & 0b11111
+
+        return Data_OptionType.from_dict({
+            'change': oflg,
+            'class': ocls,
+            'number': onum,
+        })
+
+    def _read_ipv4_options(self, length: 'int') -> 'Option':
+        """Read IPv4 option list.
+
+        Arguments:
+            length: length of options
+
+        Returns:
+            Extracted IPv4 options.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If the threshold is **NOT** matching.
+
+        """
+        counter = 0                   # length of read option list
+        options = OrderedMultiDict()  # type: Option
+
+        for schema in self.__header__.options:
+            kind = schema.type
+            name = kind.name.lower()
+
+            meth_name = f'_read_opt_{name}'
+            meth = cast('OptionParser',
+                        getattr(self, meth_name, self._read_opt_unassigned))
+            data = meth(schema, options=options)
+
+            # record option data
+            counter += data.length
+            options.add(kind, data)
+
+            # break when End of Option List (EOOL) triggered
+            if kind == Enum_OptionNumber.EOOL:
+                break
+
+        # check threshold
+        if counter > length:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'IPv4: invalid format')
+        return options
+
+    def _read_opt_unassigned(self, schema: 'Schema_UnassignedOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_UnassignedOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 unassigned options.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 unassigned options [:rfc:`791`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+             0                   1                   2                   3
+             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+            |     type      |    length     |         option data ...
+            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **LESS THAN** ``3``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length < 3:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        opt = Data_UnassignedOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            data=schema.data,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_eool(self, schema: 'Schema_EOOLOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_EOOLOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 End of Option List (``EOOL``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 End of Option List (``EOOL``) option [:rfc:`719`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+
+           |00000000|
+           +--------+
+             Type=0
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        """
+        opt = Data_EOOLOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=1,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_nop(self, schema: 'Schema_NOPOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_NOPOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 No Operation (``NOP``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 No Operation (``NOP``) option [:rfc:`719`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+
+           |00000001|
+           +--------+
+             Type=1
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        """
+        opt = Data_NOPOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=1,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_sec(self, schema: 'Schema_SECOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_SECOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Security (``SEC``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Security (``SEC``) option [:rfc:`1108`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +------------+------------+------------+-------------//----------+
+           |  10000010  |  XXXXXXXX  |  SSSSSSSS  |  AAAAAAA[1]    AAAAAAA0 |
+           |            |            |            |         [0]             |
+           +------------+------------+------------+-------------//----------+
+             TYPE = 130     LENGTH   CLASSIFICATION         PROTECTION
+                                          LEVEL              AUTHORITY
+                                                               FLAGS
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **LESS THAN** ``3``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length < 3:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        if schema.length > 3:
+            flags = []  # type: list[Enum_ProtectionAuthority]
+            for base, byte in enumerate(schema.data):
+                for bit in range(7):
+                    authority = Enum_ProtectionAuthority.get(base * 8 + bit)
+                    if byte & (0x80 >> bit):
+                        if 'Unassigned' in authority.name:
+                            warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format: unknown protection authority: {authority}', ProtocolWarning)
+                        flags.append(authority)
+
+                if byte & 0x01 == 1 and base < schema.length - 4:
+                    #raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] invalid format: remaining data')
+                    warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format: remaining data', ProtocolWarning)
+
+            if schema.data[-1] & 0x01 == 0:
+                warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format: field termination indicator not set', ProtocolWarning)
+        else:
+            flags = []
+
+        opt = Data_SECOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            level=schema.level,
+            flags=tuple(flags),
+        )
+
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_lsr(self, schema: 'Schema_LSROption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_LSROption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Loose Source Route (``LSR``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Loose Source Route (``LSR``) option [:rfc:`791`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
+           |10000011| length | pointer|     route data    |
+           +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If option is malformed.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length < 3 or (schema.length - 3) % 4 != 0:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+        if schema.pointer < 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format: pointer too small: {schema.pointer}')
+
+        opt = Data_LSROption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            pointer=schema.pointer,
+            route=tuple(schema.route),
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_ts(self, schema: 'Schema_TSOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_TSOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Time Stamp (``TS``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Time Stamp (``TS``) option [:rfc:`791`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |01000100| length | pointer|oflw|flg|
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |         internet address          |
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |             timestamp             |
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |                 .                 |
+                             .
+                             .
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If the option is malformed.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length > 40 or schema.length < 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+        if schema.pointer < 5:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format: pointer too small: {schema.pointer}')
+
+        opt = Data_TSOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            pointer=schema.pointer,
+            overflow=schema.flags['oflw'],
+            flag=schema.ts_flag,
+            timestamp=schema.timestamp,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_e_sec(self, schema: 'Schema_ESECOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_ESECOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Extended Security (``E-SEC``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Extended Security (``E-SEC``) option [:rfc:`1108`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +------------+------------+------------+-------//-------+
+           |  10000101  |  000LLLLL  |  AAAAAAAA  |  add sec info  |
+           +------------+------------+------------+-------//-------+
+            TYPE = 133      LENGTH     ADDITIONAL      ADDITIONAL
+                                      SECURITY INFO     SECURITY
+                                       FORMAT CODE        INFO
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **LESS THAN** ``3``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length < 3:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        opt = Data_ESECOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            format=schema.format,
+            info=schema.info,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_rr(self, schema: 'Schema_RROption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_RROption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Record Route (``RR``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Record Route (``RR``) option [:rfc:`791`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
+           |00000111| length | pointer|     route data    |
+           +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
+             Type=7
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If option is malformed.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length < 3 or (schema.length - 3) % 4 != 0:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+        if schema.pointer < 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format: pointer too small: {schema.pointer}')
+
+        opt = Data_RROption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            pointer=schema.pointer,
+            route=tuple(schema.route),
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_sid(self, schema: 'Schema_SIDOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_SIDOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Stream ID (``SID``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Stream ID (``SID``) option [:rfc:`791`][:rfc:`6814`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |10001000|00000010|    Stream ID    |
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+            Type=136 Length=4
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **NOT** ``4``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length != 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        opt = Data_SIDOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            sid=schema.sid,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_ssr(self, schema: 'Schema_SSROption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_SSROption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Strict Source Route (``SSR``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Strict Source Route (``SSR``) option [:rfc:`791`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
+           |10001001| length | pointer|     route data    |
+           +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
+            Type=137
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If option is malformed.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length < 3 or (schema.length - 3) % 4 != 0:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+        if schema.pointer < 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format: pointer too small: {schema.pointer}')
+
+        opt = Data_SSROption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            pointer=schema.pointer,
+            route=tuple(schema.route),
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_mtup(self, schema: 'Schema_MTUPOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_MTUPOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 MTU Probe (``MTUP``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 MTU Probe (``MTUP``) option [:rfc:`1063`][:rfc:`1191`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |00001011|00000100|   2 octet value |
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **NOT** ``4``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length != 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        opt = Data_MTUPOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            mtu=schema.mtu,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_mtur(self, schema: 'Schema_MTUROption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_MTUROption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 MTU Reply (``MTUR``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 MTU Reply (``MTUR``) option [:rfc:`1063`][:rfc:`1191`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |00001100|00000100|   2 octet value |
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **NOT** ``4``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length != 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        opt = Data_MTUROption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            mtu=schema.mtu,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_tr(self, schema: 'Schema_TROption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_TROption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Traceroute (``TR``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Traceroute (``TR``) option [:rfc:`1393`][:rfc:`6814`]:
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+            0               8              16              24
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+---------------+---------------+
+           |F| C |  Number |    Length     |          ID Number            |
+           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+---------------+---------------+
+           |      Outbound Hop Count       |       Return Hop Count        |
+           +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
+           |                     Originator IP Address                     |
+           +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **NOT** ``12``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length != 12:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        opt = Data_TROption.from_dict({
+            'code': schema.type,
+            'type': self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            'length': schema.length,
+            'id': schema.id,
+            'outbound': schema.out,
+            'return': schema.ret,
+            'originator': schema.origin,
+        })
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_rtralt(self, schema: 'Schema_RTRALTOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_RTRALTOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Router Alert (``RTRALT``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Router Alert (``RTRALT``) option [:rfc:`2113`]:
+
+        .. code:: text
+
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+           |10010100|00000100|  2 octet value  |
+           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If ``length`` is **NOT** ``4``.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length != 4:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        opt = Data_RTRALTOption(
+            code=schema.type,
+            type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+            length=schema.length,
+            alert=schema.alert,
+        )
+        return opt
+
+    def _read_opt_qs(self, schema: 'Schema_QSOption', *, options: 'Option') -> 'Data_QSOption':  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        """Read IPv4 Quick Start (``QS``) option.
+
+        Structure of IPv4 Quick Start (``QS``) option [:rfc:`4782`]:
+
+        * A Quick-Start Request
+
+          .. code-block:: text
+
+              0                   1                   2                   3
+              0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+             |   Option      |  Length=8     | Func. | Rate  |   QS TTL      |
+             |               |               | 0000  |Request|               |
+             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+             |                        QS Nonce                           | R |
+             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+        * Report of Approved Rate
+
+          .. code-block:: text
+
+              0                   1                   2                   3
+              0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+             |   Option      |  Length=8     | Func. | Rate  |   Not Used    |
+             |               |               | 1000  | Report|               |
+             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+             |                        QS Nonce                           | R |
+             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: parsed option schema
+            options: extracted IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Parsed option data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProtocolError: If the option is malformed.
+
+        """
+        if schema.length != 8:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] invalid format')
+
+        func = schema.func
+        if func == Enum_QSFunction.Quick_Start_Request:
+            schema_req = cast('Schema_QuickStartRequestOption', schema)
+
+            rate = schema_req.flags['rate']
+            opt = Data_QuickStartRequestOption(
+                code=schema.type,
+                type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+                length=schema_req.length,
+                func=func,
+                rate=40000 * (2 ** rate) / 1000 if rate > 0 else 0,
+                ttl=datetime.timedelta(seconds=schema_req.ttl),
+                nonce=schema_req.nonce['nonce'],
+            )  # type: Data_QSOption
+        elif func == Enum_QSFunction.Report_of_Approved_Rate:
+            schema_rep = cast('Schema_QuickStartReportOption', schema)
+
+            rate = schema_rep.flags['rate']
+            opt = Data_QuickStartReportOption(
+                code=schema.type,
+                type=self._read_ipv4_opt_type(schema.type),
+                length=schema_rep.length,
+                func=func,
+                rate=40000 * (2 ** rate) / 1000 if rate > 0 else 0,
+                nonce=schema_rep.nonce['nonce'],
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {schema.type}] unknown QS function: {func}')
+        return opt
+
+    def _make_ipv4_options(self, options: 'list[Schema_Option | tuple[Enum_OptionNumber, dict[str, Any]] | bytes] | Option') -> 'tuple[list[Schema_Option | bytes], int]':
+        """Make options for IPv4.
+
+        Args:
+            option: IPv4 options
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of options and total length of options.
+
+        """
+        total_length = 0
+        if isinstance(options, list):
+            options_list = []  # type: list[Schema_Option | bytes]
+            for schema in options:
+                if isinstance(schema, bytes):
+                    code = Enum_OptionNumber.get(schema[0])
+                    if code in (Enum_OptionNumber.NOP, Enum_OptionNumber.EOOL):  # ignore padding options by default
+                        continue
+
+                    data = schema  # type: Schema_Option | bytes
+                    data_len = len(data)
+                elif isinstance(schema, Schema):
+                    code = schema.type
+                    if code in (Enum_OptionNumber.NOP, Enum_OptionNumber.EOOL):  # ignore padding options by default
+                        continue
+
+                    data = schema
+                    data_len = len(schema.pack())
+                else:
+                    code, args = cast('tuple[Enum_OptionNumber, dict[str, Any]]', schema)
+                    if code in (Enum_OptionNumber.NOP, Enum_OptionNumber.EOOL):  # ignore padding options by default
+                        continue
+
+                    name = f'_make_opt_{code.name.lower()}'
+                    meth = cast('OptionConstructor',
+                                getattr(self, name, self._make_opt_unassigned))
+
+                    data = meth(code, **args)
+                    data_len = len(data.pack())
+
+                options_list.append(data)
+                total_length += data_len
+
+                # force alignment to 32-bit boundary
+                if data_len % 4:
+                    pad_len = 4 - (data_len % 4)
+                    pad_opt = self._make_opt_nop(Enum_OptionNumber.NOP)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    total_length += pad_len
+
+                    for _ in range(pad_len - 1):
+                        options_list.append(pad_opt)
+                    options_list.append(Enum_OptionNumber.EOOL)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            return options_list, total_length
+
+        options_list = []
+        for code, option in options.items(multi=True):
+            # ignore padding options by default
+            if code in (Enum_OptionNumber.NOP, Enum_OptionNumber.EOOL):
+                continue
+
+            name = f'_make_opt_{code.name.lower()}'
+            meth = cast('OptionConstructor',
+                        getattr(self, name, self._make_opt_unassigned))
+
+            data = meth(code, option)
+            data_len = len(data.pack())
+
+            options_list.append(data)
+            total_length += data_len
+
+            # force alignment to 32-bit boundary
+            if data_len % 4:
+                pad_len = 4 - (data_len % 4)
+                pad_opt = self._make_opt_nop(Enum_OptionNumber.NOP)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                total_length += pad_len
+
+                for _ in range(pad_len - 1):
+                    options_list.append(pad_opt)
+                options_list.append(Enum_OptionNumber.EOOL)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        return options_list, total_length
+
+    def _make_opt_unassigned(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_UnassignedOption]' = None, *,
+                             data: 'bytes',
+                             **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_Option':
+        """Make IPv4 unassigned options.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            data: option payload
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            data = option.data
+
+        return Schema_UnassignedOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=len(data),
+            data=data,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_eool(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_EOOLOption]' = None,
+                       **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_EOOLOption':
+        """Make IPv4 End of Option List (``EOOL``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        return Schema_EOOLOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=1,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_nop(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_NOPOption]' = None,
+                      **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_NOPOption':
+        """Make IPv4 No Operation (``NOP``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        return Schema_NOPOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=1,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_sec(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_SECOption]' = None, *,
+                      level: 'Enum_ClassificationLevel | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_ClassificationLevel.Unclassified,
+                      level_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+                      level_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+                      level_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+                      authorities: 'Optional[list[Enum_ProtectionAuthority]]' = None,
+                      **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_SECOption':
+        """Make IPv4 Security (``SEC``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            sec: security option
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            level_val = option.level
+            authorities = cast('list[Enum_ProtectionAuthority]', option.flags)
+        else:
+            level_val = self._make_index(level, level_default, namespace=level_namespace,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                                         reversed=level_reversed, pack=False)
+            authorities = [] if authorities is None else authorities
+
+        if authorities:
+            max_auth = max(authorities)
+            int_len = math.ceil(max_auth / 8)
+
+            data_list = [b'0' for _ in range(int_len * 8)]
+            for auth in authorities:
+                data_list[auth] = b'1'
+            data = int(b''.join(data_list), base=2).to_bytes(int_len, 'big', signed=False)
+        else:
+            data = b''
+
+        return Schema_SECOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=3 + len(data),
+            level=level_val,
+            data=data,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_lsr(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_LSROption]' = None, *,
+                      counts: 'int' = 10,  # reasonable default
+                      route: 'Optional[list[IPv4Address | str | bytes | int]]' = None,
+                      **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_LSROption':
+        """Make IPv4 Loose Source and Record Route (``LSR``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            counts: maximum number of addresses to record
+            route: list of IPv4 addresses as recorded routes
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            route = cast('list[IPv4Address | str | bytes | int]', option.route)
+            pointer = option.pointer
+            length = option.length
+        else:
+            route = [] if route is None else route
+            length = 3 + counts * 4
+            pointer = 4 + min(len(route), counts) * 4
+
+        return Schema_LSROption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=length,
+            pointer=pointer,
+            route=route,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_ts(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_TSOption]' = None, *,
+                     counts: 'int' = 5,
+                     overflow: 'int' = 0,
+                     timestamp: 'Optional[list[int | timedelta] | dict[IPv4Address, int | timedelta]]' = None,
+                     **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_TSOption':
+        """Make IPv4 Timestamp (``TS``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            counts: maximum number of timestamps to record
+            timestamp: list of timestamps
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            ts_list = []  # type: list[int]
+            if isinstance(option.timestamp, tuple):
+                for ts in option.timestamp:
+                    if not isinstance(ts, int):
+                        ts = math.floor(ts.total_seconds() * 1000)
+
+                    if ts.bit_length() > 31:
+                        warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] timestamp value is too large: {ts}', ProtocolWarning)
+                        ts = ts | 0x80000000
+                    ts_list.append(ts)
+            else:
+                for ip, ts in option.timestamp.items(True):
+                    ts_list.append(int(ip))
+                    if not isinstance(ts, int):
+                        ts = math.floor(ts.total_seconds() * 1000)
+
+                    if ts.bit_length() > 31:
+                        warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] timestamp value is too large: {ts}', ProtocolWarning)
+                        ts = ts | 0x80000000
+                    ts_list.append(ts)
+
+            length = option.length
+            pointer = option.pointer
+            overflow = option.overflow
+            flag = option.flag
+        else:
+            ts_list = []
+            if isinstance(timestamp, list):
+                flag = Enum_TSFlag.Timestamp_Only  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                counts = min(9, counts)  # 9 is the maximum number of timestamps
+                length = 4 + counts * 4
+
+                for index, ts in enumerate(timestamp):
+                    if index >= counts:
+                        warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] too many timestamps: {len(timestamp)}', ProtocolWarning)
+                        break
+
+                    if not isinstance(ts, int):
+                        ts = math.floor(ts.total_seconds() * 1000)
+
+                    if ts.bit_length() > 31:
+                        warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] timestamp value is too large: {ts}', ProtocolWarning)
+                        ts = ts | 0x80000000
+                    ts_list.append(ts)
+            elif isinstance(timestamp, dict):
+                flag = Enum_TSFlag.IP_with_Timestamp  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                counts = min(4, counts)  # 4 is the maximum number of timestamps
+                length = 4 + counts * 8
+
+                for index, (ip, ts) in enumerate(timestamp.items()):
+                    if index >= counts:
+                        warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] too many timestamps: {len(timestamp)}', ProtocolWarning)
+                        break
+
+                    ts_list.append(int(ip))
+                    if not isinstance(ts, int):
+                        ts = math.floor(ts.total_seconds() * 1000)
+                    if ts == 0:
+                        flag = Enum_TSFlag.Prespecified_IP_with_Timestamp  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+                    if ts.bit_length() > 31:
+                        warn(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] timestamp value is too large: {ts}', ProtocolWarning)
+                        ts = ts | 0x80000000
+                    ts_list.append(ts)
+            else:
+                raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] invalid timestamp value: {timestamp}')
+            pointer = 5 + len(ts_list) * 4
+
+        return Schema_TSOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=length,
+            pointer=pointer,
+            flags={
+                'oflw': overflow,
+                'flag': flag,
+            },
+            data=ts_list,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_e_sec(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_ESECOption]' = None, *,
+                       format: 'int' = 0,
+                       info: 'Optional[bytes]' = None,
+                       **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_ESECOption':
+        """Make IPv4 Extended Security (``E-SEC``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            format: additional security information format code
+            info: additional security information
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+            Returns:
+                Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            length = option.length
+            format = option.format
+            info = option.info
+        else:
+            length = (3 + len(info)) if info is not None else 3
+
+        return Schema_ESECOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=length,
+            format=format,
+            info=info,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_rr(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_RROption]' = None, *,
+                     counts: 'int' = 10,  # reasonable default
+                     route: 'Optional[list[IPv4Address | str | bytes | int]]' = None,
+                     **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_RROption':
+        """Make IPv4 Record Route (``RR``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            counts: maximum number of addresses to record
+            route: list of IPv4 addresses as recorded routes
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            route = cast('list[IPv4Address | str | bytes | int]', option.route)
+            pointer = option.pointer
+            length = option.length
+        else:
+            route = [] if route is None else route
+            length = 3 + counts * 4
+            pointer = 4 + min(len(route), counts) * 4
+
+        return Schema_RROption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=length,
+            pointer=pointer,
+            route=route,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_sid(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_SIDOption]' = None, *,
+                      sid: 'int' = 0,
+                      **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_SIDOption':
+        """Make IPv4 Stream ID (``SID``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            sid: stream ID
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            sid = option.sid
+
+        return Schema_SIDOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=4,
+            sid=sid,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_ssr(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_SSROption]' = None, *,
+                      counts: 'int' = 10,  # reasonable default
+                      route: 'Optional[list[IPv4Address | str | bytes | int]]' = None,
+                      **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_SSROption':
+        """Make IPv4 Strict Source Route (``SSR``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            counts: maximum number of addresses to record
+            route: list of IPv4 addresses as recorded routes
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            route = cast('list[IPv4Address | str | bytes | int]', option.route)
+            pointer = option.pointer
+            length = option.length
+        else:
+            route = [] if route is None else route
+            length = 3 + counts * 4
+            pointer = 4 + min(len(route), counts) * 4
+
+        return Schema_SSROption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=length,
+            pointer=pointer,
+            route=route,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_mtup(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_MTUPOption]' = None, *,
+                       mtu: 'int' = 0,
+                       **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_MTUPOption':
+        """Make IPv4 MTU Probe (``MTUP``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            mtu: MTU value
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            mtu = option.mtu
+
+        return Schema_MTUPOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=4,
+            mtu=mtu,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_mtur(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_MTUROption]' = None, *,
+                       mtu: 'int' = 0,
+                       **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_MTUROption':
+        """Make IPv4 MTU Reply (``MTUR``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            mtu: MTU value
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            mtu = option.mtu
+
+        return Schema_MTUROption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=4,
+            mtu=mtu,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_tr(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_TROption]' = None, *,
+                     id: 'int' = 0,
+                     out: 'int' = 0,
+                     ret: 'int' = 0,
+                     origin: 'IPv4Address | str | bytes | int' = '127.0.0.1',
+                     **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_TROption':
+        """Make IPv4 Traceroute (``TR``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            id: ID number
+            out: outbound hop count
+            ret: return hop count
+            origin: originator IP address
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            id = option.id
+            out = option.outbound
+            ret = option['return']
+            origin = option.originator
+
+        return Schema_TROption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=12,
+            id=id,
+            out=out,
+            ret=ret,
+            origin=origin,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_rtralt(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_RTRALTOption]' = None, *,
+                         alert: 'Enum_RouterAlert | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | int | str' = Enum_RouterAlert.Aggregated_Reservation_Nesting_Level_0,
+                         alert_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+                         alert_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+                         alert_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+                         **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_RTRALTOption':
+        """Make IPv4 Router Alert (``RTRALT``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: option type code
+            option: option data
+            alert: router alert type
+            alert_default: default value for router alert type
+            alert_namespace: namespace for router alert type
+            alert_reversed: whether router alert type is reversed
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            alert_val = option.alert
+        else:
+            alert_val = self._make_index(alert, alert_default, namespace=alert_namespace,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                                         reversed=alert_reversed, pack=False)
+
+        return Schema_RTRALTOption(
+            type=kind,
+            length=4,
+            alert=alert_val,
+        )
+
+    def _make_opt_qs(self, kind: 'Enum_OptionNumber', option: 'Optional[Data_QuickStartRequestOption | Data_QuickStartReportOption]' = None, *,
+                     func: 'Enum_QSFunction | StdlibEnum | AenumEnum | str | int' = Enum_QSFunction.Quick_Start_Request,
+                     func_default: 'Optional[int]' = None,
+                     func_namespace: 'Optional[dict[str, int] | dict[int, str] | Type[StdlibEnum] | Type[AenumEnum]]' = None,   # pylint: disable=line-too-long
+                     func_reversed: 'bool' = False,
+                     rate: 'int' = 0,
+                     ttl: 'timedelta | int' = 0,
+                     nonce: 'int' = 0,
+                     **kwargs: 'Any') -> 'Schema_QSOption':
+        """Make IPv4 Quick-Start (``QS``) option.
+
+        Args:
+            code: option type value
+            opt: option data
+            func: QS function type
+            func_default: default value for QS function type
+            func_namespace: namespace for QS function type
+            func_reversed: reversed flag for QS function type
+            rate: rate (in kbps)
+            ttl: time to live (in seconds)
+            nonce: nonce value
+            **kwargs: arbitrary keyword arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            Constructured option schema.
+
+        """
+        if option is not None:
+            func_enum = option.func
+            rate = option.rate
+            ttl = getattr(option, 'ttl', 0)
+            nonce = option.nonce
+        else:
+            func_enum = self._make_index(func, func_default, namespace=func_namespace,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                                         reversed=func_reversed, pack=False)
+        rate_val = math.floor(math.log2(rate * 1000 / 40000)) if rate > 0 else 0
+
+        if func_enum == Enum_QSFunction.Quick_Start_Request:
+            ttl_value = ttl if isinstance(ttl, int) else math.floor(ttl.total_seconds())
+
+            return Schema_QuickStartRequestOption(
+                type=kind,
+                length=8,
+                flags={
+                    'func': func_enum,
+                    'rate': rate_val,
+                },
+                ttl=ttl_value,
+                nonce={
+                    'nonce': nonce,
+                },
+            )
+        if func_enum == Enum_QSFunction.Report_of_Approved_Rate:
+            return Schema_QuickStartReportOption(
+                type=kind,
+                length=8,
+                flags={
+                    'func': func_enum,
+                    'rate': rate_val,
+                },
+                nonce={
+                    'nonce': nonce,
+                },
+            )
+        raise ProtocolError(f'{self.alias}: [OptNo {kind}] invalid QS function: {func_enum}')