pybosl2 0.5.0__py3-none-any.whl

bosl2/__init__.py

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+# Copyright (c) 2026, pinkfish
+#
+# Licensed under the BSD 2-Clause License. See the LICENSE file in the project
+# root for the full license text.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+
+# LibFile: bosl2/__init__.py
+#    Python ports of the BOSL2 OpenSCAD library, one file per wrapped/ported
+#    .scad file, so each Python file can be read side by side with its .scad
+#    source:
+#      bosl2/constants.py    <- BOSL2/constants.scad   (pure Python)
+#      bosl2/math.py         <- BOSL2/math.scad         (pure Python)
+#      bosl2/vectors.py      <- BOSL2/vectors.scad      (pure Python)
+#      bosl2/lists.py        <- BOSL2/lists.scad        (pure Python)
+#      bosl2/comparisons.py  <- BOSL2/comparisons.scad  (pure Python)
+#      bosl2/geometry.py     <- BOSL2/geometry.scad     (pure Python, partial)
+#      bosl2/paths.py        <- BOSL2/paths.scad        (pure Python)
+#      bosl2/shapes2d.py     <- BOSL2/shapes2d.scad     (pure Python)
+#      bosl2/shapes3d.py     <- BOSL2/shapes3d.scad     (thin osuse() wrapper)
+#
+#    shapes3d.py is a thin wrapper that forwards every call to BOSL2 already
+#    loaded via osuse() -- it only works inside the real PythonSCAD app.
+#    Every other file here, including shapes2d.py, is a real, standalone
+#    port with no osuse()/BOSL2 runtime dependency at all, so it works in
+#    plain Python (useful for testing) as well as inside PythonSCAD:
+#    shapes2d.py computes each shape's outline in pure Python and then
+#    builds it with direct openscad primitive calls (square()/circle()/
+#    polygon()/text()/hull()/.offset()) instead of delegating to BOSL2.
+#
+#    Names like square(), circle(), cube() and text() in shapes2d/shapes3d
+#    intentionally shadow the plain OpenSCAD builtins with BOSL2's
+#    anchor/spin/orient-aware versions, so this package is always imported
+#    by submodule (`from bosl2 import shapes3d`) rather than re-exported
+#    with a wildcard here. Submodules are also deliberately NOT imported
+#    eagerly below: shapes3d.py calls osuse() at import time and would
+#    raise outside the real PythonSCAD app, which would otherwise break
+#    `from bosl2 import <pure-python-module>` too.
+#
+# FileSummary: BOSL2 library ports, one file per wrapped/ported .scad file.
+# FileGroup: BOSL2
+
+# Version metadata. version.py has no heavy/native imports, so exposing it here is
+# safe despite the deliberate no-eager-submodule-import policy noted above.
+from bosl2.version import Version, __version__, version  # noqa: E402,F401
+
+__all__ = ["Version", "version", "__version__"]

bosl2/_mctable.py

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+# Copyright (c) 2026, pinkfish
+#
+# Licensed under the BSD 2-Clause License. See the LICENSE file in the project
+# root for the full license text.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+
+# The standard Marching Cubes triangle table (Paul Bourke, "Polygonising a scalar field").
+# TRI_TABLE[cubeindex] is a flat list of edge indices, in groups of three, terminated by -1;
+# each group is one triangle whose vertices lie on those cube edges. Corner and edge numbering:
+#   corners: v0(0,0,0) v1(1,0,0) v2(1,1,0) v3(0,1,0) v4(0,0,1) v5(1,0,1) v6(1,1,1) v7(0,1,1)
+#   edges:   0:(0,1) 1:(1,2) 2:(2,3) 3:(3,0) 4:(4,5) 5:(5,6) 6:(6,7) 7:(7,4) 8:(0,4) 9:(1,5) 10:(2,6) 11:(3,7)
+# cubeindex bit i is set when corner i is "inside" (below the isolevel).
+
+EDGE_CORNERS = [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 0), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 4),
+                (0, 4), (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)]
+
+CORNER_OFFSETS = [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0),
+                  (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1)]
+
+TRI_TABLE = [
+    [], [0, 8, 3], [0, 1, 9], [1, 8, 3, 9, 8, 1], [1, 2, 10], [0, 8, 3, 1, 2, 10],
+    [9, 2, 10, 0, 2, 9], [2, 8, 3, 2, 10, 8, 10, 9, 8], [3, 11, 2], [0, 11, 2, 8, 11, 0],
+    [1, 9, 0, 2, 3, 11], [1, 11, 2, 1, 9, 11, 9, 8, 11], [3, 10, 1, 11, 10, 3],
+    [0, 10, 1, 0, 8, 10, 8, 11, 10], [3, 9, 0, 3, 11, 9, 11, 10, 9],
+    [9, 8, 10, 10, 8, 11], [4, 7, 8], [4, 3, 0, 7, 3, 4], [0, 1, 9, 8, 4, 7],
+    [4, 1, 9, 4, 7, 1, 7, 3, 1], [1, 2, 10, 8, 4, 7], [3, 4, 7, 3, 0, 4, 1, 2, 10],
+    [9, 2, 10, 9, 0, 2, 8, 4, 7], [2, 10, 9, 2, 9, 7, 2, 7, 3, 7, 9, 4],
+    [8, 4, 7, 3, 11, 2], [11, 4, 7, 11, 2, 4, 2, 0, 4], [9, 0, 1, 8, 4, 7, 2, 3, 11],
+    [4, 7, 11, 9, 4, 11, 9, 11, 2, 9, 2, 1], [3, 10, 1, 3, 11, 10, 7, 8, 4],
+    [1, 11, 10, 1, 4, 11, 1, 0, 4, 7, 11, 4], [4, 7, 8, 9, 0, 11, 9, 11, 10, 11, 0, 3],
+    [4, 7, 11, 4, 11, 9, 9, 11, 10], [9, 5, 4], [9, 5, 4, 0, 8, 3], [0, 5, 4, 1, 5, 0],
+    [8, 5, 4, 8, 3, 5, 3, 1, 5], [1, 2, 10, 9, 5, 4], [3, 0, 8, 1, 2, 10, 4, 9, 5],
+    [5, 2, 10, 5, 4, 2, 4, 0, 2], [2, 10, 5, 3, 2, 5, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4, 8],
+    [9, 5, 4, 2, 3, 11], [0, 11, 2, 0, 8, 11, 4, 9, 5], [0, 5, 4, 0, 1, 5, 2, 3, 11],
+    [2, 1, 5, 2, 5, 8, 2, 8, 11, 4, 8, 5], [10, 3, 11, 10, 1, 3, 9, 5, 4],
+    [4, 9, 5, 0, 8, 1, 8, 10, 1, 8, 11, 10], [5, 4, 0, 5, 0, 11, 5, 11, 10, 11, 0, 3],
+    [5, 4, 8, 5, 8, 10, 10, 8, 11], [9, 7, 8, 5, 7, 9], [9, 3, 0, 9, 5, 3, 5, 7, 3],
+    [0, 7, 8, 0, 1, 7, 1, 5, 7], [1, 5, 3, 3, 5, 7], [9, 7, 8, 9, 5, 7, 10, 1, 2],
+    [10, 1, 2, 9, 5, 0, 5, 3, 0, 5, 7, 3], [8, 0, 2, 8, 2, 5, 8, 5, 7, 10, 5, 2],
+    [2, 10, 5, 2, 5, 3, 3, 5, 7], [7, 9, 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 11, 2],
+    [9, 5, 7, 9, 7, 2, 9, 2, 0, 2, 7, 11], [2, 3, 11, 0, 1, 8, 1, 7, 8, 1, 5, 7],
+    [11, 2, 1, 11, 1, 7, 7, 1, 5], [9, 5, 8, 8, 5, 7, 10, 1, 3, 10, 3, 11],
+    [5, 7, 0, 5, 0, 9, 7, 11, 0, 1, 0, 10, 11, 10, 0],
+    [11, 10, 0, 11, 0, 3, 10, 5, 0, 8, 0, 7, 5, 7, 0], [11, 10, 5, 7, 11, 5],
+    [10, 6, 5], [0, 8, 3, 5, 10, 6], [9, 0, 1, 5, 10, 6], [1, 8, 3, 1, 9, 8, 5, 10, 6],
+    [1, 6, 5, 2, 6, 1], [1, 6, 5, 1, 2, 6, 3, 0, 8], [9, 6, 5, 9, 0, 6, 0, 2, 6],
+    [5, 9, 8, 5, 8, 2, 5, 2, 6, 3, 2, 8], [2, 3, 11, 10, 6, 5],
+    [11, 0, 8, 11, 2, 0, 10, 6, 5], [0, 1, 9, 2, 3, 11, 5, 10, 6],
+    [5, 10, 6, 1, 9, 2, 9, 11, 2, 9, 8, 11], [6, 3, 11, 6, 5, 3, 5, 1, 3],
+    [0, 8, 11, 0, 11, 5, 0, 5, 1, 5, 11, 6], [3, 11, 6, 0, 3, 6, 0, 6, 5, 0, 5, 9],
+    [6, 5, 9, 6, 9, 11, 11, 9, 8], [5, 10, 6, 4, 7, 8], [4, 3, 0, 4, 7, 3, 6, 5, 10],
+    [1, 9, 0, 5, 10, 6, 8, 4, 7], [10, 6, 5, 1, 9, 7, 1, 7, 3, 7, 9, 4],
+    [6, 1, 2, 6, 5, 1, 4, 7, 8], [1, 2, 5, 5, 2, 6, 3, 0, 4, 3, 4, 7],
+    [8, 4, 7, 9, 0, 5, 0, 6, 5, 0, 2, 6], [7, 3, 9, 7, 9, 4, 3, 2, 9, 5, 9, 6, 2, 6, 9],
+    [3, 11, 2, 7, 8, 4, 10, 6, 5], [5, 10, 6, 4, 7, 2, 4, 2, 0, 2, 7, 11],
+    [0, 1, 9, 4, 7, 8, 2, 3, 11, 5, 10, 6],
+    [9, 2, 1, 9, 11, 2, 9, 4, 11, 7, 11, 4, 5, 10, 6],
+    [8, 4, 7, 3, 11, 5, 3, 5, 1, 5, 11, 6],
+    [5, 1, 11, 5, 11, 6, 1, 0, 11, 7, 11, 4, 0, 4, 11],
+    [0, 5, 9, 0, 6, 5, 0, 3, 6, 11, 6, 3, 8, 4, 7],
+    [6, 5, 9, 6, 9, 11, 4, 7, 9, 7, 11, 9], [10, 4, 9, 6, 4, 10],
+    [4, 10, 6, 4, 9, 10, 0, 8, 3], [10, 0, 1, 10, 6, 0, 6, 4, 0],
+    [8, 3, 1, 8, 1, 6, 8, 6, 4, 6, 1, 10], [1, 4, 9, 1, 2, 4, 2, 6, 4],
+    [3, 0, 8, 1, 2, 9, 2, 4, 9, 2, 6, 4], [0, 2, 4, 4, 2, 6],
+    [8, 3, 2, 8, 2, 4, 4, 2, 6], [10, 4, 9, 10, 6, 4, 11, 2, 3],
+    [0, 8, 2, 2, 8, 11, 4, 9, 10, 4, 10, 6], [3, 11, 2, 0, 1, 6, 0, 6, 4, 6, 1, 10],
+    [6, 4, 1, 6, 1, 10, 4, 8, 1, 2, 1, 11, 8, 11, 1], [9, 6, 4, 9, 3, 6, 9, 1, 3, 11, 6, 3],
+    [8, 11, 1, 8, 1, 0, 11, 6, 1, 9, 1, 4, 6, 4, 1], [3, 11, 6, 3, 6, 0, 0, 6, 4],
+    [6, 4, 8, 11, 6, 8], [7, 10, 6, 7, 8, 10, 8, 9, 10], [0, 7, 3, 0, 10, 7, 0, 9, 10, 6, 7, 10],
+    [10, 6, 7, 1, 10, 7, 1, 7, 8, 1, 8, 0], [10, 6, 7, 10, 7, 1, 1, 7, 3],
+    [1, 2, 6, 1, 6, 8, 1, 8, 9, 8, 6, 7], [2, 6, 9, 2, 9, 1, 6, 7, 9, 0, 9, 3, 7, 3, 9],
+    [7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 6, 6, 0, 2], [7, 3, 2, 6, 7, 2], [2, 3, 11, 10, 6, 8, 10, 8, 9, 8, 6, 7],
+    [2, 0, 7, 2, 7, 11, 0, 9, 7, 6, 7, 10, 9, 10, 7],
+    [1, 8, 0, 1, 7, 8, 1, 10, 7, 6, 7, 10, 2, 3, 11], [11, 2, 1, 11, 1, 7, 10, 6, 1, 6, 7, 1],
+    [8, 9, 6, 8, 6, 7, 9, 1, 6, 11, 6, 3, 1, 3, 6], [0, 9, 1, 11, 6, 7], [7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 6, 3, 11, 0, 11, 6, 0],
+    [7, 11, 6], [7, 6, 11], [3, 0, 8, 11, 7, 6], [0, 1, 9, 11, 7, 6], [8, 1, 9, 8, 3, 1, 11, 7, 6],
+    [10, 1, 2, 6, 11, 7], [1, 2, 10, 3, 0, 8, 6, 11, 7], [2, 9, 0, 2, 10, 9, 6, 11, 7],
+    [6, 11, 7, 2, 10, 3, 10, 8, 3, 10, 9, 8], [7, 2, 3, 6, 2, 7], [7, 0, 8, 7, 6, 0, 6, 2, 0],
+    [2, 7, 6, 2, 3, 7, 0, 1, 9], [1, 6, 2, 1, 8, 6, 1, 9, 8, 8, 7, 6], [10, 7, 6, 10, 1, 7, 1, 3, 7],
+    [10, 7, 6, 1, 7, 10, 1, 8, 7, 1, 0, 8], [0, 3, 7, 0, 7, 10, 0, 10, 9, 6, 10, 7],
+    [7, 6, 10, 7, 10, 8, 8, 10, 9], [6, 8, 4, 11, 8, 6], [3, 6, 11, 3, 0, 6, 0, 4, 6],
+    [8, 6, 11, 8, 4, 6, 9, 0, 1], [9, 4, 6, 9, 6, 3, 9, 3, 1, 11, 3, 6], [6, 8, 4, 6, 11, 8, 2, 10, 1],
+    [1, 2, 10, 3, 0, 11, 0, 6, 11, 0, 4, 6], [4, 11, 8, 4, 6, 11, 0, 2, 9, 2, 10, 9],
+    [10, 9, 3, 10, 3, 2, 9, 4, 3, 11, 3, 6, 4, 6, 3], [8, 2, 3, 8, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2],
+    [0, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2], [1, 9, 0, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6, 4, 3, 8], [1, 9, 4, 1, 4, 2, 2, 4, 6],
+    [8, 1, 3, 8, 6, 1, 8, 4, 6, 6, 10, 1], [10, 1, 0, 10, 0, 6, 6, 0, 4],
+    [4, 6, 3, 4, 3, 8, 6, 10, 3, 0, 3, 9, 10, 9, 3], [10, 9, 4, 6, 10, 4], [4, 9, 5, 7, 6, 11],
+    [0, 8, 3, 4, 9, 5, 11, 7, 6], [5, 0, 1, 5, 4, 0, 7, 6, 11], [11, 7, 6, 8, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 1, 5],
+    [9, 5, 4, 10, 1, 2, 7, 6, 11], [6, 11, 7, 1, 2, 10, 0, 8, 3, 4, 9, 5],
+    [7, 6, 11, 5, 4, 10, 4, 2, 10, 4, 0, 2], [3, 4, 8, 3, 5, 4, 3, 2, 5, 10, 5, 2, 11, 7, 6],
+    [7, 2, 3, 7, 6, 2, 5, 4, 9], [9, 5, 4, 0, 8, 6, 0, 6, 2, 6, 8, 7],
+    [3, 6, 2, 3, 7, 6, 1, 5, 0, 5, 4, 0], [6, 2, 8, 6, 8, 7, 2, 1, 8, 4, 8, 5, 1, 5, 8],
+    [9, 5, 4, 10, 1, 6, 1, 7, 6, 1, 3, 7], [1, 6, 10, 1, 7, 6, 1, 0, 7, 8, 7, 0, 9, 5, 4],
+    [4, 0, 10, 4, 10, 5, 0, 3, 10, 6, 10, 7, 3, 7, 10], [7, 6, 10, 7, 10, 8, 5, 4, 10, 4, 8, 10],
+    [6, 9, 5, 6, 11, 9, 11, 8, 9], [3, 6, 11, 0, 6, 3, 0, 5, 6, 0, 9, 5],
+    [0, 11, 8, 0, 5, 11, 0, 1, 5, 5, 6, 11], [6, 11, 3, 6, 3, 5, 5, 3, 1],
+    [1, 2, 10, 9, 5, 11, 9, 11, 8, 11, 5, 6], [0, 11, 3, 0, 6, 11, 0, 9, 6, 5, 6, 9, 1, 2, 10],
+    [11, 8, 5, 11, 5, 6, 8, 0, 5, 10, 5, 2, 0, 2, 5], [6, 11, 3, 6, 3, 5, 2, 10, 3, 10, 5, 3],
+    [5, 8, 9, 5, 2, 8, 5, 6, 2, 3, 8, 2], [9, 5, 6, 9, 6, 0, 0, 6, 2],
+    [1, 5, 8, 1, 8, 0, 5, 6, 8, 3, 8, 2, 6, 2, 8], [1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 6],
+    [1, 3, 6, 1, 6, 10, 3, 8, 6, 5, 6, 9, 8, 9, 6], [10, 1, 0, 10, 0, 6, 9, 5, 0, 5, 6, 0],
+    [0, 3, 8, 5, 6, 10], [10, 5, 6], [11, 5, 10, 7, 5, 11], [11, 5, 10, 11, 7, 5, 8, 3, 0],
+    [5, 11, 7, 5, 10, 11, 1, 9, 0], [10, 7, 5, 10, 11, 7, 9, 8, 1, 8, 3, 1],
+    [11, 1, 2, 11, 7, 1, 7, 5, 1], [0, 8, 3, 1, 2, 7, 1, 7, 5, 7, 2, 11],
+    [9, 7, 5, 9, 2, 7, 9, 0, 2, 2, 11, 7], [7, 5, 2, 7, 2, 11, 5, 9, 2, 3, 2, 8, 9, 8, 2],
+    [2, 5, 10, 2, 3, 5, 3, 7, 5], [8, 2, 0, 8, 5, 2, 8, 7, 5, 10, 2, 5],
+    [9, 0, 1, 5, 10, 3, 5, 3, 7, 3, 10, 2], [9, 8, 2, 9, 2, 1, 8, 7, 2, 10, 2, 5, 7, 5, 2],
+    [1, 3, 5, 3, 7, 5], [0, 8, 7, 0, 7, 1, 1, 7, 5], [9, 0, 3, 9, 3, 5, 5, 3, 7], [9, 8, 7, 5, 9, 7],
+    [5, 8, 4, 5, 10, 8, 10, 11, 8], [5, 0, 4, 5, 11, 0, 5, 10, 11, 11, 3, 0],
+    [0, 1, 9, 8, 4, 10, 8, 10, 11, 10, 4, 5], [10, 11, 4, 10, 4, 5, 11, 3, 4, 9, 4, 1, 3, 1, 4],
+    [2, 5, 1, 2, 8, 5, 2, 11, 8, 4, 5, 8], [0, 4, 11, 0, 11, 3, 4, 5, 11, 2, 11, 1, 5, 1, 11],
+    [0, 2, 5, 0, 5, 9, 2, 11, 5, 4, 5, 8, 11, 8, 5], [9, 4, 5, 2, 11, 3],
+    [2, 5, 10, 3, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 8, 4], [5, 10, 2, 5, 2, 4, 4, 2, 0],
+    [3, 10, 2, 3, 5, 10, 3, 8, 5, 4, 5, 8, 0, 1, 9], [5, 10, 2, 5, 2, 4, 1, 9, 2, 9, 4, 2],
+    [8, 4, 5, 8, 5, 3, 3, 5, 1], [0, 4, 5, 1, 0, 5], [8, 4, 5, 8, 5, 3, 9, 0, 5, 0, 3, 5], [9, 4, 5],
+    [4, 11, 7, 4, 9, 11, 9, 10, 11], [0, 8, 3, 4, 9, 7, 9, 11, 7, 9, 10, 11],
+    [1, 10, 11, 1, 11, 4, 1, 4, 0, 7, 4, 11], [3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 8, 1, 10, 4, 7, 4, 11, 10, 11, 4],
+    [4, 11, 7, 9, 11, 4, 9, 2, 11, 9, 1, 2], [9, 7, 4, 9, 11, 7, 9, 1, 11, 2, 11, 1, 0, 8, 3],
+    [11, 7, 4, 11, 4, 2, 2, 4, 0], [11, 7, 4, 11, 4, 2, 8, 3, 4, 3, 2, 4],
+    [2, 9, 10, 2, 7, 9, 2, 3, 7, 7, 4, 9], [9, 10, 7, 9, 7, 4, 10, 2, 7, 8, 7, 0, 2, 0, 7],
+    [3, 7, 10, 3, 10, 2, 7, 4, 10, 1, 10, 0, 4, 0, 10], [1, 10, 2, 8, 7, 4], [4, 9, 1, 4, 1, 7, 7, 1, 3],
+    [4, 9, 1, 4, 1, 7, 0, 8, 1, 8, 7, 1], [4, 0, 3, 7, 4, 3], [4, 8, 7], [9, 10, 8, 10, 11, 8],
+    [3, 0, 9, 3, 9, 11, 11, 9, 10], [0, 1, 10, 0, 10, 8, 8, 10, 11], [3, 1, 10, 11, 3, 10],
+    [1, 2, 11, 1, 11, 9, 9, 11, 8], [3, 0, 9, 3, 9, 11, 1, 2, 9, 2, 11, 9], [0, 2, 11, 8, 0, 11],
+    [3, 2, 11], [2, 3, 8, 2, 8, 10, 10, 8, 9], [9, 10, 2, 0, 9, 2], [2, 3, 8, 2, 8, 10, 0, 1, 8, 1, 10, 8],
+    [1, 10, 2], [1, 3, 8, 9, 1, 8], [0, 9, 1], [0, 3, 8], [],
+]

bosl2/ball_bearings.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2026, pinkfish
+#
+# Licensed under the BSD 2-Clause License. See the LICENSE file in the project
+# root for the full license text.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+
+# LibFile: bosl2/ball_bearings.py
+#    Pure-Python port of BOSL2's ball_bearings.scad: models of standard ball-bearing cartridges.
+#    :meth:`BallBearings.ball_bearing` builds a bearing -- either a sealed/shielded cartridge (nested
+#    rings plus a shield face) or an open one (inner and outer races, a ball-race groove, and the
+#    balls) -- from a trade-size name (``"608"``, ``"6902ZZ"``, ``"R8"``) or explicit id/od/width.
+#    :meth:`BallBearings.ball_bearing_info` returns the tabulated dimensions as a :class:`BearingSpec`.
+#
+#    The trade-size table is transcribed verbatim from ball_bearings.scad.
+#
+# FileSummary: Standard ball-bearing cartridge models.
+# FileGroup: BOSL2
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+import operator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import reduce
+
+from bosl2.constants import INCH
+from bosl2.shapes3d import Bosl2Solid, tube, torus, sphere
+
+__all__ = ["BallBearings", "BearingSpec"]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BearingSpec:
+    """Dimensions of a standard ball-bearing cartridge (BOSL2 ball_bearing_info())."""
+
+    id: float        # inner (shaft) diameter
+    od: float        # outer diameter
+    width: float     # axial width
+    shielded: bool   # True for a sealed/shielded (ZZ) cartridge
+
+
+_I = INCH
+# trade size -> BearingSpec, transcribed from ball_bearings.scad.
+_BEARINGS = {
+    "R2": BearingSpec(1 / 8 * _I, 3 / 8 * _I, 5 / 32 * _I, False),
+    "R3": BearingSpec(3 / 16 * _I, 1 / 2 * _I, 5 / 32 * _I, False),
+    "R4": BearingSpec(1 / 4 * _I, 5 / 8 * _I, 0.196 * _I, False),
+    "R6": BearingSpec(3 / 8 * _I, 7 / 8 * _I, 7 / 32 * _I, False),
+    "R8": BearingSpec(1 / 2 * _I, 9 / 8 * _I, 1 / 4 * _I, False),
+    "R10": BearingSpec(5 / 8 * _I, 11 / 8 * _I, 9 / 32 * _I, False),
+    "R12": BearingSpec(3 / 4 * _I, 13 / 8 * _I, 5 / 16 * _I, False),
+    "R14": BearingSpec(7 / 8 * _I, 15 / 8 * _I, 3 / 8 * _I, False),
+    "R16": BearingSpec(8 / 8 * _I, 16 / 8 * _I, 3 / 8 * _I, False),
+    "R18": BearingSpec(9 / 8 * _I, 17 / 8 * _I, 3 / 8 * _I, False),
+    "R20": BearingSpec(10 / 8 * _I, 18 / 8 * _I, 3 / 8 * _I, False),
+    "R22": BearingSpec(11 / 8 * _I, 20 / 8 * _I, 7 / 16 * _I, False),
+    "R24": BearingSpec(12 / 8 * _I, 21 / 8 * _I, 7 / 16 * _I, False),
+    "608": BearingSpec(8, 22, 7, False), "629": BearingSpec(9, 26, 8, False),
+    "635": BearingSpec(5, 19, 6, False), "6000": BearingSpec(10, 26, 8, False),
+    "6001": BearingSpec(12, 28, 8, False), "6002": BearingSpec(15, 32, 9, False),
+    "6003": BearingSpec(17, 35, 10, False), "6007": BearingSpec(35, 62, 14, False),
+    "6200": BearingSpec(10, 30, 9, False), "6201": BearingSpec(12, 32, 10, False),
+    "6202": BearingSpec(15, 35, 11, False), "6203": BearingSpec(17, 40, 12, False),
+    "6204": BearingSpec(20, 47, 14, False), "6205": BearingSpec(25, 52, 15, False),
+    "6206": BearingSpec(30, 62, 16, False), "6207": BearingSpec(35, 72, 17, False),
+    "6208": BearingSpec(40, 80, 18, False), "6209": BearingSpec(45, 85, 19, False),
+    "6210": BearingSpec(50, 90, 20, False), "6211": BearingSpec(55, 100, 21, False),
+    "6212": BearingSpec(60, 110, 22, False), "6301": BearingSpec(12, 37, 12, False),
+    "6302": BearingSpec(15, 42, 13, False), "6303": BearingSpec(17, 47, 14, False),
+    "6304": BearingSpec(20, 52, 15, False), "6305": BearingSpec(25, 62, 17, False),
+    "6306": BearingSpec(30, 72, 19, False), "6307": BearingSpec(35, 80, 21, False),
+    "6308": BearingSpec(40, 90, 23, False), "6309": BearingSpec(45, 100, 25, False),
+    "6310": BearingSpec(50, 110, 27, False), "6311": BearingSpec(55, 120, 29, False),
+    "6312": BearingSpec(60, 130, 31, False), "6403": BearingSpec(17, 62, 17, False),
+    "6800": BearingSpec(10, 19, 5, False), "6801": BearingSpec(12, 21, 5, False),
+    "6802": BearingSpec(15, 24, 5, False), "6803": BearingSpec(17, 26, 5, False),
+    "6804": BearingSpec(20, 32, 7, False), "6805": BearingSpec(25, 37, 7, False),
+    "6806": BearingSpec(30, 42, 7, False), "6900": BearingSpec(10, 22, 6, False),
+    "6901": BearingSpec(12, 24, 6, False), "6902": BearingSpec(15, 28, 7, False),
+    "6903": BearingSpec(17, 30, 7, False), "6904": BearingSpec(20, 37, 9, False),
+    "6905": BearingSpec(25, 42, 9, False), "6906": BearingSpec(30, 47, 9, False),
+    "6907": BearingSpec(35, 55, 10, False), "6908": BearingSpec(40, 62, 12, False),
+    "16002": BearingSpec(15, 22, 8, False), "16004": BearingSpec(20, 42, 8, False),
+    "16005": BearingSpec(25, 47, 8, False), "16100": BearingSpec(10, 28, 8, False),
+    "16101": BearingSpec(12, 30, 8, False),
+}
+# The "...ZZ" shielded variants share the open variant's dimensions.
+_BEARINGS.update({
+    name + "ZZ": BearingSpec(s.id, s.od, s.width, True)
+    for name, s in list(_BEARINGS.items())
+})
+
+
+class BallBearings:
+    """Standard ball-bearing cartridge models (BOSL2 ball_bearings.scad)."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def ball_bearing_info(trade_size: str) -> BearingSpec:
+        """The :class:`BearingSpec` for a standard trade size, e.g. ``"608"`` / ``"6902ZZ"`` / ``"R8"``."""
+        try:
+            return _BEARINGS[str(trade_size)]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported ball bearing trade size: {trade_size!r}")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def ball_bearing(trade_size: str | None = None, id: float | None = None, od: float | None = None,
+                     width: float | None = None, shield: bool = True, color: str | None = "silver",
+                     _fn=None, _fa=None, _fs=None) -> Bosl2Solid:
+        """A ball-bearing cartridge model (BOSL2 ball_bearing()).
+
+        Give a *trade_size* name, or explicit *id*/*od*/*width* (with *shield*). Returns a
+        :class:`~bosl2.shapes3d.Bosl2Solid` centered on the origin.
+
+        Examples:
+            A common 608 skate bearing:
+
+            .. pythonscad-example::
+
+                from bosl2.ball_bearings import BallBearings
+                BallBearings.ball_bearing("608").show()
+        """
+        if trade_size is not None:
+            spec = BallBearings.ball_bearing_info(trade_size)
+            id, od, width, shield = spec.id, spec.od, spec.width, spec.shielded
+        assert None not in (id, od, width), "ball_bearing(): give a trade_size or id/od/width."
+
+        mid_d = (id + od) / 2
+        wall = (od - id) / 2 / 3
+        if shield:
+            result = (tube(id=id, wall=wall, h=width)
+                      | tube(od=od, wall=wall, h=width)
+                      | tube(id=id + 0.1, od=od - 0.1, h=(wall * 2 + width) / 2))
+        else:
+            ball_cnt = int(math.floor(math.pi * mid_d * 0.95 / (wall * 2)))
+            races = tube(id=id, wall=wall, h=width) | tube(od=od, wall=wall, h=width)
+            races = races - torus(r_maj=mid_d / 2, r_min=wall)
+            balls = reduce(operator.or_, (
+                sphere(d=wall * 2, _fn=_fn, _fa=_fa, _fs=_fs).right(mid_d / 2).rotate([0, 0, i * 360 / ball_cnt])
+                for i in range(ball_cnt)))
+            result = races | balls
+        result = Bosl2Solid(result.shape, size=[od, od, width])
+        return result.color(color) if color else result