pyfemtet 0.9.5__py3-none-any.whl → 1.0.0__py3-none-any.whl

pyfemtet/opt/optimizer/optuna_optimizer/_optuna_optimizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import gc
+import os
+import inspect
+import tempfile
+import warnings
+from time import sleep
+from contextlib import suppress, nullcontext
+
+import numpy as np
+
+import optuna
+from optuna.samplers import TPESampler
+from optuna.study import MaxTrialsCallback
+from optuna_integration.dask import DaskStorage
+
+from pyfemtet._i18n import _
+from pyfemtet.opt.history import *
+from pyfemtet.opt.interface import *
+from pyfemtet.opt.exceptions import *
+from pyfemtet.opt.problem.variable_manager import *
+from pyfemtet._util.dask_util import *
+from pyfemtet._util.closing import closing
+from pyfemtet.logger import get_optuna_logger, remove_all_output, get_module_logger
+
+from pyfemtet.opt.optimizer._base_optimizer import *
+from pyfemtet.opt.optimizer.optuna_optimizer._optuna_attribute import OptunaAttribute
+from pyfemtet.opt.optimizer.optuna_optimizer._pof_botorch.pof_botorch_sampler import PoFBoTorchSampler
+from pyfemtet.opt.worker_status import WorkerStatus
+
+logger = get_module_logger('opt.optimizer', False)
+
+remove_all_output(get_optuna_logger())
+
+warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', 'set_metric_names', optuna.exceptions.ExperimentalWarning)
+warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', 'Argument ``constraints_func`` is an experimental feature.',
+                        optuna.exceptions.ExperimentalWarning)
+
+
+class OptunaOptimizer(AbstractOptimizer):
+    """
+    An optimizer class utilizing Optuna for hyperparameter optimization.
+
+    This class provides an interface to conduct optimization studies using Optuna.
+    It manages the study lifecycle, sampler configuration, and trial execution.
+
+    Attributes:
+        study_name (str): Name of the Optuna study.
+        storage (str | optuna.storages.BaseStorage): Storage URL or object for the Optuna study.
+        storage_path (str): Path to the Optuna study storage.
+        current_trial (optuna.trial.Trial | None): The current Optuna trial being evaluated.
+        sampler_class (type[optuna.samplers.BaseSampler]): The class of the Optuna sampler to use.
+        sampler_kwargs (dict): Keyword arguments to initialize the sampler.
+        n_trials (int | None): Number of trials to run in the study.
+        timeout (float | None): Maximum time allowed for the optimization.
+        callbacks (list): List of callback functions to invoke during optimization.
+
+    Args:
+        sampler_class (type[optuna.samplers.BaseSampler], optional): The sampler class for suggesting parameter values. Defaults to TPESampler if None.
+        sampler_kwargs (dict[str, ...], optional): Dictionary of keyword arguments for the sampler. Defaults to an empty dictionary.
+
+    Raises:
+        None
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> optimizer = OptunaOptimizer()
+        >>> optimizer.n_trials = 100
+        >>> optimizer.timeout = 600
+        >>> # Further configuration and usage...
+    """
+
+    # system
+    study_name = 'pyfemtet-study'
+    storage: str | optuna.storages.BaseStorage
+    storage_path: str
+    current_trial: optuna.trial.Trial | None
+
+    # settings
+    # sampler: optuna.samplers.BaseSampler | None = None  # reseed_rng が seed 指定できないため
+    sampler_class: type[optuna.samplers.BaseSampler]
+    sampler_kwargs: dict
+    n_trials: int | None
+    timeout: float | None
+    callbacks: list
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            sampler_class: type[optuna.samplers.BaseSampler] = None,
+            sampler_kwargs: dict[str, ...] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.sampler_kwargs = sampler_kwargs or {}
+        self.sampler_class = sampler_class or TPESampler
+        self.n_trials: int | None = None
+        self.timeout: float | None = None
+        self.callbacks = []
+
+    # ===== method checker =====
+    # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
+    def add_parameter(
+            self,
+            name: str,
+            initial_value: float,
+            lower_bound: float,
+            upper_bound: float,
+            step: float | None = None,
+            properties: dict[str, ...] | None = None,
+            *,
+            pass_to_fem: bool = True,
+            fix: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        AbstractOptimizer.add_parameter(self, name, initial_value, lower_bound, upper_bound, step, properties,
+                                        pass_to_fem=pass_to_fem, fix=fix)
+
+    # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
+    def add_categorical_parameter(
+            self,
+            name: str,
+            initial_value: str,
+            choices: list[str],
+            properties: dict[str, ...] | None = None,
+            *,
+            pass_to_fem: bool = True,
+            fix: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        AbstractOptimizer.add_categorical_parameter(self, name, initial_value, choices, properties,
+                                                    pass_to_fem=pass_to_fem, fix=fix)
+
+    class _SolveSet(AbstractOptimizer._SolveSet):
+        opt: OptunaOptimizer
+        optuna_attr: OptunaAttribute
+
+        def _preprocess(self):
+            # prepare attribute
+            self.optuna_attr = OptunaAttribute(self.opt_)
+
+        def _common(self, e):
+            # if (hidden) constraint violation, set trial attribute
+            self.optuna_attr.pf_state = TrialState.get_corresponding_state_from_exception(e)
+            self.optuna_attr.v_values = self.opt._create_infeasible_constraints(self.opt_)
+
+        def _hard_constraint_handling(self, e: HardConstraintViolation):
+            self._common(e)
+
+        def _hidden_constraint_handling(self, e: _HiddenConstraintViolation):
+            self._common(e)
+
+        def _skip_handling(self, e: SkipSolve):
+            self.optuna_attr.pf_state = TrialState.skipped
+
+        def _if_succeeded(self, f_return: _FReturnValue):
+
+            y, dict_y_internal, c, record = f_return
+
+            # convert constraint to **sorted 1-d array** violation
+            assert len(c) == len(self.opt_.constraints)
+            v = {}
+            for cns_name, cns in self.opt_.constraints.items():
+                # This is {lower or upper: violation_value} dict
+                violation: dict[str, float] = c[cns_name].calc_violation()
+                for l_or_u, violation_value in violation.items():
+                    key_ = cns_name + '_' + l_or_u
+                    v.update({key_: violation_value})
+
+            # register results
+            self.optuna_attr.v_values = tuple(v.values())
+            self.optuna_attr.y_values = tuple(dict_y_internal.values())
+            self.optuna_attr.pf_state = record.state
+
+        def _postprocess(self):
+            # update trial attribute
+            self.optuna_attr.set_user_attr_to_trial(self.opt.current_trial)
+
+    def _create_infeasible_constraints(self, opt_: AbstractOptimizer = None) -> tuple:
+        opt_ = opt_ if opt_ is not None else self
+        count = 0
+        for name, cns in opt_.constraints.items():
+            if cns.lower_bound is not None:
+                count += 1
+            if cns.upper_bound is not None:
+                count += 1
+        return tuple(1e9 * np.ones(count, dtype=np.float64))
+
+    def _constraint(self, trial: optuna.trial.FrozenTrial):
+        main_key = OptunaAttribute(self).key
+        user_attribute: OptunaAttribute.AttributeStructure = trial.user_attrs[main_key]
+        return user_attribute['violation_values']
+
+    def _objective(self, trial: optuna.trial.Trial):
+
+        self.current_trial = trial
+
+        with self._logging():
+
+            vm = self.variable_manager
+
+            # check interruption
+            self._check_and_raise_interruption()
+
+            # parameter suggestion
+            params = vm.get_variables(filter='parameter')
+            for name, prm in params.items():
+
+                if prm.properties.get('fix', False):  # default is False
+                    continue
+
+                if isinstance(prm, NumericParameter):
+                    prm.value = trial.suggest_float(
+                        name,
+                        prm.lower_bound,
+                        prm.upper_bound,
+                        step=prm.step,
+                        log=prm.properties.get('log', __default := False),
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(prm, CategoricalParameter):
+                    prm.value = trial.suggest_categorical(
+                        name, prm.choices
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+
+            # evaluate expressions
+            vm.eval_expressions()
+
+            # check interruption
+            self._check_and_raise_interruption()
+
+            # construct TrialInput
+            x = vm.get_variables(filter='parameter')
+            x_pass_to_fem: dict[str, SupportedVariableTypes] = vm.get_variables(filter='pass_to_fem', format='dict')
+
+            # prepare solve
+            solve_set = self._get_solve_set()
+
+            # process main fidelity model
+            f_return = solve_set.solve(x, x_pass_to_fem)
+            if f_return is None:
+                y_internal: None = None
+            else:
+                y_internal: tuple[float] = tuple(f_return[1].values())  # type: ignore
+
+            # process sub_fidelity_models
+            for sub_fidelity_name, sub_opt in self.sub_fidelity_models.items():
+                # _SolveSet に特殊な初期化を入れていないので
+                # sub fidelity でも初期化せず使用可能
+                solve_set.solve(x, x_pass_to_fem, sub_opt)
+
+            # check interruption
+            self._check_and_raise_interruption()
+
+            # clear trial
+            self.current_trial = None
+
+            # To avoid trial FAILED with hard constraint
+            # violation, check pf_state and raise TrialPruned.
+            main_key = OptunaAttribute(self).key
+            user_attribute: OptunaAttribute.AttributeStructure = trial.user_attrs[main_key]
+            state: TrialState = user_attribute['pf_state']
+            if state in [
+                TrialState.hard_constraint_violation,
+                TrialState.model_error,
+                TrialState.mesh_error,
+                TrialState.solve_error,
+                TrialState.post_error,
+            ]:
+                raise optuna.TrialPruned
+
+            # if main solve skipped, y_internal is empty.
+            # this should be processed as FAIL.
+            elif state == TrialState.skipped:
+                return None
+
+            return y_internal
+
+    def _get_callback(self, n_trials: int):
+
+        # restart である場合、追加 N 回と見做す
+        if self.history.is_restart:
+            df = self.history.get_df(equality_filters=MAIN_FILTER)
+            n_existing_succeeded_trials = len(df[df['state'] == TrialState.succeeded])
+            n_trials = n_trials + n_existing_succeeded_trials
+
+        return MaxTrialsCallback(n_trials, states=(optuna.trial.TrialState.COMPLETE,))
+
+    def _setup_before_parallel(self):
+
+        if self._done_setup_before_parallel:
+            return
+
+        AbstractOptimizer._setup_before_parallel(self)  # set flag inside this
+
+        # set default values
+        self.sampler_class = self.sampler_class or optuna.samplers.TPESampler
+        self.sampler_kwargs = self.sampler_kwargs or {}
+
+        # remove automatically-given arguments
+        if 'seed' in self.sampler_kwargs:
+            warnings.warn('sampler_kwargs `seed` は'
+                          'Optimizer.set_random_seed() で'
+                          '与えてください。引数は無視されます。')
+            self.sampler_kwargs.pop('seed')
+        if 'constraints_func' in self.sampler_kwargs:
+            warnings.warn('sampler_kwargs `constraints_func` は'
+                          'pyfemtet.opt の内部で自動的に与えられます。'
+                          '引数は無視されます。')
+            self.sampler_kwargs.pop('constraints_func')
+
+        # create storage path
+        self.storage_path = self.history.path.removesuffix('.csv') + '.db'
+
+        # file check
+        if self.history.is_restart:
+            # check db file existing
+            if not os.path.exists(self.storage_path):
+                raise FileNotFoundError(self.storage_path)
+        else:
+            # certify no db file
+            if os.path.isfile(self.storage_path):
+                os.remove(self.storage_path)
+
+        # if TPESampler and re-starting,
+        # create temporary study to avoid error
+        # with many pruned trials.
+        if issubclass(self.sampler_class, optuna.samplers.TPESampler) \
+                and self.history.is_restart:
+            # get unique tmp file
+            tmp_storage_path = tempfile.mktemp(suffix='.db')
+            self._existing_storage_path = self.storage_path
+            self.storage_path = tmp_storage_path
+
+            # load existing study
+            existing_study = optuna.load_study(
+                study_name=self.study_name,
+                storage=f'sqlite:///{self._existing_storage_path}',
+            )
+
+            # create new study
+            tmp_study = optuna.create_study(
+                study_name=self.study_name,
+                storage=f'sqlite:///{self.storage_path}',
+                load_if_exists=True,
+                directions=['minimize'] * len(self.objectives),
+            )
+
+            # Copy COMPLETE trials to temporary study.
+            existing_trials = existing_study.get_trials(states=(optuna.trial.TrialState.COMPLETE,))
+            tmp_study.add_trials(existing_trials)
+
+        # setup storage
+        client = get_client()
+        if client is None:
+            self.storage = optuna.storages.get_storage(f'sqlite:///{self.storage_path}')
+        else:
+            self.storage = DaskStorage(
+                f'sqlite:///{self.storage_path}'
+            )
+
+        # if new study, create it.
+        if not self.history.is_restart:
+            # create study
+            study = optuna.create_study(
+                study_name=self.study_name,
+                storage=self.storage,
+                load_if_exists=True,
+                directions=['minimize'] * len(self.objectives),
+            )
+
+            # set objective names
+            study.set_metric_names(list(self.objectives.keys()))
+
+            # initial trial
+            params = self.variable_manager.get_variables(format='dict', filter='parameter')
+            study.enqueue_trial(params, user_attrs={"message": "Initial values"})
+
+    def _setup_after_parallel(self):
+        # reseed
+        worker = get_worker()
+        if worker is not None:
+            # self.sampler.reseed_rng()  # サブプロセスのランダム化が固定されない
+            idx = self._worker_index
+            assert isinstance(idx, int)
+            if self.seed is not None:
+                self.seed += idx
+
+    def _is_tpe_addressing(self):
+        out = False
+        if hasattr(self, '_existing_storage_path'):
+            if self._existing_storage_path is not None:
+                assert os.path.isfile(self._existing_storage_path)
+                out = True
+        return out
+
+    def _removing_tmp_db_if_needed(self):
+
+        if not self._is_tpe_addressing():
+            return nullcontext()
+
+        # noinspection PyMethodParameters
+        class RemovingTempDB:
+            def __enter__(self_):
+                pass
+
+            def __exit__(self_, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+
+                # clean up temporary file
+                if isinstance(self.storage, optuna.storages._CachedStorage):
+                    rdb_storage = self.storage._backend
+                elif isinstance(self.storage, optuna.storages.RDBStorage):
+                    rdb_storage = self.storage
+                elif isinstance(self.storage, DaskStorage):
+                    base_storage = self.storage.get_base_storage()
+                    assert isinstance(base_storage, optuna.storages._CachedStorage)
+                    rdb_storage = base_storage._backend
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(f'{type(self.storage)=}')
+
+                assert isinstance(rdb_storage, optuna.storages.RDBStorage)
+
+                client = get_client()
+
+                # 最後のプロセスにしか消せないので、
+                # 各 worker は dispose だけは行い、
+                # 削除は失敗しても気にしないことにする
+
+                if client is None:
+                    # 通常 dispose
+                    rdb_storage.engine.dispose()
+
+                # run_on_scheduler での dispose
+                else:
+
+                    # 他の worker を待つ
+                    while True:
+                        if all([ws.value >= WorkerStatus.finishing for ws in self.worker_status_list]):
+                            break
+                        sleep(1)
+
+                    # 通常 dispose
+                    rdb_storage.engine.dispose()
+
+                    def dispose_(dask_scheduler):
+                        assert isinstance(self.storage, DaskStorage)
+                        name_ = self.storage.name
+                        ext = dask_scheduler.extensions["optuna"]
+                        base_storage_ = ext.storages[name_]
+                        rdb_storage_ = base_storage_._backend
+                        rdb_storage_.engine.dispose()
+
+                    client.run_on_scheduler(dispose_)
+                    gc.collect()
+
+                # try remove
+                if os.path.exists(self.storage_path):
+                    try:
+                        os.remove(self.storage_path)
+                    except PermissionError:
+                        logger.debug(f'パーミッションエラー。{self.storage_path} の削除処理をスキップします。')
+                    else:
+                        logger.debug(f'{self.storage_path} の削除に成功しました。')
+
+                self.storage_path = self._existing_storage_path
+
+        return RemovingTempDB()
+
+    def run(self):
+
+        # ===== finalize =====
+        self._finalize()
+
+        # ===== construct sampler =====
+
+        # automatically-given arguments
+        if len(self.constraints) > 0:
+            self.sampler_kwargs.update(
+                constraints_func=self._constraint
+            )
+        if self.seed is not None:
+            self.sampler_kwargs.update(
+                seed=self.seed
+            )
+
+        actual_sampler_kwargs = dict()
+        arguments = inspect.signature(self.sampler_class.__init__).parameters
+        for k, v in self.sampler_kwargs.items():
+
+            # the key is valid, pass to sampler
+            if k in arguments.keys():
+                actual_sampler_kwargs.update({k: v})
+
+            # if not automatically-given arguments,
+            # show warning
+            elif k not in ('seed', 'constraints_func'):
+                logger.warning(_(
+                    en_message='The given argument {key} is not '
+                               'included in ones of {sampler_name}. '
+                               '{key} is ignored.',
+                    jp_message='{key} は {sampler_name} の'
+                               '有効な引数ではないので'
+                               '無視されます。',
+                    key=k,
+                    sampler_name=self.sampler_class.__name__,
+                ))
+
+            # else, ignore it
+            else:
+                pass
+
+        # noinspection PyArgumentList
+        sampler = self.sampler_class(**actual_sampler_kwargs)
+
+        # if PoFBoTorchSampler, set opt
+        if isinstance(sampler, PoFBoTorchSampler):
+            sampler.pyfemtet_optimizer = self  # FIXME: multi-fidelity に対応できない?
+
+        # ===== load study and run =====
+
+        # after quit FEM, try to remove tmp db
+        with self._removing_tmp_db_if_needed():
+
+            # quit FEM even if abnormal termination
+            with closing(self.fem):
+
+                # load study creating in setup_before_parallel()
+                # located on dask scheduler
+                study = optuna.load_study(
+                    study_name=self.study_name,
+                    storage=self.storage,
+                    sampler=sampler,
+                )
+
+                # if tpe_addressing, load main study
+                if self._is_tpe_addressing():
+                    # load it
+                    existing_study = optuna.load_study(
+                        study_name=self.study_name,
+                        storage=f'sqlite:///{self._existing_storage_path}',
+                    )
+
+                    # and add callback to copy-back
+                    # from processing study to existing one.
+                    def copy_back(_, trial):
+                        existing_study.add_trial(trial)
+
+                    self.callbacks.append(copy_back)
+
+                # callback
+                if self.n_trials is not None:
+                    self.callbacks.append(self._get_callback(self.n_trials))
+
+                # run
+                with self._setting_status(), suppress(InterruptOptimization):
+                    study.optimize(
+                        self._objective,
+                        timeout=self.timeout,
+                        callbacks=self.callbacks,
+                    )
+
+
+def debug_1():
+    # from pyfemtet.opt.optimizer.optuna_optimizer.pof_botorch.pof_botorch_sampler import
+    # sampler = PoFBoTorchSampler(
+    #     n_startup_trials=5,
+    #     seed=42,
+    #     constraints_func=self._constraint,
+    #     pof_config=PoFConfig(
+    #         # consider_pof=False,
+    #         # feasibility_cdf_threshold='mean',
+    #     ),
+    #     partial_optimize_acqf_kwargs=PartialOptimizeACQFConfig(
+    #         # gen_candidates='scipy',
+    #         timeout_sec=5.,
+    #         # method='SLSQP'  # 'COBYLA, COBYQA, SLSQP or trust-constr
+    #         tol=0.1,
+    #         # scipy_minimize_kwargs=dict(),
+    #     ),
+    # )
+    # from optuna_integration import BoTorchSampler
+    # sampler = BoTorchSampler(n_startup_trials=5)
+
+    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+    def _parabola(_fem: AbstractFEMInterface, _opt: AbstractOptimizer) -> float:
+        d = _opt.get_variables()
+        x1 = d['x1']
+        x2 = d['x2']
+        # if _cns(_fem, _opt) < 0:
+        #     raise PostProcessError
+        return x1 ** 2 + x2 ** 2
+
+    def _parabola2(_fem: AbstractFEMInterface, _opt: AbstractOptimizer) -> float:
+        x = _opt.get_variables('values')
+        return ((x - 0.1) ** 2).sum()
+
+    def _cns(_fem: AbstractFEMInterface, _opt: AbstractOptimizer) -> float:
+        x = _opt.get_variables('values')
+        return x[0]
+
+    _fem = NoFEM()
+    _opt = OptunaOptimizer()
+    _opt.fem = _fem
+
+    # _opt.sampler = optuna.samplers.RandomSampler(seed=42)
+    _opt.seed = 42
+    _opt.sampler_class = optuna.samplers.TPESampler
+    # _opt.sampler_class = optuna.samplers.RandomSampler
+    _opt.sampler_kwargs = dict(
+        n_startup_trials=5,
+    )
+    _opt.n_trials = 10
+
+    _opt.add_parameter('x1', 1, -1, 1, step=0.1)
+    _opt.add_parameter('x2', 1, -1, 1, step=0.1)
+    _opt.add_categorical_parameter('x3', 'a', choices=['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    # _opt.add_constraint('cns', _cns, lower_bound=-0.9, args=(_opt,))
+    _opt.add_objective('obj1', _parabola, args=(_opt,))
+    # _opt.add_objective('obj2', _parabola2, args=(_opt,))
+
+    # # ===== sub-fidelity =====
+    # __fem = NoFEM()
+    # __opt = SubFidelityModel()
+    # __opt.fem = __fem
+    # __opt.add_objective('obj1', _parabola, args=(__opt,))
+    # # __opt.add_objective('obj2', _parabola2, args=(__opt,))
+    #
+    # _opt.add_sub_fidelity_model(name='low-fidelity', sub_fidelity_model=__opt, fidelity=0.5)
+    #
+    # def _solve_condition(_history: History):
+    #
+    #     sub_fidelity_df = _history.get_df(
+    #         {'sub_fidelity_name': 'low-fidelity'}
+    #     )
+    #     idx = sub_fidelity_df['state'] == TrialState.succeeded
+    #     pdf = sub_fidelity_df[idx]
+    #
+    #     return len(pdf) % 5 == 0
+    #
+    # _opt.set_solve_condition(_solve_condition)
+
+    # _opt.history.path = 'restart-test.csv'
+    _opt.run()
+
+    # import plotly.express as px
+    # _df = _opt.history.get_df()
+    # px.scatter_3d(_df, x='x1', y='x2', z='obj', color='fidelity', opacity=0.5).show()
+
+    _opt.history.save()
+
+
+def debug_1s():
+    # from pyfemtet.opt.optimizer.optuna_optimizer.pof_botorch.pof_botorch_sampler import
+    # sampler = PoFBoTorchSampler(
+    #     n_startup_trials=5,
+    #     seed=42,
+    #     constraints_func=self._constraint,
+    #     pof_config=PoFConfig(
+    #         # consider_pof=False,
+    #         # feasibility_cdf_threshold='mean',
+    #     ),
+    #     partial_optimize_acqf_kwargs=PartialOptimizeACQFConfig(
+    #         # gen_candidates='scipy',
+    #         timeout_sec=5.,
+    #         # method='SLSQP'  # 'COBYLA, COBYQA, SLSQP or trust-constr
+    #         tol=0.1,
+    #         # scipy_minimize_kwargs=dict(),
+    #     ),
+    # )
+    # from optuna_integration import BoTorchSampler
+    # sampler = BoTorchSampler(n_startup_trials=5)
+
+    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+    def _parabola(_fem: AbstractFEMInterface, _opt: AbstractOptimizer) -> float:
+        d = _opt.get_variables()
+        x1 = d['x1']
+        x2 = d['x2']
+        # if _cns(_fem, _opt) < 0:
+        #     raise PostProcessError
+        return x1 ** 2 + x2 ** 2
+
+    def _parabola2(_fem: AbstractFEMInterface, _opt: AbstractOptimizer) -> float:
+        x = _opt.get_variables('values')
+        return ((x - 0.1) ** 2).sum()
+
+    def _cns(_fem: AbstractFEMInterface, _opt: AbstractOptimizer) -> float:
+        x = _opt.get_variables('values')
+        return x[0]
+
+    _fem = NoFEM()
+    _opt = OptunaOptimizer()
+    _opt.fem = _fem
+
+    # _opt.sampler = optuna.samplers.RandomSampler(seed=42)
+    _opt.seed = 42
+    _opt.sampler_class = optuna.samplers.TPESampler
+    # _opt.sampler_class = optuna.samplers.RandomSampler
+    _opt.sampler_kwargs = dict(
+        n_startup_trials=5,
+    )
+    _opt.n_trials = 10
+
+    _opt.add_parameter('x1', 1, -1, 1, step=0.1)
+    _opt.add_parameter('x2', 1, -1, 1, step=0.1)
+    _opt.add_categorical_parameter('x3', 'a', choices=['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    # _opt.add_constraint('cns', _cns, lower_bound=-0.9, args=(_opt,))
+    _opt.add_objective('obj1', _parabola, args=(_opt,))
+    # _opt.add_objective('obj2', _parabola2, args=(_opt,))
+
+    # ===== sub-fidelity =====
+    __fem = NoFEM()
+    __opt = SubFidelityModel()
+    __opt.fem = __fem
+    __opt.add_objective('obj1', _parabola, args=(__opt,))
+    # __opt.add_objective('obj2', _parabola2, args=(__opt,))
+
+    _opt.add_sub_fidelity_model(name='low-fidelity', sub_fidelity_model=__opt, fidelity=0.5)
+
+    def _solve_condition(_history: History):
+
+        sub_fidelity_df = _history.get_df(
+            {'sub_fidelity_name': 'low-fidelity'}
+        )
+        idx = sub_fidelity_df['state'] == TrialState.succeeded
+        pdf = sub_fidelity_df[idx]
+
+        return len(pdf) % 5 == 0
+
+    _opt.set_solve_condition(_solve_condition)
+
+    # _opt.history.path = 'restart-test.csv'
+    _opt.run()
+
+    # import plotly.express as px
+    # _df = _opt.history.get_df()
+    # px.scatter_3d(_df, x='x1', y='x2', z='obj', color='fidelity', opacity=0.5).show()
+
+    _opt.history.save()
+
+
+def substrate_size(Femtet):
+    """基板のXY平面上での専有面積を計算します。"""
+    substrate_w = Femtet.GetVariableValue('substrate_w')
+    substrate_d = Femtet.GetVariableValue('substrate_d')
+    return substrate_w * substrate_d  # 単位: mm2
+
+
+def debug_2():
+    from pyfemtet.opt.interface._femtet_interface.femtet_interface import FemtetInterface
+
+    fem = FemtetInterface(
+        femprj_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'wat_ex14_parametric_jp.femprj'),
+    )
+
+    opt = OptunaOptimizer()
+
+    opt.fem = fem
+
+    opt.add_parameter(name="substrate_w", initial_value=40, lower_bound=22, upper_bound=60)
+    opt.add_parameter(name="substrate_d", initial_value=60, lower_bound=34, upper_bound=60)
+    opt.add_objective(name='基板サイズ(mm2)', fun=substrate_size)
+
+    opt.n_trials = 5
+    opt.history.path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'femtet-test.csv')
+
+    opt.run()
+
+
+def debug_3():
+    from pyfemtet.opt.interface._femtet_interface.femtet_interface import FemtetInterface
+
+    fem = FemtetInterface(
+        femprj_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'wat_ex14_parametric_jp.femprj'),
+    )
+
+    fem.use_parametric_output_as_objective(
+        number=1, direction='minimize',
+    )
+
+    opt = OptunaOptimizer()
+
+    opt.fem = fem
+
+    opt.add_parameter(name="substrate_w", initial_value=40, lower_bound=22, upper_bound=60)
+    opt.add_parameter(name="substrate_d", initial_value=60, lower_bound=34, upper_bound=60)
+
+    opt.n_trials = 5
+    opt.history.path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'femtet-test-2.csv')
+
+    opt.run()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    debug_1()
+    debug_1s()
+    debug_2()
+    debug_3()