pyglove 0.4.5.dev202410020809__py3-none-any.whl → 0.4.5.dev202410100808__py3-none-any.whl

pyglove/core/views/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,906 @@
+# Copyright 2024 The PyGlove Authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Interface of PyGlove's view system: Content, View, and Extension.
+
+PyGlove introduces a flexible and extensible view system for rendering objects
+in different formats, such as text or HTML. This system allows users to plug in
+various predefined views or create their own custom views with minimal effort.
+The two core concepts of this system are ``View`` and ``Extension``.
+
+A ``View`` defines how objects are displayed, with specific classes like
+``HtmlView`` and more specialized subclasses such as ``HtmlTreeView``. Each
+concrete ``View`` class has a ``VIEW_ID`` that can be used to select the view
+when calling functions like ``pg.view`` or ``pg.to_html``. Views provide default
+rendering behavior for built-in Python types such as ``int``, ``str``, ``bool``,
+``list``, and ``dict``. However, users can extend this behavior by subclassing
+the ``View.Extension`` class to define custom rendering logic for user-defined
+classes.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+     pg.to_html
+         |
+         | (calls)
+         v
+      pg.view
+         |
+         | (refers)
+         v
+       pg.View --------------------------------> pg.View.Extension
+         ^                   (calls)                     ^
+         | (extends)                                     |
+    +-----------+                                        |
+    |           |                                        |
+   ...   pg.views.HtmlView   ---------------------> pg.views.HtmlView.Extension
+                ^             (calls)                    ^
+                | (extends)                              |  (extends)
+    pg.views.HtmlTreeView  ------------------> pg.views.HtmlTreeView.Extension
+                              (calls)                 ^
+                                                      |
+                                                  pg.Symbolic
+                                                      ^
+                                                      |
+                                                   pg.Object
+
+Each ``View`` class also defines an inner ``Extension`` class that manages
+interactions with user-defined types. The ``Extension`` class typically
+implements several methods chosen by the ``View`` developer, such as
+``_html_tree_view_render``, ``_html_tree_view__summary``, etc., depending on
+the specific renderin needs.
+The ``View.extension_method(<extension_method_name>)`` decorator enables
+flexible mapping between a ``View`` method and its corresponding ``Extension``
+method. This allows users to define custom rendering logic within their
+``Extension`` class and bind it to the view.
+
+An example of introducing a new view is described below:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+  class MyView(pg.View):
+    VIEW_ID = 'my_view'
+
+    class Extension(pg.View.Extension):
+      def _myview_render(self, **kwargs):
+        return ...
+
+      def _myview_part1(self, **kwargs):
+        return ...
+
+      def _myview_part2(self, **kwargs):
+        return ...
+
+    @pg.View.extension_method('_myview_render')
+    def render(self, value: Any, **kwargs):
+      part1 = self.render_part1(value.part1, **kwargs)
+      part2 = self.render_part2(value.part2, **kwargs)
+      return ...
+
+    @pg.View.extension_method('_myview_part1')
+    def render_part1(self, value: Any, **kwargs):
+      return ...
+
+    @pg.View.extension_method('_myview_part2')
+    def render_part2(self, value: Any, **kwargs):
+      return ...
+
+The ``View.extension_method`` decorator also supports multiple views for a
+single user class by allowing multi-inheritance of ``Extension`` classes.
+For example, a class can support both ``View1`` and ``View2`` by inheriting
+their respective ``Extension`` classes and implementing methods like
+``_render_view1`` and ``_render_view2`` to handle different view-specific
+rendering:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+  class MyObject(MyView1.Extension, MyView2.Extension):
+    def _myview1_render(self, value, **kwargs):
+      return ...
+
+    def _myview2_render(self, value, **kwargs):
+      return ...
+
+For ``extension_method``-decorated ``View`` methods, they must include a
+``value`` argument, which is the target object to be rendered. The view will
+delegate rendering to the user logic only when the ``value`` is an instance of
+the ``Extension`` class.
+
+`pg.view` is the function to display an object with a specific view. It takes
+a ``view_id`` argument to specify which view to use, and returns a ``Content``
+object, which acts as the media to be displayed. For example::
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+  pg.view([1, 2, MyObject(...)], view_id='my_view1')
+
+"""
+import abc
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import copy as copy_lib
+import functools
+import inspect
+import io
+import types
+from typing import Any, Callable, ContextManager, Dict, Iterator, Optional, Sequence, Set, Type, Union
+
+from pyglove.core import io as pg_io
+from pyglove.core import object_utils
+from pyglove.core import typing as pg_typing
+
+
+# Type definition for the value filter function.
+NodeFilter = Callable[
+    [
+        object_utils.KeyPath,    # The path to the value.
+        Any,        # Current value.
+        Any,        # Parent value
+    ],
+    bool            # Whether to include the value.
+]
+
+
+class Content(object_utils.Formattable, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+  """Content: A type of media to be displayed in a view.
+
+  For example, `pg.Html` is a `Content` type that represents HTML to be
+  displayed in an HTML view.
+  """
+
+  WritableTypes = Union[    # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+      str,
+      'Content',
+      Callable[[], Union[str, 'Content', None]],
+      None
+  ]
+
+  class SharedParts(object_utils.Formattable):
+    """A part of the content that should appear just once.
+
+    For example, `pg.Html.Styles` is a `SharedParts` type that represents
+    a group of CSS styles that should only be included once in the HEAD section.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_parts',)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *parts: Union[str, 'Content.SharedParts', None]
+    ) -> None:
+      self._parts: Dict[str, int] = collections.defaultdict(int)
+      self.add(*parts)
+
+    def add(self, *parts: Union[str, 'Content.SharedParts', None]) -> bool:
+      """Adds one or multiple parts."""
+      updated = False
+      for part in parts:
+        if part is None:
+          continue
+        if isinstance(part, Content.SharedParts):
+          assert isinstance(part, self.__class__), (part, self.__class__)
+          for p, count in part.parts.items():
+            self._parts[p] += count
+            updated = True
+        else:
+          assert isinstance(part, str), part
+          updated |= (part not in self._parts)
+          self._parts[part] += 1
+
+      if updated:
+        self.__dict__.pop('content', None)
+      return updated
+
+    @property
+    def parts(self) -> Dict[str, int]:
+      """Returns all parts and their reference counts."""
+      return self._parts
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+      """Returns True if there is any part."""
+      return bool(self._parts)
+
+    def __contains__(self, part: str) -> bool:
+      """Returns True if the part is in the shared parts."""
+      return part in self._parts
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+      """Iterates all parts."""
+      return iter(self._parts.keys())
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> 'Content.SharedParts':
+      """Returns a copy of the shared parts."""
+      return self.__class__(self)   # pytype: disable=not-instantiable
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any):
+      if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+        return False
+      return set(self._parts.keys()) == set(other.parts.keys())
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any):
+      return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def format(
+        self,
+        compact: bool = False,
+        verbose: bool = True,
+        root_indent: int = 0,
+        **kwargs
+    ) -> str:
+      if compact:
+        return object_utils.kvlist_str(
+            [
+                ('parts', self._parts, {}),
+            ],
+            label=self.__class__.__name__,
+            compact=compact,
+            verbose=verbose,
+            root_indent=root_indent,
+            bracket_type=object_utils.BracketType.ROUND,
+        )
+      return self.content
+
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def content(self) -> str:
+      """Returns the content string representing the the shared parts."""
+
+  __slots__ = ('_content_stream', '_shared_parts',)
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      *content: WritableTypes,
+      **shared_parts: 'Content.SharedParts'
+  ):
+    self._content_stream = io.StringIO()
+    self._shared_parts = shared_parts
+
+    for c in content:
+      if c is None:
+        continue
+      if callable(c):
+        c = c()
+      if isinstance(c, str):
+        self._content_stream.write(c)
+      else:
+        self.write(c)
+
+  @functools.cached_property
+  def content(self) -> str:
+    """Returns the content."""
+    return self._content_stream.getvalue()
+
+  @property
+  def shared_parts(self) -> Dict[str, 'Content.SharedParts']:
+    """Returns the shared parts."""
+    return self._shared_parts
+
+  def write(
+      self, *parts: WritableTypes, shared_parts_only: bool = False
+  ) -> 'Content':
+    """Writes one or more parts to current Content.
+
+    Args:
+      *parts: The parts to be written. Each part can be a string, a Content
+        object, a callable that returns one of the above, or None.
+      shared_parts_only: If True, only write the shared parts.
+
+    Returns:
+      The current Content object for chaining.
+    """
+    content_updated = False
+    for p in parts:
+      if callable(p):
+        p = p()
+
+      if p is None:
+        continue
+
+      if not isinstance(p, (str, self.__class__)):
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'{p!r} ({type(p)}) cannot be writable. '
+            f'Only str, None, {self.__class__.__name__} and callable object '
+            'that returns one of them are supported.'
+        )
+
+      if isinstance(p, Content):
+        current = self._shared_parts
+        for k, v in p.shared_parts.items():
+          # Since `p` is the same type of `self`, we expect they have the
+          # same set of shared parts, which is determined at the __init__ time.
+          current[k].add(v)
+        p = p.content
+
+      if not shared_parts_only:
+        self._content_stream.write(p)
+        content_updated = True
+
+    if content_updated:
+      self.__dict__.pop('content', None)
+    return self
+
+  def save(self, file: str, **kwargs):
+    """Save content to a file."""
+    pg_io.writefile(file, self.to_str(**kwargs))
+
+  def __add__(self, other: WritableTypes) -> 'Content':
+    """Operator +: Concatenates two Content objects."""
+    if callable(other):
+      other = other()
+    if not other:
+      return self
+    s = copy_lib.deepcopy(self)
+    s.write(other)
+    return s
+
+  def __radd__(self, other: WritableTypes) -> 'Content':
+    """Right-hand operator +: concatenates two Content objects."""
+    s = self.from_value(other, copy=True)
+    if s is None:
+      return self
+    s.write(self)
+    return s
+
+  def format(self,
+             compact: bool = False,
+             verbose: bool = True,
+             root_indent: int = 0,
+             content_only: bool = False,
+             **kwargs) -> str:
+    """Formats the Content object."""
+    del kwargs
+    if compact:
+      return object_utils.kvlist_str(
+          [
+              ('content', self.content, ''),
+          ] + [
+              (k, v, None) for k, v in self._shared_parts.items()
+          ],
+          label=self.__class__.__name__,
+          compact=compact,
+          verbose=verbose,
+          root_indent=root_indent,
+          bracket_type=object_utils.BracketType.ROUND,
+      )
+    return self.to_str(content_only=content_only)
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def to_str(self, *, content_only: bool = False, **kwargs) -> str:
+    """Returns the string representation of the content."""
+
+  def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+    if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+      return False
+    return (
+        self.content == other.content
+        and self._shared_parts == other._shared_parts  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+    )
+
+  def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+    return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+  def __hash__(self):
+    return hash(self.to_str())
+
+  @classmethod
+  def from_value(
+      cls,
+      value: WritableTypes,
+      copy: bool = False
+  ) -> Union['Content', None]:
+    """Returns a Content object or None from a writable type."""
+    if value is None:
+      return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, Content):
+      assert isinstance(value, cls), (value, cls)
+      if copy:
+        return copy_lib.deepcopy(value)
+      return value
+    return cls(value)   # pytype: disable=not-instantiable
+
+
+def view(
+    value: Any,
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    root_path: Optional[object_utils.KeyPath] = None,
+    view_id: str = 'html-tree-view',
+    **kwargs
+) -> Content:
+  """Views an object through generating content based on a specific view.
+
+  Args:
+    value: The value to view.
+    name: The name of the value.
+    root_path: The root path of the value.
+    view_id: The ID of the view to use. See `pg.View.dir()` for all available
+      view IDs.
+    **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to the view, wich
+      will be used as the preset arguments for the View and Extension methods.
+
+  Returns:
+    The rendered `Content` object.
+  """
+  if isinstance(value, Content):
+    return value
+
+  view_object = View.create(view_id)
+  with View.preset_args(**kwargs):
+    return view_object.render(
+        value, name=name, root_path=root_path or object_utils.KeyPath(),
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+
+class View(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+  """Base class for views.
+
+  A view defines an unique way/format of rendering an object (e.g. int, str,
+  list, dict, user-defined object). For example, `pg.HtmlView` is a view that
+  renders an object into HTML. `pg.HtmlTreeViews` is a concrete `pg.HtmlView`
+  that renders an object into a HTML tree view.
+  """
+
+  # The ID of the view, which will be used as the value for the `view`
+  # argument of `pg.view()`. Must be set for non-abstract subclasses.
+  VIEW_ID = None
+
+  class PresetArgValue(pg_typing.PresetArgValue):
+    """Argument marker for View and Extension methods to use preset values.
+
+    Methods defined in a ``View`` or ``Extension`` class can be parameterized by
+    keyword arguments from the ``pg.view()`` function. These arguments, referred
+    to as preset arguments, allow the View or Extension method to consume
+    parameters passed during object rendering. For instance, when rendering a
+    user-defined object ``MyObject()`` with a keyword argument
+    ``hide_default=True``, the View or Extension method may use this argument to
+    customize the rendering behavior.
+
+    Since there can be multiple layers of calls between ``View`` and
+    ``Extension`` methods, it is easy to lose track of arguments passed from
+    ``pg.view()``. To simplify this process, users can employ the
+    ``PresetArgValue`` marker to annotate specific arguments. This ensures that
+    View or Extension methods can access preset arguments from the parent call
+    to ``pg.view()``, even when those arguments are not explicitly passed around
+    in subsequent method calls.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+      class MyView(pg.View):
+        VIEW_TYPE = 'my_view'
+
+        class Extension(pg.View.Extension):
+          def _myview_render(
+              self,
+              *,
+              view,
+              hide_default_value=pg.View.PresetArgValue(default=False),
+              **kwargs
+            ):
+            return view.render(value, **kwargs)
+
+        @pg.View.extension_method('_myview_render')
+        def render(self, value, *, **kwargs):
+          return ...
+
+    In the above example, the ``hide_default_value`` argument is annotated with
+    ``pg.View.PresetArgValue``. This allows it to consume the
+    ``hide_default=True`` keyword argument from the parent call to
+    ``pg.view()``, or fallback to the default value ``False`` if the argument is
+    not provided.
+    """
+
+  @classmethod
+  def preset_args(cls, **kwargs) -> ContextManager[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Context manager to provide preset argument values for a specific view."""
+    return pg_typing.preset_args(
+        kwargs, preset_name=_VIEW_ARGS_PRESET_NAME, inherit_preset=True
+    )
+
+  class Extension:
+    """Extension for the View class.
+
+    View developers should always create a corresponding ``Extension`` class as
+    an inner class of the ``View`` class. The ``Extension`` class defines custom
+    rendering logic for user-defined types and provides methods that can be
+    bound to the ``View`` methods via the ``@pg.View.extension_method``
+    decorator.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+      class MyView(pg.View):
+        VIEW_TYPE = 'my_view'
+
+        class Extension(pg.View.Extension):
+
+          def _my_view_render(self, value, *, view, **kwargs):
+            return view.render(value, **kwargs)
+
+          def _my_view_title(self, value, *, view, **kwargs):
+            return view.render_title(value, **kwargs)
+
+        @pg.View.extension_method('_my_view_title')
+        def title(self, value: Any, **kwargs):
+          return pg.Html('<h1>' + str(value) + '</h1>')
+
+        @pg.View.extension_method('_my_view_render')
+        def render(self, value: Any, **kwargs):
+          return pg.Html(str(value))
+
+    To use the ``Extension`` class, users can subclass it and override the
+    extension methods in their own classes.
+
+    For example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+      class MyObject(MyView.Extension):
+
+        def _my_view_title(self, value, *, view, **kwargs):
+          return pg.Html('Custom title for ' + str(value) + '</h1>')
+
+        def _my_view_render(self, value, *, view, **kwargs):
+          return self._my_view_title(value, **kwargs) + pg.Html(str(value))
+
+    In this example, ``MyObject`` subclasses the ``Extension`` class of
+    ``MyView`` and overrides the ``_my_view_title`` and ``_my_view_render``
+    methods to provide custom view rendering for the object.
+    """
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls):
+      # Enable preset args for all methods. As a result, function args
+      # with `View.PresetArgValue` will be able to consume the keyword args
+      # from the call to `pg.view`.
+      supported_preset_args = {}
+      for name, method in cls.__dict__.items():
+        if inspect.isfunction(method):
+          used_preset_args = View.PresetArgValue.inspect(method)
+          if used_preset_args:
+            supported_preset_args.update(used_preset_args)
+            setattr(
+                cls, name,
+                pg_typing.enable_preset_args(
+                    include_all_preset_kwargs=True,
+                    preset_name=_VIEW_ARGS_PRESET_NAME,
+                )(method)
+            )
+      setattr(cls, '_SUPPORTED_PRESET_ARGS', supported_preset_args)
+      super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def supported_preset_args(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+      """Returns supported preset args for this view."""
+      return getattr(cls, '_SUPPORTED_PRESET_ARGS', {})
+
+    @classmethod
+    @functools.cache
+    def supported_view_classes(cls) -> Set[Type['View']]:
+      """Returns all non-abstract View classes that the current class supports.
+
+      A class can inherit from multiple ``View.Extension`` classes. For example:
+
+      .. code-block:: python
+
+        class MyObject(View1.Extension, View2.Extension):
+          ...
+
+      In this case, ``MyObject`` supports both ``View1`` and ``View2``.
+
+      Returns:
+        All non-abstract View classes that the current class supports.
+      """
+      supported_view_classes = set()
+      view_class = pg_typing.get_outer_class(
+          cls, base_cls=View, immediate=True
+      )
+      if view_class is not None and not inspect.isabstract(view_class):
+        supported_view_classes.add(view_class)
+
+      for base_cls in cls.__bases__:
+        if issubclass(base_cls, View.Extension):
+          supported_view_classes.update(base_cls.supported_view_classes())
+      return supported_view_classes
+
+  @classmethod
+  def extension_method(cls, method_name: str) -> Any:
+    """Decorator that dispatches a View method to a View.Extension method.
+
+    A few things to note:
+    1) The View method being decorated must have a `value` argument, based on
+       which the Extension method will be dispatched.
+    2) The View method's `value` argument will map to the Extension method's
+       `self` argument.
+    3) The Extension method can optionally have a `view` argument, which will
+       be set to the current View class.
+
+    Args:
+      method_name: The name of the method in the Extension class to dispatch
+        from current View method.
+
+    Returns:
+      A decorator that dispatches a View method to a View.Extension method.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(func):
+      sig = pg_typing.signature(
+          func, auto_typing=False, auto_doc=False
+      )
+      # We substract 1 to offset the `self` argument.
+      try:
+        extension_arg_index = sig.arg_names.index('value') - 1
+      except ValueError as e:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'View method {func.__name__!r} must have a `value` argument, '
+            'which represents the target object to render.'
+        ) from e
+      if sig.varargs is not None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'View method must not have variable positional argument. '
+            f'Found `*{sig.varargs.name}` in {func.__name__!r}'
+        )
+
+      def get_extension(args: Sequence[Any], kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+        if 'value' in kwargs:
+          return kwargs['value']
+        if extension_arg_index < len(args):
+          return args[extension_arg_index]
+        raise ValueError(
+            'No value is provided for the `value` argument '
+            f'for {func.__name__!r}.'
+        )
+
+      def map_args(
+          args: Sequence[Any], kwargs: Dict[str, Any]
+      ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        # `args` does not contain self, therefore we use less than.
+        assert len(args) < len(sig.args), (args, sig.args)
+        kwargs.update({
+            sig.args[i].name: arg
+            for i, arg in enumerate(args) if i != extension_arg_index
+        })
+        return kwargs
+
+      # We use the original function signature to generate the view method.
+      @functools.wraps(func)
+      def _generated_view_fn(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # This allows a View method to consume the preset kwargs from the
+        # parent call to `pg.view`, yet also customizes the preset kwargs
+        # to the calls to other View/Extension methods within this context.
+        with cls.preset_args(**kwargs):
+          return self._maybe_dispatch(   # pylint: disable=protected-access
+              *args, **kwargs,
+              extension=get_extension(args, kwargs),
+              view_method=func,
+              extension_method_name=method_name,
+              arg_map_fn=map_args
+          )
+      return _generated_view_fn
+    return decorator
+
+  def __init_subclass__(cls):
+    if inspect.isabstract(cls):
+      return
+
+    # Register the view type.
+    if cls.VIEW_ID is None:
+      raise ValueError(
+          f'`VIEW_ID` must be set for non-abstract View subclass {cls!r}.'
+      )
+    if cls.VIEW_ID == cls.__base__.VIEW_ID:
+      raise ValueError(
+          f'The `VIEW_ID` {cls.VIEW_ID!r} is the same as the base class '
+          f'{cls.__base__.__name__}. Please choose a different ID.'
+      )
+
+    _VIEW_REGISTRY[cls.VIEW_ID] = cls
+
+    # Enable preset args for all view methods. As a result, function args
+    # with `pg.views.View.PresetArgValue` will be able to consume the keyword
+    # args from the parent call to `pg.view`.
+    supported_preset_args = {}
+    for name, method in cls.__dict__.items():
+      if inspect.isfunction(method):
+        used_preset_args = cls.PresetArgValue.inspect(method)
+        if used_preset_args:
+          setattr(
+              cls, name,
+              pg_typing.enable_preset_args(
+                  include_all_preset_kwargs=True,
+                  preset_name=_VIEW_ARGS_PRESET_NAME,
+              )(method)
+          )
+          supported_preset_args.update(used_preset_args)
+
+    setattr(cls, '_SUPPORTED_PRESET_ARGS', supported_preset_args)
+    super().__init_subclass__()
+
+  @classmethod
+  def supported_preset_args(
+      cls,
+      view_id: Optional[str] = None,
+      include_all_extensions: bool = True
+  ) -> Dict[Type[Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Returns all supported preset args for this view.
+
+    Args:
+      view_id: The view ID to get the supported preset args for. If not
+        provided, the default view ID for this class will be used.
+      include_all_extensions: Whether to include the supported preset args from
+        all extensions of this view. If False, only the supported preset args
+        from the base extension class will be included.
+
+    Returns:
+      A dictionary mapping view classes to their supported preset args.
+    """
+    view_id = view_id or cls.VIEW_ID
+    if view_id is None:
+      raise ValueError(
+          'No `VIEW_ID` is set for this View class. Please set `VIEW_ID` '
+          'or provide a `view_id` to `supported_preset_args`.'
+      )
+    supported = {cls: getattr(cls, '_SUPPORTED_PRESET_ARGS', {})}
+    extension_classes = [cls.Extension]
+    if include_all_extensions:
+      extension_classes.extend(cls.Extension.__subclasses__())
+
+    for cls in extension_classes:
+      supported_preset_args = cls.supported_preset_args()
+      if supported_preset_args:
+        supported[cls] = supported_preset_args
+    return supported
+
+  @classmethod
+  def dir(cls) -> Dict[str, Type['View']]:
+    """Returns all registered View classes with their view IDs."""
+    return {
+        view_id: view_cls
+        for view_id, view_cls in _VIEW_REGISTRY.items()
+        if issubclass(view_cls, cls)
+    }
+
+  @staticmethod
+  def create(view_id: str, **kwargs) -> 'View':
+    """Creates a View instance with the given view ID."""
+    if view_id not in _VIEW_REGISTRY:
+      raise ValueError(
+          f'No view class found with VIEW_ID: {view_id!r}'
+      )
+    return _VIEW_REGISTRY[view_id](**kwargs)
+
+  def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+    del kwargs
+    super().__init__()
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def render(
+      self,
+      value: Any,
+      *,
+      name: Optional[str] = None,
+      root_path: Optional[object_utils.KeyPath] = None,
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> Content:
+    """Renders the input value.
+
+    Args:
+      value: The value to render.
+      name: (Optional) The referred name of the value from its container.
+      root_path: (Optional) The path of `value` under its object tree.
+      **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed from `pg.view` or wrapper
+        functions (e.g. `pg.to_html`).
+
+    Returns:
+      The rendered content.
+    """
+
+  #
+  # Implementation for routing calls to View methods to to Extension methods.
+  #
+
+  def _maybe_dispatch(
+      self,
+      *args,
+      extension: Any,
+      view_method: types.FunctionType,
+      extension_method_name: str,
+      arg_map_fn: Callable[[Sequence[Any], Dict[str, Any]], Dict[str, Any]],
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> Any:
+    """Dispatches the call to View method to corresponding Extension method.
+
+    The dispatching should take care of these three scenarios.
+
+    Scenario 1:
+      The user code within an Extension delegates the handling of value `v` back
+      to a View method.
+
+      In this case, we should dispatch the call on `v` to the Extension method
+      first, and use the View method if we detects that the request is routed
+      back to the View method based on the same value.
+
+    Scenario 2:
+      The Extension (user code) employes a View method to handle a value `v`'s
+      child value `w`.
+
+      In this case, we should allow the Extension method to handle `w` first.
+
+    Scenario 3:
+      A Extension (custom render) uses another method of the view to render the
+      same value `v`:
+
+    To address these 3 scenarios, we use a thread-local stack to track the
+    value being rendered by each view method.
+
+    Args:
+      *args: Positional arguments passed to the render method.
+      extension: Extension to render.
+      view_method: The default render method to call.
+      extension_method_name: The name of the method in the Extension class
+        to call.
+      arg_map_fn: A function to map the view method args to the extension method
+        args.
+      **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the render method.
+
+    Returns:
+      The rendered HTML.
+    """
+    # No Extension involved, call the view's default render method.
+    if not isinstance(extension, self.Extension):
+      return view_method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    # Identify whether an extension is calling the view's method
+    # within its extension method, in such case, we should delegate the
+    # rendering logic to the default render method to avoid infinite recursion.
+    with self._track_rendering(extension, view_method) as being_rendered:
+      if being_rendered is extension:
+        return view_method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+      # Call the extension's method.
+      return getattr(extension, extension_method_name)(
+          view=self, **arg_map_fn(args, kwargs)
+      )
+
+  @contextlib.contextmanager
+  def _track_rendering(
+      self,
+      value: Extension,
+      view_method
+  ) -> Iterator[Any]:
+    """Context manager for tracking the value being rendered."""
+    del self
+    rendering_stack = object_utils.thread_local_get(
+        _TLS_KEY_OPERAND_STACK_BY_METHOD, {}
+    )
+    callsite_value = rendering_stack.get(view_method, None)
+    rendering_stack[view_method] = value
+    object_utils.thread_local_set(
+        _TLS_KEY_OPERAND_STACK_BY_METHOD, rendering_stack
+    )
+    try:
+      yield callsite_value
+    finally:
+      if callsite_value is None:
+        rendering_stack.pop(view_method)
+        if not rendering_stack:
+          object_utils.thread_local_del(_TLS_KEY_OPERAND_STACK_BY_METHOD)
+      else:
+        rendering_stack[view_method] = callsite_value
+
+
+_VIEW_ARGS_PRESET_NAME = 'view_args'
+_VIEW_REGISTRY = {}
+_TLS_KEY_OPERAND_STACK_BY_METHOD = '__view_operand_stack__'