pycontrails 0.53.0__cp313-cp313-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl

pycontrails/models/ps_model/__init__.py

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+"""Support for the Poll-Schumann (PS) aircraft performance model."""
+
+from pycontrails.models.ps_model.ps_aircraft_params import (
+    PSAircraftEngineParams,
+    load_aircraft_engine_params,
+)
+from pycontrails.models.ps_model.ps_grid import PSGrid, ps_nominal_grid
+from pycontrails.models.ps_model.ps_model import PSFlight, PSFlightParams
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PSFlight",
+    "PSFlightParams",
+    "PSAircraftEngineParams",
+    "PSGrid",
+    "load_aircraft_engine_params",
+    "ps_nominal_grid",
+]

pycontrails/models/ps_model/ps_aircraft_params.py

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+"""Simple dataclasses for working with PS aircraft performance data."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import pathlib
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+
+from pycontrails.physics import constants as c
+
+#: Path to the Poll-Schumann aircraft parameters CSV file.
+PS_FILE_PATH = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "static" / "ps-aircraft-params-20240524.csv"
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PSAircraftEngineParams:
+    """Store extracted aircraft and engine parameters for each aircraft type.
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    AIRCRAFT INFORMATION
+    -------------------------------------
+    - ``manufacturer``        Aircraft manufacturer name
+    - ``aircraft_type``       Specific aircraft type variant
+    - ``n_engine``            Number of engines
+    - ``winglets``            Does the aircraft type contain winglets? (True/False)
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    AIRCRAFT MASS PARAMETERS
+    -------------------------------------
+    - ``amass_mtow``         Aircraft maximum take-off weight, [:math:`kg`]
+    - ``amass_mlw``          Aircraft maximum landing weight, [:math:`kg`]
+    - ``amass_mzfw``         Aircraft maximum zero fuel weight, [:math:`kg`]
+    - ``amass_oew``          Aircraft operating empty weight, [:math:`kg`]
+    - ``amass_mpl``          Aircraft maximum payload, [:math:`kg`]
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    AIRCRAFT GEOMETRY
+    -------------------------------------
+    - ``wing_surface_area``     Reference wing surface area, [:math:`m^{2}`]
+    - ``wing_span``             Wing span, [:math:`m`]
+    - ``fuselage_width``        Aircraft fuselage width, [:math:`m`]
+    - ``delta_2``               Induced drag wing-fuselage interference factor
+    - ``cos_sweep``             Cosine of wing sweep angle measured at the 1/4 chord line
+    - ``wing_aspect_ratio``     Wing aspect ratio, ``wing_span**2 / wing_surface_area``
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
+    -------------------------------------
+    - ``psi_0``             Aircraft geometry drag parameter
+    - ``x_ref``             Threshold condition where the terminating shockwave moves onto
+                            the rear part of the wing
+    - ``wing_constant``     A constant used in the wave drag model, capturing the aerofoil
+                            technology factor and wing geometry
+    - ``j_1``               Wave drag parameter 1
+    - ``j_2``               Wave drag parameter 2
+    - ``j_3``               Wave drag parameter 3
+    - ``c_l_do``            Design optimum lift coefficient
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    ENGINE PARAMETERS
+    -------------------------------------
+    - ``f_00``          Maximum thrust force that can be supplied by the engine at sea level static
+                        conditions, summed over all engines, [:math:`N`].
+    - ``ff_max_sls``    Fuel mass flow rate at take-off and sea level static conditions, summed
+                        over all engines, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    - ``ff_idle_sls``   Fuel mass flow rate under engine idle and sea level static conditions,
+                        summed over all engines, [:math:`kg s^{-1}`]
+    - ``m_des``         Design optimum Mach number where the fuel mass flow rate is at a minimum.
+    - ``c_t_des``       Design optimum engine thrust coefficient where the fuel mass flow rate is
+                        at a minimum.
+    - ``eta_1``         Multiplier for maximum overall propulsion efficiency model
+    - ``eta_2``         Exponent for maximum overall propulsion efficiency model
+    - ``tr_ec``         Engine characteristic ratio of total turbine-entry-temperature to
+                        the total freestream temperature for maximum overall efficiency.
+    - ``m_ec``          Engine characteristic Mach number associated with `tr_ec`.
+    - ``tet_mto``       Turbine entry temperature at maximum take-off rating, [:math:`K`]
+    - ``tet_mcc``       Turbine entry temperature at maximum continuous climb rating, [:math:`K`]
+    - ``nominal_opr``   Nominal engine operating pressure ratio.
+    - ``nominal_bpr``   Nominal engine bypass ratio.
+    - ``nominal_fpr``   Nominal engine fan pressure ratio.
+
+    -------------------------------------
+    HEIGHT AND SPEED LIMITS
+    -------------------------------------
+    - ``fl_max``        Maximum flight level
+    - ``max_mach_num``  Maximum operational Mach number
+    - ``p_i_max``       Maximum operational impact pressure, [:math:`Pa`]
+    - ``p_inf_co``      Crossover pressure altitude, [:math:`Pa`]
+    """
+
+    manufacturer: str
+    aircraft_type: str
+    n_engine: int
+    winglets: bool
+
+    amass_mtow: float
+    amass_mlw: float
+    amass_mzfw: float
+    amass_oew: float
+    amass_mpl: float
+
+    wing_surface_area: float
+    wing_span: float
+    fuselage_width: float
+    delta_2: float
+    cos_sweep: float
+    wing_aspect_ratio: float
+
+    psi_0: float
+    x_ref: float
+    wing_constant: float
+    j_1: float
+    j_2: float
+    j_3: float
+    c_l_do: float
+
+    f_00: float
+    ff_max_sls: float
+    ff_idle_sls: float
+    m_des: float
+    c_t_des: float
+    eta_1: float
+    eta_2: float
+    tr_ec: float
+    m_ec: float
+    tet_mto: float
+    tet_mcc: float
+    nominal_opr: float
+    nominal_bpr: float
+    nominal_fpr: float
+
+    fl_max: float
+    max_mach_num: float
+    p_i_max: float
+    p_inf_co: float
+
+
+def _row_to_aircraft_engine_params(tup: Any) -> tuple[str, PSAircraftEngineParams]:
+    icao = tup.ICAO
+    wing_aspect_ratio = tup.AR
+    amass_mtow = tup.MTOM_kg
+    tet_mto = turbine_entry_temperature_at_max_take_off(tup.Year_of_first_flight)
+    p_i_max = impact_pressure_max_operating_limits(tup.MMO)
+    params = PSAircraftEngineParams(
+        manufacturer=tup.Manufacturer,
+        aircraft_type=tup.Type,
+        n_engine=tup.n_engine,
+        winglets=tup.winglets == "yes",
+        amass_mtow=amass_mtow,
+        amass_mlw=tup.MLM_kg,
+        amass_mzfw=tup.MZFM_kg,
+        amass_oew=tup.OEM_i_kg,
+        amass_mpl=tup.MPM_i_kg,
+        wing_surface_area=tup.Sref_m2,
+        wing_span=tup.span_m,
+        fuselage_width=tup.bf_m,
+        delta_2=tup.delta_2,
+        cos_sweep=tup.cos_sweep,
+        wing_aspect_ratio=wing_aspect_ratio,
+        psi_0=tup.psi_0,
+        x_ref=tup.Xo,
+        wing_constant=tup.wing_constant,
+        j_1=tup.j_1,
+        j_2=tup.j_2,
+        j_3=70.0,  # use constant value for now, may be updated in the future
+        c_l_do=tup.CL_do,
+        f_00=tup.nominal_F00_ISA_kn * 1000.0,
+        ff_max_sls=tup.mf_max_T_O_SLS_kg_s,
+        ff_idle_sls=tup.mf_idle_SLS_kg_s,
+        m_des=tup.M_des,
+        c_t_des=tup.CT_des,
+        eta_1=tup.eta_1,
+        eta_2=tup.eta_2,
+        tr_ec=tup.Tec,
+        m_ec=tup.Mec,
+        tet_mto=tet_mto,
+        tet_mcc=turbine_entry_temperature_at_max_continuous_climb(tet_mto),
+        nominal_opr=tup.nominal_opr,
+        nominal_bpr=tup.nominal_bpr,
+        nominal_fpr=tup.nominal_fpr,
+        fl_max=tup.FL_max,
+        max_mach_num=tup.MMO,
+        p_i_max=p_i_max,
+        p_inf_co=crossover_pressure_altitude(tup.MMO, p_i_max),
+    )
+    return icao, params
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def load_aircraft_engine_params(
+    engine_deterioration_factor: float = 0.025,
+) -> Mapping[str, PSAircraftEngineParams]:
+    """
+    Extract aircraft-engine parameters for each aircraft type supported by the PS model.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    engine_deterioration_factor: float
+        Account for "in-service" engine deterioration between maintenance cycles.
+        Default value reduces `eta_1` by 2.5%, which increases the fuel flow estimates by 2.5%.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Mapping[str, PSAircraftEngineParams]
+        Aircraft-engine parameters for each aircraft type supported by the PS model.
+    """
+    dtypes = {
+        "ICAO": object,
+        "Manufacturer": object,
+        "Type": object,
+        "Year_of_first_flight": float,
+        "n_engine": int,
+        "winglets": object,
+        "WV": object,
+        "MTOM_kg": float,
+        "MLM_kg": float,
+        "MZFM_kg": float,
+        "OEM_i_kg": float,
+        "MPM_i_kg": float,
+        "MZFM_MTOM": float,
+        "OEM_i_MTOM": float,
+        "MPM_i_MTOM": float,
+        "Sref_m2": float,
+        "span_m": float,
+        "bf_m": float,
+        "delta_2": float,
+        "cos_sweep": float,
+        "AR": float,
+        "psi_0": float,
+        "Xo": float,
+        "wing_constant": float,
+        "j_2": float,
+        "j_1": float,
+        "CL_do": float,
+        "nominal_F00_ISA_kn": float,
+        "mf_max_T_O_SLS_kg_s": float,
+        "mf_idle_SLS_kg_s": float,
+        "M_des": float,
+        "CT_des": float,
+        "eta_1": float,
+        "eta_2": float,
+        "Mec": float,
+        "Tec": float,
+        "FL_max": float,
+        "MMO": float,
+        "nominal_opr": float,
+        "nominal_bpr": float,
+        "nominal_fpr": float,
+    }
+
+    df = pd.read_csv(PS_FILE_PATH, dtype=dtypes)
+    df["eta_1"] = df["eta_1"] * (1.0 - engine_deterioration_factor)
+
+    return dict(_row_to_aircraft_engine_params(tup) for tup in df.itertuples(index=False))
+
+
+def turbine_entry_temperature_at_max_take_off(first_flight: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Calculate turbine entry temperature at maximum take-off rating.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    first_flight: float
+        Year of first flight
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        Turbine entry temperature at maximum take-off rating, ``tet_mto``, [:math:`K`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The turbine entry temperature at max take-off is approximated based on the year of first flight
+    for the specific aircraft type. This approximation captures the historical trends of
+    improvements in turbine cooling technology level. The uncertainty of this estimate is ±75 K.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - :cite:`cumpstyJetPropulsion2015`
+    """
+    return 2000.0 * (1 - np.exp(62.8 - 0.0325 * first_flight))
+
+
+def turbine_entry_temperature_at_max_continuous_climb(tet_mto: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Calculate turbine entry temperature at maximum continuous climb rating.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tet_mto: float
+        Turbine entry temperature at maximum take-off rating, `tet_mto`, [:math:`K`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        Turbine entry temperature at maximum continuous climb rating, `tet_mcc`, [:math:`K`]
+    """
+    return 0.92 * tet_mto
+
+
+def impact_pressure_max_operating_limits(max_mach_num: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Calculate maximum permitted operational impact pressure.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    max_mach_num: float
+        Maximum permitted operational Mach number for aircraft type.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        Maximum permitted operational impact pressure for aircraft type, ``p_i_max``, [:math:`Pa`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The impact pressure is the difference between the free stream total pressure ``p_0`` and the
+    atmospheric static pressure ``p_inf``. By definition, the calibrated airspeed, ``v_cas``, is
+    the speed at sea level in the ISA that has the same impact pressure.
+    """
+    v_cas_mo_over_c_msl = max_calibrated_airspeed_over_speed_of_sound(max_mach_num)
+    return c.p_surface * (
+        (1.0 + 0.5 * (c.kappa - 1.0) * v_cas_mo_over_c_msl**2) ** (c.kappa / (c.kappa - 1.0)) - 1.0
+    )
+
+
+def max_calibrated_airspeed_over_speed_of_sound(max_mach_num: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Calculate max calibrated airspeed over the speed of sound at ISA mean sea level.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    max_mach_num: float
+        Maximum permitted operational Mach number for aircraft type.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        Ratio of maximum operating limits of the calibrated airspeed (CAS) over the speed of sound
+        at mean sea level (MSL) in standard atmosphere (ISA), ``v_cas_mo_over_c_msl``
+    """
+    return 0.57 * (max_mach_num + 0.10)
+
+
+def crossover_pressure_altitude(max_mach_num: float, p_i_max: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Calculate crossover pressure altitude.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    max_mach_num: float
+        Maximum permitted operational Mach number for aircraft type.
+    p_i_max : float
+        Maximum permitted operational impact pressure for aircraft type, [:math:`Pa`]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        Crossover pressure altitude, ``p_inf_co``, [:math:`Pa`]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    At low altitudes, the calibrated airspeed (CAS) is used to determine the maximum aircraft
+    operational speed. However, the ambient temperature drops as altitude increases, which causes
+    the Mach number to increase even when the CAS remains constant. This can cause the Mach number
+    to exceed the maximum permitted operational Mach number. Therefore, above the crossover
+    altitude, the maximum operational speed is determined by the Mach number instead of CAS.
+    """
+    return p_i_max / (
+        0.5 * c.kappa * max_mach_num**2 * (1.0 + (max_mach_num**2 / 4.0) + (max_mach_num**4 / 40.0))
+    )