pycontrails 0.58.0__cp314-cp314-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

pycontrails/datalib/ecmwf/model_levels.py

@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+"""Utilities for working with ECMWF model-level data."""
+
+import datetime
+import pathlib
+import warnings
+
+import dask.array
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+import pandas as pd
+import xarray as xr
+
+from pycontrails.physics import units
+
+_path_to_static = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "static"
+MODEL_LEVELS_PATH = _path_to_static / "model_level_dataframe_v20240418.csv"
+
+
+def model_level_reference_pressure(
+    alt_ft_min: float | None = None,
+    alt_ft_max: float | None = None,
+) -> list[int]:
+    """Return the pressure levels at each model level assuming a constant surface pressure.
+
+    This function assumes
+    `137 model levels <https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/UDOC/L137+model+level+definitions>`_
+    and the constant ICAO ISA surface pressure of 1013.25 hPa.
+
+    The returned pressure levels are rounded to the nearest hPa.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    alt_ft_min : float | None
+        Minimum altitude, [:math:`ft`]. If None, there is no minimum altitude
+        used in filtering the ``MODEL_LEVELS_PATH`` table.
+    alt_ft_max : float | None
+        Maximum altitude, [:math:`ft`]. If None, there is no maximum altitude
+        used in filtering the ``MODEL_LEVELS_PATH`` table.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list[int]
+        List of pressure levels, [:math:`hPa`] between the minimum and maximum altitudes.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    model_level_pressure
+    """
+    usecols = ["n", "Geometric Altitude [m]", "pf [hPa]"]
+    df = pd.read_csv(MODEL_LEVELS_PATH, usecols=usecols, index_col="n")
+
+    filt = df.index >= 1  # exclude degenerate model level 0
+    if alt_ft_min is not None:
+        alt_m_min = units.ft_to_m(alt_ft_min)
+        filt &= df["Geometric Altitude [m]"] >= alt_m_min
+    if alt_ft_max is not None:
+        alt_m_max = units.ft_to_m(alt_ft_max)
+        filt &= df["Geometric Altitude [m]"] <= alt_m_max
+
+    return df.loc[filt, "pf [hPa]"].round().astype(int).tolist()
+
+
+def _cache_model_level_dataframe() -> None:
+    """Regenerate static model level data file.
+
+    Read the ERA5 L137 model level definitions published by ECMWF
+    and cache it in a static file for use by this module.
+    This should only be used by model developers, and only if ECMWF model
+    level definitions change. ``MODEL_LEVEL_PATH`` must be manually
+    updated to use newly-cached files.
+
+    Requires the `lxml <https://lxml.de/>`_ package to be installed.
+    """
+
+    url = "https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/UDOC/L137+model+level+definitions"
+    df = pd.read_html(url, na_values="-", index_col="n")[0]
+
+    today = datetime.datetime.now()
+    new_file_path = _path_to_static / f"model_level_dataframe_v{today.strftime('%Y%m%d')}.csv"
+    if new_file_path.is_file():
+        msg = f"Static file already exists at {new_file_path}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    df.to_csv(new_file_path)
+
+
+def model_level_pressure(sp: xr.DataArray, model_levels: npt.ArrayLike) -> xr.DataArray:
+    r"""Return the pressure levels at each model level given the surface pressure.
+
+    This function assumes
+    `137 model levels <https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/UDOC/L137+model+level+definitions>`_.
+    Unlike :func:`model_level_reference_pressure`, this function
+    does not assume constant pressure. Instead, it uses the
+    `half-level pressure formula <https://confluence.ecmwf.int/x/JJh0CQ#heading-Pressureonmodellevels>`_
+    :math:`p = a + b \cdot \text{sp}` where :math:`a` and :math:`b` are constants
+    for each model level.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sp : xr.DataArray
+        Surface pressure, [:math:`\text{Pa}`]. A warning is issued if the minimum
+        value of ``sp`` is less than 30320.0 Pa. Such low values are unrealistic.
+    model_levels : npt.ArrayLike
+        Target model levels. Expected to be a one-dimensional array of integers between 1 and 137.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xr.DataArray
+        Pressure levels at each model level, [:math:`hPa`]. The shape of the output is
+        the product of the shape of the input and the length of ``model_levels``. In
+        other words, the output will have dimensions of the input plus a new dimension
+        for ``model_levels``.
+
+        If ``sp`` is not dask-backed, the output will be computed eagerly. In particular,
+        if ``sp`` has a large size and ``model_levels`` is a large range, this function
+        may consume a large amount of memory.
+
+        The ``dtype`` of the output is the same as the ``dtype`` of the ``sp`` parameter.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> import xarray as xr
+
+    >>> sp_arr = np.linspace(101325.0, 90000.0, 16).reshape(4, 4)
+    >>> longitude = np.linspace(-180, 180, 4)
+    >>> latitude = np.linspace(-90, 90, 4)
+    >>> sp = xr.DataArray(sp_arr, coords={"longitude": longitude, "latitude": latitude})
+
+    >>> model_levels = [80, 100]
+    >>> model_level_pressure(sp, model_levels)
+    <xarray.DataArray (model_level: 2, longitude: 4, latitude: 4)> Size: 256B
+    array([[[259.75493944, 259.27107504, 258.78721064, 258.30334624],
+            [257.81948184, 257.33561744, 256.85175304, 256.36788864],
+            [255.88402424, 255.40015984, 254.91629544, 254.43243104],
+            [253.94856664, 253.46470224, 252.98083784, 252.49697344]],
+           [[589.67975444, 586.47283154, 583.26590864, 580.05898574],
+            [576.85206284, 573.64513994, 570.43821704, 567.23129414],
+            [564.02437124, 560.81744834, 557.61052544, 554.40360254],
+            [551.19667964, 547.98975674, 544.78283384, 541.57591094]]])
+    Coordinates:
+      * longitude    (longitude) float64 32B -180.0 -60.0 60.0 180.0
+      * latitude     (latitude) float64 32B -90.0 -30.0 30.0 90.0
+      * model_level  (model_level) int64 16B 80 100
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    model_level_reference_pressure
+    """
+    # When sp is too low, the pressure up the vertical column will not monotonically decreasing.
+    # The first example of this occurs when sp is close to 30320.0 Pa between model
+    # levels 114 and 115. Issue a warning here to alert the user.
+    if (sp < 30320.0).any():
+        msg = (
+            "The 'sp' parameter appears to be low. The calculated pressure levels will "
+            "not be monotonically decreasing. The 'sp' parameter has units of Pa. "
+            "Most surface pressure data should be in the range of 50000.0 to 105000.0 Pa."
+        )
+        warnings.warn(msg)
+
+    model_levels = np.asarray(model_levels, dtype=int)
+    if not np.all((model_levels >= 1) & (model_levels <= 137)):
+        msg = "model_levels must be integers between 1 and 137"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    usecols = ["n", "a [Pa]", "b"]
+    df = (
+        pd.read_csv(MODEL_LEVELS_PATH, usecols=usecols)
+        .rename(columns={"n": "model_level", "a [Pa]": "a"})
+        .set_index("model_level")
+    )
+
+    a = df["a"].to_xarray()
+    b = df["b"].to_xarray()
+
+    if "model_level" in sp.dims:
+        sp_model_levels = sp["model_level"]
+        if len(sp_model_levels) != 1:
+            msg = "Found multiple model levels in sp, expected at most one"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if sp_model_levels.item() != 1:
+            msg = f"sp must be at model level 1, found model level {sp_model_levels.item()}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        # Remove the model level dimension to allow automatic broadcasting below
+        sp = sp.squeeze("model_level")
+
+    dtype = sp.dtype
+    a = a.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+    b = b.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+    indexer = {"model_level": model_levels}
+    p_half_below = a.sel(indexer) + b.sel(indexer) * sp
+
+    indexer = {"model_level": model_levels - 1}
+    p_half_above = (a.sel(indexer) + b.sel(indexer) * sp).assign_coords(model_level=model_levels)
+
+    p_full = (p_half_above + p_half_below) / 2.0
+    return p_full / 100.0  # Pa -> hPa
+
+
+def searchsorted2d(
+    a: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+    v: npt.NDArray[np.floating],
+) -> npt.NDArray[np.int64]:
+    """Return the indices where elements in ``v`` would be inserted in ``a`` along its second axis.
+
+    Implementation based on a `StackOverflow answer <https://stackoverflow.com/a/40588862>`_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        2D array of shape ``(m, n)`` that is sorted along its second axis. This is not checked.
+    v : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        1D array of values of shape ``(k,)`` to insert into the second axis of ``a``.
+        The current implementation could be extended to handle 2D arrays as well.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    npt.NDArray[np.int64]
+        2D array of indices where elements in ``v`` would be inserted in ``a`` along its
+        second axis to keep the second axis of ``a`` sorted. The shape of the output is ``(m, k)``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([
+    ...  [ 1.,  8., 11., 12.],
+    ...  [ 5.,  8.,  9., 14.],
+    ...  [ 4.,  5.,  6., 17.],
+    ...  ])
+    >>> v = np.array([3., 7., 10., 13., 15.])
+    >>> searchsorted2d(a, v)
+    array([[1, 1, 2, 4, 4],
+           [0, 1, 3, 3, 4],
+           [0, 3, 3, 3, 3]])
+    """
+    if a.ndim != 2:
+        msg = "The parameter 'a' must be a 2D array"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if v.ndim != 1:
+        msg = "The parameter 'v' must be a 1D array"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    m, n = a.shape
+
+    offset_scalar = max(np.ptp(a).item(), np.ptp(v).item()) + 1.0
+
+    # IMPORTANT: Keep the dtype as float64 to avoid round-off error
+    # when computing a_scaled and v_scaled
+    # If we used float32 here, the searchsorted output below can be off by 1
+    # or 2 if offset_scalar is large and m is large
+    steps = np.arange(m, dtype=np.float64).reshape(-1, 1)
+    offset = steps * offset_scalar
+    a_scaled = a + offset  # float32 + float64 = float64
+    v_scaled = v + offset  # float32 + float64 = float64
+
+    idx_scaled = np.searchsorted(a_scaled.reshape(-1), v_scaled.reshape(-1)).reshape(v_scaled.shape)
+    return idx_scaled - n * steps.astype(np.int64)
+
+
+def _interp_artifacts(
+    xp: npt.NDArray[np.floating], x: npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+) -> tuple[npt.NDArray[np.int64], npt.NDArray[np.floating], npt.NDArray[np.bool_]]:
+    """Compute the indices and distances for linear interpolation."""
+    idx = searchsorted2d(xp, x)
+    out_of_bounds = (idx == 0) | (idx == xp.shape[1])
+    idx.clip(1, xp.shape[1] - 1, out=idx)
+
+    x0 = np.take_along_axis(xp, idx - 1, axis=1)
+    x1 = np.take_along_axis(xp, idx, axis=1)
+    dist = (x.reshape(1, -1) - x0) / (x1 - x0)
+
+    return idx, dist, out_of_bounds
+
+
+def _interp_on_chunk(ds_chunk: xr.Dataset, target_pl: npt.NDArray[np.floating]) -> xr.Dataset:
+    """Interpolate the data on a chunk to the target pressure levels.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds_chunk : xr.Dataset
+        Chunk of the dataset. The last dimension must be "model_level".
+        The dataset from which ``ds_chunk`` is taken must not split the
+        "model_level" dimension across chunks.
+    target_pl : npt.NDArray[np.floating]
+        Target pressure levels, [:math:`hPa`].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xr.Dataset
+        Interpolated data on the target pressure levels. This has the same
+        dimensions as ``ds_chunk`` except that the "model_level" dimension
+        is replaced with "level". The shape of the "level" dimension is
+        the length of ``target_pl``.
+    """
+    if any(da_chunk.dims[-1] != "model_level" for da_chunk in ds_chunk.values()):
+        msg = "The last dimension of the dataset must be 'model_level'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    pl_chunk = ds_chunk["pressure_level"]
+
+    # Put the model_level column in the second dimension
+    # And stack the horizontal dimensions into the first dimension
+    xp = pl_chunk.values.reshape(-1, len(pl_chunk["model_level"]))
+
+    # AFAICT, metview performs linear interpolation in xp and target_pl by default
+    # However, the conversion_from_ml_to_pl.py script in https://confluence.ecmwf.int/x/JJh0CQ
+    # suggests interpolating in the log space. If using consecutive model levels,
+    # the difference between the two methods is negligible. We use the log space
+    # method here for consistency with the ECMWF script. This only changes
+    # the `dist` calculation below.
+    idx, dist, out_of_bounds = _interp_artifacts(np.log(xp), np.log(target_pl))
+
+    shape4d = pl_chunk.shape[:-1] + target_pl.shape
+    idx = idx.reshape(shape4d)
+    dist = dist.reshape(shape4d)
+    out_of_bounds = out_of_bounds.reshape(shape4d)
+
+    interped_dict = {}
+
+    for name, da in ds_chunk.items():
+        if name == "pressure_level":
+            continue
+
+        fp = da.values
+        f0 = np.take_along_axis(fp, idx - 1, axis=-1)
+        f1 = np.take_along_axis(fp, idx, axis=-1)
+        interped = f0 + dist * (f1 - f0)
+        interped[out_of_bounds] = np.nan  # we could extrapolate here like RGI(..., fill_value=None)
+
+        coords = {k: da.coords[k] for k in da.dims[:-1]}
+        coords["level"] = target_pl
+
+        interped_dict[name] = xr.DataArray(
+            interped,
+            dims=tuple(coords),
+            coords=coords,
+            attrs=da.attrs,
+        )
+
+    return xr.Dataset(interped_dict)
+
+
+def _build_template(ds: xr.Dataset, target_pl: npt.NDArray[np.floating]) -> xr.Dataset:
+    """Build the template dataset for the interpolated data."""
+    coords = {k: ds.coords[k] for k in ds.dims if k != "model_level"} | {"level": target_pl}
+
+    dims = tuple(coords)
+    shape = tuple(len(v) for v in coords.values())
+
+    vars = {
+        k: (dims, dask.array.empty(shape=shape, dtype=da.dtype))
+        for k, da in ds.items()
+        if k != "pressure_level"
+    }
+
+    chunks = {k: v for k, v in ds.chunks.items() if k != "model_level"}
+    chunks["level"] = (len(target_pl),)
+
+    return xr.Dataset(data_vars=vars, coords=coords, attrs=ds.attrs).chunk(chunks)
+
+
+def ml_to_pl(
+    ds: xr.Dataset,
+    target_pl: npt.ArrayLike,
+    *,
+    lnsp: xr.DataArray | None = None,
+    sp: xr.DataArray | None = None,
+) -> xr.Dataset:
+    r"""Interpolate L137 model-level meteorology data to pressure levels.
+
+    The implementation is here is consistent with ECMWF's
+    `suggested implementation <https://confluence.ecmwf.int/x/JJh0CQ#heading-Step2Interpolatevariablesonmodellevelstocustompressurelevels>`_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds : xr.Dataset
+        Dataset with model-level meteorology data. Must include a "model_level" dimension
+        which is not split across chunks. The non-"model_level" dimensions must be
+        aligned with the "lnsp" parameter. Can include any number of variables.
+        Any `non-dimension coordinates <https://docs.xarray.dev/en/latest/user-guide/terminology.html#term-Non-dimension-coordinate>`_
+        will be dropped.
+    target_pl : npt.ArrayLike
+        Target pressure levels, [:math:`hPa`].
+    lnsp : xr.DataArray
+        Natural logarithm of surface pressure, [:math:`\ln(\text{Pa})`]. If provided,
+        ``sp`` is ignored. At least one of ``lnsp`` or ``sp`` must be provided.
+        The chunking over dimensions in common with ``ds`` must be the same as ``ds``.
+    sp : xr.DataArray
+        Surface pressure, [:math:`\text{Pa}`]. At least one of ``lnsp`` or ``sp`` must be provided.
+        The chunking over dimensions in common with ``ds`` must be the same as ``ds``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xr.Dataset
+        Interpolated data on the target pressure levels. This has the same
+        dimensions as ``ds`` except that the "model_level" dimension
+        is replaced with "level". The shape of the "level" dimension is
+        the length of ``target_pl``. If ``ds`` is dask-backed, the output
+        will be as well. Call ``.compute()`` to compute the result eagerly.
+    """
+    if sp is None:
+        if lnsp is None:
+            msg = "At least one of 'lnsp' or 'sp' must be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        sp = dask.array.exp(lnsp)
+
+    model_levels = ds["model_level"]
+    pl = model_level_pressure(sp, model_levels)
+
+    if "pressure_level" in ds:
+        msg = "The dataset must not contain a 'pressure_level' variable"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    ds = ds.assign(pressure_level=pl)
+
+    ds = ds.reset_coords(drop=True)  # drop "expver"
+
+    # If there are any variables which do not have the "model_level" dimension,
+    # issue a warning and drop them
+    for name, da in ds.items():
+        if "model_level" not in da.dims:
+            msg = f"Variable '{name}' does not have a 'model_level' dimension"
+            warnings.warn(msg)
+            ds = ds.drop_vars([name])
+
+    # IMPORTANT: model_level must be the last dimension for _interp_on_chunk
+    ds = ds.transpose(..., "model_level")
+
+    # Raise if chunks over model level
+    if ds.chunks and len(ds.chunks["model_level"]) > 1:
+        msg = "The 'model_level' dimension must not be split across chunks"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    target_pl = np.asarray(target_pl, dtype=sp.dtype)
+    template = _build_template(ds, target_pl)
+    return xr.map_blocks(_interp_on_chunk, ds, (target_pl,), template=template)

pycontrails/datalib/ecmwf/static/model_level_dataframe_v20240418.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+n,a [Pa],b,ph [hPa],pf [hPa],Geopotential Altitude [m],Geometric Altitude [m],Temperature [K],Density [kg/m^3]
+0,0.0,0.0,0.0,,,,,
+1,2.000365,0.0,0.02,0.01,79301.79,80301.65,198.05,1.8e-05
+2,3.102241,0.0,0.031,0.0255,73721.58,74584.91,209.21,4.2e-05
+3,4.666084,0.0,0.0467,0.0388,71115.75,71918.79,214.42,6.3e-05
+4,6.827977,0.0,0.0683,0.0575,68618.43,69365.77,221.32,9e-05
+5,9.746966,0.0,0.0975,0.0829,66210.99,66906.53,228.06,0.000127
+6,13.605424,0.0,0.1361,0.1168,63890.03,64537.43,234.56,0.000173
+7,18.608931,0.0,0.1861,0.1611,61651.77,62254.39,240.83,0.000233
+8,24.985718,0.0,0.2499,0.218,59492.5,60053.46,246.87,0.000308
+9,32.98571,0.0,0.3299,0.2899,57408.61,57930.78,252.71,0.0004
+10,42.879242,0.0,0.4288,0.3793,55396.62,55882.68,258.34,0.000512
+11,54.955463,0.0,0.5496,0.4892,53453.2,53905.62,263.78,0.000646
+12,69.520576,0.0,0.6952,0.6224,51575.15,51996.21,269.04,0.000806
+13,86.895882,0.0,0.869,0.7821,49767.41,50159.36,270.65,0.001007
+14,107.415741,0.0,1.0742,0.9716,48048.7,48413.94,270.65,0.001251
+15,131.425507,0.0,1.3143,1.1942,46416.22,46756.98,269.02,0.001546
+16,159.279404,0.0,1.5928,1.4535,44881.17,45199.69,264.72,0.001913
+17,191.338562,0.0,1.9134,1.7531,43440.23,43738.55,260.68,0.002343
+18,227.968948,0.0,2.2797,2.0965,42085.0,42364.93,256.89,0.002843
+19,269.539581,0.0,2.6954,2.4875,40808.05,41071.2,253.31,0.003421
+20,316.420746,0.0,3.1642,2.9298,39602.76,39850.56,249.94,0.004084
+21,368.982361,0.0,3.6898,3.427,38463.25,38696.94,246.75,0.004838
+22,427.592499,0.0,4.2759,3.9829,37384.22,37604.95,243.73,0.005693
+23,492.616028,0.0,4.9262,4.601,36360.94,36569.72,240.86,0.006655
+24,564.413452,0.0,5.6441,5.2851,35389.15,35586.89,238.14,0.007731
+25,643.339905,0.0,6.4334,6.0388,34465.0,34652.52,235.55,0.008931
+26,729.744141,0.0,7.2974,6.8654,33585.02,33763.05,233.09,0.010261
+27,823.967834,0.0,8.2397,7.7686,32746.04,32915.27,230.74,0.011729
+28,926.34491,0.0,9.2634,8.7516,31945.53,32106.57,228.6,0.013337
+29,1037.201172,0.0,10.372,9.8177,31177.59,31330.96,227.83,0.015012
+30,1156.853638,0.0,11.5685,10.9703,30438.54,30584.71,227.09,0.016829
+31,1285.610352,0.0,12.8561,12.2123,29726.69,29866.09,226.38,0.018793
+32,1423.770142,0.0,14.2377,13.5469,29040.48,29173.5,225.69,0.02091
+33,1571.622925,0.0,15.7162,14.977,28378.46,28505.47,225.03,0.023186
+34,1729.448975,0.0,17.2945,16.5054,27739.29,27860.64,224.39,0.025624
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