pyEQL 0.12.2__py2.py3-none-any.whl → 0.14.0__py2.py3-none-any.whl

pyEQL/activity_correction.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Individual functions for activity coefficients are defined here so that they
 can be used independently of a pyEQL solution object. Normally, these functions
 are called from within the get_activity_coefficient method of the Solution class.
 
-:copyright: 2013-2023 by Ryan S. Kingsbury
+:copyright: 2013-2024 by Ryan S. Kingsbury
 :license: LGPL, see LICENSE for more details.
 
 """
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from pyEQL.utils import create_water_substance
 
 
 def _debye_parameter_B(temperature: str = "25 degC") -> Quantity:
-    """
+    r"""
     Return the constant B used in the extended Debye-Huckel equation.
 
     Args:
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ def _debye_parameter_B(temperature: str = "25 degC") -> Quantity:
     Notes:
         The parameter B is equal to:
 
-        .. math:: B = ( \\frac{{2 N_A \\rho_w e^2}{\\epsilon_o \\epsilon_r k T}) ^ {1 \\over 2}
+        .. math::
+
+            B = \bigg( \frac{2 N_A \rho_w e^2}{\epsilon_o \epsilon_r k T} \bigg) ^ {\frac{1}{2}}
 
     References:
         Bockris and Reddy. /Modern Electrochemistry/, vol 1. Plenum/Rosetta, 1977, p.210.
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ def _debye_parameter_B(temperature: str = "25 degC") -> Quantity:
 
 
 def _debye_parameter_activity(temperature: str = "25 degC") -> "Quantity":
-    """
+    r"""
     Return the constant A for use in the Debye-Huckel limiting law (base e).
 
     Args:
@@ -82,7 +84,8 @@ def _debye_parameter_activity(temperature: str = "25 degC") -> "Quantity":
         The parameter A is equal to:
 
         ..  math::
-            A^{\\gamma} = {e^3 ( 2 \\pi N_A {\\rho})^{0.5} \\over (4 \\pi \\epsilon_o \\epsilon_r k T)^{1.5}}
+
+            A^{\gamma} = \frac{e^3 \big( 2 \pi N_A \rho \big)^{0.5}}{(4 \pi \epsilon_o \epsilon_r k T)^{1.5}}
 
         Note that this equation returns the parameter value that can be used to calculate
         the natural logarithm of the activity coefficient. For base 10, divide the
@@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ def _debye_parameter_activity(temperature: str = "25 degC") -> "Quantity":
         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye%E2%80%93H%C3%BCckel_equation
 
     See Also:
-        :py:func:`_debye_parameter_osmotic`
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_osmotic`
 
     """
     T = ureg.Quantity(temperature)
@@ -112,88 +115,78 @@ def _debye_parameter_activity(temperature: str = "25 degC") -> "Quantity":
         / (4 * math.pi * ureg.epsilon_0 * water_substance.epsilon * ureg.boltzmann_constant * T) ** 1.5
     )
 
-    logger.info(f"Computed Debye-Huckel Limiting Law Constant A^{{\\gamma}} = {debyeparam} at {temperature}")
+    logger.info(rf"Computed Debye-Huckel Limiting Law Constant A^{{\gamma}} = {debyeparam} at {temperature}")
     return debyeparam.to("kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5")
 
 
 def _debye_parameter_osmotic(temperature="25 degC"):
-    """
+    r"""
     Return the constant A_phi for use in calculating the osmotic coefficient according to Debye-Huckel theory.
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    temperature : str Quantity, optional
-                  String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
+    Args:
+        temperature: String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
 
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Not to be confused with the Debye-Huckel constant used for activity coefficients in the limiting law.
-    Takes the value 0.392 at 25 C.
-    This constant is calculated according to: [kim]_ [arch]_
+    Notes:
+        Not to be confused with the Debye-Huckel constant used for activity coefficients in the limiting law.
+        Takes the value 0.392 at 25 C.
+        This constant is calculated according to: [kim]_ [arch]_
 
-     .. math:: A^{\\phi} = {1 \\over 3} A^{\\gamma}
+        .. math:: A^{\phi} = {1 \over 3} A^{\gamma}
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [kim] Kim, Hee-Talk and Frederick, William Jr, 1988. "Evaluation of Pitzer Ion Interaction Parameters of Aqueous Electrolytes at 25 C. 1. Single Salt Parameters,"
-       *J. Chemical Engineering Data* 33, pp.177-184.
+    References:
+        .. [kim] Kim, Hee-Talk and Frederick, William Jr, 1988. "Evaluation of Pitzer Ion Interaction Parameters of Aqueous Electrolytes at 25 C. 1. Single Salt Parameters,"
+        *J. Chemical Engineering Data* 33, pp.177-184.
 
-    .. [arch] Archer, Donald G. and Wang, Peiming. "The Dielectric Constant of Water \
-       and Debye-Huckel Limiting Law Slopes." /J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data/ 19(2), 1990.
+        .. [arch] Archer, Donald G. and Wang, Peiming. "The Dielectric Constant of Water \
+        and Debye-Huckel Limiting Law Slopes." /J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data/ 19(2), 1990.
 
     Examples:
-    --------
-    >>> _debye_parameter_osmotic() #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    0.3916...
+        >>> _debye_parameter_osmotic() #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        0.3916...
 
     See Also:
-        :py:func:`_debye_parameter_activity`
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_activity`
 
     """
     output = 1 / 3 * _debye_parameter_activity(temperature)
-    logger.info(f"Computed Debye-Huckel Limiting slope for osmotic coefficient A^{{\\phi}} = {output} at {temperature}")
+    logger.info(f"Computed Debye-Huckel Limiting slope for osmotic coefficient A^phi = {output} at {temperature}")
     return output.to("kg ** 0.5 /mol ** 0.5")
 
 
 def _debye_parameter_volume(temperature="25 degC"):
-    """
+    r"""
     Return the constant A_V, the Debye-Huckel limiting slope for apparent
     molar volume.
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    temperature : str Quantity, optional
-                  String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
+    Args:
+        temperature: String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
 
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Takes the value 1.8305 cm ** 3 * kg ** 0.5 /  mol ** 1.5 at 25 C.
-    This constant is calculated according to: [1]_
+    Notes:
+        Takes the value 1.8305 cm ** 3 * kg ** 0.5 /  mol ** 1.5 at 25 C.
+        This constant is calculated according to: [1]_
 
-     .. math:: A_V = -2 A_{\\phi} R T [ {3 \\over \\epsilon} {{\\partial \\epsilon \\over \\partial p} \
-     } - {{1 \\over \\rho}{\\partial \\rho \\over \\partial p} }]
+        .. math:: A_V = -2 A_{\phi} R T \big[ \frac{3}{\epsilon} \frac{\partial \epsilon}{\partial p} \
+         - \frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial p} \big]
 
-    NOTE: at this time, the term in brackets (containing the partial derivatives) is approximate.
-    These approximations give the correct value of the slope at 25 degC and
-    produce estimates with less than 10% error between 0 and 60 degC.
+        Notes: at this time, the term in brackets (containing the partial derivatives) is approximate.
+        These approximations give the correct value of the slope at 25 degC and
+        produce estimates with less than 10% error between 0 and 60 degC.
 
-    The derivative of epsilon with respect to pressure is assumed constant (for atmospheric pressure)
-    at -0.01275 1/MPa. Note that the negative sign does not make sense in light
-    of real data, but is required to give the correct result.
+        The derivative of epsilon with respect to pressure is assumed constant (for atmospheric pressure)
+        at -0.01275 1/MPa. Note that the negative sign does not make sense in light
+        of real data, but is required to give the correct result.
 
-    The second term is equivalent to the inverse of the bulk modulus of water, which
-    is taken to be 2.2 GPa. [2]_
+        The second term is equivalent to the inverse of the bulk modulus of water, which
+        is taken to be 2.2 GPa. [2]_
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] Archer, Donald G. and Wang, Peiming. "The Dielectric Constant of Water \
-    and Debye-Huckel Limiting Law Slopes." /J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data/ 19(2), 1990.
+    References:
+        .. [1] Archer, Donald G. and Wang, Peiming. "The Dielectric Constant of Water and Debye-Huckel Limiting
+               Law Slopes." J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data/ 19(2), 1990.
 
-    .. [2] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/permot3.html
+        .. [2] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/permot3.html
 
     See Also:
-    --------
-    _debye_parameter_osmotic
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_osmotic`
 
     """
     T = ureg.Quantity(temperature)
@@ -218,136 +211,109 @@ def _debye_parameter_volume(temperature="25 degC"):
     return result.to("cm ** 3 * kg ** 0.5 /  mol ** 1.5")
 
 
-def get_activity_coefficient_debyehuckel(ionic_strength, formal_charge=1, temperature="25 degC"):
-    """
+def get_activity_coefficient_debyehuckel(ionic_strength, z=1, temperature="25 degC"):
+    r"""
     Return the activity coefficient of solute in the parent solution according to the Debye-Huckel limiting law.
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    formal_charge : int, optional
-                    The charge on the solute, including sign. Defaults to +1 if not specified.
-    ionic_strength : Quantity
-                     The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    temperature : str Quantity, optional
-                     String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Quantity
-         The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless.
+    Args:
+        z (int, optional): The charge on the solute, including sign. Defaults to +1 if not specified.
+        ionic_strength (Quantity): The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg.
+        temperature (str, Quantity, optional): String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
 
-    See Also:
-    --------
-    _debye_parameter_activity
+    Returns:
+        Quantity: The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless.
 
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Activity coefficient is calculated according to:
+    Notes:
+        Activity coefficient is calculated according to:
 
-    .. math:: \\ln \\gamma = A^{\\gamma} z_i^2 \\sqrt I
+        .. math:: \ln \gamma = A^{\gamma} z_i^2 \sqrt I
 
-    Valid only for I < 0.005
+        Valid only for I < 0.005
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Stumm, Werner and Morgan, James J. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd ed,
-           pp 103. Wiley Interscience, 1996.
+    See Also:
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_activity`
+        :func:`get_activity_coefficient_davies`
+        :func:`get_activity_coefficient_guntelberg`
 
+    References:
+        Stumm, Werner and Morgan, James J. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd ed,
+               pp 103. Wiley Interscience, 1996.
     """
     # check if this method is valid for the given ionic strength
     if not ionic_strength.magnitude <= 0.005:
         logger.warning("Ionic strength exceeds valid range of the Debye-Huckel limiting law")
 
-    log_f = -_debye_parameter_activity(temperature) * formal_charge**2 * ionic_strength**0.5
+    log_f = -_debye_parameter_activity(temperature) * z**2 * ionic_strength**0.5
 
     return math.exp(log_f) * ureg.Quantity(1, "dimensionless")
 
 
-def get_activity_coefficient_guntelberg(ionic_strength, formal_charge=1, temperature="25 degC"):
-    """
+def get_activity_coefficient_guntelberg(ionic_strength, z=1, temperature="25 degC"):
+    r"""
     Return the activity coefficient of solute in the parent solution according to the Guntelberg approximation.
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    formal_charge : int, optional
-                    The charge on the solute, including sign. Defaults to +1 if not specified.
-    ionic_strength : Quantity
-                     The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    temperature : str Quantity, optional
-                     String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Quantity
-         The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless.
+    Args:
+        z (int, optional): The charge on the solute, including sign. Defaults to +1 if not specified.
+        ionic_strength (Quantity): The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg.
+        temperature (str, Quantity, optional): String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
 
-    See Also:
-    --------
-    _debye_parameter_activity
+    Returns:
+        Quantity: The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless.
 
-    Notes
-    ------
-    Activity coefficient is calculated according to:
+    Notes:
+        Activity coefficient is calculated according to:
 
-    .. math:: \\ln \\gamma = A^{\\gamma} z_i^2 {\\sqrt I \\over (1 + \\sqrt I)}
+        .. math:: \ln \gamma = A^{\gamma} z_i^2 {\sqrt I \over (1 + \sqrt I)}
 
-    Valid for I < 0.1
+        Valid for I < 0.1
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Stumm, Werner and Morgan, James J. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd ed,
-           pp 103. Wiley Interscience, 1996.
+    See Also:
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_activity`
+        :func:`get_activity_coefficient_davies`
+        :func:`get_activity_coefficient_debyehuckel`
 
+    References:
+        Stumm, Werner and Morgan, James J. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd ed,
+               pp 103. Wiley Interscience, 1996.
     """
     # check if this method is valid for the given ionic strength
     if not ionic_strength.magnitude <= 0.1:
         logger.warning("Ionic strength exceeds valid range of the Guntelberg approximation")
 
     log_f = (
-        -_debye_parameter_activity(temperature)
-        * formal_charge**2
-        * ionic_strength**0.5
-        / (1 + ionic_strength.magnitude**0.5)
+        -_debye_parameter_activity(temperature) * z**2 * ionic_strength**0.5 / (1 + ionic_strength.magnitude**0.5)
     )
 
     return math.exp(log_f) * ureg.Quantity(1, "dimensionless")
 
 
-def get_activity_coefficient_davies(ionic_strength, formal_charge=1, temperature="25 degC"):
-    """
+def get_activity_coefficient_davies(ionic_strength, z=1, temperature="25 degC"):
+    r"""
     Return the activity coefficient of solute in the parent solution according to the Davies equation.
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    formal_charge : int, optional
-        The charge on the solute, including sign. Defaults to +1 if not specified.
-    ionic_strength : Quantity
-        The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    temperature : str Quantity, optional
-        String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Quantity
-         The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless.
+    Args:
+        ionic_strength (Quantity): The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg.
+        z (int, optional): The charge on the solute, including sign. Defaults to +1 if not specified.
+        temperature (str, Quantity, optional): String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
 
-    See Also:
-    --------
-    _debye_parameter_activity
+    Returns:
+        Quantity: The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless.
 
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Activity coefficient is calculated according to:
+    Notes:
+        Activity coefficient is calculated according to:
 
-    .. math:: \\ln \\gamma = A^{\\gamma} z_i^2 ({\\sqrt I \\over (1 + \\sqrt I)} + 0.2 I)
+        .. math:: \ln \gamma = A^{\gamma} z_i^2 ({\sqrt I \over (1 + \sqrt I)} + 0.2 I)
 
-    Valid for 0.1 < I < 0.5
+        Valid for 0.1 < I < 0.5
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Stumm, Werner and Morgan, James J. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd ed,
-           pp 103. Wiley Interscience, 1996.
+    See Also:
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_activity`
+        :func:`get_activity_coefficient_debyehuckel`
+        :func:`get_activity_coefficient_guntelberg`
 
+    References:
+        Stumm, Werner and Morgan, James J. Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd ed,
+               pp 103. Wiley Interscience, 1996.
     """
     # check if this method is valid for the given ionic strength
     if not ionic_strength.magnitude <= 0.5 and ionic_strength.magnitude >= 0.1:
@@ -356,7 +322,7 @@ def get_activity_coefficient_davies(ionic_strength, formal_charge=1, temperature
     # the units in this empirical equation don't work out, so we must use magnitudes
     log_f = (
         -_debye_parameter_activity(temperature).magnitude
-        * formal_charge**2
+        * z**2
         * (ionic_strength.magnitude**0.5 / (1 + ionic_strength.magnitude**0.5) - 0.2 * ionic_strength.magnitude)
     )
 
@@ -382,87 +348,69 @@ def get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(
     """
     Return the activity coefficient of solute in the parent solution according to the Pitzer model.
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ionic_strength: Quantity
-                    The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    molality:       Quantity
-                    The molal concentration of the parent salt, mol/kg
-    alpha1, alpha2: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model. This function assigns the coefficients
-                    proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 after they are entered.
-    beta0, beta1, beta2, C_phi: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are
-                    specific to each salt system.
-    z_cation, z_anion: int
-                    The formal charge on the cation and anion, respectively
-    nu_cation, nu_anion: int
-                    The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt
-    temperature:    str Quantity
-                    String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
-    b:              number, optional
-                    Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 and
-                    considered independent of temperature and pressure. If provided, this
-                    coefficient is assigned proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5  after
-                    entry.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Quantity
-        The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless
+    Args:
+        ionic_strength: The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
+        molality: The molal concentration of the parent salt, mol/kg
+        alpha1, alpha2: Coefficients for the Pitzer model. This function assigns the coefficients
+            proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 after they are entered.
+        beta0, beta1, beta2, C_phi:  Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are
+            specific to each salt system.
+        z_cation, z_anion: The charge on the cation and anion, respectively
+        nu_cation, nu_anion: The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt
+        temperature: String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
+        b: Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 and considered independent of temperature and pressure.
+            If provided, this coefficient is assigned proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5  after entry.
+
+    Returns:
+        Quantity
+            The mean molal (mol/kg) scale ionic activity coefficient of solute, dimensionless
 
     Examples:
-    --------
-    >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(0.5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),0.5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1,0.5,-.0181191983,-.4625822071,.4682,.000246063,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.61915...
+        >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(0.5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),0.5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1,0.5,-.0181191983,-.4625822071,.4682,.000246063,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.61915...
 
-    >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),3,0.5,0.0369993,0.354664,0.0997513,-0.00171868,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.76331...
+        >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),3,0.5,0.0369993,0.354664,0.0997513,-0.00171868,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.76331...
 
-    NOTE: the examples below are for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in
-    the May et al reference below.
+        Notes: the examples below are for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in
+        the May et al reference below.
 
-    10 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.2725
+        10 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.2725
 
-    >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.22595 ...
+        >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.22595 ...
 
-    5 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.3011
+        5 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.3011
 
-    >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.30249 ...
+        >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.30249 ...
 
-    18 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.1653
+        18 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.1653
 
-    >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.16241 ...
+        >>> get_activity_coefficient_pitzer(18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.16241 ...
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
-    Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
-    /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
+    References:
+        Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
+        Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
+        /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
 
-    Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
-    Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
+        Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
+        Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
 
-    May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011).
-    A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
-    Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
+        May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011).
+        A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
+        Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
 
-    Beyer, R., & Steiger, M. (2010). Vapor Pressure Measurements of NaHCOO + H 2 O and KHCOO + H 2 O from 278 to 308 K
-    and Representation with an Ion Interaction (Pitzer) Model.
-    Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 55(2), 830-838. doi:10.1021/je900487a
+        Beyer, R., & Steiger, M. (2010). Vapor Pressure Measurements of NaHCOO + H 2 O and KHCOO + H 2 O from 278 to 308 K
+        and Representation with an Ion Interaction (Pitzer) Model.
+        Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 55(2), 830-838. doi:10.1021/je900487a
 
     See Also:
-    --------
-    _debye_parameter_activity
-    _pitzer_B_MX
-    _pitzer_B_gamma
-    _pitzer_B_phi
-    _pitzer_log_gamma
-
-
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_activity`
+        :func:`_pitzer_B_MX`
+        :func:`_pitzer_B_phi`
+        :func:`_pitzer_log_gamma`
     """
     # assign proper units to alpha1, alpha2, and b
     alpha1 = ureg.Quantity(alpha1, "kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5")
@@ -511,88 +459,63 @@ def get_apparent_volume_pitzer(
     """
     Return the apparent molar volume of solute in the parent solution according to the Pitzer model.
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ionic_strength: Quantity
-                    The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    molality:       Quantity
-                    The molal concentration of the parent salt, mol/kg
-    alpha1, alpha2: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model. This function assigns the coefficients
-                    proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 after they are entered.
-    beta0, beta1, beta2, C_phi: number
-                    Pitzer coefficients for the apparent molar volume.
-                    These ion-interaction parameters are specific to each salt system.
-    V_o:  number
-                    The V^o Pitzer coefficient for the apparent molar volume.
-    z_cation, z_anion: int
-                    The formal charge on the cation and anion, respectively
-    nu_cation, nu_anion: int
-                    The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt
-    temperature:    str Quantity
-                    String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
-    b:              number, optional
-                    Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 and
-                    considered independent of temperature and pressure. If provided, this
-                    coefficient is assigned proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5  after
-                    entry.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Quantity
-        The apparent molar volume of the solute, cm ** 3 / mol
+    Args:
+        ionic_strength (Quantity): The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg.
+        molality (Quantity): The molal concentration of the parent salt, mol/kg.
+        alpha1, alpha2 (number): Coefficients for the Pitzer model. This function assigns the coefficients proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 after they are entered.
+        beta0, beta1, beta2, C_phi (number): Pitzer coefficients for the apparent molar volume. These ion-interaction parameters are specific to each salt system.
+        V_o (number): The V^o Pitzer coefficient for the apparent molar volume.
+        z_cation, z_anion (int): The formal charge on the cation and anion, respectively.
+        nu_cation, nu_anion (int): The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt.
+        temperature (str, Quantity): String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
+        b (number, optional): Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 and considered independent of temperature and pressure. If provided, this coefficient is assigned proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5  after entry.
 
-    Examples:
-    --------
-    NOTE: the example below is for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in
-    the Krumgalz et al reference below.
+    Returns:
+        Quantity: The apparent molar volume of the solute, cm ** 3 / mol.
 
-    0.25 mol/kg CuSO4. Expected result (from graph) = 0.5 cm ** 3 / mol
+    Examples:
+        Notes: the example below is for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in the Krumgalz et al reference below.
 
-    >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(1.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),0.25*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1.4,12,0.001499,-0.008124,0.2203,-0.0002589,-6,2,-2,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.404...
+        0.25 mol/kg CuSO4. Expected result (from graph) = 0.5 cm ** 3 / mol
 
-    1.0 mol/kg CuSO4. Expected result (from graph) = 4 cm ** 3 / mol
+        >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(1.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),0.25*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1.4,12,0.001499,-0.008124,0.2203,-0.0002589,-6,2,-2,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.404...
 
-    >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(4.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1.4,12,0.001499,-0.008124,0.2203,-0.0002589,-6,2,-2,1,1,b=1.2)
-    4.424...
+        1.0 mol/kg CuSO4. Expected result (from graph) = 4 cm ** 3 / mol
 
-    10.0 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Expected result (from graph) = 50.3 cm ** 3 / mol
+        >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(4.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1.4,12,0.001499,-0.008124,0.2203,-0.0002589,-6,2,-2,1,1,b=1.2)
+        4.424...
 
-    >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(10.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,0.000001742,0.0002926,0,0.000000424,46.9,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    50.286...
+        10.0 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Expected result (from graph) = 50.3 cm ** 3 / mol
 
-    20.0 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Expected result (from graph) = 51.2 cm ** 3 / mol
+        >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(10.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,0.000001742,0.0002926,0,0.000000424,46.9,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        50.286...
 
-    >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(20.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),20.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,0.000001742,0.0002926,0,0.000000424,46.9,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    51.145...
+        20.0 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Expected result (from graph) = 51.2 cm ** 3 / mol
 
-    NOTE: the examples below are for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in
-    the Krumgalz et al reference below.
+        >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(20.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),20.0*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,0.000001742,0.0002926,0,0.000000424,46.9,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        51.145...
 
-    0.8 mol/kg NaF. Expected result = 0.03
+        Notes: the examples below are for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in the Krumgalz et al reference below.
 
-    >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(0.8*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),0.8*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,0.000024693,0.00003169,0,-0.000004068,-2.426,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.22595 ...
+        0.8 mol/kg NaF. Expected result = 0.03
 
+        >>> get_apparent_volume_pitzer(0.8*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),0.8*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,0.000024693,0.00003169,0,-0.000004068,-2.426,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.22595 ...
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011).
-    A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
-    Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
+    References:
+        May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011).
+        A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
+        Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
 
-    Krumgalz, Boris S., Pogorelsky, Rita (1996).
-    Volumetric Properties of Single Aqueous Electrolytes from Zero to Saturation Concentration at 298.15 K
-    Represented by Pitzer's Ion-Interaction Equations.
-    Journal of Physical Chemical Reference Data, 25(2), 663-689.
+        Krumgalz, Boris S., Pogorelsky, Rita (1996).
+        Volumetric Properties of Single Aqueous Electrolytes from Zero to Saturation Concentration at 298.15 K
+        Represented by Pitzer's Ion-Interaction Equations.
+        Journal of Physical Chemical Reference Data, 25(2), 663-689.
 
     See Also:
-    --------
-    _debye_parameter_volume
-    _pitzer_B_MX
-
-
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_volume`
+        :func:`_pitzer_B_MX`
     """
     # TODO - find a cleaner way to make sure coefficients are assigned the proper units
     # if they aren't, the calculation gives very wrong results
@@ -626,20 +549,18 @@ def get_apparent_volume_pitzer(
 
 
 def _pitzer_f1(x):
-    """
+    r"""
     The function of ionic strength used to calculate \beta_MX in the Pitzer ion interaction model.
 
-    .. math:: f(x) = 2 [ 1- (1+x) \\exp(-x)] / x ^ 2
+    .. math:: f(x) = 2 [ 1- (1+x) \exp(-x)] / x ^ 2
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
-    Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
-    /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
-
-    Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
-    Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
+    References:
+        Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
+        Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
+        /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
 
+        Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
+        Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
     """
     # return 0 if the input is 0
     if x == 0:
@@ -648,20 +569,18 @@ def _pitzer_f1(x):
 
 
 def _pitzer_f2(x):
-    """
-    The function of ionic strength used to calculate \\beta_\\gamma in the Pitzer ion interaction model.
-
-    .. math:: f(x) = -{2 \\over x ^ 2} [ 1 - ({1+x+ x^2 \\over 2}) \\exp(-x)]
+    r"""
+    The function of ionic strength used to calculate \beta_\gamma in the Pitzer ion interaction model.
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
-    Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
-    /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
+    .. math:: f(x) = -\frac{2}{x ^ 2} [ 1 - (\frac{1+x+ x^2}{2}) \exp(-x)]
 
-    Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
-    Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
+    References:
+        Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
+        Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
+        /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
 
+        Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
+        Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
     """
     # return 0 if the input is 0
     if x == 0:
@@ -670,38 +589,30 @@ def _pitzer_f2(x):
 
 
 def _pitzer_B_MX(ionic_strength, alpha1, alpha2, beta0, beta1, beta2):
-    """
+    r"""
     Return the B_MX coefficient for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
 
-    .. math:: B_MX = \\beta_0 + \\beta_1 f1(\\alpha_1 I ^ {0.5}) + \\beta_2 f2(\\alpha_2 I ^ {0.5})
+    .. math:: B_MX = \beta_0 + \beta_1 f1(\alpha_1 I ^ {0.5}) + \beta_2 f2(\alpha_2 I ^ {0.5})
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ionic_strength: number
-                    The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    alpha1, alpha2: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model, kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5
-    beta0, beta1, beta2: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are
-                    specific to each salt system.
+    Args:
+        ionic_strength: The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
+        alpha1, alpha2: Coefficients for the Pitzer model, kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5
+        beta0, beta1, beta2: Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are
+            specific to each salt system.
 
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-            The B_MX parameter for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
+    Returns:
+        The B_MX parameter for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
-    Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
-    /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
+    References:
+        Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
+        Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
+        /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
 
-    Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
-    Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
+        Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
+        Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
 
     See Also:
-    --------
-    _pitzer_f1
+        :func:`_pitzer_f1`
 
     """
     coeff = (
@@ -750,43 +661,37 @@ def _pitzer_B_MX(ionic_strength, alpha1, alpha2, beta0, beta1, beta2):
 
 
 def _pitzer_B_phi(ionic_strength, alpha1, alpha2, beta0, beta1, beta2):
-    """
-    Return the B^\\Phi coefficient for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
+    r"""
+    Returns the B^\Phi coefficient for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
 
-    .. math:: B^\\Phi = \\beta_0 + \\beta1 \\exp(-\\alpha_1 I ^{0.5}) + \\beta_2 \\exp(-\\alpha_2 I ^ {0.5})
+    This function calculates the B^\Phi coefficient using the formula:
 
-    or
+    .. math:: B^\Phi = \beta_0 + \beta1 \exp(-\alpha_1 I ^{0.5}) + \beta_2 \exp(-\alpha_2 I ^ {0.5})
 
-    .. math:: B^\\Phi = B^\\gamma - B_{MX}
+    or
 
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ionic_strength: number
-                    The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    alpha1, alpha2: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model, kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5
-    beta0, beta1, beta2: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are
-                    specific to each salt system.
+    .. math:: B^\Phi = B^\gamma - B_{MX}
 
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-            The B^Phi parameter for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
+    Args:
+        ionic_strength: The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg.
+        alpha1, alpha2: Coefficients for the Pitzer model, kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5.
+        beta0, beta1, beta2: Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are
+            specific to each salt system.
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
-    Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
-    /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
+    Returns:
+        float: The B^Phi parameter for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
 
-    Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
-    Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
+    References:
+        Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
+        Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
+        /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
 
-    Beyer, R., & Steiger, M. (2010). Vapor Pressure Measurements of NaHCOO + H 2 O and KHCOO + H 2 O from 278 to 308 K
-    and Representation with an Ion Interaction (Pitzer) Model.
-    Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 55(2), 830-838. doi:10.1021/je900487a
+        Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
+        Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
 
+        Beyer, R., & Steiger, M. (2010). Vapor Pressure Measurements of NaHCOO + H 2 O and KHCOO + H 2 O from 278 to 308 K
+        and Representation with an Ion Interaction (Pitzer) Model.
+        Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 55(2), 830-838. doi:10.1021/je900487a
     """
     return beta0 + beta1 * math.exp(-alpha1 * ionic_strength**0.5) + beta2 * math.exp(-alpha2 * ionic_strength**0.5)
 
@@ -837,45 +742,32 @@ def _pitzer_log_gamma(
     temperature="25 degC",
     b=ureg.Quantity(1.2, "kg**0.5/mol**0.5"),
 ):
-    """
-    Return the natural logarithm of the binary activity coefficient calculated by the Pitzer
+    r"""
+    Returns the natural logarithm of the binary activity coefficient calculated by the Pitzer
     ion interaction model.
 
-    .. math:: \\ln \\gamma_{MX} = -{|z_+ z_-| A^{Phi} ( I ^ {0.5} \\over (1 + b I ^ {0.5})} + {2 \\over b }\\ln (1 + b I ^ {0.5}) )+\
-    + {m (2 \\nu_+ \\nu_-) \\over (\\nu_+ + \\nu_-)} (B_{MX} + B_{MX}^\\Phi) + {m^2(3 (\\nu_+ \\nu_-)^{1.5} \\over (\\nu_+ + \\nu_-))} C_{MX}^\\Phi
-
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ionic_strength: Quantity
-                    The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    molality:       Quantity
-                    The concentration of the salt, mol/kg
-    B_MX,B_phi,C_phi: Quantity
-                    Calculated parameters for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
-    z_cation, z_anion: int
-                    The formal charge on the cation and anion, respectively
-    nu_cation, nu_anion: int
-                    The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt
-    temperature:    str Quantity
-                    String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
-    b:              number, optional
-                    Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 and considered independent of temperature and pressure
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-            The natural logarithm of the binary activity coefficient calculated by the Pitzer ion interaction model.
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988).
-    Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
-    Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
-
-    May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011).
-    A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
-    Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
+    .. math::
+
+        \ln \gamma_{MX} = -|z_+ z_-| A^{Phi} ( \frac{I ^ {0.5}}{(1 + b I ^ {0.5})} + \frac{2}{b} \ln{(1 + b I ^ {0.5})} )+ \frac{m (2 \nu_+ \nu_-)}{(\nu_+ + \nu_-)} (B_{MX} + B_{MX}^\Phi) + \frac{m^2(3 (\nu_+ \nu_-)^{1.5}}{(\nu_+ + \nu_-))} C_{MX}^\Phi
+
+    Args:
+        ionic_strength (Quantity): The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg.
+        molality (Quantity): The concentration of the salt, mol/kg.
+        B_MX, B_phi, C_phi (Quantity): Calculated parameters for the Pitzer ion interaction model.
+        z_cation, z_anion (int): The formal charge on the cation and anion, respectively.
+        nu_cation, nu_anion (int): The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt.
+        temperature (str, Quantity): String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
+        b (number, optional): Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 and considered independent of temperature and pressure.
+
+    Returns:
+        float: The natural logarithm of the binary activity coefficient calculated by the Pitzer ion interaction model.
+
+    References:
+        Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
+        Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
+
+        May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011). A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
+        Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
     """
     first_term = (
         -1
@@ -905,93 +797,68 @@ def get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(
     temperature="25 degC",
     b=1.2,
 ):
-    """Return the osmotic coefficient of water in an electrolyte solution according to the Pitzer model.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ionic_strength: Quantity
-                    The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg
-    molality:       Quantity
-                    The molal concentration of the parent salt, mol/kg
-    alpha1, alpha2: number
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model. This function assigns the coefficients
-                    proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 after they are entered.
-    beta0, beta1, beta2, C_phi
-                    Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are
-                    specific to each salt system.
-    z_cation, z_anion: int
-                    The formal charge on the cation and anion, respectively
-    nu_cation, nu_anion: int
-                    The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt
-    temperature:    str Quantity
-                    String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
-    b:              number, optional
-                    Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 and
-                    considered independent of temperature and pressure. If provided, this
-                    coefficient is assigned proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5  after
-                    entry.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Quantity
-        The osmotic coefficient of water, dimensionless
+    """
+    Return the osmotic coefficient of water in an electrolyte solution according to the Pitzer model.
 
-    Examples:
-    --------
-    Experimental value according to Beyer and Stieger reference is 1.3550
+    Args:
+        ionic_strength (Quantity): The ionic strength of the parent solution, mol/kg.
+        molality (Quantity): The molal concentration of the parent salt, mol/kg.
+        alpha1, alpha2 (number): Coefficients for the Pitzer model. This function assigns the coefficients proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5 after they are entered.
+        beta0, beta1, beta2, C_phi: Coefficients for the Pitzer model. These ion-interaction parameters are specific to each salt system.
+        z_cation, z_anion (int): The formal charge on the cation and anion, respectively.
+        nu_cation, nu_anion (int): The stoichiometric coefficient of the cation and anion in the salt.
+        temperature (str, Quantity): String representing the temperature of the solution. Defaults to '25 degC' if not specified.
+        b (number, optional): Coefficient. Usually set equal to 1.2 and considered independent of temperature and pressure. If provided, this coefficient is assigned proper units of kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5  after entry.
 
-    >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(10.175*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10.175*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1,0.5,-.0181191983,-.4625822071,.4682,.000246063,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    1.3552 ...
+    Returns:
+        Quantity: The osmotic coefficient of water, dimensionless.
 
-    Experimental value according to Beyer and Stieger reference is 1.084
+    Examples:
+        Experimental value according to Beyer and Stieger reference is 1.3550
 
-    >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),3,0.5,0.0369993,0.354664,0.0997513,-0.00171868,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    1.0850 ...
+        >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(10.175*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10.175*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),1,0.5,-.0181191983,-.4625822071,.4682,.000246063,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        1.3552 ...
 
-    NOTE: the examples below are for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in
-    the May et al reference below.
+        Experimental value according to Beyer and Stieger reference is 1.084
 
-    10 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.62
+        >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5.6153*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),3,0.5,0.0369993,0.354664,0.0997513,-0.00171868,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        1.0850 ...
 
-    >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.6143 ...
+        Notes: the examples below are for comparison with experimental and modeling data presented in the May et al reference below.
 
-    5 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.7
+        10 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.62
 
-    >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.6925 ...
+        >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),10*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.6143 ...
 
-    18 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.555
+        5 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.7
 
-    >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
-    0.5556 ...
+        >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),5*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.6925 ...
 
-    References
-    ----------
-    Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly
-    Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
-    /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
+        18 mol/kg ammonium nitrate. Estimated result (from graph) = 0.555
 
-    Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
-    Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
+        >>> get_osmotic_coefficient_pitzer(18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),18*ureg.Quantity('mol/kg'),2,0,-0.01709,0.09198,0,0.000419,1,-1,1,1,b=1.2)
+        0.5556 ...
 
-    May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011).
-    A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
-    Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
+    References:
+        Scharge, T., Munoz, A.G., and Moog, H.C. (2012). Activity Coefficients of Fission Products in Highly Salinary Solutions of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- : Cs+.
+        /Journal of Chemical& Engineering Data (57), p. 1637-1647.
 
-    Beyer, R., & Steiger, M. (2010). Vapor Pressure Measurements of NaHCOO + H 2 O and KHCOO + H 2 O from 278 to 308 K
-    and Representation with an Ion Interaction (Pitzer) Model.
-    Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 55(2), 830-838. doi:10.1021/je900487a
+        Kim, H., & Jr, W. F. (1988). Evaluation of Pitzer ion interaction parameters of aqueous electrolytes at 25 degree C. 1. Single salt parameters.
+        Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (2), 177-184.
 
-    See Also:
-    --------
-    _debye_parameter_activity
-    _pitzer_B_MX
-    _pitzer_B_gamma
-    _pitzer_B_phi
-    _pitzer_log_gamma
+        May, P. M., Rowland, D., Hefter, G., & Königsberger, E. (2011). A Generic and Updatable Pitzer Characterization of Aqueous Binary Electrolyte Solutions at 1 bar and 25 °C.
+        Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(12), 5066-5077. doi:10.1021/je2009329
 
+        Beyer, R., & Steiger, M. (2010). Vapor Pressure Measurements of NaHCOO + H 2 O and KHCOO + H 2 O from 278 to 308 K and Representation with an Ion Interaction (Pitzer) Model.
+        Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 55(2), 830-838. doi:10.1021/je900487a
 
+    See Also:
+        :func:`_debye_parameter_activity`
+        :func:`_pitzer_B_MX`
+        :func:`_pitzer_B_phi`
+        :func:`_pitzer_log_gamma`
     """
     # assign proper units to alpha1, alpha2, and b
     alpha1 = ureg.Quantity(alpha1, "kg ** 0.5 / mol ** 0.5")