pyAgrum-nightly 2.2.1.9.dev202510271761405498__cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl → 2.3.0.9.dev202510281761586496__cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

pyagrum/explain/notebook/_bar.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+############################################################################
+#   This file is part of the aGrUM/pyAgrum library.                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Copyright (c) 2005-2025 by                                             #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#                                                                          #
+#   The aGrUM/pyAgrum library is free software; you can redistribute it    #
+#   and/or modify it under the terms of either :                           #
+#                                                                          #
+#    - the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by               #
+#      the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,      #
+#      or (at your option) any later version,                              #
+#    - the MIT license (MIT),                                              #
+#    - or both in dual license, as here.                                   #
+#                                                                          #
+#   (see https://agrum.gitlab.io/articles/dual-licenses-lgplv3mit.html)    #
+#                                                                          #
+#   This aGrUM/pyAgrum library is distributed in the hope that it will be  #
+#   useful, but WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,          #
+#   INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS #
+#   FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE  AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE   #
+#   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER #
+#   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,        #
+#   ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR  #
+#   OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   See LICENCES for more details.                                         #
+#                                                                          #
+#   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2005-2025                            #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR MIT                      #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Contact  : info_at_agrum_dot_org                                       #
+#   homepage : http://agrum.gitlab.io                                      #
+#   gitlab   : https://gitlab.com/agrumery/agrum                           #
+#                                                                          #
+############################################################################
+
+import pyagrum as gum
+from pyagrum.explain._Explanation import Explanation
+
+import numpy as np
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap, to_rgb
+from matplotlib.patches import Patch
+
+
+def bar(explanation: Explanation, y: int = None, ax: plt.Axes = None, percentage: bool = False) -> plt.axis:
+  """
+  Plots a horizontal bar chart of the mean absolute SHAP/SHALL values for each feature in the explanation.
+
+  Parameters:
+  ----------
+  explanation : Explanation
+      The explanation object containing the SHAP/SHALL values.
+  y : int, optional
+      If the values type of the explanation is SHALL, then y is ignored.
+      Else it is the class for which to plot the SHAP values (default is None, which plots multi-bar for all classes).
+  ax : plt.Axes, optional
+      The matplotlib Axes object to plot on (default is None, which creates a new figure).
+  percentage: bool
+    if True, the importance plot is shown in percent.
+
+  Raises :
+  ------
+  TypeError : If `explanation` is not an Explanation object or if `y` is not an integer or None.
+  IndexError : If `y` is an integer but out of bounds for the explanation keys.
+  """
+
+  if not isinstance(explanation, Explanation):
+    raise TypeError(f"`explanation` must be an Explanation object but got {type(explanation)}")
+
+  # Determine if The explanation object is a SHALL or SHAP explanation
+  if explanation.values_type == "SHAP":
+    if not isinstance(y, int) and y is not None:
+      raise TypeError(f"`y` must be either a positive integer or None, but got {type(y)}")
+    if isinstance(y, int) and (y < min(explanation.keys()) or y > max(explanation.keys())):
+      raise IndexError(f"Target index y={y} is out of bounds; expected 0 <= y < {max(explanation.keys()) + 1}.")
+  elif explanation.values_type == "SHALL":
+    # We force y to be an integer, so we can use the same code after for both explanations
+    y = 0
+  else:
+    raise ValueError(f"Wrong values type, expected SHAP/SHALL but got {explanation.values_type}")
+
+  if ax is None:
+    _, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4))
+
+  if y is not None:
+    importances = explanation.importances[y] if explanation.values_type == "SHAP" else explanation.importances
+    columns = [col for col in sorted(importances.keys(), key=importances.get)]
+    values = [importances[feat] for feat in columns]
+    if percentage:
+      total = sum(values)
+      values = [(v / total) * 100 for v in values]
+    ax.barh(columns, values, color=gum.config["notebook", "tensor_color_0"], height=0.5, alpha=0.8)
+  else:
+    classes = sorted(explanation.keys())
+    cmap = LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list(
+      "class_cmap", [to_rgb(gum.config["notebook", "tensor_color_0"]), to_rgb(gum.config["notebook", "tensor_color_1"])]
+    )
+    colors = [cmap(i / (len(explanation) - 1)) for i in range(len(explanation))]
+
+    n_features = len(explanation.feature_names)
+    values = np.array([[explanation.importances[z][feat] for feat in explanation.feature_names] for z in classes])
+    # Sort bars
+    indices = np.argsort(np.sum(values, axis=0))
+    values = values[:, indices]
+    features = [explanation.feature_names[i] for i in indices]
+    bottom = np.zeros(n_features)
+
+    for i, cls in enumerate(classes):
+      contribs = values[i]
+      if percentage:
+        total = sum(contribs)
+        contribs = [(v / total) * 100 for v in contribs]
+      ax.barh(
+        features, contribs, height=0.5, left=bottom, color=colors[i % len(colors)], label=f"class {cls}", alpha=0.8
+      )
+
+      bottom += contribs
+    legend_elements = [Patch(facecolor=colors[i], edgecolor="black", label=f"Class {i}") for i in range(len(colors))]
+    ax.legend(loc="lower right", handles=legend_elements, title="Classes")
+
+  ax.set_title("Feature Importance", fontsize=16)
+
+  msg = " in %" if percentage else ""
+  ax.set_xlabel(f"mean(|{explanation.values_type} value|){msg}", fontsize=12)
+  ax.set_ylabel("Features", fontsize=12)
+  ax.tick_params(axis="x", labelsize=10)
+  ax.tick_params(axis="y", labelsize=10)
+
+  # Removing spines
+  ax.grid(axis="x", linestyle=":", alpha=0.6)
+  ax.grid(axis="y", linestyle=":", alpha=0.3)
+  ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["bottom"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["left"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.figure.set_facecolor("white")

pyagrum/explain/notebook/_beeswarm.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+############################################################################
+#   This file is part of the aGrUM/pyAgrum library.                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Copyright (c) 2005-2025 by                                             #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#                                                                          #
+#   The aGrUM/pyAgrum library is free software; you can redistribute it    #
+#   and/or modify it under the terms of either :                           #
+#                                                                          #
+#    - the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by               #
+#      the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,      #
+#      or (at your option) any later version,                              #
+#    - the MIT license (MIT),                                              #
+#    - or both in dual license, as here.                                   #
+#                                                                          #
+#   (see https://agrum.gitlab.io/articles/dual-licenses-lgplv3mit.html)    #
+#                                                                          #
+#   This aGrUM/pyAgrum library is distributed in the hope that it will be  #
+#   useful, but WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,          #
+#   INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS #
+#   FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE  AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE   #
+#   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER #
+#   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,        #
+#   ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR  #
+#   OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   See LICENCES for more details.                                         #
+#                                                                          #
+#   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2005-2025                            #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR MIT                      #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Contact  : info_at_agrum_dot_org                                       #
+#   homepage : http://agrum.gitlab.io                                      #
+#   gitlab   : https://gitlab.com/agrumery/agrum                           #
+#                                                                          #
+############################################################################
+
+import pyagrum as gum
+from pyagrum.explain._Explanation import Explanation
+
+import numpy as np
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import matplotlib.cm as cm
+from matplotlib import colors
+
+
+def beeswarm(
+  explanation: Explanation, y: int = 1, max_display: int = 20, color_bar: bool = True, ax=None, sort: bool = True
+):
+  """
+  Plots a beeswarm plot of the Shapley values for a given target class.
+  Parameters:
+  ----------
+  explanation : Explanation
+      The explanation object containing the SHAP/SHALL values.
+  y : int
+      If the values type of the explanation is SHALL, then y is ignored.
+      Else it is the class for which to plot the SHAP values.
+  max_display : int, optional
+      The maximum number of features to display in the beeswarm plot (default is 20).
+  color_bar : bool, optional
+      If True, adds a color bar to the plot (default is True).
+  ax : plt.Axes, optional
+      The matplotlib Axes object to plot on (default is None, which creates a new figure).
+  sort : bool, optional
+      If True, sorts the features by their importance before plotting (default is True).
+
+  Raises:
+  ------
+  TypeError
+      If `explanation` is not an Explanation object, if `y` is not an integer or if the explanation is not global (i.e., does not contain lists of contributions for each feature).
+  IndexError
+      If `y` is out of bounds for the explanation keys.
+  """
+  # Check parameters
+  if not isinstance(explanation, Explanation):
+    raise TypeError("`explanation` must be an Explanation object but got {}".format(type(explanation)))
+
+  # Determine if The explanation object is a SHALL or SHAP explanation
+  if explanation.values_type == "SHAP":
+    if not isinstance(y, int):
+      raise TypeError("`y` must be an integer but got {}".format(type(y)))
+    if y < min(explanation.keys()) or y > max(explanation.keys()):
+      raise IndexError(f"Target index y={y} is out of bounds; expected 0 <= y < {max(explanation.keys()) + 1}.")
+    contributions = explanation[y]
+    importances = explanation.importances[y]
+  elif explanation.values_type == "SHALL":
+    contributions = explanation
+    importances = explanation.importances
+  else:
+    raise ValueError(f"Wrong values type, expected SHAP/SHALL but got {explanation.values_type}")
+
+  feature_names = explanation.feature_names
+  if not isinstance(list(contributions.values())[0], list):
+    raise TypeError("For beeswarm plot, explanation must be global.")
+  values = np.array([contributions[k] for k in feature_names]).T
+  features = explanation.data
+
+  # Create the figure and axis if not provided
+  if ax == None:
+    _, ax = plt.subplots()
+
+  # Prepare the y-axis positions
+  y_positions = np.arange(min(max_display, len(feature_names)), 0, -1)
+
+  # Plot the beeswarm
+  ax.plot([0, 0], [y_positions[-1] - 0.25, y_positions[0] + 0.25], linestyle="--", color="gray")
+  color1 = gum.config["notebook", "tensor_color_0"]
+  color2 = gum.config["notebook", "tensor_color_1"]
+  cmap = colors.LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list("custom_red_green", [color1, color2])
+
+  if sort:
+    indices = [feature_names.index(feat) for feat in sorted(importances, key=importances.get, reverse=True)]
+  else:
+    indices = np.arange(min(max_display, values.shape[1]))
+
+  for k, j in enumerate(indices):
+    base = y_positions[k]
+    sequence = np.arange(values.shape[0])
+    np.random.shuffle(sequence)
+
+    shapes = values[sequence, j]
+    rounded_x = np.round(shapes, 2)
+    (unique, counts) = np.unique(rounded_x, return_counts=True)
+    density_map = dict(zip(unique, counts))
+    densities = np.array([density_map[val] for val in rounded_x])
+
+    sigmas = (densities / np.max(densities)) * 0.1
+    ords = np.random.normal(loc=base, scale=sigmas)
+
+    vals = features[sequence, j]
+
+    minimum = vals.min()
+    maximum = vals.max()
+    norm = colors.Normalize(vmin=minimum, vmax=maximum)
+    sm = cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap, norm=norm)
+    sm.set_array([])
+
+    ax.scatter(
+      shapes,
+      ords,
+      c=vals,
+      cmap=cmap,
+      s=7,
+    )
+
+  ax.set_yticks(y_positions)
+  ax.set_yticklabels([feature_names[i] for i in indices])
+  if color_bar:
+    norm = colors.Normalize(vmin=0.0, vmax=1.0)
+    sm = cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap, norm=norm)
+    sm.set_array([])
+    cbar = plt.colorbar(sm, ax=ax)
+    cbar.set_label("Feature value")
+    cbar.set_ticks([0, 1])
+    cbar.set_ticklabels(["Low", "High"])
+
+  ax.set_ylim(y_positions[-1] - 0.5, y_positions[0] + 0.5)
+  ax.set_xlabel("Impact on model Output", fontsize=12)
+  ax.set_ylabel("Features", fontsize=12)
+  ax.set_title(f"{explanation.values_type} value (Impact on model Output)", fontsize=16)
+
+  # Setting the style
+  ax.grid(axis="x", linestyle=":", alpha=0.5)
+  ax.grid(axis="y", linestyle=":", alpha=0.5)
+  ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["bottom"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["left"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.figure.set_facecolor("white")

pyagrum/explain/notebook/_showShapValues.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+############################################################################
+#   This file is part of the aGrUM/pyAgrum library.                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Copyright (c) 2005-2025 by                                             #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#                                                                          #
+#   The aGrUM/pyAgrum library is free software; you can redistribute it    #
+#   and/or modify it under the terms of either :                           #
+#                                                                          #
+#    - the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by               #
+#      the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,      #
+#      or (at your option) any later version,                              #
+#    - the MIT license (MIT),                                              #
+#    - or both in dual license, as here.                                   #
+#                                                                          #
+#   (see https://agrum.gitlab.io/articles/dual-licenses-lgplv3mit.html)    #
+#                                                                          #
+#   This aGrUM/pyAgrum library is distributed in the hope that it will be  #
+#   useful, but WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,          #
+#   INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS #
+#   FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE  AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE   #
+#   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER #
+#   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,        #
+#   ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR  #
+#   OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   See LICENCES for more details.                                         #
+#                                                                          #
+#   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2005-2025                            #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR MIT                      #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Contact  : info_at_agrum_dot_org                                       #
+#   homepage : http://agrum.gitlab.io                                      #
+#   gitlab   : https://gitlab.com/agrumery/agrum                           #
+#                                                                          #
+############################################################################
+
+import pyagrum as gum
+import pyagrum.lib.notebook as gnb
+from pyagrum.lib.bn2graph import BN2dot
+from pyagrum.explain import Explanation
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+
+def showShapValues(bn: gum.BayesNet, expl: Explanation | dict, cmap="plasma", y=1):
+  """
+  Show the Shap values in the DAG of the BN
+  Parameters
+  ----------
+  bn : pyagrum.BayesNet
+      The Bayesian network
+  expl: Explanation | dict[str,float]
+      The Shap values to each variable
+  cmap: str
+      Name of the Matplotlib colormap used for coloring the nodes.
+  y: int
+      The target class for which the Shap values are computed (default is 1).
+      y is ignored if `expl` is a dict.
+
+  Raises
+  ------
+  TypeError
+      If bn is not a gum.BayesNet, if expl is neither an Explanation nor a dict, or if expl is an Explanation and y is not an integer.
+  IndexError
+      If expl is an Explanation and y is outside the valid class range.
+  """
+
+  if not isinstance(bn, gum.BayesNet):
+    raise TypeError(f"The parameter bn must be a gum.BayesNet but got {type(bn)}")
+  if isinstance(expl, Explanation):
+    if isinstance(y, int):
+      if y < min(expl.keys()) or y > max(expl.keys()):
+        raise IndexError(
+          f"Target index y={y} is out of bounds; expected {min(expl.keys())} <= y < {max(expl.keys()) + 1}."
+        )
+    else:
+      raise TypeError("`y`must be an integer but got {}".format(y))
+    importances = expl.importances[y]
+
+  elif isinstance(expl, dict):
+    importances = expl
+
+  else:
+    raise TypeError(f"The parameter expl must be either an Explanation object or a dict but got {type(expl)}")
+
+  norm_color = {}
+  raw = list(importances.values())
+  norm = [float(i) / sum(raw) for i in raw]
+  for i, feat in enumerate(list(importances.keys())):
+    norm_color[feat] = norm[i]
+  cm = plt.get_cmap(cmap)
+  g = BN2dot(bn, nodeColor=norm_color, cmapNode=cm)
+  gnb.showGraph(g)

pyagrum/explain/notebook/_waterfall.py

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+############################################################################
+#   This file is part of the aGrUM/pyAgrum library.                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Copyright (c) 2005-2025 by                                             #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#                                                                          #
+#   The aGrUM/pyAgrum library is free software; you can redistribute it    #
+#   and/or modify it under the terms of either :                           #
+#                                                                          #
+#    - the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by               #
+#      the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,      #
+#      or (at your option) any later version,                              #
+#    - the MIT license (MIT),                                              #
+#    - or both in dual license, as here.                                   #
+#                                                                          #
+#   (see https://agrum.gitlab.io/articles/dual-licenses-lgplv3mit.html)    #
+#                                                                          #
+#   This aGrUM/pyAgrum library is distributed in the hope that it will be  #
+#   useful, but WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,          #
+#   INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS #
+#   FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE  AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE   #
+#   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER #
+#   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,        #
+#   ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR  #
+#   OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                        #
+#                                                                          #
+#   See LICENCES for more details.                                         #
+#                                                                          #
+#   SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2005-2025                            #
+#       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 #
+#       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     #
+#   SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later OR MIT                      #
+#                                                                          #
+#   Contact  : info_at_agrum_dot_org                                       #
+#   homepage : http://agrum.gitlab.io                                      #
+#   gitlab   : https://gitlab.com/agrumery/agrum                           #
+#                                                                          #
+############################################################################
+
+import pyagrum as gum
+from pyagrum.explain._Explanation import Explanation
+from typing import Callable, Dict
+import numpy as np
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from matplotlib.patches import Polygon
+
+
+def _POSTERIOR(y: int, func: str) -> str:
+  return f"logit($p(y={y} \\mid x)$)" if func == "_logit" else f"$p(y={y} \\mid x)$"
+
+
+def _JOIN(func: str) -> str:
+  return "log($p(x \\mid \\theta)$)" if func == "_log" else "$p(x \\mid \\theta)$"
+
+
+def _FMT(func: str) -> str:
+  return ".2e" if func == "_identity" else ".2f"
+
+
+def waterfall(explanation: Explanation, y: int = 1, ax=None, real_values: Dict = None):
+  """
+  Plots a waterfall chart of the SHAP/SHALL values.
+
+  Parameters:
+  ----------
+  explanation : Explanation
+      The explanation object containing the SHAP/SHALL values.
+  y : int, optional
+      If the values type of the explanation is SHALL, then y is ignored.
+      Else it is the class for which to plot the SHAP values.
+  ax : matplotlib.Axes, optional
+      The matplotlib Axes object to plot on (default is None, which creates a new figure).
+  real_values : Dict, optional
+      Dictionary used to display custum values for each feature.
+      For example, useful when continuous values have been discretized but you still want to show the original continuous values from the database.
+      The keys of the dictionary must match the keys in the Explanation object, and the values are the values you want to display on the plot.
+
+  Raises :
+  ------
+  TypeError : If `explanation` is not an Explanation object or if `y` is not an integer.
+  IndexError : If `y` is an integer but out of bounds for the explanation keys.
+  """
+
+  if not isinstance(explanation, Explanation):
+    raise TypeError("`explanation` must be an Explanation object but got {}".format(type(explanation)))
+  if explanation.values_type == "SHAP":
+    if isinstance(y, int):
+      if y < min(explanation.keys()) or y > max(explanation.keys()):
+        raise IndexError(f"Target index y={y} is out of bounds; expected 0 <= y < {max(explanation.keys()) + 1}.")
+    else:
+      raise TypeError("`y`must be an integer but got {}".format(y))
+    values = explanation[y]
+    baseline = explanation.baseline[y]
+  elif explanation.values_type == "SHALL":
+    values = explanation._values
+    baseline = explanation.baseline
+  else:
+    raise ValueError(f"Wrong values type, expected SHAP/SHALL but got {explanation.values_type}")
+
+  # Computing arrow width
+  arrow_width_base = 0.08 * np.max(np.abs(np.array(list(values.values()))))
+
+  # Tri des SHAP values par importance décroissante
+  features = [feature for feature in sorted(values.keys(), key=lambda x: abs(values.get(x)), reverse=True)]
+  y_positions = np.arange(len(values) * 0.25, 0, -0.25)
+
+  # Create the figure and axis if not provided
+  if ax == None:
+    _, ax = plt.subplots()
+
+  # Ligne de base :
+  ax.plot([baseline, baseline], [y_positions[-1] - 0.25, y_positions[0] + 0.25], linestyle="--", color="gray")
+  if explanation.values_type == "SHAP":
+    ax.text(
+      baseline,
+      y_positions[0] + 0.5,
+      f"E({_POSTERIOR(y, explanation.func)}) = {baseline:{_FMT(explanation.func)}}",
+      ha="center",
+      va="bottom",
+      color="gray",
+    )
+  else:
+    ax.text(
+      baseline,
+      y_positions[0] + 0.5,
+      f"E({_JOIN(explanation.func)}) = {baseline:{_FMT(explanation.func)}}",
+      ha="center",
+      va="bottom",
+      color="gray",
+    )
+
+  # Lignes de shapes-values
+  current_x = min_x = max_x = baseline
+
+  for i, feature in enumerate(features):
+    delta = values[feature]
+    x_start = current_x
+    x_end = current_x + delta
+    z = y_positions[i]
+    height = 0.2
+    arrow_width = min(0.4 * abs(delta), arrow_width_base)
+    facecolor, edgecolor, alpha = (
+      (gum.config["notebook", "tensor_color_0"], "#D98383", 1)
+      if values[feature] <= 0
+      else (gum.config["notebook", "tensor_color_1"], "#82D882", -1)
+    )
+
+    # Dessin du polygon
+    polygon = Polygon(
+      [
+        (x_end + alpha * arrow_width, z - height / 2),
+        (x_start, z - height / 2),
+        (x_start, z + height / 2),
+        (x_end + alpha * arrow_width, z + height / 2),
+        (x_end, z),  # pointe
+      ],
+      closed=True,
+      facecolor=facecolor,
+      edgecolor=edgecolor,
+      alpha=0.8,
+      linewidth=2,
+    )
+
+    ax.add_patch(polygon)
+
+    current_x = x_end
+    min_x = min(min_x, current_x)
+    max_x = max(max_x, current_x)
+
+  # Ligne de sortie du modèle
+  ax.plot([current_x, current_x], [y_positions[-1] - 0.25, y_positions[0] + 0.25], linestyle="--", color="Black")
+  if explanation.func == "_logit":
+    ax.text(
+      current_x,
+      y_positions[-1] - 0.5,
+      f"{_POSTERIOR(y, explanation.func)} = {current_x:{_FMT(explanation.func)}}",
+      ha="center",
+      va="bottom",
+      color="Black",
+    )
+  else:
+    ax.text(
+      current_x,
+      y_positions[-1] - 0.5,
+      f"{_JOIN(explanation.func)} = {current_x:{_FMT(explanation.func)}}",
+      ha="center",
+      va="bottom",
+      color="Black",
+    )
+
+  y_tickslabels = []
+
+  for feature in features:
+    feat_shap_value = values[feature]
+    if real_values is not None:
+      value = real_values[feature]
+      if isinstance(real_values[feature], float):
+        value = round(value, 2)
+    else:
+      value = explanation.data[explanation.feature_names.index(feature)]
+
+    y_tickslabels.append(f"{feature} = {value} [{feat_shap_value:{_FMT(explanation.func)}}]")
+
+  ax.set_yticks(y_positions)
+  ax.set_yticklabels(y_tickslabels)
+
+  # Setting the style
+  ax.grid(axis="x", linestyle=":", alpha=0.5)
+  ax.grid(axis="y", alpha=0.5)
+  ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["bottom"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["left"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)
+  ax.figure.set_facecolor("White")
+
+  plt.ylim(min(y_positions) - 1, max(y_positions) + 1)
+  delta = max_x - min_x
+  plt.xlim(min_x - 0.05 * delta, max_x + 0.05 * delta)