pygeodesy 24.7.24__py2.py3-none-any.whl → 24.8.24__py2.py3-none-any.whl

pygeodesy/geoids.py

@@ -63,44 +63,45 @@ courtesy of SBFRF.
        <https://PyPI.org/project/numpy>} and U{scipy<https://PyPI.org/project/scipy>}
        to be installed.
 
-@note: Errors from C{scipy} are raised as L{SciPyError}s.  Warnings issued by
-       C{scipy} can be thrown as L{SciPyWarning} exceptions, provided Python
-       C{warnings} are filtered accordingly, see L{SciPyWarning}.
+@note: Errors from C{scipy} are raised as L{SciPyError}s.  Warnings issued by C{scipy} can
+       be thrown as L{SciPyWarning} exceptions, provided Python C{warnings} are filtered
+       accordingly, see L{SciPyWarning}.
 
 @see: I{Karney}'s U{GeographicLib<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/index.html>},
       U{Geoid height<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/geoid.html>} and U{Installing
       the Geoid datasets<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>},
       U{SciPy<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/interpolate.html>} interpolation
-      U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.
-      interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>} and U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/
-      reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.interp2d.html>}, functions L{elevations.elevation2}
-      and L{elevations.geoidHeight2}, U{I{Ellispoid vs Orthometric Elevations}<https://
-      www.YouTube.com/watch?v=dX6a6kCk3Po>} and U{I{Pitfalls Related to Ellipsoid Height
-      and Height Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL)}<https://Wiki.ROS.org/mavros#mavros.2FPlugins.
-      Avoiding_Pitfalls_Related_to_Ellipsoid_Height_and_Height_Above_Mean_Sea_Level>}.
+      U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.
+      RectBivariateSpline.html>}, U{bisplrep/-ev<https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/
+      scipy.interpolate.bisplrep.html>} and U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/
+      generated/scipy.interpolate.interp2d.html>}, functions L{elevations.elevation2} and
+      L{elevations.geoidHeight2}, U{I{Ellispoid vs Orthometric Elevations}<https://www.YouTube.com/
+      watch?v=dX6a6kCk3Po>} and U{6.22.1 Avoiding Pitfalls Related to Ellipsoid Height and Height
+      Above Mean Sea Level<https://Wiki.ROS.org/mavros>}.
 '''
 # make sure int/int division yields float quotient, see .basics
 from __future__ import division as _; del _  # PYCHOK semicolon
 
 from pygeodesy.basics import len2, map1, isodd, ub2str as _ub2str
-from pygeodesy.constants import EPS, _float as _F, _0_0, _1_0, _180_0, _360_0
+from pygeodesy.constants import EPS, _float as _F, _1_0, _N_90_0, _180_0, \
+                                     _N_180_0, _360_0
 # from pygeodesy.datums import _ellipsoidal_datum  # from .heights
 # from pygeodesy.dms import parseDMS2  # _MODS
-from pygeodesy.errors import _incompatible, LenError, RangeError, SciPyError, \
-                             _SciPyIssue, _xkwds_pop2
+from pygeodesy.errors import _incompatible, LenError, RangeError, _SciPyIssue, \
+                             _xkwds_pop2
 from pygeodesy.fmath import favg, Fdot, fdot, Fhorner, frange
 # from pygoedesy.formy import heightOrthometric  # _MODS
-from pygeodesy.heights import _as_llis2, _ascalar, _height_called, HeightError, \
-                              _HeightsBase,  _ellipsoidal_datum, _Wrap
+from pygeodesy.heights import _as_llis2, _ascalar, _HeightBase, HeightError, \
+                              _ellipsoidal_datum, _Wrap
 # from pygeodesy.internals import _version2  # _MODS
-from pygeodesy.interns import MISSING, NN, _4_, _COLONSPACE_, _COMMASPACE_, _cubic_, \
-                             _E_, _height_, _in_, _kind_, _lat_, _linear_, _lon_, \
-                             _mean_, _N_, _n_a_, _numpy_, _on_, _outside_, _S_, _s_, \
-                             _scipy_, _SPACE_, _stdev_, _tbd_, _W_, _width_
+from pygeodesy.interns import NN, _COLONSPACE_, _COMMASPACE_, _E_, _height_, \
+                             _in_, _kind_, _lat_, _lon_, _mean_, _N_, _n_a_, \
+                             _numpy_, _on_, _outside_, _S_, _s_, _scipy_, \
+                             _SPACE_, _stdev_, _tbd_, _W_, _width_, _4_
 from pygeodesy.lazily import _ALL_DOCS, _ALL_LAZY, _ALL_MODS as _MODS, _FOR_DOCS
 from pygeodesy.named import _name__, _Named, _NamedTuple
 # from pygeodesy.namedTuples import LatLon3Tuple  # _MODS
-from pygeodesy.props import deprecated_method, Property_RO, property_RO, property_ROver
+from pygeodesy.props import Property_RO, property_RO, property_ROver
 from pygeodesy.streprs import attrs, Fmt, fstr, pairs
 from pygeodesy.units import Height, Int_, Lat, Lon
 # from pygeodesy.utily import _Wrap  # from .heights
@@ -117,80 +118,65 @@ except ImportError:  # Python 3+
     from io import BytesIO as _BytesIO  # PYCHOK expected
 
 __all__ = _ALL_LAZY.geoids
-__version__ = '24.07.12'
-
-_assert_ = 'assert'
-_bHASH_  =  b'#'
-_endian_ = 'endian'
-_format_ = '%s %r'
-_header_ = 'header'
-_intCs   = {}  # cache int value
-_interp2d_ks = {-2: _linear_,
-                -3: _cubic_,
-                -5: 'quintic'}
-_lli_             = 'lli'
-_non_increasing_  = 'non-increasing'
-_rb_              = 'rb'
-_supported_       = 'supported'
-
-
-class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
+__version__ = '24.08.24'
+
+_assert_         = 'assert'
+_bHASH_          = b'#'
+_endian_         = 'endian'
+_format_         = '%s %r'
+_header_         = 'header'
+_intCs           = {}  # cache int value
+_lli_            = 'lli'
+_non_increasing_ = 'non-increasing'
+_rb_             = 'rb'
+_supported_      = 'supported'
+
+
+class GeoidError(HeightError):
+    '''Geoid interpolator C{Geoid...} or interpolation issue.
+    '''
+    pass
+
+
+class _GeoidBase(_HeightBase):
     '''(INTERNAL) Base class for C{Geoid...}s.
     '''
+    _center   =  None   # (lat, lon, height)
     _cropped  =  None
-#   _datum    = _WGS84  # from _HeightsBase
+#   _datum    = _WGS84  # from _HeightBase
     _egm      =  None   # open C{egm*.pgm} geoid file
     _endian   = _tbd_
+    _Error    =  GeoidError  # in ._HeightBase._as_lls, ...
     _geoid    = _n_a_
     _hs_y_x   =  None   # numpy 2darray, row-major order
-    _interp2d =  None   # interp2d interpolation
     _kind     =  3      # order for interp2d, RectBivariateSpline
 #   _kmin     =  2      # min number of knots
     _knots    =  0      # nlat * nlon
     _mean     =  None   # fixed in GeoidKarney
-#   _name     =  NN     # _Named
     _nBytes   =  0      # numpy size in bytes, float64
     _pgm      =  None   # PGM attributes, C{_PGM} or C{None}
     _sizeB    =  0      # geoid file size in bytes
     _smooth   =  0      # used only for RectBivariateSpline
     _stdev    =  None   # fixed in GeoidKarney
     _u2B      =  0      # np.itemsize or undefined
+    _yx_hits  =  None   # cache hits, ala Karney
 
-    _lat_d  = _0_0  # increment, +tive
-    _lat_lo = _0_0  # lower lat, south
-    _lat_hi = _0_0  # upper lat, noth
-    _lon_d  = _0_0  # increment, +tive
-    _lon_lo = _0_0  # left lon, west
-    _lon_hi = _0_0  # right lon, east
-    _lon_of = _0_0  # forward lon offset
-    _lon_og = _0_0  # reverse lon offset
-
-    _center  = None  # (lat, lon, height)
-    _yx_hits = None  # cache hits, ala Karney
+#   _lat_d  = _0_0  # increment, +tive
+#   _lat_lo = _0_0  # lower lat, south
+#   _lat_hi = _0_0  # upper lat, noth
+#   _lon_d  = _0_0  # increment, +tive
+#   _lon_lo = _0_0  # left lon, west
+#   _lon_hi = _0_0  # right lon, east
+#   _lon_of = _0_0  # forward lon offset
+#   _lon_og = _0_0  # reverse lon offset
 
     def __init__(self, hs, p):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Set up the grid axes, the C{SciPy} interpolator
-           and several internal geoid attributes.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Set up the grid axes, the C{SciPy} interpolator and
+           several internal geoid attributes.
 
            @arg hs: Grid knots with known height (C{numpy 2darray}).
-           @arg p: The C{slat, wlon, nlat, nlon, dlat, dlon} and
-                   other geoid parameters (C{INTERNAL}).
-
-           @raise GeoidError: Incompatible grid B{C{hs}} shape or
-                              invalid B{C{kind}}.
-
-           @raise LenError: Mismatch grid B{C{hs}} axis.
-
-           @raise SciPyError: A C{scipy.interpolate.inter2d} or
-                              C{-.RectBivariateSpline} issue.
-
-           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{scipy.interpolate.inter2d} or
-                                C{-.RectBivariateSpline} warning as
-                                exception.
-
-           @note: C{scipy.interpolate.interp2d} has been C{DEPRECATED},
-                  specify keyword argument C{B{kind}=1..5} to use
-                  C{scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline}.
+           @arg p: The C{slat, wlon, nlat, nlon, dlat, dlon} and other
+                   geoid parameters (C{INTERNAL}).
         '''
         spi = self.scipy_interpolate
         # for 2d scipy.interpolate.interp2d(xs, ys, hs, ...) and
@@ -209,28 +195,25 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
         # with rows (90..-90) reversed and columns (0..360) wrapped
         # to Easten longitude, 0 <= east < 180 and 180 <= west < 360
         k = self.kind
-        if k in _interp2d_ks:  # .interp2d DEPRECATED since scipy 1.10
-            if self._scipy_version() < (1, 10):
-                self._interp2d = spi.interp2d(xs, ys, hs, kind=_interp2d_ks[k])
-            else:  # call and overwrite the DEPRECATED .interp2d
-                self._interp2d = self._interp2d(xs, ys, hs, k)
-        elif 1 <= k <= 5:
+        if k in self._k2interp2d:  # see _HeightBase
+            self._interp2d(xs, ys, hs, kind=k)
+        else:  # XXX order ys and xs, see HeightLSQBiSpline
+            k = self._kxky(k)
             self._ev = spi.RectBivariateSpline(ys, xs, hs, bbox=bb, ky=k, kx=k,
                                                            s=self._smooth).ev
-        else:
-            raise GeoidError(kind=k)
-
         self._hs_y_x = hs  # numpy 2darray, row-major
         self._nBytes = hs.nbytes  # numpy size in bytes
         self._knots  = p.knots  # grid knots
-        self._lon_of = float(p.flon)  # forward offset
-        self._lon_og = float(p.glon)  # reverse offset
-        # shrink the box by 1 unit on every side
-        # bb += self._lat_d, -self._lat_d, self._lon_d, -self._lon_d
-        self._lat_lo = float(bb[0])
-        self._lat_hi = float(bb[1])
-        self._lon_lo = float(bb[2] - p.glon)
-        self._lon_hi = float(bb[3] - p.glon)
+        self._lon_of =     float(p.flon)  # forward offset
+        self._lon_og = g = float(p.glon)  # reverse offset
+        # shrink the bounding box by 1 unit on every side:
+        # +self._lat_d, -self._lat_d, +self._lon_d, -self._lon_d
+        self._lat_lo, \
+        self._lat_hi, \
+        self._lon_lo, \
+        self._lon_hi  = map(float, bb)
+        self._lon_lo -= g
+        self._lon_hi -= g
 
     def __call__(self, *llis, **wrap_H):
         '''Interpolate the geoid height for one or several locations.
@@ -246,23 +229,19 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
                     (C{float}) or a list or tuple of interpolated geoid
                     (or orthometric) heights (C{float}s).
 
-           @raise GeoidError: Insufficient number of B{C{llis}}, an
-                              invalid B{C{lli}} or the C{egm*.pgm}
-                              geoid file is closed.
+           @raise GeoidError: Insufficient number of B{C{llis}}, an invalid
+                              B{C{lli}} or the C{egm*.pgm} geoid file is closed.
 
-           @raise RangeError: An B{C{lli}} is outside this geoid's lat-
-                              or longitude range.
+           @raise RangeError: An B{C{lli}} is outside this geoid's lat- or
+                              longitude range.
 
-           @raise SciPyError: A C{scipy.interpolate.inter2d} or
-                              C{-.RectBivariateSpline} issue.
+           @raise SciPyError: A C{scipy} issue.
 
-           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{scipy.interpolate.inter2d} or
-                                C{-.RectBivariateSpline} warning as
-                                exception.
+           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{scipy} warning as exception.
 
-           @note: To obtain I{orthometric} heights, each B{C{llis}}
-                  location must have an ellipsoid C{height} or C{h}
-                  attribute, otherwise C{height=0} is used.
+           @note: To obtain I{orthometric} heights, each B{C{llis}} location
+                  must have an ellipsoid C{height} or C{h} attribute, otherwise
+                  C{height=0} is used.
 
            @see: Function L{pygeodesy.heightOrthometric}.
         '''
@@ -285,9 +264,9 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
     def __str__(self):
         return Fmt.PAREN(self.classname, repr(self.name))
 
-    def _called(self, llis, scipy, wrap=False, H=False):
+    def _called(self, llis, iscipy, wrap=False, H=False):
         # handle __call__
-        _H = _MODS.formy.heightOrthometric if H else None
+        _H = self._heightOrthometric if H else None
         _as, llis = _as_llis2(llis, Error=GeoidError)
         hs, _w    =  [], _Wrap._latlonop(wrap)
         _a, _h    =  hs.append, self._hGeoid
@@ -297,15 +276,14 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
                 # orthometric or geoid height
                 _a(_H(lli, N) if _H else N)
             return _as(hs)
-
         except (GeoidError, RangeError) as x:
             # XXX avoid str(LatLon()) degree symbols
             t = _lli_ if _as is _ascalar else Fmt.INDEX(llis=i)
             lli = fstr((lli.lat, lli.lon), strepr=repr)
             raise type(x)(t, lli, wrap=wrap, H=H, cause=x)
         except Exception as x:
-            if scipy and self.scipy:
-                raise _SciPyIssue(x)
+            if iscipy and self.scipy:
+                raise _SciPyIssue(x, self._ev_name)
             else:
                 raise
 
@@ -361,11 +339,9 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
         '''
         return self._endian
 
-    def _ev(self, y, x):  # PYCHOK expected
-        # only used for .interpolate.interp2d, but
-        # overwritten for .RectBivariateSpline,
-        # note (y, x) must be flipped!
-        return self._interp2d(x, y)
+    def _ev(self, y, x):  # PYCHOK overwritten with .RectBivariateSpline.ev
+        # see methods _HeightBase._ev and -._interp2d
+        return self._ev2d(x, y)  # (y, x) flipped!
 
     def _gaxis2(self, lo, d, n, name):
         # build grid axis, hi = lo + (n - 1) * d
@@ -407,14 +383,16 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
            @raise RangeError: A B{C{lat}} or B{C{lon}} is outside this
                               geoid's lat- or longitude range.
 
-           @raise SciPyError: A C{scipy.interpolate.inter2d} or
-                              C{-.RectBivariateSpline} issue.
+           @raise SciPyError: A C{scipy} issue.
 
-           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{scipy.interpolate.inter2d} or
-                                C{-.RectBivariateSpline} warning as
-                                exception.
+           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{scipy} warning as exception.
         '''
-        return _height_called(self, lats, lons, Error=GeoidError, **wrap)
+        lls = self._as_lls(lats, lons)
+        return self(lls, **wrap)  # __call__(ll) or __call__(lls)
+
+    @property_ROver
+    def _heightOrthometric(self):
+        return _MODS.formy.heightOrthometric  # overwrite property_ROver
 
     def _hGeoid(self, lat, lon):
         out = self.outside(lat, lon)
@@ -425,9 +403,9 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
 
     @Property_RO
     def _highest(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for L{highest} method.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.highest}.
         '''
-        return self._llh3minmax(True)
+        return self._LL3T(self._llh3minmax(True), name__=self.highest)
 
     def highest(self, LatLon=None, **unused):
         '''Return the location and largest height of this geoid.
@@ -447,15 +425,6 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
         '''
         return self._yx_hits
 
-    @deprecated_method
-    def _interp2d(self, xs, ys, hs=(), k=0):  # overwritten in .__init__ above
-        '''DEPRECATED on 23.01.06, use keyword argument C{B{kind}=1..5}.'''
-        # assert k in _interp2d_ks  # and len(hs) == len(xs) == len(ys)
-        try:
-            return self.scipy_interpolate.interp2d(xs, ys, hs, kind=_interp2d_ks[k])
-        except AttributeError as x:
-            raise SciPyError(interp2d=MISSING, kind=k, cause=x)
-
     @Property_RO
     def kind(self):
         '''Get the interpolator kind and order (C{int}).
@@ -484,7 +453,7 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
     def _llh3LL(self, llh, LatLon):
         return llh if LatLon is None else self._xnamed(LatLon(*llh))
 
-    def _llh3minmax(self, highest=True, *unused):
+    def _llh3minmax(self, highest, *unused):
         hs, np = self._hs_y_x, self.numpy
         # <https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/
         #         numpy.argmin.html#numpy.argmin>
@@ -499,7 +468,7 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
 
     @Property_RO
     def _lowerleft(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for L{lowerleft}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.lowerleft}.
         '''
         return self._llh3(self._lat_lo, self._lon_lo)
 
@@ -517,7 +486,7 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
 
     @Property_RO
     def _loweright(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for L{loweright}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.loweright}.
         '''
         return self._llh3(self._lat_lo, self._lon_hi)
 
@@ -531,16 +500,15 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
                     otherwise a B{C{LatLon}} instance with the lat-, longitude and
                     geoid height of the lower-right, SE grid corner.
         '''
-
         return self._llh3LL(self._loweright, LatLon)
 
     lowerright = loweright  # synonymous
 
     @Property_RO
     def _lowest(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for L{lowest}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.lowest}.
         '''
-        return self._llh3minmax(False)
+        return self._LL3T(self._llh3minmax(False), name__=self.lowest)
 
     def lowest(self, LatLon=None, **unused):
         '''Return the location and lowest height of this geoid.
@@ -566,7 +534,7 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
     def name(self):
         '''Get the name of this geoid (C{str}).
         '''
-        return _HeightsBase.name.fget(self) or self._geoid  # recursion
+        return _HeightBase.name.fget(self) or self._geoid  # recursion
 
     @Property_RO
     def nBytes(self):
@@ -587,7 +555,7 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
             self._datum = _ellipsoidal_datum(datum, name=name)
         self._kind = int(kind)
         if name:
-            _HeightsBase.name.fset(self, name)  # rename
+            _HeightBase.name.fset(self, name)  # rename
         if smooth:
             self._smooth = Int_(smooth=smooth, Error=GeoidError, low=0)
 
@@ -647,8 +615,8 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
                 swne = crop
             if len(swne) == 4:
                 s, w, n, e = map(float, swne)
-                if -90 <= s <= (n - _1_0) <=  89 and \
-                  -180 <= w <= (e - _1_0) <= 179:
+                if _N_90_0 <= s <= (n - _1_0) <=  89.0 and \
+                  _N_180_0 <= w <= (e - _1_0) <= 179.0:
                     return s, w, n, e
         except (IndexError, TypeError, ValueError):
             pass
@@ -684,7 +652,7 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
 
     @Property_RO
     def _upperleft(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for method L{upperleft}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.upperleft}.
         '''
         return self._llh3(self._lat_hi, self._lon_lo)
 
@@ -702,7 +670,7 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
 
     @Property_RO
     def _upperright(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for method L{upperright}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.upperright}.
         '''
         return self._llh3(self._lat_hi, self._lon_hi)
 
@@ -719,12 +687,6 @@ class _GeoidBase(_HeightsBase):
         return self._llh3LL(self._upperright, LatLon)
 
 
-class GeoidError(HeightError):
-    '''Geoid interpolator C{Geoid...} or interpolation issue.
-    '''
-    pass
-
-
 class GeoidG2012B(_GeoidBase):
     '''Geoid height interpolator for U{GEOID12B Model
        <https://www.NGS.NOAA.gov/GEOID/GEOID12B/>} grids U{CONUS
@@ -736,10 +698,11 @@ class GeoidG2012B(_GeoidBase):
        U{Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands
        <https://www.NGS.NOAA.gov/GEOID/GEOID12B/GEOID12B_PRVI.shtml>} and
        U{American Samoa<https://www.NGS.NOAA.gov/GEOID/GEOID12B/GEOID12B_AS.shtml>}
-       based on C{SciPy} U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/
-       scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>}
-       or U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/
-       scipy.interpolate.interp2d.html>} interpolation.
+       based on C{SciPy} U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/
+       reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>}, U{interp2d
+       <https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate
+       .interp2d.html>} or U{bisplrep/-ev<https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/
+       generated/scipy.interpolate.bisplrep.html>} interpolation.
 
        Use any of the binary C{le} (little endian) or C{be} (big endian)
        C{g2012b*.bin} grid files.
@@ -749,38 +712,34 @@ class GeoidG2012B(_GeoidBase):
         '''New L{GeoidG2012B} interpolator.
 
            @arg g2012b_bin: A C{GEOID12B} grid file name (C{.bin}).
-           @kwarg datum: Optional grid datum (L{Datum}, L{Ellipsoid}, L{Ellipsoid2}
-                         or L{a_f2Tuple}), default C{WGS84}.
-           @kwarg kind: C{scipy.interpolate} order (C{int}), use 1..5 for
-                        U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/
-                        reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>},
-                        -2 for U{interp2d linear<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/
-                        reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.interp2d.html>}, -3
-                        for C{interp2d cubic} or -5 for C{interp2d quintic}.
-           @kwarg smooth: Smoothing factor for U{RectBivariateSpline
-                          <https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/
-                          scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>}
-                          only (C{int}).
-           @kwarg name_crop: Optional geoid C{B{name}=NN} (C{str}) and UNSUPPORTED
-                       keyword argument C{B{crop}}, use C{B{crop}=None} to ignore.
-
-           @raise GeoidError: G2012B grid file B{C{g2012b_bin}} issue or invalid
-                              B{C{crop}}, B{C{kind}} or B{C{smooth}}.
-
-           @raise ImportError: Package C{numpy} or C{scipy} not found or not
-                               installed.
+           @kwarg datum: Optional grid datum (L{Datum}, L{Ellipsoid}, L{Ellipsoid2} or
+                         L{a_f2Tuple}), default C{WGS84}.
+           @kwarg kind: C{scipy.interpolate} order (C{int}), use 1..5 for U{RectBivariateSpline
+                        <https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/ reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.
+                        RectBivariateSpline.html>} or -1, -3 or -5 for U{bisplrep/-ev<https://
+                        docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.bisplrep.html>}
+                        or U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.
+                        interpolate.interp2d.html>} C{linear}, C{cubic} respectively C{quintic},
+                        see note for more details.
+           @kwarg smooth: Smoothing factor for C{B{kind}=1..5} only (C{int}).
+           @kwarg name_crop: Optional geoid C{B{name}=NN} (C{str}) and UNSUPPORTED keyword argument
+                       C{B{crop}=None}.
+
+           @raise GeoidError: Invalid B{C{crop}}, B{C{kind}} or B{C{smooth}} or a G2012B grid file
+                              B{C{g2012b_bin}} issue.
+
+           @raise ImportError: Package C{numpy} or C{scipy} not found or not installed.
 
            @raise LenError: Grid file B{C{g2012b_bin}} axis mismatch.
 
-           @raise SciPyError: A C{RectBivariateSpline} or C{inter2d} issue.
+           @raise SciPyError: A C{scipy} issue.
 
-           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{RectBivariateSpline} or C{inter2d}
-                                warning as exception.
+           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{scipy} warning as exception.
 
            @raise TypeError: Invalid B{C{datum}}.
 
-           @note: C{scipy.interpolate.interp2d} has been C{DEPRECATED}, specify
-                  C{B{kind}=1..5} for C{scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline}.
+           @note: Specify C{B{kind}=-1, -3 or -5} to use C{scipy.interpolate.interp2d}
+                  before or C{scipy.interpolate.bisplrep/-ev} since C{Scipy} version 1.14.
         '''
         crop, name = _xkwds_pop2(name_crop, crop=None)
         if crop is not None:
@@ -923,6 +882,7 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
            _T( 0,  2),
            _T( 1,  2))
 
+#   _cropped =  None
     _endian  = '>H'   # struct.unpack 1 ushort (big endian, unsigned short)
     _4endian = '>4H'  # struct.unpack 4 ushorts
     _Rendian =  NN    # struct.unpack a row of ushorts
@@ -940,9 +900,9 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
     _u2B     = _calcsize(_endian)  # pixelsize_ in bytes
     _4u2B    = _calcsize(_4endian)  # 4 pixelsize_s in bytes
     _Ru2B    =  0  # row of pixelsize_s in bytes
-    _yxH     = ()  # cache (y, x) indices
-    _yxHt    = ()  # cached 4- or 10-tuple for _ev2H resp. _ev3H
     _yx_hits =  0  # cache hits
+    _yx_i    = ()  # cached (y, x) indices
+    _yx_t    = ()  # cached 4- or 10-tuple for _ev2k resp. _ev3k
 
     def __init__(self, egm_pgm, crop=None, datum=None,  # WGS84
                                 kind=3, **name_smooth):
@@ -952,34 +912,31 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
                          C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>} file name (C{egm*.pgm}), see
                          note below.
            @kwarg crop: Optional box to limit geoid locations, a 4-tuple (C{south,
-                        west, north, east}), 2-tuple (C{(south, west), (north,
-                        east)}) or 2, in C{degrees90} lat- and C{degrees180}
-                        longitudes or a 2-tuple (C{LatLonSW, LatLonNE}) of
-                        C{LatLon} instances.
-           @kwarg datum: Optional grid datum (C{Datum}, L{Ellipsoid}, L{Ellipsoid2}
-                         or L{a_f2Tuple}), default C{WGS84}.
-           @kwarg kind: Interpolation order (C{int}), 2 for C{bilinear} or 3
-                        for C{cubic}.
+                        west, north, east}), 2-tuple (C{(south, west), (north, east)})
+                        with 2 C{degrees90} lat- and C{degrees180} longitudes or as
+                        2-tuple (C{LatLonSW, LatLonNE}) of C{LatLon} instances.
+           @kwarg datum: Optional grid datum (C{Datum}, L{Ellipsoid}, L{Ellipsoid2} or
+                         L{a_f2Tuple}), default C{WGS84}.
+           @kwarg kind: Interpolation order (C{int}), 2 for C{bilinear} or 3 for C{cubic}.
            @kwarg name_smooth: Optional geoid C{B{name}=NN} (C{str}) and UNSUPPORTED
                        keyword argument C{B{smooth}}, use C{B{smooth}=None} to ignore.
 
-           @raise GeoidError: EGM dataset B{C{egm_pgm}} issue or invalid
-                              B{C{crop}}, B{C{kind}} or B{C{smooth}}.
+           @raise GeoidError: EGM dataset B{C{egm_pgm}} issue or invalid B{C{crop}},
+                              B{C{kind}} or B{C{smooth}}.
 
            @raise TypeError: Invalid B{C{datum}}.
 
            @see: Class L{GeoidPGM} and function L{egmGeoidHeights}.
 
-           @note: Geoid file B{C{egm_pgm}} remains open and must be closed
-                  by calling the C{close} method or by using this instance
-                  in a C{with B{GeoidKarney}(...) as ...} context.
+           @note: Geoid file B{C{egm_pgm}} remains open and I{must be closed} by calling
+                  method C{close} or by using C{with B{GeoidKarney}(...) as ...:} context.
         '''
         smooth, name = _xkwds_pop2(name_smooth, smooth=None)
         if smooth is not None:
             raise GeoidError(smooth=smooth, txt_not_=_supported_)
 
         if kind in (2,):
-            self._evH = self._ev2H
+            self._ev2d = self._ev2k  # see ._ev_name
         elif kind not in (3,):
             raise GeoidError(kind=kind)
 
@@ -995,7 +952,7 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
         # set earth (lat, lon) limits (s, w, n, e)
         self._lat_lo, self._lon_lo, \
         self._lat_hi, self._lon_hi = self._swne(crop if crop else p.crop4)
-        self._cropped = True if crop else False
+        self._cropped = bool(crop)
 
     def __call__(self, *llis, **wrap_H):
         '''Interpolate the geoid height for one or several locations.
@@ -1011,16 +968,15 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
                     (C{float}) or a list or tuple of interpolated geoid
                     (or orthometric) heights (C{float}s).
 
-           @raise GeoidError: Insufficient number of B{C{llis}}, an
-                              invalid B{C{lli}} or the C{egm*.pgm}
-                              geoid file is closed.
+           @raise GeoidError: Insufficient number of B{C{llis}}, an invalid
+                              B{C{lli}} or the C{egm*.pgm} geoid file is closed.
 
-           @raise RangeError: An B{C{lli}} is outside this geoid's lat-
-                              or longitude range.
+           @raise RangeError: An B{C{lli}} is outside this geoid's lat- or
+                              longitude range.
 
-           @note: To obtain I{orthometric} heights, each B{C{llis}}
-                  location must have an ellipsoid C{height} or C{h}
-                  attribute, otherwise C{height=0} is used.
+           @note: To obtain I{orthometric} heights, each B{C{llis}} location
+                  must have an ellipsoid C{height} or C{h} attribute, otherwise
+                  C{height=0} is used.
 
            @see: Function L{pygeodesy.heightOrthometric}.
         '''
@@ -1068,38 +1024,38 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
         y, x = int(floor(fy)), int(floor(fx))
         fy -= y
         fx -= x
-        H  = self._evH(fy, fx, y, x)  # ._ev3H or ._ev2H
+        H  = self._ev2d(fy, fx, y, x)  # PYCHOK ._ev2k or ._ev3k
         H *= self._pgm.Scale   # H.fmul(self._pgm.Scale)
         H += self._pgm.Offset  # H.fadd(self._pgm.Offset)
-        return H.fsum()
+        return H.fsum()  # float(H)
 
-    def _ev2H(self, fy, fx, *yx):
+    def _ev2k(self, fy, fx, *yx):
         # compute the bilinear 4-tuple and interpolate raw H
-        if self._yxH == yx:
-            t = self._yxHt
+        if self._yx_i == yx:
             self._yx_hits += 1
         else:
-            y, x = self._yxH = yx
-            self._yxHt = t = self._raws(y, x, GeoidKarney._BT)
+            y, x = self._yx_i = yx
+            self._yx_t = self._raws(y, x, GeoidKarney._BT)
+        t  = self._yx_t
         v  = _1_0, -fx, fx
         H  = Fdot(v, t[0], t[0], t[1]).fmul(_1_0 - fy)  # c = a * (1 - fy)
         H += Fdot(v, t[2], t[2], t[3]).fmul(fy)  # c += b * fy
         return H
 
-    def _ev3H(self, fy, fx, *yx):
+    def _ev3k(self, fy, fx, *yx):
         # compute the cubic 10-tuple and interpolate raw H
-        if self._yxH == yx:
-            t = self._yxHt
+        if self._yx_i == yx:
             self._yx_hits += 1
         else:
-            self._yxH = yx
-            c0, c3, v = self._c0c3v(*yx)
-            t = [fdot(v, *c3[i]) / c0 for i in range(self._nterms)]
-            self._yxHt = t = tuple(t)
+            c0, c3, v  = self._c0c3v(*yx)
+            # assert len(c3) == self._nterms
+            self._yx_t = tuple(fdot(v, *r3) / c0 for r3 in c3)
+            self._yx_i = yx
         # GeographicLib/Geoid.cpp Geoid::height(lat, lon) ...
         # real h = t[0] + fx * (t[1] + fx * (t[3] + fx * t[6])) +
         #                 fy * (t[2] + fx * (t[4] + fx * t[7]) +
         #                 fy * (t[5] + fx *  t[8] + fy * t[9]));
+        t  = self._yx_t
         v  = _1_0, fx, fy
         H  = Fdot(v, t[5], t[8], t[9])
         H *= fy
@@ -1108,7 +1064,7 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
         H += Fhorner(fx, t[0], t[1], t[3], t[6])
         return H
 
-    _evH = _ev3H  # overriden for kind == 2
+    _ev2d = _ev3k  # overriden for kind=2, see ._ev_name
 
     def _g2ll2(self, lat, lon):
         # convert grid (lat, lon) to earth (lat, lon), uncropped
@@ -1145,13 +1101,14 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
            @raise RangeError: A B{C{lat}} or B{C{lon}} is outside this
                               geoid's lat- or longitude range.
         '''
-        return _height_called(self, lats, lons, Error=GeoidError, **wrap)
+        lls = self._as_lls(lats, lons)
+        return self(lls, **wrap)  # __call__(ll) or __call__(lls)
 
     @Property_RO
     def _highest_ltd(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for L{highest} mesthod.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.highest}.
         '''
-        return self._llh3minmax(True, -12, -4)
+        return self._LL3T(self._llh3minmax(True, -12, -4), name__=self.highest)
 
     def highest(self, LatLon=None, full=False):  # PYCHOK full
         '''Return the location and largest height of this geoid.
@@ -1181,30 +1138,34 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
             lon += _360_0
         return lat, lon
 
-    def _llh3minmax(self, highest=True, *lat2):
+    def _llh3minmax(self, highest, *lat2):
         # find highest or lowest, takes 10+ secs for egm2008-1.pgm geoid
         # (Python 2.7.16, macOS 10.13.6 High Sierra, iMac 3 GHz Core i3)
-        y = x = 0
-        h = self._raw(y, x)
         if highest:
-            for j, r in self._raw2(*lat2):
+            def _mt(r, h):
                 m = max(r)
-                if m > h:
-                    h, y, x = m, j, r.index(m)
+                return m, (m > h)
+
         else:  # lowest
-            for j, r in self._raw2(*lat2):
+            def _mt(r, h):  # PYCHOK redef
                 m = min(r)
-                if m < h:
-                    h, y, x = m, j, r.index(m)
+                return m, (m < h)
+
+        y = x = 0
+        h = self._raw(y, x)
+        for j, r in self._raw2(*lat2):
+            m, t = _mt(r, h)
+            if t:
+                h, y, x = m, j, r.index(m)
         h *= self._pgm.Scale
         h += self._pgm.Offset
         return self._g2ll2(*self._gyx2g2(y, x)) + (h,)
 
     @Property_RO
     def _lowest_ltd(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for L{lowest}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Cache for C{.lowest}.
         '''
-        return self._llh3minmax(False, 0, 8)
+        return self._LL3T(self._llh3minmax(False, 0, 8), name__=self.lowest)
 
     def lowest(self, LatLon=None, full=False):  # PYCHOK full
         '''Return the location and lowest height of this geoid.
@@ -1269,25 +1230,21 @@ class GeoidKarney(_GeoidBase):
 
 class GeoidPGM(_GeoidBase):
     '''Geoid height interpolator for I{Karney}'s U{GeographicLib Earth
-       Gravitational Model (EGM)<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/
-       geoid.html>} geoid U{egm*.pgm<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/
-       C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>} datasets but based on C{SciPy}
-       U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/
-       generated/scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>} or
-       U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/
-       scipy.interpolate.interp2d.html>} interpolation.
-
-       Use any of the U{egm84-, egm96- or egm2008-*.pgm
-       <https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>}
-       datasets.  However, unless cropped, an entire C{egm*.pgm} dataset
-       is loaded into the C{SciPy} U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/
-       doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>}
-       or U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/
-       scipy.interpolate.interp2d.html>} interpolator and converted from
-       2-byte C{int} to 8-byte C{dtype float64}.  Therefore, internal memory
-       usage is 4x the U{egm*.pgm<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/
-       geoid.html#geoidinst>} file size and may exceed the available memory,
-       especially with 32-bit Python, see properties C{.nBytes} and C{.sizeB}.
+       Gravitational Model (EGM)<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/geoid.html>}
+       geoid U{egm*.pgm<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>}
+       datasets but based on C{SciPy} U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/
+       reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>}, U{bisplrep/-ev
+       <https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.bisplrep.html>}
+       or U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.
+       interp2d.html>} interpolation.
+
+       Use any of the U{egm84-, egm96- or egm2008-*.pgm <https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/
+       C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>} datasets.  However, unless cropped, an entire C{egm*.pgm}
+       dataset is loaded into the C{SciPy} interpolator and converted from 2-byte C{int} to
+       8-byte C{dtype float64}.  Therefore, internal memory usage is 4x the U{egm*.pgm
+       <https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>} file size and may
+       exceed the available memory, especially with 32-bit Python, see properties C{.nBytes}
+       and C{.sizeB}.
     '''
     _cropped =  False
     _endian  = '>u2'
@@ -1300,48 +1257,44 @@ class GeoidPGM(_GeoidBase):
                          C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>} file name (C{egm*.pgm}).
            @kwarg crop: Optional box to crop B{C{egm_pgm}}, a 4-tuple (C{south, west,
                         north, east}) or 2-tuple (C{(south, west), (north, east)}),
-                        in C{degrees90} lat- and C{degrees180} longitudes or a
-                        2-tuple (C{LatLonSW, LatLonNE}) of C{LatLon} instances.
-           @kwarg datum: Optional grid datum (L{Datum}, L{Ellipsoid}, L{Ellipsoid2}
-                         or L{a_f2Tuple}), default C{WGS84}.
-           @kwarg kind: C{scipy.interpolate} order (C{int}), use 1..5 for
-                        U{RectBivariateSpline<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/
-                        reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>},
-                        -2 for U{interp2d linear<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/
-                        reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.interp2d.html>}, -3
-                        for C{interp2d cubic} or -5 for C{interp2d quintic}.
-           @kwarg smooth: Smoothing factor for U{RectBivariateSpline
-                          <https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/
-                          scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline.html>}
-                          only (C{int}).
+                        in C{degrees90} lat- and C{degrees180} longitudes or a 2-tuple
+                        (C{LatLonSW, LatLonNE}) of C{LatLon} instances.
+           @kwarg datum: Optional grid datum (L{Datum}, L{Ellipsoid}, L{Ellipsoid2} or
+                         L{a_f2Tuple}), default C{WGS84}.
+           @kwarg kind: C{scipy.interpolate} order (C{int}), use 1..5 for U{RectBivariateSpline
+                        <https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.
+                        RectBivariateSpline.html>} or -1, -3 or -5 for U{bisplrep/-ev<https://
+                        docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.bisplrep.html>}
+                        or U{interp2d<https://docs.SciPy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.
+                        interpolate.interp2d.html>} C{linear}, C{cubic} respectively C{quintic},
+                        see note for more details.
+           @kwarg smooth: Smoothing factor for C{B{kind}=1..5} only (C{int}).
            @kwarg name: Optional geoid C{B{name}=NN} (C{str}).
 
-           @raise GeoidError: EGM dataset B{C{egm_pgm}} issue or invalid B{C{crop}},
-                              B{C{kind}} or B{C{smooth}}.
+           @raise GeoidError: EGM dataset B{C{egm_pgm}} issue or invalid B{C{crop}}, B{C{kind}}
+                              or B{C{smooth}}.
 
            @raise ImportError: Package C{numpy} or C{scipy} not found or not installed.
 
            @raise LenError: EGM dataset B{C{egm_pgm}} axis mismatch.
 
-           @raise SciPyError: A C{RectBivariateSpline} or C{inter2d} issue.
+           @raise SciPyError: A C{scipy} issue.
 
-           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{RectBivariateSpline} or C{inter2d}
-                                warning as exception.
+           @raise SciPyWarning: A C{scipy} warning as exception.
 
            @raise TypeError: Invalid B{C{datum}} or unexpected argument.
 
-           @note: C{scipy.interpolate.interp2d} has been C{DEPRECATED}, specify
-                  C{B{kind}=1..5} for C{scipy.interpolate.RectBivariateSpline}.
-
-           @note: The U{GeographicLib egm*.pgm<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/
-                  C++/doc/geoid.html#geoidinst>} file sizes are based on a 2-byte
-                  C{int} height converted to 8-byte C{dtype float64} for C{scipy}
-                  interpolators.  Therefore, internal memory usage is 4 times the
-                  C{egm*.pgm} file size and may exceed the available memory,
-                  especially with 32-bit Python.  To reduce memory usage, set
-                  keyword argument B{C{crop}} to the region of interest.  For example
-                  C{B{crop}=(20, -125, 50, -65)} covers the U{conterminous US<https://
-                  www.NGS.NOAA.gov/GEOID/GEOID12B/maps/GEOID12B_CONUS_grids.png>}
+           @note: Specify C{B{kind}=-1, -3 or -5} to use C{scipy.interpolate.interp2d}
+                  before or C{scipy.interpolate.bisplrep/-ev} since C{Scipy} version 1.14.
+
+           @note: The U{GeographicLib egm*.pgm<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/
+                  geoid.html#geoidinst>} file sizes are based on a 2-byte C{int} height
+                  converted to 8-byte C{dtype float64} for C{scipy} interpolators.  Therefore,
+                  internal memory usage is 4 times the C{egm*.pgm} file size and may exceed
+                  the available memory, especially with 32-bit Python.  To reduce memory
+                  usage, set keyword argument B{C{crop}} to the region of interest.  For
+                  example C{B{crop}=(20, -125, 50, -65)} covers the U{conterminous US
+                  <https://www.NGS.NOAA.gov/GEOID/GEOID12B/maps/GEOID12B_CONUS_grids.png>}
                   (CONUS), less than 3% of the entire C{egm2008-1.pgm} dataset.
 
            @see: Class L{GeoidKarney} and function L{egmGeoidHeights}.
@@ -1711,9 +1664,10 @@ def egmGeoidHeights(GeoidHeights_dat):
 
 __all__ += _ALL_DOCS(_GeoidBase)
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == '__main__':  # MCCABE 14
 
-    from pygeodesy.internals import printf, _sys
+    from pygeodesy.internals import printf, _secs2str, _sys, _versions
+    from time import time
 
     _crop     = ()
     _GeoidEGM = GeoidKarney
@@ -1737,7 +1691,10 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
         elif geoid[-4:].lower() in ('.pgm',):
             g = _GeoidEGM(geoid, crop=_crop, kind=_kind)
-            printf(g.toStr(), nt=1, nl=1)
+            t =  time()
+            _ =  g.highest()
+            t = _secs2str(time() - t)
+            printf('%s: %s (%s)', g.toStr(), t, _versions(), nl=1, nt=1)
             printf(repr(g.pgm), nt=1)
             # <https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/cgi-bin/GeoidEval>:
             # The height of the EGM96 geoid at Timbuktu
@@ -1767,27 +1724,6 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 _I = int    # PYCHOK unused _I
 del _intCs  # trash ints cache
 
-# **) MIT License
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2016-2024 -- mrJean1 at Gmail -- All Rights Reserved.
-#
-# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
-# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
-# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
-# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
-# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-#
-# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-#
-# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
-# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
-# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
-# ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
-# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 # <https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/cgi-bin/GeoidEval>
 # _lowerleft = -90, -179, -30.1500  # egm2008-1.pgm
@@ -1803,23 +1739,23 @@ del _intCs  # trash ints cache
 # _upperright = 90, 180, 13.0980  # egm84-15.pgm
 
 
-# % python3 -m pygeodesy.geoids [-Karney] ../testGeoids/egm*.pgm
+# % python3.12 -m pygeodesy.geoids -Karney ../testGeoids/egm*.pgm
 #
-# GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -30.15), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 14.898), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.226), highest(-8.4, 147.367, 85.839), lowest(4.7, 78.767, -106.911)
+# GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -30.15), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 14.898), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.226), highest(-8.4, 147.367, 85.839), lowest(4.7, 78.767, -106.911): 204.334 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.12.5 64bit arm64 macOS 14.6.1)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm2008-1.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-31 06:54:00', Description='WGS84 EGM2008, 1-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.025, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.001, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 28.7881 vs 28.7880
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7880 vs 28.7880
 #
-# GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.712), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.098), center(0.0, 0.0, 18.33), highest(-4.5, 148.75, 81.33), lowest(4.75, 79.25, -107.34)
+# GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.712), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.098), center(0.0, 0.0, 18.33), highest(-4.5, 148.75, 81.33), lowest(4.75, 79.25, -107.34): 1.007 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.12.5 64bit arm64 macOS 14.6.1)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm84-15.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:02', Description='WGS84 EGM84, 15-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.413, MaxCubicError=0.02, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.018, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/wgs84_180/wgs84_180.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 31.2983 vs 31.2979
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 31.2979 vs 31.2979
 #
-# GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.535), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.605), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.163), highest(-8.167, 147.25, 85.422), lowest(4.667, 78.833, -107.043)
+# GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.535), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.605), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.163), highest(-8.167, 147.25, 85.422), lowest(4.667, 78.833, -107.043): 8.509 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.12.5 64bit arm64 macOS 14.6.1)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm96-5.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:03', Description='WGS84 EGM96, 5-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.14, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.005, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm96/egm96.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
@@ -1827,23 +1763,23 @@ del _intCs  # trash ints cache
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7067 vs 28.7067
 
 
-# % python3 -m pygeodesy.geoids -Karney ../testGeoids/egm*.pgm
+# % python3.8 -m pygeodesy.geoids -Karney ../testGeoids/egm*.pgm
 #
-# GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -30.15), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 14.898), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.226), highest(-8.4, 147.367, 85.839), lowest(4.7, 78.767, -106.911)
+# GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -30.15), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 14.898), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.226), highest(-8.4, 147.367, 85.839), lowest(4.7, 78.767, -106.911): 353.050 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.8.10 64bit arm64_x86_64 macOS 10.16)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm2008-1.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-31 06:54:00', Description='WGS84 EGM2008, 1-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.025, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.001, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 28.7881 vs 28.7880
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7880 vs 28.7880
 #
-# GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.712), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.098), center(0.0, 0.0, 18.33), highest(-4.5, 148.75, 81.33), lowest(4.75, 79.25, -107.34)
+# GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.712), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.098), center(0.0, 0.0, 18.33), highest(-4.5, 148.75, 81.33), lowest(4.75, 79.25, -107.34): 1.727 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.8.10 64bit arm64_x86_64 macOS 10.16)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm84-15.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:02', Description='WGS84 EGM84, 15-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.413, MaxCubicError=0.02, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.018, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/wgs84_180/wgs84_180.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 31.2983 vs 31.2979
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 31.2979 vs 31.2979
 #
-# GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.535), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.605), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.163), highest(-8.167, 147.25, 85.422), lowest(4.667, 78.833, -107.043)
+# GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.535), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.605), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.163), highest(-8.167, 147.25, 85.422), lowest(4.667, 78.833, -107.043): 14.807 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.8.10 64bit arm64_x86_64 macOS 10.16)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm96-5.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:03', Description='WGS84 EGM96, 5-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.14, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.005, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm96/egm96.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
@@ -1851,25 +1787,71 @@ del _intCs  # trash ints cache
 # Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7067 vs 28.7067
 
 
-# % python2 -m pygeodesy.geoids -PGM ../testGeoids/egm*.pgm
+# % python2 -m pygeodesy.geoids -Karney ../testGeoids/egm*.pgm
 #
-# GeoidPGM('egm2008-1.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -30.15), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 14.898), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.226), highest(-8.4, -32.633, 85.839), lowest(4.683, -101.25, -106.911)
+# GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -30.15), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 14.898), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.226), highest(-8.4, 147.367, 85.839), lowest(4.7, 78.767, -106.911): 283.362 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 2.7.18 64bit arm64_x86_64 macOS 10.16)
+#
+# _PGM('../testGeoids/egm2008-1.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-31 06:54:00', Description='WGS84 EGM2008, 1-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.025, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.001, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
+#
+# Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 28.7881 vs 28.7880
+# Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7880 vs 28.7880
+#
+# GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.712), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.098), center(0.0, 0.0, 18.33), highest(-4.5, 148.75, 81.33), lowest(4.75, 79.25, -107.34): 1.378 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 2.7.18 64bit arm64_x86_64 macOS 10.16)
+#
+# _PGM('../testGeoids/egm84-15.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:02', Description='WGS84 EGM84, 15-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.413, MaxCubicError=0.02, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.018, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/wgs84_180/wgs84_180.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
+#
+# Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 31.2983 vs 31.2979
+# Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 31.2979 vs 31.2979
+#
+# GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.535), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.605), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.163), highest(-8.167, 147.25, 85.422), lowest(4.667, 78.833, -107.043): 11.612 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 2.7.18 64bit arm64_x86_64 macOS 10.16)
+#
+# _PGM('../testGeoids/egm96-5.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:03', Description='WGS84 EGM96, 5-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.14, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.005, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm96/egm96.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
+#
+# Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 28.7068 vs 28.7067
+# Timbuktu GeoidKarney('egm96-5.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7067 vs 28.7067
+
+
+# % python3.12 -m pygeodesy.geoids -PGM ../testGeoids/egm*.pgm
+#
+# GeoidPGM('egm2008-1.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -30.15), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 14.898), center(0.0, 0.0, 17.226), highest(-8.4, -32.633, 85.839), lowest(4.683, -101.25, -106.911): 543.148 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.12.5 64bit arm64 macOS 14.6.1)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm2008-1.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-31 06:54:00', Description='WGS84 EGM2008, 1-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.025, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.001, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
 # Timbuktu GeoidPGM('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 28.7881 vs 28.7880
 # Timbuktu GeoidPGM('egm2008-1.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7880 vs 28.7880
 #
-# GeoidPGM('egm84-15.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.712), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.098), center(0.0, 0.0, 18.33), highest(-4.5, -31.25, 81.33), lowest(4.75, -100.75, -107.34)
+# GeoidPGM('egm84-15.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.712), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.098), center(0.0, 0.0, 18.33), highest(-4.5, -31.25, 81.33), lowest(4.75, -100.75, -107.34): 1.762 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.12.5 64bit arm64 macOS 14.6.1)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm84-15.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:02', Description='WGS84 EGM84, 15-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.413, MaxCubicError=0.02, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.018, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/wgs84_180/wgs84_180.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
 # Timbuktu GeoidPGM('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 31.2979 vs 31.2979
 # Timbuktu GeoidPGM('egm84-15.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 31.2975 vs 31.2979
 #
-# GeoidPGM('egm96-5.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.535), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.605), center(0.0, -0.0, 17.179), highest(-8.167, -32.75, 85.422), lowest(4.667, -101.167, -107.043)
+# GeoidPGM('egm96-5.pgm'): lowerleft(-90.0, -180.0, -29.535), upperright(90.0, 180.0, 13.605), center(0.0, -0.0, 17.179), highest(-8.167, -32.75, 85.422), lowest(4.667, -101.167, -107.043): 12.594 ms (pygeodesy 24.8.24 Python 3.12.5 64bit arm64 macOS 14.6.1)
 #
 # _PGM('../testGeoids/egm96-5.pgm'): AREA_OR_POINT='Point', DateTime='2009-08-29 18:45:03', Description='WGS84 EGM96, 5-minute grid', Geoid='file in PGM format for the GeographicLib::Geoid class', MaxBilinearError=0.14, MaxCubicError=0.003, Offset=-108.0, Origin=LatLon2Tuple(lat=90.0, lon=0.0), Pixel=65535, RMSBilinearError=0.005, RMSCubicError=0.001, Scale=0.003, URL='http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm96/egm96.html', Vertical_Datum='WGS84'
 #
 # Timbuktu GeoidPGM('egm96-5.pgm').height(16.775833, -3.009444): 28.7065 vs 28.7067
 # Timbuktu GeoidPGM('egm96-5.pgm').height(16.776, -3.009): 28.7064 vs 28.7067
+
+# **) MIT License
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2016-2024 -- mrJean1 at Gmail -- All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
+# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
+# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+# ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.