pygeodesy 24.4.4__py2.py3-none-any.whl → 24.4.18__py2.py3-none-any.whl

pygeodesy/fsums.py

@@ -17,25 +17,24 @@ C{-1.0} and C{+1.0}, including C{INT0} if considered to be I{exact}.
 Set env variable C{PYGEODESY_FSUM_PARTIALS} to string C{"fsum"}) for summation
 of L{Fsum} partials by Python function C{math.fsum}.
 
-Set env variable C{PYGEODESY_FSUM_RESIDUAL} to a C{float} string greater
-than C{"0.0"} as the threshold to throw a L{ResidualError} in division or
-exponention of an L{Fsum} instance with a I{relative} C{residual} exceeding
-the threshold, see methods L{Fsum.RESIDUAL}, L{Fsum.pow}, L{Fsum.__ipow__}
-and L{Fsum.__itruediv__}.
+Set env variable C{PYGEODESY_FSUM_RESIDUAL} to a C{float} string greater than
+C{"0.0"} as the threshold to throw a L{ResidualError} in division or exponention
+of an L{Fsum} instance with a I{relative} C{residual} exceeding the threshold,
+see methods L{Fsum.RESIDUAL}, L{Fsum.pow}, L{Fsum.__ipow__} and L{Fsum.__itruediv__}.
 '''
 # make sure int/int division yields float quotient, see .basics
 from __future__ import division as _; del _  # PYCHOK semicolon
 
 from pygeodesy.basics import iscomplex, isint, isscalar, itemsorted, \
                              signOf, _signOf
-from pygeodesy.constants import INT0, _isfinite, isinf, isnan, NEG0, _pos_self, \
+from pygeodesy.constants import INT0, _isfinite, NEG0, _pos_self, \
                                _0_0, _1_0, _N_1_0,  Float, Int
 from pygeodesy.errors import _OverflowError, _TypeError, _ValueError, _xError, \
                              _xError2, _xkwds_get, _ZeroDivisionError
 from pygeodesy.interns import NN, _arg_, _COMMASPACE_, _DASH_, _DOT_, _EQUAL_, \
                              _exceeds_, _from_, _iadd_op_, _LANGLE_, _negative_, \
-                             _NOTEQUAL_, _not_finite_, _not_scalar_, _PERCENT_, \
-                             _PLUS_, _R_, _RANGLE_, _SLASH_, _SPACE_, _STAR_, _UNDER_
+                             _NOTEQUAL_, _not_finite_, _PERCENT_, _PLUS_, _R_, \
+                             _RANGLE_, _SLASH_, _SPACE_, _STAR_, _UNDER_
 from pygeodesy.lazily import _ALL_LAZY, _getenv, _sys_version_info2
 from pygeodesy.named import _Named, _NamedTuple, _NotImplemented,  Fmt, unstr
 from pygeodesy.props import _allPropertiesOf_n, deprecated_property_RO, \
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ from pygeodesy.props import _allPropertiesOf_n, deprecated_property_RO, \
 from math import ceil as _ceil, fabs, floor as _floor  # PYCHOK used! .ltp
 
 __all__ = _ALL_LAZY.fsums
-__version__ = '24.04.04'
+__version__ = '24.04.18'
 
 _add_op_       = _PLUS_  # in .auxilats.auxAngle
 _eq_op_        = _EQUAL_ * 2  # _DEQUAL_
@@ -72,54 +71,94 @@ _divmod_op_    = _floordiv_op_ + _mod_op_
 _isub_op_      = _sub_op_ + _fset_op_  # in .auxilats.auxAngle, .fsums
 
 
+def _2delta(*ab):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Helper for C{Fsum._fsum2}.
+    '''
+    try:
+        a, b = _2sum(*ab)
+    except _OverflowError:
+        a, b =  ab
+    return float(a if fabs(a) > fabs(b) else b)
+
+
+def _2error(unused):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Throw a C{not finite} exception.
+    '''
+    raise ValueError(_not_finite_)
+
+
 def _2float(index=None, **name_value):  # in .fmath, .fstats
     '''(INTERNAL) Raise C{TypeError} or C{ValueError} if not scalar or infinite.
     '''
     n, v = name_value.popitem()  # _xkwds_item2(name_value)
     try:
         v = float(v)
-        if _isfinite(v):
-            return v
-        raise ValueError(_not_finite_)
+        return v if _isfinite(v) else _2error(v)
     except Exception as X:
         raise _xError(X, Fmt.INDEX(n, index), v)
 
 
-def _2floats(xs, origin=0, neg=False):
+def _X_ps(X):  # for _2floats only
+    return X._ps
+
+
+def _2floats(xs, origin=0, _X=_X_ps, _x=float):
     '''(INTERNAL) Yield each B{C{xs}} as a C{float}.
     '''
-    if neg:
-        def _X(X):
-            return X._ps_neg
+    try:
+        i, x =  origin, None
+        _fin = _isfinite
+        _Fs  =  Fsum
+        for x in xs:
+            if isinstance(x, _Fs):
+                for p in _X(x):
+                    yield p
+            else:
+                f = _x(x)
+                yield f if _fin(f) else _2error(f)
+            i += 1
+    except Exception as X:
+        raise _xError(X, Fmt.INDEX(xs=i), x)
 
-        def _x(x):
-            return -float(x)
-    else:
-        def _X(X):  # PYCHOK re-def
-            return X._ps
 
-        _x = float
+def _Fsumf_(*xs):  # floats=True, in .auxLat, ...
+    '''(INTERNAL) An C{Fsum} of I{known scalars}.
+    '''
+    return Fsum()._facc_scalar(xs, up=False)
+
 
-    return _2yield(xs, origin, _X, _x)
+def _Fsum1f_(*xs):  # floats=True, in .albers, ...
+    '''(INTERNAL) An C{Fsum} of I{known scalars}, 1-primed.
+    '''
+    return Fsum()._facc_scalar(_1primed(xs), up=False)
+
+
+def _2halfeven(s, r, p):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Round half-even.
+    '''
+    if (p > 0 and r > 0) or \
+       (p < 0 and r < 0):  # signs match
+        r *= 2
+        t  = s + r
+        if r == (t - s):
+            s = t
+    return s
 
 
 def _1primed(xs):  # in .fmath
-    '''(INTERNAL) 1-Prime the summation of C{xs}
-       arguments I{known} to be C{finite float}.
+    '''(INTERNAL) 1-Primed summation of iterable C{xs}
+       items, all I{known} to be C{finite float}.
     '''
     yield _1_0
     for x in xs:
-        if x:
-            yield x
+        yield x
     yield _N_1_0
 
 
 def _2ps(s, r):
     '''(INTERNAL) Return a C{s} and C{r} pair, I{ps-ordered}.
     '''
-    if fabs(s) < fabs(r):
-        s, r = r, s
-    return ((r, s) if s else (r,)) if r else (s,)
+    return (s, r) if fabs(s) < fabs(r) else (r, s)
 
 
 def _psum(ps):  # PYCHOK used!
@@ -136,20 +175,33 @@ def _psum(ps):  # PYCHOK used!
             if s:
                 ps[i:] = r, s
                 if i > 0:
-                    p = ps[i-1]  # round half-even
-                    if (p > 0 and r > 0) or \
-                       (p < 0 and r < 0):  # signs match
-                        r *= 2
-                        t  = s + r
-                        if r == (t - s):
-                            s = t
+                    s = _2halfeven(s, r, ps[i-1])
                 break  # return s
             s = r  # PYCHOK no cover
         ps[i:] = s,
     return s
 
 
-def _2scalar(other, _raiser=None):
+def _Psum(ps, **name):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Return an C{Fsum} from I{ordered} partials C{ps}.
+    '''
+    F = Fsum(**name) if name else Fsum()
+    if ps:
+        F._ps[:] = ps
+        F._n = len(F._ps)
+    return F
+
+
+def _Psum_1(p=_1_0, **name):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Return an C{Fsum} from a single partial C{p}.
+    '''
+    F = Fsum(**name) if name else Fsum()
+    F._ps[:] = p,
+    F._n = 1  # len(F._ps)
+    return F
+
+
+def _2scalar(other, _raiser=None, **mod):
     '''(INTERNAL) Return B{C{other}} as C{int}, C{float} or C{as-is}.
     '''
     if isinstance(other, Fsum):
@@ -158,7 +210,8 @@ def _2scalar(other, _raiser=None):
             s, r = other._fprs2
             if r:  # PYCHOK no cover
                 if _raiser and _raiser(r, s):
-                    raise ValueError(_stresidual(_non_zero_, r))
+                    t = _stresidual(_non_zero_, r, **mod)
+                    raise ResidualError(t, txt=None)
                 s = other  # L{Fsum} as-is
     else:
         s = other  # C{type} as-is
@@ -192,35 +245,13 @@ def _2sum(a, b):  # by .testFmath
     '''(INTERNAL) Return C{a + b} as 2-tuple (sum, residual).
     '''
     s = a + b
-    if not _isfinite(s):
-        u = unstr(_2sum.__name__, a, b)
-        t = Fmt.PARENSPACED(_not_finite_, s)
-        raise _OverflowError(u, txt=t)
-    if fabs(a) < fabs(b):
-        a, b = b, a
-    return s, (b - (s - a))
-
-
-def _2yield(xs, i, _X_ps, _x):
-    '''(INTERNAL) Yield each B{C{xs}} as a C{float}.
-    '''
-    x = None
-    try:
-        _fin = _isfinite
-        _Fs  =  Fsum
-        for x in xs:
-            if isinstance(x, _Fs):
-                for p in _X_ps(x):
-                    yield p
-            else:
-                f = _x(x)
-                if f:
-                    if not _fin(f):
-                        raise ValueError(_not_finite_)
-                    yield f
-            i += 1
-    except Exception as X:
-        raise _xError(X, Fmt.INDEX(xs=i), x)
+    if _isfinite(s):
+        if fabs(a) < fabs(b):
+            b, a = a, b
+        return s, (b - (s - a))
+    u = unstr(_2sum, a, b)
+    t = Fmt.PARENSPACED(_not_finite_, s)
+    raise _OverflowError(u, txt=t)
 
 
 class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
@@ -246,8 +277,9 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
     _math_fsum = None
     _n         = 0
 #   _ps        = []  # partial sums
-#   _px        = 0   # max(Fsum._px, len(Fsum._ps))
-    _ratio     = None
+#   _ps_max    = 0   # max(Fsum._ps_max, len(Fsum._ps))
+    _ratio     = None  # see method _raiser
+    _recursive = bool(_getenv('PYGEODESY_FSUM_RECURSIVE', NN))
     _RESIDUAL  = max(float(_getenv('PYGEODESY_FSUM_RESIDUAL', _0_0)), _0_0)
 
     def __init__(self, *xs, **name_RESIDUAL):
@@ -267,22 +299,18 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
             r = _xkwds_get(name_RESIDUAL, RESIDUAL=None)
             if r is not None:
                 self.RESIDUAL(r)  # ... ResidualError
-#       self._n  = 0
         self._ps = []  # [_0_0], see L{Fsum._fprs}
-        if len(xs) > 1:
-            self._facc(_2floats(xs, origin=1), up=False)  # PYCHOK yield
-        elif xs:  # len(xs) == 1
-            self._n     =  1
-            self._ps[:] = _2float(x=xs[0]),
+        if xs:
+            self._facc(xs, origin=1, up=False)
 
     def __abs__(self):
         '''Return this instance' absolute value as an L{Fsum}.
         '''
-        s = _fsum(self._ps_1())  # == self._cmp_0(0, ...)
+        s = _fsum(self._ps_1primed())  # == self._cmp_0(0, ...)
         return (-self) if s < 0 else self._copy_2(self.__abs__)
 
     def __add__(self, other):
-        '''Return the C{Fsum(B{self}, B{other})}.
+        '''Return C{B{self} + B{other}} as an L{Fsum}.
 
            @arg other: An L{Fsum} or C{scalar}.
 
@@ -338,7 +366,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         return self._cmp_0(other, _eq_op_) == 0
 
     def __float__(self):
-        '''Return this instance' current precision running sum as C{float}.
+        '''Return this instance' current, precision running sum as C{float}.
 
            @see: Methods L{Fsum.fsum} and L{Fsum.int_float}.
         '''
@@ -462,13 +490,15 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         # Luciano Ramalho, "Fluent Python", O'Reilly, 2nd Ed, 2022 p. 567
         return _NotImplemented(self)
 
-    def __ipow__(self, other, *mod):  # PYCHOK 2 vs 3 args
+    def __ipow__(self, other, *mod, **raiser):  # PYCHOK 2 vs 3 args
         '''Apply C{B{self} **= B{other}} to this instance.
 
            @arg other: The exponent (L{Fsum} or C{scalar}).
            @arg mod: Optional modulus (C{int} or C{None}) for the
                      3-argument C{pow(B{self}, B{other}, B{mod})}
                      version.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
 
            @return: This instance, updated (L{Fsum}).
 
@@ -497,7 +527,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
            @see: CPython function U{float_pow<https://GitHub.com/
                  python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/floatobject.c>}.
         '''
-        return self._fpow(other, _pow_op_ + _fset_op_, *mod)
+        return self._fpow(other, _pow_op_ + _fset_op_, *mod, **raiser)
 
     def __isub__(self, other):
         '''Apply C{B{self} -= B{other}} to this instance.
@@ -517,10 +547,12 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         '''
         return iter(self.partials)
 
-    def __itruediv__(self, other):
+    def __itruediv__(self, other, **raiser):
         '''Apply C{B{self} /= B{other}} to this instance.
 
            @arg other: An L{Fsum} or C{scalar} divisor.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
 
            @return: This instance, updated (L{Fsum}).
 
@@ -537,7 +569,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @see: Method L{Fsum.__ifloordiv__}.
         '''
-        return self._ftruediv(other, _truediv_op_ + _fset_op_)
+        return self._ftruediv(other, _truediv_op_ + _fset_op_, **raiser)
 
     def __le__(self, other):
         '''Compare this with an other instance or C{scalar}.
@@ -654,8 +686,8 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
            @arg ndigits: Optional number of digits (C{int}).
         '''
         # <https://docs.Python.org/3.12/reference/datamodel.html?#object.__round__>
-        return _Fsum_ps(round(float(self), *ndigits),  # can be C{int}
-                        name=self.__round__.__name__)
+        return _Psum_1(round(float(self), *ndigits),  # can be C{int}
+                       name=self.__round__.__name__)
 
     def __rpow__(self, other, *mod):
         '''Return C{B{other}**B{self}} as an L{Fsum}.
@@ -673,13 +705,13 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         f = self._copy_2r(other, self.__rsub__)
         return f._fsub(self, _sub_op_)
 
-    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other, **raiser):
         '''Return C{B{other} / B{self}} as an L{Fsum}.
 
            @see: Method L{Fsum.__itruediv__}.
         '''
         f = self._copy_2r(other, self.__rtruediv__)
-        return f._ftruediv(self, _truediv_op_)
+        return f._ftruediv(self, _truediv_op_, **raiser)
 
     def __str__(self):
         '''Return the default C{str(self)}.
@@ -698,17 +730,19 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         f = self._copy_2(self.__sub__)
         return f._fsub(other, _sub_op_)
 
-    def __truediv__(self, other):
+    def __truediv__(self, other, **raiser):
         '''Return C{B{self} / B{other}} as an L{Fsum}.
 
            @arg other: An L{Fsum} or C{scalar} divisor.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
 
            @return: The quotient (L{Fsum}).
 
            @see: Method L{Fsum.__itruediv__}.
         '''
         f = self._copy_2(self.__truediv__)
-        return f._ftruediv(other, _truediv_op_)
+        return f._ftruediv(other, _truediv_op_, **raiser)
 
     __trunc__ = __int__
 
@@ -757,15 +791,12 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         '''(INTERNAL) Return C{scalar(self - B{other})} for 0-comparison.
         '''
         if isinstance(other, Fsum):
-            s = _fsum(self._ps_1(*other._ps))
-        elif isscalar(other):
-            if other:
-                s = _fsum(self._ps_1(other))
-            else:
-                s, r = self._fprs2
-                s = _signOf(s, -r)
+            s = _fsum(self._ps_1primed(*other._ps))
+        elif self._scalar(other, op):
+            s = _fsum(self._ps_1primed(other))
         else:
-            raise self._TypeError(op, other)  # txt=_invalid_
+            s, r = self._fprs2
+            s = _signOf(s, -r)
         return s
 
     def copy(self, deep=False, name=NN):
@@ -774,8 +805,10 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
            @return: The copy (L{Fsum}).
          '''
         f = _Named.copy(self, deep=deep, name=name)
-        f._n  = self._n if deep else 1
-        f._ps = list(self._ps)  # separate list
+        if f._ps is self._ps:
+            f._ps = list(self._ps)  # separate list
+        if not deep:
+            f._n = 1
         return f
 
     def _copy_2(self, which, name=NN):
@@ -801,11 +834,13 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 #       if R is not Fsum._RESIDUAL:
 #           self._RESIDUAL = R
 
-    def divmod(self, other):
+    def divmod(self, other, **raiser):
         '''Return C{divmod(B{self}, B{other})} as 2-tuple C{(quotient,
            remainder)}.
 
            @arg other: An L{Fsum} or C{scalar} divisor.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
 
            @return: A L{DivMod2Tuple}C{(div, mod)}, with quotient C{div}
                     an C{int} in Python 3+ or C{float} in Python 2- and
@@ -814,12 +849,12 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
            @see: Method L{Fsum.__itruediv__}.
         '''
         f = self._copy_2(self.divmod)
-        return f._fdivmod2(other, _divmod_op_)
+        return f._fdivmod2(other, _divmod_op_, **raiser)
 
     def _Error(self, op, other, Error, **txt_cause):
         '''(INTERNAL) Format an B{C{Error}} for C{{self} B{op} B{other}}.
         '''
-        return Error(_SPACE_(self.toRepr(), op, repr(other)), **txt_cause)
+        return Error(_SPACE_(self.toStr(), op, other), **txt_cause)
 
     def _ErrorX(self, X, op, other, *mod):
         '''(INTERNAL) Format the caught exception C{X}.
@@ -836,64 +871,89 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         n = unstr(self.named3, *xs[:3], _ELLIPSIS=len(xs) > 3, **kwds)
         return E(n, txt=t, cause=X)
 
-    def _facc(self, xs, up=True):  # from .elliptic._Defer.Fsum
-        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate more known C{scalar}s.
+    def _facc(self, xs, up=True, **origin_X_x):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate more C{scalars} or L{Fsum}s.
         '''
-        n, ps, _2s = 0, self._ps, _2sum
-        for x in xs:  # _iter()
-            # assert isscalar(x) and isfinite(x)
-            if x:
-                i = 0
-                for p in ps:
-                    x, p = _2s(x, p)
-                    if p:
-                        ps[i] = p
-                        i += 1
-                ps[i:] = (x,) if x else ()
-            n += 1
-        # assert self._ps is ps
-        if n:
-            self._n += n
-            # Fsum._px = max(Fsum._px, len(ps))
-            if up:
-                self._update()
+        if xs:
+            _x = _2floats(xs, **origin_X_x)  # PYCHOK yield
+            ps =  self._ps
+            ps[:] = self._ps_acc(list(ps), _x, up=up)
         return self
 
-    def _facc_(self, *xs, **up):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate all positional C{scalar}s.
+    def _facc_1(self, xs, **up):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate 0, 1 or more C{scalars} or L{Fsum}s,
+           all positional C{xs} in the caller of this method.
         '''
-        return self._facc(xs, **up) if xs else self
+        # assert islistuple(xs)
+        return self._fadd(xs[0], _add_op_) if len(xs) == 1 else \
+               self._facc(xs, origin=1, **up)
+
+    def _facc_neg(self, xs, up=True, **origin):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate more C{scalars} or L{Fsum}s, negated.
+        '''
+        if xs:
+            def _neg(x):
+                return -x
 
-    def _facc_power(self, power, xs, which):  # in .fmath
+            _x = _2floats(xs, **origin) # PYCHOK yield
+            ps =  self._ps
+            ps[:] = self._ps_acc(list(ps), map(_neg, _x), up=up)
+        return self
+
+    def _facc_power(self, power, xs, which, **raiser):  # in .fmath
         '''(INTERNAL) Add each C{xs} as C{float(x**power)}.
         '''
-        p = power
-        if isinstance(p, Fsum):
-            if p.is_exact:
-                return self._facc_power(p._fprs, xs, which)
-            _Pow = Fsum._pow_any
-        elif isint(p, both=True) and p >= 0:
-            _Pow, p = Fsum._pow_int, int(p)
-        else:
-            _Pow, p = Fsum._pow_scalar, _2float(power=p)
+        def _Pow4(p):
+            r = 0
+            if isinstance(p, Fsum):
+                s, r = p._fprs2
+                if r:
+                    return _Pow4(s)
+                m = Fsum._pow
+            elif isint(p, both=True) and int(p) >= 0:
+                p = s = int(p)
+                m = Fsum._pow_int
+            else:
+                p = s = _2float(power=p)
+                m = Fsum._pow_scalar
+            return m, p, s, r
 
-        if p:
-            from math import pow as _pow
-            op = which.__name__
+        _Pow, p, s, r = _Pow4(power)
+        if p:  # and xs:
+            _pow =  Fsum._pow_2_3
+            _Fs  =  Fsum
+            _Ps  = _Psum_1()._fset_ps_
+            op   =  which.__name__
 
             def _X(X):
-                f = _Pow(X, p, power, op)
-                try:  # isinstance(f, Fsum)
-                    return f._ps
-                except AttributeError:  # scalar
-                    return f,
+                f = _Pow(X, p, power, op, **raiser)
+                return f._ps if isinstance(f, _Fs) else (f,)
 
             def _x(x):
-                return _pow(float(x), p)
+                x =  float(x)
+                X = _Ps(x)
+                f = _pow(X, x, s, power, op, **raiser)
+                if r:
+                    f *= _pow(X, x, r, power, op, **raiser)
+                return f
 
-            self._facc(_2yield(xs, 1, _X, _x))  # PYCHOK yield
+            f = self._facc(xs, origin=1, _X=_X, _x=_x)
         else:
-            self._facc_(float(len(xs)))  # x**0 == 1
+            f = self._facc_scalar_(float(len(xs)))  # x**0 == 1
+        return f
+
+    def _facc_scalar(self, xs, **up):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate all C{xs}, known to be scalar.
+        '''
+        if xs:
+            self._ps_acc(self._ps, xs, **up)
+        return self
+
+    def _facc_scalar_(self, *xs, **up):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate all positional C{xs}, known to be scalar.
+        '''
+        if xs:
+            self._ps_acc(self._ps, xs, **up)
         return self
 
 #   def _facc_up(self, up=True):
@@ -904,7 +964,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 #           p = self._ps.pop()
 #           if p:
 #               n = self._n
-#               self._facc_(p, up=False)
+#               self._facc_scalar_(p, up=False)
 #               self._n = n
 #               break
 #       return self._update() if up else self  # ._fpsqz()
@@ -926,11 +986,11 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
            @raise ValueError: Invalid or non-finite B{C{xs}} value.
         '''
         if isinstance(xs, Fsum):
-            self._facc(xs._ps)
+            self._facc_scalar(xs._ps)  # tuple
         elif isscalar(xs):  # for backward compatibility
-            self._facc_(_2float(x=xs))  # PYCHOK no cover
-        elif xs:
-            self._facc(_2floats(xs))  # PYCHOK yield
+            self._facc_scalar_(_2float(x=xs))  # PYCHOK no cover
+        elif xs:  # assert isiterable(xs)
+            self._facc(xs)
         return self
 
     def fadd_(self, *xs):
@@ -949,33 +1009,29 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @raise ValueError: Invalid or non-finite B{C{xs}} value.
         '''
-        return self._facc(_2floats(xs, origin=1))  # PYCHOK yield
+        return self._facc_1(xs)
 
     def _fadd(self, other, op, **up):  # in .fmath.Fhorner
         '''(INTERNAL) Apply C{B{self} += B{other}}.
         '''
         if isinstance(other, Fsum):
-            if other is self:
-                self._facc_(*other._ps, **up)  # == ._facc(tuple(other._ps))
-            elif other._ps:
-                self._facc(other._ps, **up)
-        elif not isscalar(other):
-            raise self._TypeError(op, other)  # txt=_invalid_
-        elif other:
-            self._facc_(other, **up)
+            self._facc_scalar(other._ps, **up)  # tuple
+        elif self._scalar(other, op):
+            self._facc_scalar_(other, **up)
         return self
 
     fcopy   =   copy        # for backward compatibility
     fdiv    = __itruediv__  # for backward compatibility
     fdivmod = __divmod__    # for backward compatibility
 
-    def _fdivmod2(self, other, op):
+    def _fdivmod2(self, other, op, **raiser):
         '''(INTERNAL) Apply C{B{self} %= B{other}} and return a L{DivMod2Tuple}.
         '''
         # result mostly follows CPython function U{float_divmod
         # <https://GitHub.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/floatobject.c>},
         # but at least divmod(-3, 2) equals Cpython's result (-2, 1).
-        q = self._copy_2(self._fdivmod2)._ftruediv(other, op).floor
+        f = self._copy_2(self._fdivmod2)
+        q = f._ftruediv(other, op, **raiser).floor
         if q:  # == float // other == floor(float / other)
             self -= other * q
 
@@ -999,8 +1055,8 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
     def fint(self, raiser=True, **name):
         '''Return this instance' current running sum as C{integer}.
 
-           @kwarg raiser: If C{True} throw a L{ResidualError} if the
-                          I{integer} residual is non-zero.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
            @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}), overriding C{"fint"}.
 
            @return: The C{integer} (L{Fsum}).
@@ -1034,8 +1090,8 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         '''
         s, r = self._fprs2
         i =  int(s)
-        r = _fsum(self._ps_1(i)) if r else float(s - i)
-        return i, (r or INT0)
+        r = _fsum(self._ps_1primed(i)) if r else float(s - i)
+        return i, (r or INT0)  # Fsum2Tuple?
 
     @deprecated_property_RO
     def float_int(self):  # PYCHOK no cover
@@ -1060,10 +1116,10 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
 #   floordiv = __floordiv__  # for naming consistency
 
-    def _floordiv(self, other, op):  # rather _ffloordiv?
+    def _floordiv(self, other, op, **raiser):  # rather _ffloordiv?
         '''Apply C{B{self} //= B{other}}.
         '''
-        q = self._ftruediv(other, op)  # == self
+        q = self._ftruediv(other, op, **raiser)  # == self
         return self._fset(q.floor)  # floor(q)
 
     fmul = __imul__  # for backward compatibility
@@ -1078,41 +1134,42 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
                 f = other._mul_scalar(self._ps[0], op)
             else:  # len(other._ps) == len(self._ps) == 1
                 f = self._finite(self._ps[0] * other._ps[0])
-        elif isscalar(other):
-            f = self._mul_scalar(other, op)
         else:
-            raise self._TypeError(op, other)  # txt=_invalid_
+            s = self._scalar(other, op)
+            f = self._mul_scalar(s, op)
         return self._fset(f)  # n=len(self) + 1
 
-    def fover(self, over):
+    def fover(self, over, **raiser):
         '''Apply C{B{self} /= B{over}} and summate.
 
            @arg over: An L{Fsum} or C{scalar} denominator.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
 
            @return: Precision running sum (C{float}).
 
            @see: Methods L{Fsum.fsum} and L{Fsum.__itruediv__}.
         '''
-        return float(self.fdiv(over)._fprs)
+        return float(self.fdiv(over, **raiser)._fprs)
 
     fpow = __ipow__  # for backward compatibility
 
-    def _fpow(self, other, op, *mod):
+    def _fpow(self, other, op, *mod, **raiser):
         '''Apply C{B{self} **= B{other}}, optional B{C{mod}} or C{None}.
         '''
         if mod:
             if mod[0] is not None:  # == 3-arg C{pow}
-                f = self._pow_3(other, mod[0], op)
+                f = self._pow_2_3(self, other, other, op, *mod, **raiser)
             elif self.is_integer():
                 # return an exact C{int} for C{int}**C{int}
+                i, _ = self._fint2  # assert _ == 0
                 x = _2scalar(other)  # C{int}, C{float} or other
-                i =  self._fint2[0]  # assert _fint2[1] == 0
-                f =  self._pow_2(i, x, other, op) if isscalar(x) else \
-                    _Fsum_ps(i)._pow_any(x, other, op)
+                f =  self._pow_2_3(i, x, other, op, **raiser) if isscalar(x) else \
+                    _Psum_1(i)._pow(  x, other, op, **raiser)  # x is Fsum
             else:  # mod[0] is None, power(self, other)
-                f =  self._pow_any(other, other, op)
-        else:  # pow(self, other) == pow(self, other, None)
-            f = self._pow_any(other, other, op)
+                f =  self._pow(other, other, op, **raiser)
+        else:  # pow(self, other)
+            f = self._pow(other, other, op, **raiser)
         return self._fset(f, asis=isint(f))  # n=max(len(self), 1)
 
     @Property_RO
@@ -1134,8 +1191,11 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         n  = len(ps) - 2
         if n > 0:  # len(ps) > 2
             s = _psum(ps)
-            r = _fsum(self._ps_1(s)) or INT0
-        elif n == 0:  # len(ps) == 2
+            n =  len(ps) - 2
+            if n > 0:
+                r = _fsum(self._ps_1primed(s)) or INT0
+                return Fsum2Tuple(s, r)
+        if n == 0:  # len(ps) == 2
             ps[:] = _2ps(*_2sum(*ps))
             r, s  = (INT0, ps[0]) if len(ps) != 2 else ps
         elif ps:  # len(ps) == 1
@@ -1150,7 +1210,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 #       '''(INTERNAL) Compress, squeeze the C{partials}.
 #       '''
 #       if len(self._ps) > 2:
-#           _ = self._fprs
+#           _ = self._fprs2
 #       return self
 
     def fset_(self, *xs):
@@ -1163,18 +1223,18 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @see: Method L{Fsum.fadd} for further details.
         '''
-        self._n = 0
         self._ps[:] = 0,
+        self._n = 0
         return self.fadd(xs) if xs else self._update()
 
     def _fset(self, other, asis=True, n=0):
         '''(INTERNAL) Overwrite this instance with an other or a C{scalar}.
         '''
         if other is self:
-            pass  # from ._fmul, ._ftruediv and ._pow_scalar
+            pass  # from ._fmul, ._ftruediv and ._pow_0_1
         elif isinstance(other, Fsum):
-            self._n     = n or other._n
             self._ps[:] = other._ps
+            self._n     = n or other._n
 #           self._copy_RESIDUAL(other)
             # use or zap the C{Property_RO} values
             Fsum._fint2._update_from(self, other)
@@ -1184,24 +1244,32 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
             s = other if asis else float(other)
             i = int(s)  # see ._fint2
             t = i, ((s - i) or INT0)
-            self._n     = n or 1
             self._ps[:] = s,
+            self._n     = n or 1
             # Property_ROs _fint2, _fprs and _fprs2 can't be a Property:
             # Property's _fset zaps the value just set by the @setter
             self.__dict__.update(_fint2=t, _fprs=s, _fprs2=Fsum2Tuple(s, INT0))
         else:  # PYCHOK no cover
-            raise self._TypeError(_fset_op_, other)  # txt=_invalid_
+            raise self._TypeError(_fset_op_, other)  # AssertionError
         return self
 
     def _fset_ps(self, other, n=0):  # in .fmath
-        '''(INTERNAL) Set a known C{Fsum} or C{scalar}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Set partials from a known C{Fsum} or C{scalar}.
         '''
         if isinstance(other, Fsum):
-            self._n     = n or other._n
             self._ps[:] = other._ps
+            self._n     = n or other._n
         else:  # assert isscalar(other)
-            self._n     = n or 1
             self._ps[:] = other,
+            self._n     = n or 1
+        return self
+
+    def _fset_ps_(self, *xs):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Set partials to all known scalar C{xs}.
+        '''
+        self._ps[:] = xs
+        self.n = len(xs)
+        return self
 
     def fsub(self, xs=()):
         '''Subtract an iterable of C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances from
@@ -1214,7 +1282,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @see: Method L{Fsum.fadd}.
         '''
-        return self._facc(_2floats(xs, neg=True)) if xs else self  # PYCHOK yield
+        return self._facc_neg(xs)
 
     def fsub_(self, *xs):
         '''Subtract all positional C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances from
@@ -1227,7 +1295,8 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @see: Method L{Fsum.fadd}.
         '''
-        return self._facc(_2floats(xs, origin=1, neg=True)) if xs else self  # PYCHOK yield
+        return self._fsub(xs[0], _sub_op_) if len(xs) == 1 else \
+               self._facc_neg(xs, origin=1)
 
     def _fsub(self, other, op):
         '''(INTERNAL) Apply C{B{self} -= B{other}}.
@@ -1236,11 +1305,9 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
             if other is self:  # or other._fprs2 == self._fprs2:
                 self._fset(_0_0)  # n=len(self) * 2, self -= self
             elif other._ps:
-                self._facc(other._ps_neg)
-        elif not isscalar(other):
-            raise self._TypeError(op, other)  # txt=_invalid_
-        elif self._finite(other, op):
-            self._facc_(-other)
+                self._facc_scalar(other._ps_neg)
+        elif self._scalar(other, op):
+            self._facc_scalar_(-self._finite(other, op))
         return self
 
     def fsum(self, xs=()):
@@ -1255,21 +1322,26 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @note: Accumulation can continue after summation.
         '''
-        f = self._facc(_2floats(xs)) if xs else self  # PYCHOK yield
-        return f._fprs
+        return self._facc(xs)._fprs
 
     def fsum_(self, *xs):
         '''Add all positional C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances and summate.
 
-           @arg xs: Values to add (C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances),
-                    all positional.
+           @arg xs: Values to add (C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances), all
+                    positional.
 
            @return: Precision running sum (C{float} or C{int}).
 
-           @see: Methods L{Fsum.fsum} and L{Fsum.fsumf_}.
+           @see: Methods L{Fsum.fsum}, L{Fsum.Fsum_} and L{Fsum.fsumf_}.
+        '''
+        return self._facc_1(xs)._fprs
+
+    def Fsum_(self, *xs):
+        '''Like method L{Fsum.fsum_} but returning an L{Fsum}.
+
+           @return: Current, precision running sum (L{Fsum}).
         '''
-        f = self._facc(_2floats(xs, origin=1)) if xs else self  # PYCHOK yield
-        return f._fprs
+        return self._facc_1(xs)._copy_2(self.Fsum_)
 
     def fsum2(self, xs=(), name=NN):
         '''Add more C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances and return the
@@ -1287,66 +1359,74 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @see: Methods L{Fsum.fint2}, L{Fsum.fsum} and L{Fsum.fsum2_}
         '''
-        f = self._facc(_2floats(xs)) if xs else self  # PYCHOK yield
-        t = f._fprs2
-        if name:
-            t = t.dup(name=name)
-        return t
+        t = self._facc(xs)._fprs2
+        return t.dup(name=name) if name else t
 
     def fsum2_(self, *xs):
         '''Add any positional C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances and return
            the precision running sum and the C{differential}.
 
-           @arg xs: Values to add (C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances),
-                    all positional.
+           @arg xs: Values to add (C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances), all
+                    positional.
 
-           @return: 2-Tuple C{(fsum, delta)} with the current precision
-                    running C{fsum} and C{delta}, the difference with
-                    the previous running C{fsum} (C{float}s).
+           @return: 2Tuple C{(fsum, delta)} with the current, precision
+                    running C{fsum} like method L{Fsum.fsum} and C{delta},
+                    the difference with previous running C{fsum}, C{float}.
 
            @see: Methods L{Fsum.fsum_} and L{Fsum.fsum}.
         '''
-        p, r = self._fprs2
+        return self._fsum2(xs, self._facc_1)
+
+    def _fsum2(self, xs, _f, **origin):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Helper for L{Fsum.fsum2_} and L{Fsum.fsum2f_}.
+        '''
+        p, q = self._fprs2
         if xs:
-            s, t = self._facc(_2floats(xs, origin=1))._fprs2  # PYCHOK yield
-            return s, _fsum((s, -p, r, -t))  # ((s - p) + (r - t))
-        else:  # PYCHOK no cover
+            s, r = _f(xs, **origin)._fprs2
+            return s, _2delta(s - p, r - q)  # _fsum(_1primed((s, -p, r, -q))
+        else:
             return p, _0_0
 
     def fsumf_(self, *xs):
-        '''Like method L{Fsum.fsum_} but only for known C{float B{xs}}.
+        '''Like method L{Fsum.fsum_} but only for C{B{xs}}, I{known to be scalar}.
+        '''
+        return self._facc_scalar(xs)._fprs
+
+    def Fsumf_(self, *xs):
+        '''Like method L{Fsum.Fsum_} but only for C{B{xs}}, I{known to be scalar}.
+        '''
+        return self._facc_scalar(xs)._copy_2(self.Fsumf_)
+
+    def fsum2f_(self, *xs):
+        '''Like method L{Fsum.fsum2_} but only for C{B{xs}}, I{known to be scalar}.
         '''
-        f = self._facc(xs) if xs else self  # PYCHOK yield
-        return f._fprs
+        return self._fsum2(xs, self._facc_scalar, origin=1)
 
-#   ftruediv = __itruediv__   # for naming consistency
+#   ftruediv = __itruediv__   # for naming consistency?
 
-    def _ftruediv(self, other, op):
+    def _ftruediv(self, other, op, **raiser):
         '''(INTERNAL) Apply C{B{self} /= B{other}}.
         '''
         n = _1_0
         if isinstance(other, Fsum):
             if other is self or other == self:
-                return self._fset(_1_0)  # n=len(self)
+                return self._fset(n)  # n=len(self)
             d, r = other._fprs2
             if r:
                 if d:
-                    if self._raiser(r, d):
+                    if self._raiser(r, d, **raiser):
                         raise self._ResidualError(op, other, r)
                     d, n = other.as_integer_ratio()
                 else:  # PYCHOK no cover
                     d = r
-        elif isscalar(other):
-            d = other
-        else:  # PYCHOK no cover
-            raise self._TypeError(op, other)  # txt=_invalid_
+        else:
+            d = self._scalar(other, op)
         try:
-            s = 0 if isinf(d) else (
-                d if isnan(d) else self._finite(n / d))
+            s = n / d
         except Exception as X:
             raise self._ErrorX(X, op, other)
-        f = self._mul_scalar(s, _mul_op_)  # handles 0, NAN, etc.
-        return self._fset(f, asis=False)
+        f = self._mul_scalar(s, _mul_op_)  # handles 0, INF, NAN
+        return self._fset(f)  # asis=False
 
     @property_RO
     def imag(self):
@@ -1360,7 +1440,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         '''Return this instance' current running sum as C{int} or C{float}.
 
            @kwarg raiser: If C{True} throw a L{ResidualError} if the
-                          residual is non-zero.
+                          residual is non-zero (C{bool}).
 
            @return: This C{integer} sum if this instance C{is_integer},
                     otherwise return the C{float} sum if the residual
@@ -1380,13 +1460,12 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         return s
 
     def is_exact(self):
-        '''Is this instance' current running C{fsum} considered to
-           be exact? (C{bool}).
+        '''Is this instance' running C{fsum} considered to be exact? (C{bool}).
         '''
         return self.residual is INT0
 
     def is_integer(self):
-        '''Is this instance' current running sum C{integer}? (C{bool}).
+        '''Is this instance' running sum C{integer}? (C{bool}).
 
            @see: Methods L{Fsum.fint} and L{Fsum.fint2}.
         '''
@@ -1412,7 +1491,7 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         '''
         # assert isinstance(other, Fsum)
         if self._ps and other._ps:
-            f = _Fsum_xs(self._ps_mul(op, *other._ps))
+            f =  self._ps_mul(op, *other._ps)  # NO ._2scalar
         else:
             f = _0_0
         return f
@@ -1424,133 +1503,119 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         if self._ps and self._finite(factor, op):
             f =  self      if factor == _1_0 else (
                  self._neg if factor == _N_1_0 else
-                _Fsum_xs(self._ps_mul(op, factor)))  # PYCHOK indent
+                 self._ps_mul(op, factor)._2scalar)
         else:
             f = _0_0
         return f
 
     @property_RO
     def _neg(self):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Return C{-self}.
+        '''(INTERNAL) Return C{Fsum(-self)} or scalar C{NEG0}.
         '''
-        return _Fsum_ps(*self._ps_neg) if self._ps else NEG0
+        return _Psum(self._ps_neg) if self._ps else NEG0
 
     @property_RO
     def partials(self):
-        '''Get this instance' current partial sums (C{tuple} of C{float}s and/or C{int}s).
+        '''Get this instance' current, partial sums (C{tuple} of C{float}s).
         '''
         return tuple(self._ps)
 
-    def pow(self, x, *mod):
+    def pow(self, x, *mod, **raiser):
         '''Return C{B{self}**B{x}} as L{Fsum}.
 
            @arg x: The exponent (L{Fsum} or C{scalar}).
            @arg mod: Optional modulus (C{int} or C{None}) for the 3-argument
                      C{pow(B{self}, B{other}, B{mod})} version.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
 
            @return: The C{pow(self, B{x})} or C{pow(self, B{x}, *B{mod})}
                     result (L{Fsum}).
 
            @note: If B{C{mod}} is given as C{None}, the result will be an
                   C{integer} L{Fsum} provided this instance C{is_integer}
-                  or set to C{integer} with L{Fsum.fint}.
+                  or set to C{integer} by an L{Fsum.fint} call.
 
-           @see: Methods L{Fsum.__ipow__}, L{Fsum.fint} and L{Fsum.is_integer}.
+           @see: Methods L{Fsum.__ipow__}, L{Fsum.fint}, L{Fsum.is_integer}
+                 and L{Fsum.root}.
         '''
         f = self._copy_2(self.pow)
-        return f._fpow(x, _pow_op_, *mod)  # f = pow(f, x, *mod)
+        return f._fpow(x, _pow_op_, *mod, **raiser)  # f = pow(f, x, *mod)
 
-    def _pow_0_1(self, x, other):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Return B{C{self}**1} or C{B{self}**0 == 1.0}.
-        '''
-        return self if x else (1 if isint(other) and self.is_integer() else _1_0)
-
-    def _pow_2(self, b, x, other, op):
-        '''(INTERNAL) 2-arg C{pow(B{b}, scalar B{x})} embellishing errors.
-        '''
-        # assert isscalar(b) and isscalar(x)
-        try:  # type(s) == type(x) if x in (_1_0, 1)
-            s = pow(b, x)  # -1**2.3 == -(1**2.3)
-            if not iscomplex(s):
-                return self._finite(s)  # 0**INF == 0.0, 1**INF==1.0
-            # neg**frac == complex in Python 3+, but ValueError in 2-
-            raise ValueError(_strcomplex(s, b, x))  # PYCHOK no cover
-        except Exception as X:
-            raise self._ErrorX(X, op, other)
-
-    def _pow_3(self, other, mod, op):
-        '''(INTERNAL) 3-arg C{pow(B{self}, B{other}, int B{mod} or C{None})}.
-        '''
-        b, r = self._fprs2 if mod is None else self._fint2
-        if r and self._raiser(r, b):
-            t = _non_zero_ if mod is None else _integer_
-            t = _stresidual(t, r, mod=mod)
-            raise self._Error(op, other, ResidualError, txt=t)
-
-        try:  # b, other, mod all C{int}, unless C{mod} is C{None}
-            x = _2scalar(other, _raiser=self._raiser)
-            s =  pow(b, x, mod)
-            if not iscomplex(s):
-                return self._finite(s)
-            # neg**frac == complex in Python 3+, but ValueError in 2-
-            raise ValueError(_strcomplex(s, b, x, mod))  # PYCHOK no cover
-        except Exception as X:
-            raise self._ErrorX(X, op, other, mod)
-
-    def _pow_any(self, other, unused, op):
+    def _pow(self, other, unused, op, **raiser):
         '''Return C{B{self} ** B{other}}.
         '''
         if isinstance(other, Fsum):
             x, r = other._fprs2
-            f = self._pow_scalar(x, other, op)
+            if r and self._raiser(r, x, **raiser):
+                raise self._ResidualError(op, other, r)
+            f = self._pow_scalar(x, other, op, **raiser)
             if r:
-                if self._raiser(r, x):
-                    raise self._ResidualError(op, other, r)
-                s  =  self._pow_scalar(r, other, op)
-#               s  = _2scalar(s)  # _raiser = None
-                f *=  s
-        elif isscalar(other):
+                f *= self._pow_scalar(r, other, op, **raiser)
+        elif self._scalar(other, op):
             x = self._finite(other, op)
-            f = self._pow_scalar(x, other, op)
+            f = self._pow_scalar(x, other, op, **raiser)
         else:
-            raise self._TypeError(op, other)  # txt=_invalid_
+            f = self._pow_0_1(0, other)
         return f
 
-    def _pow_int(self, x, other, op):
+    def _pow_0_1(self, x, other):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Return B{C{self}**1} or C{B{self}**0 == 1.0}.
+        '''
+        return self if x else (1 if isint(other) and self.is_integer() else _1_0)
+
+    def _pow_2_3(self, b, x, other, op, *mod, **raiser):
+        '''(INTERNAL) 2-arg C{pow(B{b}, scalar B{x})} and 3-arg C{pow(B{b},
+           B{x}, int B{mod} or C{None})}, embellishing errors.
+        '''
+        try:
+            if mod:  # b, x, mod all C{int}, unless C{mod} is C{None}
+                m = mod[0]
+                b, r = b._fprs2 if m is None else b._fint2
+                if r and self._raiser(r, b, **raiser):
+                    t = _non_zero_ if m is None else _integer_
+                    raise ResidualError(_stresidual(t, r, mod=m), txt=None)
+                x = _2scalar(x, _raiser=self._raiser, mod=m)
+            # 0**INF == 0.0, 1**INF == 1.0, -1**2.3 == -(1**2.3)
+            s = pow(b, x, *mod)
+            if iscomplex(s):
+                # neg**frac == complex in Python 3+, but ValueError in 2-
+                raise ValueError(_strcomplex(s, b, x, *mod))
+            return self._finite(s)
+        except Exception as X:
+            raise self._ErrorX(X, op, other, *mod)
+
+    def _pow_int(self, x, other, op, **raiser):
         '''(INTERNAL) Return C{B{self} **= B{x}} for C{int B{x} >= 0}.
         '''
         # assert isint(x) and x >= 0
         ps = self._ps
         if len(ps) > 1:
-            f = self
+            _mul_Fsum = Fsum._mul_Fsum
             if x > 4:
-                m = 1  # single-bit mask
-                if (x & m):
-                    x -= m  # x ^= m
-                else:
-                    f = _Fsum_ps(_1_0)
                 p = self
-                while x:
-                    p  = p._mul_Fsum(p, op)  # p **= 2
-                    m += m  # m <<= 1
-                    if (x & m):
-                        x -= m  # x ^= m
-                        f  = f._mul_Fsum(p, op)  # f *= p
+                f = self if (x & 1) else _Psum_1()
+                m = x >> 1  # // 2
+                while m:
+                    p = _mul_Fsum(p, p, op)  # p **= 2
+                    if (m & 1):
+                        f = _mul_Fsum(f, p, op)  # f *= p
+                    m >>= 1  # //= 2
             elif x > 1:  # self**2, 3 or 4
-                f = f._mul_Fsum(f, op)
+                f = _mul_Fsum(self, self, op)
                 if x > 2:  # self**3 or 4
-                    p = self if x < 4 else f
-                    f = f._mul_Fsum(p, op)
+                    p =  self if x < 4 else f
+                    f = _mul_Fsum(f, p, op)._2scalar
             else:  # self**1 or self**0 == 1 or _1_0
-                f = f._pow_0_1(x, other)
+                f = self._pow_0_1(x, other)
         elif ps:  # self._ps[0]**x
-            f = self._pow_2(ps[0], x, other, op)
+            f = self._pow_2_3(ps[0], x, other, op, **raiser)
         else:  # PYCHOK no cover
             # 0**pos_int == 0, but 0**0 == 1
-            f = 0 if x else 1  # like ._fprs
+            f = 0 if x else 1
         return f
 
-    def _pow_scalar(self, x, other, op):
+    def _pow_scalar(self, x, other, op, **raiser):
         '''(INTERNAL) Return C{self**B{x}} for C{scalar B{x}}.
         '''
         s, r = self._fprs2
@@ -1559,55 +1624,65 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
             y = abs(x)
             if y > 1:
                 if r:
-                    f = self._pow_int(y, other, op)
+                    f = self._pow_int(y, other, op, **raiser)
                     if x > 0:  # > 1
                         return f
                     # assert x < 0  # < -1
                     s, r = f._fprs2 if isinstance(f, Fsum) else (f, 0)
                     if r:
-                        return _Fsum_ps(_1_0)._ftruediv(f, op)
+                        return _Psum_1()._ftruediv(f, op, **raiser)
                     # use **= -1 for the CPython float_pow
                     # error if s is zero, and not s = 1 / s
                     x = -1
-            elif x < 0:  # self**-1 == 1 / self
+            elif x < 0:  # == -1: self**(-1) == 1 / self
                 if r:
-                    return _Fsum_ps(_1_0)._ftruediv(self, op)
+                    return _Psum_1()._ftruediv(self, op, **raiser)
             else:  # self**1 or self**0
                 return self._pow_0_1(x, other)  # self, 1 or 1.0
-        elif not isscalar(x):  # assert ...
-            raise self._TypeError(op, other, txt=_not_scalar_)
-        elif r and self._raiser(r, s):  # non-zero residual**fractional
+        elif r and self._raiser(r, s, **raiser):  # non-zero residual**fractional
             # raise self._ResidualError(op, other, r, fractional_power=x)
             t = _stresidual(_non_zero_, r, fractional_power=x)
             raise self._Error(op, other, ResidualError, txt=t)
         # assert isscalar(s) and isscalar(x)
-        return self._pow_2(s, x, other, op)
+        return self._pow_2_3(s, x, other, op, **raiser)
 
-    def _ps_1(self, *less):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Yield partials, 1-primed and subtract any C{less}.
+    def _ps_acc(self, ps, xs, up=True, **unused):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Accumulate all scalar C{xs} into C{ps}.
         '''
-        n = len(self._ps) + len(less) - 4
-        if n < 0:
-            yield _1_0
-        for p in self._ps:
-            yield p
-        for p in less:
-            yield -p
-        if n < 0:
-            yield _N_1_0
-
-    def _ps_mul(self, op, *factors):  # see .fmath.Fhorner
-        '''(INTERNAL) Yield all C{partials} times each B{C{factor}},
-           in total, up to C{len(partials) * len(factors)} items.
-        '''
-        ps = self._ps  # tuple(self._ps)
-        if len(ps) < len(factors):
-            ps, factors = factors, ps
-        _f = _isfinite
-        for f in factors:
-            for p in ps:
-                p *= f
-                yield p if _f(p) else self._finite(p, op)
+        n   =  0
+        _2s = _2sum
+        for x in (tuple(xs) if xs is ps else xs):
+            # assert isscalar(x) and _isfinite(x)
+            if x:
+                i = 0
+                for p in ps:
+                    x, p = _2s(x, p)
+                    if p:
+                        ps[i] = p
+                        i += 1
+                ps[i:] = (x,) if x else ()
+                n += 1
+        if n:
+            self._n += n
+            # Fsum._ps_max = max(Fsum._ps_max, len(ps))
+            if up:
+                self._update()
+        return ps
+
+    def _ps_mul(self, op, *factors):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Multiply this instance' C{partials} with
+           each of the scalar B{C{factors}} and accumulate.
+        '''
+        def _pfs(ps, fs):
+            if len(ps) < len(fs):
+                ps, fs = fs, ps
+            _fin = _isfinite
+            for f in fs:
+                for p in ps:
+                    p *= f
+                    yield p if _fin(p) else self._finite(p, op)
+
+        return _Psum(self._ps_acc([], _pfs(self._ps, factors)))
 
     @property_RO
     def _ps_neg(self):
@@ -1616,6 +1691,22 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         for p in self._ps:
             yield -p
 
+    def _ps_1primed(self, *less):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Yield partials, 1-primed and subtract any C{less} scalars.
+        '''
+        yield _1_0
+        for p in self._ps:
+            yield  p
+        for p in less:
+            yield -p
+        yield _N_1_0
+
+    def _raiser(self, r, s, raiser=True):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Does ratio C{r / s} exceed the RESIDUAL threshold?
+        '''
+        self._ratio = t = fabs(r / s) if s else 0  # _0_0
+        return raiser and (t > self._RESIDUAL)
+
     @property_RO
     def real(self):
         '''Get the C{real} part of this instance (C{float}).
@@ -1638,12 +1729,6 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         '''
         return self._fprs2.residual
 
-    def _raiser(self, r, s):
-        '''(INTERNAL) Does ratio C{r / s} exceed threshold?
-        '''
-        self._ratio = t = fabs((r / s) if s else r)
-        return t > self._RESIDUAL
-
     def RESIDUAL(self, *threshold):
         '''Get and set this instance' I{ratio} for raising L{ResidualError}s,
            overriding the default from env variable C{PYGEODESY_FSUM_RESIDUAL}.
@@ -1654,11 +1739,11 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
                            C{PYGEODESY_FSUM_RESIDUAL} or if omitted, keep the
                            current setting.
 
-           @return: The previous C{RESIDUAL} setting (C{float}), default C{0}.
+           @return: The previous C{RESIDUAL} setting (C{float}), default C{0.}.
 
            @raise ValueError: Negative B{C{threshold}}.
 
-           @note: A L{ResidualError} is thrown if the non-zero I{ratio}
+           @note: L{ResidualError}s will be thrown if the non-zero I{ratio}
                   C{residual / fsum} exceeds the B{C{threshold}}.
         '''
         r = self._RESIDUAL
@@ -1681,6 +1766,44 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
         t =  t.replace(_COMMASPACE_R_, _exceeds_R_)
         return self._Error(op, other, ResidualError, txt=t)
 
+    def root(self, root, **raiser):
+        '''Return C{B{self}**(1 / B{root})} as L{Fsum}.
+
+           @arg root: The order (C{scalar} or C{Fsum}), non-zero.
+           @kwarg raiser: Use C{B{raiser}=False} to ignore L{ResidualError}s
+                          (C{bool}), see also method L{RESIDUAL}.
+
+           @return: The C{self ** (1 / B{root})} result (L{Fsum}).
+
+           @see: Method L{Fsum.pow}.
+        '''
+        _root_ = self.root.__name__
+        if isinstance(root, Fsum):
+            x = root.__rtruediv__(_1_0, **raiser)
+        else:
+            try:
+                x = _1_0 / _2float(root=root)
+            except Exception as X:
+                E, t = _xError2(X)
+                n = _SPACE_(_1_0, _truediv_op_, _root_)
+                raise E(n, root, txt=t, cause=X)
+        f = self._copy_2(self.root)
+        return f._fpow(x, _root_, **raiser)  # == pow(f, x)
+
+    def _scalar(self, other, op, **txt):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Return scalar C{other}.
+        '''
+        if isscalar(other):
+            return other
+        raise self._TypeError(op, other, **txt)  # _invalid_
+
+    @property_RO
+    def _2scalar(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get this instance as C{scalar} or C{as-is}.
+        '''
+        s, r = self._fprs2
+        return self if r else s
+
     def signOf(self, res=True):
         '''Determine the sign of this instance.
 
@@ -1689,8 +1812,8 @@ class Fsum(_Named):  # sync __methods__ with .vector3dBase.Vector3dBase
 
            @return: The sign (C{int}, -1, 0 or +1).
         '''
-        s, r = self._fprs2 if res else (self._fprs, 0)
-        return _signOf(s, -r)
+        s, r = self._fprs2
+        return _signOf(s, (-r) if res else 0)
 
     def toRepr(self, **prec_sep_fmt_lenc):  # PYCHOK signature
         '''Return this C{Fsum} instance as representation.
@@ -1784,21 +1907,21 @@ class Fsum2Tuple(_NamedTuple):
     _Units_ = (_Float_Int,         _Float_Int)
 
     @Property_RO
-    def Fsum(self):
-        '''Get this L{Fsum2Tuple} as an L{Fsum}.
+    def _Fsum(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get this L{Fsum2Tuple} as an L{Fsum}.
         '''
         s, r = map(float, self)
-        return _Fsum_ps(*_2ps(s, r), name=self.name)
+        return _Psum(_2ps(s, r), name=self.name)
 
     def is_exact(self):
         '''Is this L{Fsum2Tuple} considered to be exact? (C{bool}).
         '''
-        return self.Fsum.is_exact()
+        return self._Fsum.is_exact()
 
     def is_integer(self):
         '''Is this L{Fsum2Tuple} C{integer}? (C{bool}).
         '''
-        return self.Fsum.is_integer()
+        return self._Fsum.is_integer()
 
 
 class ResidualError(_ValueError):
@@ -1810,23 +1933,6 @@ class ResidualError(_ValueError):
     pass
 
 
-def _Fsum_ps(*ps, **name):
-    '''(INTERNAL) Return an C{Fsum} from I{ordered} partials C{ps}.
-    '''
-    f = Fsum(**name) if name else Fsum()
-    if ps:
-        f._n = len(ps)
-        f._ps[:] = ps
-    return f
-
-
-def _Fsum_xs(xs, up=False, **name):
-    '''(INTERNAL) Return an C{Fsum} from known floats C{xs}.
-    '''
-    f = Fsum(**name) if name else Fsum()
-    return f._facc(xs, up=up)
-
-
 try:
     from math import fsum as _fsum  # precision IEEE-754 sum, Python 2.6+
 
@@ -1842,12 +1948,14 @@ try:
         _psum = _fsum  # PYCHOK re-def
 
 except ImportError:
-    _sum = sum  # Fsum(NAN) exception fall-back
+    _sum = sum  # Fsum(NAN) exception fall-back, in .elliptic
 
     def _fsum(xs):
         '''(INTERNAL) Precision summation, Python 2.5-.
         '''
-        return Fsum(name=_fsum.__name__).fsum(xs) if xs else _0_0
+        f = Fsum()
+        f.name = _fsum.__name__
+        return f.fsum(xs)
 
 
 def fsum(xs, floats=False):
@@ -1855,8 +1963,8 @@ def fsum(xs, floats=False):
 
        @arg xs: Iterable, list, tuple, etc. of values (C{scalar} or L{Fsum}
                 instances).
-       @kwarg floats: Optionally, use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}}
-                      are known to be C{float}.
+       @kwarg floats: Use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}} are known
+                      to be C{float} scalars (C{bool}).
 
        @return: Precision C{fsum} (C{float}).
 
@@ -1866,8 +1974,8 @@ def fsum(xs, floats=False):
 
        @raise ValueError: Invalid or non-finite B{C{xs}} value.
 
-       @note: Exceptions and I{non-finite} handling may differ if not
-              based on Python's C{math.fsum}.
+       @note: Exception and I{non-finite} handling may differ if not based
+              on Python's C{math.fsum}.
 
        @see: Class L{Fsum} and methods L{Fsum.fsum} and L{Fsum.fadd}.
     '''
@@ -1879,8 +1987,8 @@ def fsum_(*xs, **floats):
 
        @arg xs: Values to be added (C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances), all
                 positional.
-       @kwarg floats: Optionally, use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}}
-                      are known to be C{float}.
+       @kwarg floats: Use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}} are I{known
+                      to be scalar} (C{bool}).
 
        @return: Precision C{fsum} (C{float}).
 
@@ -1891,18 +1999,19 @@ def fsum_(*xs, **floats):
 
 
 def fsumf_(*xs):
-    '''Precision floating point summation L{fsum_}C{(*xs, floats=True)}.
+    '''Precision floating point summation, L{fsum_}C{(*B{xs}, floats=True)},
+       but only for C{B{xs}} I{known to be scalar}.
     '''
     return _fsum(xs) if xs else _0_0
 
 
 def fsum1(xs, floats=False):
-    '''Precision floating point summation of a few arguments, 1-primed.
+    '''Precision floating point summation, 1-primed.
 
        @arg xs: Iterable, list, tuple, etc. of values (C{scalar} or L{Fsum}
                 instances).
-       @kwarg floats: Optionally, use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}}
-                      are known to be C{float}.
+       @kwarg floats: Use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}} are known
+                      to be C{float}.
 
        @return: Precision C{fsum} (C{float}).
 
@@ -1912,12 +2021,12 @@ def fsum1(xs, floats=False):
 
 
 def fsum1_(*xs, **floats):
-    '''Precision floating point summation of a few arguments, 1-primed.
+    '''Precision floating point summation, 1-primed.
 
        @arg xs: Values to be added (C{scalar} or L{Fsum} instances), all
                 positional.
-       @kwarg floats: Optionally, use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}}
-                      are known to be C{float}.
+       @kwarg floats: Use C{B{floats}=True} iff I{all} B{C{xs}} are I{known
+                      to be scalar} (C{bool}).
 
        @return: Precision C{fsum} (C{float}).
 
@@ -1928,7 +2037,8 @@ def fsum1_(*xs, **floats):
 
 
 def fsum1f_(*xs):
-    '''Precision floating point summation L{fsum1_}C{(*xs, floats=True)}.
+    '''Precision floating point summation, L{fsum1_}C{(*B{xs}, floats=True)},
+       but only for C{B{xs}} I{known to be scalar}.
     '''
     return _fsum(_1primed(xs)) if xs else _0_0
 
@@ -1946,7 +2056,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
         printf(_psum.__name__, end=_COMMASPACE_)
 
         F = Fsum()
-        if F.is_math_fsum:
+        if F.is_math_fsum():
             c = (7, 1e100, -7, -1e100, -9e-20, 8e-20) * 10
             for _ in range(n):
                 t = list(c)