pycontrails 0.53.1__cp313-cp313-macosx_10_13_x86_64.whl → 0.54.0__cp313-cp313-macosx_10_13_x86_64.whl

pycontrails/_version.py

@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ __version__: str
 __version_tuple__: VERSION_TUPLE
 version_tuple: VERSION_TUPLE
 
-__version__ = version = '0.53.1'
-__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = (0, 53, 1)
+__version__ = version = '0.54.0'
+__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = (0, 54, 0)

pycontrails/core/flight.py

@@ -1151,7 +1151,9 @@ class Flight(GeoVectorDataset):
         out.data.pop("level", None)  # avoid any ambiguity
         return out
 
-    def distance_to_coords(self: Flight, distance: ArrayOrFloat) -> tuple[
+    def distance_to_coords(
+        self: Flight, distance: ArrayOrFloat
+    ) -> tuple[
         ArrayOrFloat,
         ArrayOrFloat,
         np.intp | npt.NDArray[np.intp],

pycontrails/core/vector.py

@@ -1073,7 +1073,6 @@ class VectorDataset:
 
             # Convert numpy objects to python objects
             if isinstance(obj, np.ndarray | np.generic):
-
                 # round time to unix seconds
                 if key == "time":
                     return np_encoder.default(obj.astype("datetime64[s]").astype(int))

pycontrails/datalib/_met_utils/metsource.py

@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ class MetDataSource(abc.ABC):
 
                 - chunks: {"time": 1}
                 - engine: "netcdf4"
-                - parallel: True
+                - parallel: False
 
         Returns
         -------

pycontrails/datalib/ecmwf/__init__.py

@@ -2,12 +2,23 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.arco_era5 import ARCOERA5
+from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.arco_era5 import (
+    ARCOERA5,
+    open_arco_era5_model_level_data,
+    open_arco_era5_single_level,
+)
+from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.common import CDSCredentialsNotFound
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.era5 import ERA5
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.era5_model_level import ERA5ModelLevel
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.hres import HRES
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.hres_model_level import HRESModelLevel
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.ifs import IFS
+from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.model_levels import (
+    MODEL_LEVELS_PATH,
+    ml_to_pl,
+    model_level_pressure,
+    model_level_reference_pressure,
+)
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.variables import (
     ECMWF_VARIABLES,
     MODEL_LEVEL_VARIABLES,
@@ -16,6 +27,7 @@ from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.variables import (
     CloudAreaFraction,
     CloudAreaFractionInLayer,
     Divergence,
+    OzoneMassMixingRatio,
     PotentialVorticity,
     RelativeHumidity,
     RelativeVorticity,
@@ -29,14 +41,21 @@ from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.variables import (
 
 __all__ = [
     "ARCOERA5",
+    "CDSCredentialsNotFound",
     "ERA5",
     "ERA5ModelLevel",
     "HRES",
     "HRESModelLevel",
     "IFS",
+    "model_level_reference_pressure",
+    "model_level_pressure",
+    "ml_to_pl",
+    "open_arco_era5_model_level_data",
+    "open_arco_era5_single_level",
     "CloudAreaFraction",
     "CloudAreaFractionInLayer",
     "Divergence",
+    "OzoneMassMixingRatio",
     "PotentialVorticity",
     "RelativeHumidity",
     "RelativeVorticity",
@@ -47,7 +66,8 @@ __all__ = [
     "TopNetSolarRadiation",
     "TopNetThermalRadiation",
     "ECMWF_VARIABLES",
+    "MODEL_LEVELS_PATH",
+    "MODEL_LEVEL_VARIABLES",
     "PRESSURE_LEVEL_VARIABLES",
     "SURFACE_VARIABLES",
-    "MODEL_LEVEL_VARIABLES",
 ]

pycontrails/datalib/ecmwf/arco_era5.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ This module supports:
 
 This module requires the following additional dependencies:
 
-- `metview (binaries and python bindings) <https://metview.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python.html>`_
 - `gcsfs <https://gcsfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_
 - `zarr <https://zarr.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_
 
@@ -18,17 +17,11 @@ This module requires the following additional dependencies:
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import contextlib
-import dataclasses
 import datetime
 import hashlib
-import multiprocessing
-import pathlib
-import tempfile
-import warnings
-from collections.abc import Iterable
 from typing import Any
 
+import numpy.typing as npt
 import xarray as xr
 from overrides import overrides
 
@@ -36,221 +29,110 @@ from pycontrails.core import cache, met_var
 from pycontrails.core.met import MetDataset
 from pycontrails.datalib._met_utils import metsource
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf import common as ecmwf_common
+from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf import model_levels as mlmod
 from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf import variables as ecmwf_variables
-from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf.model_levels import pressure_levels_at_model_levels
-from pycontrails.utils import dependencies
-
-try:
-    import gcsfs
-except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
-    dependencies.raise_module_not_found_error(
-        "arco_era5 module",
-        package_name="gcsfs",
-        module_not_found_error=e,
-        pycontrails_optional_package="zarr",
-    )
-
-MOISTURE_STORE = "gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/co/model-level-moisture.zarr"
-WIND_STORE = "gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/co/model-level-wind.zarr"
-SURFACE_STORE = "gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/co/single-level-surface.zarr"
-SINGLE_LEVEL_PREFIX = "gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/raw/date-variable-single_level"
-
-WIND_STORE_VARIABLES = [
-    met_var.AirTemperature,
-    met_var.VerticalVelocity,
-    met_var.EastwardWind,
-    met_var.NorthwardWind,
-    ecmwf_variables.RelativeVorticity,
-    ecmwf_variables.Divergence,
-]
 
-MOISTURE_STORE_VARIABLES = [
-    met_var.SpecificHumidity,
+MODEL_LEVEL_STORE = "gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/model-level-1h-0p25deg.zarr-v1"
+# This combined store holds both pressure level and surface data
+# It contains 273 variables (as of Sept 2024)
+COMBINED_STORE = "gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/full_37-1h-0p25deg-chunk-1.zarr-v3"
+
+
+PRESSURE_LEVEL_VARIABLES = [
+    ecmwf_variables.Divergence,
     ecmwf_variables.CloudAreaFractionInLayer,
+    met_var.Geopotential,
+    ecmwf_variables.OzoneMassMixingRatio,
     ecmwf_variables.SpecificCloudIceWaterContent,
     ecmwf_variables.SpecificCloudLiquidWaterContent,
+    met_var.SpecificHumidity,
+    # "specific_rain_water_content",
+    # "specific_snow_water_content",
+    met_var.AirTemperature,
+    met_var.EastwardWind,
+    met_var.NorthwardWind,
+    met_var.VerticalVelocity,
+    ecmwf_variables.RelativeVorticity,
 ]
 
-PRESSURE_LEVEL_VARIABLES = [*WIND_STORE_VARIABLES, *MOISTURE_STORE_VARIABLES, met_var.Geopotential]
 
+_met_vars_to_arco_model_level_mapping = {
+    ecmwf_variables.Divergence: "divergence",
+    ecmwf_variables.CloudAreaFractionInLayer: "fraction_of_cloud_cover",
+    met_var.Geopotential: "geopotential",
+    ecmwf_variables.OzoneMassMixingRatio: "ozone_mass_mixing_ratio",
+    ecmwf_variables.SpecificCloudIceWaterContent: "specific_cloud_ice_water_content",
+    ecmwf_variables.SpecificCloudLiquidWaterContent: "specific_cloud_liquid_water_content",
+    met_var.SpecificHumidity: "specific_humidity",
+    met_var.AirTemperature: "temperature",
+    met_var.EastwardWind: "u_component_of_wind",
+    met_var.NorthwardWind: "v_component_of_wind",
+    met_var.VerticalVelocity: "vertical_velocity",
+    ecmwf_variables.RelativeVorticity: "vorticity",
+}
+
+_met_vars_to_arco_surface_level_mapping = {
+    met_var.SurfacePressure: "surface_pressure",
+    ecmwf_variables.TOAIncidentSolarRadiation: "toa_incident_solar_radiation",
+    ecmwf_variables.TopNetSolarRadiation: "top_net_solar_radiation",
+    ecmwf_variables.TopNetThermalRadiation: "top_net_thermal_radiation",
+    ecmwf_variables.CloudAreaFraction: "total_cloud_cover",
+    ecmwf_variables.SurfaceSolarDownwardRadiation: "surface_solar_radiation_downwards",
+}
+
+
+def _open_arco_model_level_stores(
+    times: list[datetime.datetime],
+    variables: list[met_var.MetVariable],
+) -> tuple[xr.Dataset, xr.DataArray]:
+    """Open slices of the ARCO ERA5 model level Zarr stores."""
+    kw: dict[str, Any] = {"chunks": None, "consolidated": True}  # keep type hint for mypy
+
+    # This is too slow to open with chunks={} or chunks="auto"
+    ds = xr.open_zarr(MODEL_LEVEL_STORE, **kw)
+    names = {
+        name: var.short_name
+        for var in variables
+        if (name := _met_vars_to_arco_model_level_mapping.get(var))
+    }
+    if not names:
+        msg = "No valid variables provided"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
-def _attribute_fix(ds: xr.Dataset | None) -> None:
-    """Fix GRIB attributes.
-
-    See:
-    https://github.com/google-research/arco-era5/blob/90f4c3dfc31692be73006e0ee841b620ecf81e7c/docs/moisture_dataset.py#L12
-    """
-
-    if ds is None:
-        return
-
-    for da in ds.values():
-        da.attrs.pop("GRIB_cfName", None)
-
-
-@dataclasses.dataclass
-class _ARCOERA5Datasets:
-    wind: xr.Dataset | None
-    moisture: xr.Dataset | None
-    surface: xr.Dataset | None
-
-
-def _required_wind_short_names(variables: list[met_var.MetVariable]) -> list[str]:
-    """Get the required wind variable short names needed to compute the requested variables."""
-    out = set()
-    for var in variables:
-        if var in (met_var.AirTemperature, met_var.Geopotential):
-            out.add("t")
-        elif var in (met_var.EastwardWind, met_var.NorthwardWind):
-            out.add("d")
-            out.add("vo")
-        elif var == met_var.VerticalVelocity:
-            out.add("w")
-        elif var == ecmwf_variables.RelativeVorticity:
-            out.add("vo")
-        elif var == ecmwf_variables.Divergence:
-            out.add("d")
-
-    return sorted(out)
-
-
-def _required_moisture_short_names(variables: list[met_var.MetVariable]) -> list[str]:
-    """Get the required moisture variable short names needed to compute the requested variables."""
-    moisture_vars = set(MOISTURE_STORE_VARIABLES)
-
-    out = set()
-    for var in variables:
-        if var in moisture_vars:
-            out.add(var.short_name)
-        elif var == met_var.Geopotential:
-            out.add("q")
-    return sorted(out)
+    ds = ds[list(names)].sel(time=times).rename(hybrid="model_level").rename_vars(names)
+    sp = xr.open_zarr(COMBINED_STORE, **kw)["surface_pressure"].sel(time=times)
 
+    # Chunk here in a way that is harmonious with the zarr store itself
+    # https://github.com/google-research/arco-era5?tab=readme-ov-file#025-model-level-data
+    ds = ds.chunk(time=1)
+    sp = sp.chunk(time=1)
 
-def _required_surface_short_names(variables: list[met_var.MetVariable]) -> list[str]:
-    """Get the required surface variable short names needed to compute the requested variables."""
-    if met_var.Geopotential in variables:
-        return ["lnsp", "z"]
-    return ["lnsp"] if variables else []
-
-
-def _download_data(
-    t: datetime.datetime,
-    variables: list[met_var.MetVariable],
-) -> _ARCOERA5Datasets:
-    """Download slices of the ARCO ERA5 model level Zarr stores."""
-
-    wind_vars = _required_wind_short_names(variables)
-    moisture_vars = _required_moisture_short_names(variables)
-    surface_vars = _required_surface_short_names(variables)
-
-    kw: dict[str, Any] = {"chunks": None, "consolidated": True}
-    wind_ds = xr.open_zarr(WIND_STORE, **kw)[wind_vars].sel(time=t) if wind_vars else None
-    moisture_ds = (
-        xr.open_zarr(MOISTURE_STORE, **kw)[moisture_vars].sel(time=t) if moisture_vars else None
-    )
-    surface_ds = (
-        xr.open_zarr(SURFACE_STORE, **kw)[surface_vars].sel(time=t) if surface_vars else None
-    )
-    return _ARCOERA5Datasets(wind=wind_ds, moisture=moisture_ds, surface=surface_ds)
-
-
-def _handle_metview(
-    data: _ARCOERA5Datasets,
-    variables: list[met_var.MetVariable],
-    pressure_levels: list[int],
-    grid: float,
-) -> xr.Dataset:
-    try:
-        import metview as mv
-    except ModuleNotFoundError as exc:
-        dependencies.raise_module_not_found_error(
-            "arco_era5 module",
-            package_name="metview",
-            module_not_found_error=exc,
-            extra="See https://metview.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html for instructions.",
-        )
-    except ImportError as exc:
-        msg = "Failed to import metview"
-        raise ImportError(msg) from exc
-
-    # Extract any moisture data (defined on a Gaussian grid)
-    gg_ml = mv.Fieldset()  # Gaussian grid on model levels
-    if data.moisture:
-        moisture_gg = mv.dataset_to_fieldset(data.moisture, no_warn=True)
-        gg_ml = mv.merge(gg_ml, moisture_gg)
-
-    # Convert any wind data (defined on a spherical harmonic grid) to the Gaussian grid
-    if data.wind:
-        wind_sh = mv.dataset_to_fieldset(data.wind, no_warn=True)
-        if met_var.EastwardWind in variables or met_var.NorthwardWind in variables:
-            uv_wind_sh = mv.uvwind(data=wind_sh, truncation=639)
-            wind_sh = mv.merge(wind_sh, uv_wind_sh)
-        wind_gg = mv.read(data=wind_sh, grid="N320")
-        gg_ml = mv.merge(gg_ml, wind_gg)
-
-    # Convert any surface data (defined on a spherical harmonic grid) to the Gaussian grid
-    surface_sh = mv.dataset_to_fieldset(data.surface, no_warn=True)
-    surface_gg = mv.read(data=surface_sh, grid="N320")
-    lnsp = surface_gg.select(shortName="lnsp")
-
-    # Compute Geopotential if requested
-    if met_var.Geopotential in variables:
-        t = gg_ml.select(shortName="t")
-        q = gg_ml.select(shortName="q")
-        zs = surface_gg.select(shortName="z")
-        zp = mv.mvl_geopotential_on_ml(t, q, lnsp, zs)
-        gg_ml = mv.merge(gg_ml, zp)
-
-    # Convert the Gaussian grid to a lat-lon grid
-    gg_pl = mv.Fieldset()  # Gaussian grid on pressure levels
-    for var in variables:
-        var_gg_ml = gg_ml.select(shortName=var.short_name)
-        var_gg_pl = mv.mvl_ml2hPa(lnsp, var_gg_ml, pressure_levels)
-        gg_pl = mv.merge(gg_pl, var_gg_pl)
-
-    # Regrid the Gaussian grid pressure level data to a lat-lon grid
-    ll_pl = mv.read(data=gg_pl, grid=[grid, grid])
-
-    ds = ll_pl.to_dataset()
-    return MetDataset(ds.rename(isobaricInhPa="level").expand_dims("time")).data
+    return ds, sp
 
 
 def open_arco_era5_model_level_data(
-    t: datetime.datetime,
+    times: list[datetime.datetime],
     variables: list[met_var.MetVariable],
-    pressure_levels: list[int],
-    grid: float,
+    pressure_levels: npt.ArrayLike,
 ) -> xr.Dataset:
     r"""Open ARCO ERA5 model level data for a specific time and variables.
 
-    This function downloads moisture, wind, and surface data from the
-    `ARCO ERA5 <https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/public-datasets/era5>`_
-    Zarr stores and interpolates the data to a target grid and pressure levels.
-
-    This function requires the `metview <https://metview.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python.html>`_
-    package to be installed. It is not available as an optional pycontrails dependency,
-    and instead must be installed manually.
+    Data is not loaded into memory, and the data is not cached.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    t : datetime.datetime
+    times : list[datetime.datetime]
         Time of the data to open.
     variables : list[met_var.MetVariable]
         List of variables to open. Unsupported variables are ignored.
-    pressure_levels : list[int]
-        Target pressure levels, [:math:`hPa`]. For ``metview`` compatibility, this should be
-        a sorted (increasing or decreasing) list of integers. Floating point values
-        are treated as integers in ``metview``.
-    grid : float
-        Target grid resolution, [:math:`\deg`]. A value of 0.25 is recommended.
+    pressure_levels : npt.ArrayLike
+        Target pressure levels, [:math:`hPa`].
 
     Returns
     -------
     xr.Dataset
         Dataset with the requested variables on the target grid and pressure levels.
         Data is reformatted for :class:`MetDataset` conventions.
-        Data **is not** cached.
 
     References
     ----------
@@ -259,37 +141,23 @@ def open_arco_era5_model_level_data(
     - `Model Level Walkthrough <https://github.com/google-research/arco-era5/blob/main/docs/1-Model-Levels-Walkthrough.ipynb>`_
     - `Surface Reanalysis Walkthrough <https://github.com/google-research/arco-era5/blob/main/docs/0-Surface-Reanalysis-Walkthrough.ipynb>`_
     """
-    data = _download_data(t, variables)
-
-    if not data.surface:
-        msg = "No variables provided"
-        raise ValueError(msg)
-
-    _attribute_fix(data.wind)
-    _attribute_fix(data.moisture)
-    _attribute_fix(data.surface)
-
-    # Ignore all the metview warnings from deprecated pandas usage
-    # This could be removed after metview updates their python API
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.filterwarnings(
-            "ignore",
-            message="A value is trying to be set on a copy of a DataFrame",
-            category=FutureWarning,
-        )
-        return _handle_metview(data, variables, pressure_levels, grid)
+    ds, sp = _open_arco_model_level_stores(times, variables)
+    out = mlmod.ml_to_pl(ds, pressure_levels, sp=sp)
+    return MetDataset(out).data
 
 
 def open_arco_era5_single_level(
-    t: datetime.date,
+    times: list[datetime.datetime],
     variables: list[met_var.MetVariable],
 ) -> xr.Dataset:
     """Open ARCO ERA5 single level data for a specific date and variables.
 
+    Data is not loaded into memory, and the data is not cached.
+
     Parameters
     ----------
-    t : datetime.date
-        Date of the data to open.
+    times : list[datetime.date]
+        Time of the data to open.
     variables : list[met_var.MetVariable]
         List of variables to open.
 
@@ -298,7 +166,6 @@ def open_arco_era5_single_level(
     xr.Dataset
         Dataset with the requested variables.
         Data is reformatted for :class:`MetDataset` conventions.
-        Data **is not** cached.
 
     Raises
     ------
@@ -307,25 +174,27 @@ def open_arco_era5_single_level(
         indicate that the variable is not available in the ARCO ERA5 dataset,
         or that the time requested is outside the available range.
     """
-    gfs = gcsfs.GCSFileSystem()
-
-    prefix = f"{SINGLE_LEVEL_PREFIX}/{t.year}/{t.month:02}/{t.day:02}"
-
-    ds_list = []
-    for var in variables:
-        uri = f"{prefix}/{var.standard_name}/surface.nc"
+    # This is too slow to open with chunks={} or chunks="auto"
+    ds = xr.open_zarr(COMBINED_STORE, consolidated=True, chunks=None)
+    names = {
+        name: var.short_name
+        for var in variables
+        if (name := _met_vars_to_arco_surface_level_mapping.get(var))
+    }
+    if not names:
+        msg = "No valid variables provided"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
-        try:
-            data = gfs.cat(uri)
-        except FileNotFoundError as exc:
-            msg = f"Variable {var.standard_name} at date {t} not found"
-            raise FileNotFoundError(msg) from exc
+    ds = ds[list(names)].sel(time=times).rename_vars(names)
 
-        ds = xr.open_dataset(data)
-        ds_list.append(ds)
+    # But we need to chunk it here for lazy loading (the call expand_dims below
+    # would materialize the data if chunks=None). So we chunk in a way that is
+    # harmonious with the zarr store itself.
+    # https://github.com/google-research/arco-era5?tab=readme-ov-file#025-pressure-and-surface-level-data
+    ds = ds.chunk(time=1)
 
-    ds = xr.merge(ds_list)
-    return MetDataset(ds.expand_dims(level=[-1])).data
+    ds = ds.expand_dims(level=[-1])
+    return MetDataset(ds).data
 
 
 class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
@@ -349,15 +218,9 @@ class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
         this should be ``-1``. By default, the pressure levels are set to the
         pressure levels at each model level between 20,000 and 50,000 ft assuming a
         constant surface pressure.
-    grid : float, optional
-        Target grid resolution, [:math:`\deg`]. Default is 0.25.
     cachestore : CacheStore, optional
         Cache store to use. By default, a new disk cache store is used. If None, no caching is done.
-    n_jobs : int, optional
-        EXPERIMENTAL: Number of parallel jobs to use for downloading data. By default, 1.
-    cleanup_metview_tempfiles : bool, optional
-        If True, cleanup all ``TEMP_DIRECTORY/tmp*.grib`` files. Implementation is brittle and may
-        not work on all systems. By default, True.
+        In this case, the data returned by :meth:`open_metdataset` is not loaded into memory.
 
     References
     ----------
@@ -369,8 +232,6 @@ class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
     :func:`open_arco_era5_single_level`
     """
 
-    grid: float
-
     __marker = object()
 
     def __init__(
@@ -378,24 +239,18 @@ class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
         time: metsource.TimeInput,
         variables: metsource.VariableInput,
         pressure_levels: metsource.PressureLevelInput | None = None,
-        grid: float = 0.25,
         cachestore: cache.CacheStore | None = __marker,  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        n_jobs: int = 1,
-        cleanup_metview_tempfiles: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         self.timesteps = metsource.parse_timesteps(time)
 
         if pressure_levels is None:
-            self.pressure_levels = pressure_levels_at_model_levels(20_000.0, 50_000.0)
+            self.pressure_levels = mlmod.model_level_reference_pressure(20_000.0, 50_000.0)
         else:
             self.pressure_levels = metsource.parse_pressure_levels(pressure_levels)
 
         self.paths = None
         self.variables = metsource.parse_variables(variables, self.supported_variables)
-        self.grid = grid
         self.cachestore = cache.DiskCacheStore() if cachestore is self.__marker else cachestore
-        self.n_jobs = max(1, n_jobs)
-        self.cleanup_metview_tempfiles = cleanup_metview_tempfiles
 
     @property
     def pressure_level_variables(self) -> list[met_var.MetVariable]:
@@ -424,32 +279,12 @@ class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
         if not times:
             return
 
-        # Download single level data sequentially
         if self.is_single_level:
-            unique_dates = sorted({t.date() for t in times})
-            for t in unique_dates:
-                ds = open_arco_era5_single_level(t, self.variables)
-                self.cache_dataset(ds)
-            return
-
-        stack = contextlib.ExitStack()
-        if self.cleanup_metview_tempfiles:
-            stack.enter_context(_MetviewTempfileHandler())
-
-        n_jobs = min(self.n_jobs, len(times))
-
-        # Download sequentially if n_jobs == 1
-        if n_jobs == 1:
-            for t in times:
-                with stack:  # cleanup after each iteration
-                    _download_convert_cache_handler(self, t)
-            return
+            ds = open_arco_era5_single_level(times, self.variables)
+        else:
+            ds = open_arco_era5_model_level_data(times, self.variables, self.pressure_levels)
 
-        # Download in parallel
-        args = [(self, t) for t in times]
-        mp = multiprocessing.get_context("spawn")
-        with mp.Pool(n_jobs) as pool, stack:  # cleanup after pool finishes work
-            pool.starmap(_download_convert_cache_handler, args, chunksize=1)
+        self.cache_dataset(ds)
 
     @overrides
     def create_cachepath(self, t: datetime.datetime) -> str:
@@ -461,7 +296,6 @@ class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
             f"{t:%Y%m%d%H}-"
             f"{'.'.join(str(p) for p in self.pressure_levels)}-"
             f"{'.'.join(sorted(self.variable_shortnames))}-"
-            f"{self.grid}"
         )
         name = hashlib.md5(string.encode()).hexdigest()
         cache_path = f"arcoera5-{name}.nc"
@@ -475,23 +309,25 @@ class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
         xr_kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> MetDataset:
-
         if dataset:
             msg = "Parameter 'dataset' is not supported for ARCO ERA5"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         if self.cachestore is None:
-            msg = "Cachestore is required to download data"
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-
-        xr_kwargs = xr_kwargs or {}
-        self.download(**xr_kwargs)
+            if self.is_single_level:
+                ds = open_arco_era5_single_level(self.timesteps, self.variables)
+            else:
+                ds = open_arco_era5_model_level_data(
+                    self.timesteps, self.variables, self.pressure_levels
+                )
+        else:
+            xr_kwargs = xr_kwargs or {}
+            self.download(**xr_kwargs)
 
-        disk_cachepaths = [self.cachestore.get(f) for f in self._cachepaths]
-        ds = self.open_dataset(disk_cachepaths, **xr_kwargs)
+            disk_cachepaths = [self.cachestore.get(f) for f in self._cachepaths]
+            ds = self.open_dataset(disk_cachepaths, **xr_kwargs)
 
         mds = self._process_dataset(ds, **kwargs)
-
         self.set_metadata(mds)
         return mds
 
@@ -502,26 +338,3 @@ class ARCOERA5(ecmwf_common.ECMWFAPI):
             dataset="ERA5",
             product="reanalysis",
         )
-
-
-def _download_convert_cache_handler(arco: ARCOERA5, t: datetime.datetime) -> None:
-    """Download, convert, and cache ARCO ERA5 model level data."""
-    ds = open_arco_era5_model_level_data(t, arco.variables, arco.pressure_levels, arco.grid)
-    arco.cache_dataset(ds)
-
-
-def _get_grib_files() -> Iterable[pathlib.Path]:
-    """Get all temporary GRIB files."""
-    tmp = pathlib.Path(tempfile.gettempdir())
-    return tmp.glob("tmp*.grib")
-
-
-class _MetviewTempfileHandler:
-    def __enter__(self) -> None:
-        self.existing_grib_files = set(_get_grib_files())
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback) -> None:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
-        new_grib_files = _get_grib_files()
-        for f in new_grib_files:
-            if f not in self.existing_grib_files:
-                f.unlink(missing_ok=True)