py2docfx 0.1.11.dev1869610__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.11.dev1872139__py3-none-any.whl

py2docfx/venv/1/Lib/site-packages/docutils/utils/math/latex2mathml.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1430 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# :Id: $Id: latex2mathml.py 9029 2022-03-05 23:27:50Z milde $
+# :Copyright: © 2005 Jens Jørgen Mortensen [1]_
+#             © 2010, 2021 Günter Milde.
+#
+# :License: Released under the terms of the `2-Clause BSD license`_, in short:
+#
+#    Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+#    are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+#    notice and this notice are preserved.
+#    This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
+#
+# .. _2-Clause BSD license: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause
+#
+# .. [1] the original `rst2mathml.py` in `sandbox/jensj/latex_math`
+
+"""Convert LaTex maths code into presentational MathML.
+
+This module is provisional:
+the API is not settled and may change with any minor Docutils version.
+"""
+
+# Usage:
+#
+# >>> from latex2mathml import *
+
+import re
+import unicodedata
+
+from docutils.utils.math import tex2unichar, toplevel_code
+
+
+# Character data
+# --------------
+
+# LaTeX math macro to Unicode mappings.
+# Character categories.
+
+# identifiers -> <mi>
+
+letters = tex2unichar.mathalpha
+letters['hbar'] = '\u210F'  # compatibility mapping to ℏ (\hslash).
+# (ħ LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE is upright)
+
+# special case: Capital Greek letters: (upright in TeX style)
+greek_capitals = {
+    'Phi': '\u03a6', 'Xi': '\u039e', 'Sigma': '\u03a3',
+    'Psi': '\u03a8', 'Delta': '\u0394', 'Theta': '\u0398',
+    'Upsilon': '\u03d2', 'Pi': '\u03a0', 'Omega': '\u03a9',
+    'Gamma': '\u0393', 'Lambda': '\u039b'}
+
+# functions -> <mi>
+functions = {# functions with a space in the name
+             'liminf': 'lim\u202finf',
+             'limsup': 'lim\u202fsup',
+             'injlim': 'inj\u202flim',
+             'projlim': 'proj\u202flim',
+             # embellished function names (see handle_cmd() below)
+             'varlimsup': 'lim',
+             'varliminf': 'lim',
+             'varprojlim': 'lim',
+             'varinjlim': 'lim',
+             # custom function name
+             'operatorname': None,
+            }
+functions.update((name, name) for name in
+                 ('arccos', 'arcsin', 'arctan', 'arg',  'cos',
+                  'cosh',   'cot',    'coth',   'csc',  'deg',
+                  'det',    'dim',    'exp',    'gcd',  'hom',
+                  'ker',    'lg',     'ln',     'log',  'Pr',
+                  'sec',    'sin',    'sinh',   'tan',  'tanh'))
+# Function with limits: 'lim', 'sup', 'inf', 'max', 'min':
+# use <mo> to allow "movablelimits" attribute (see below).
+
+
+# math font selection -> <mi mathvariant=...> or <mstyle mathvariant=...>
+math_alphabets = {# 'cmdname': 'mathvariant value'  # package
+                  'boldsymbol': 'bold',
+                  'mathbf':     'bold',
+                  'mathit':     'italic',
+                  'mathtt':     'monospace',
+                  'mathrm':     'normal',
+                  'mathsf':     'sans-serif',
+                  'mathcal':    'script',
+                  'mathbfit':   'bold-italic',            # isomath
+                  'mathbb':     'double-struck',          # amssymb
+                  'mathfrak':   'fraktur',                # amssymb
+                  'mathsfit':   'sans-serif-italic',      # isomath
+                  'mathsfbfit': 'sans-serif-bold-italic', # isomath
+                  'mathscr':    'script',                 # mathrsfs
+                  # unsupported: bold-fraktur
+                  #              bold-script
+                  #              bold-sans-serif
+                 }
+
+# operator, fence, or separator -> <mo>
+
+
+stretchables = {# extensible delimiters allowed in left/right cmds
+                'backslash':   '\\',
+                'uparrow':     '\u2191', # ↑ UPWARDS ARROW
+                'downarrow':   '\u2193', # ↓ DOWNWARDS ARROW
+                'updownarrow': '\u2195', # ↕ UP DOWN ARROW
+                'Uparrow':     '\u21d1', # ⇑ UPWARDS DOUBLE ARROW
+                'Downarrow':   '\u21d3', # ⇓ DOWNWARDS DOUBLE ARROW
+                'Updownarrow': '\u21d5', # ⇕ UP DOWN DOUBLE ARROW
+                'lmoustache':  '\u23b0', # ⎰ … CURLY BRACKET SECTION
+                'rmoustache':  '\u23b1', # ⎱ … LEFT CURLY BRACKET SECTION
+                'arrowvert':   '\u23d0', # ⏐ VERTICAL LINE EXTENSION
+                'bracevert':   '\u23aa', # ⎪ CURLY BRACKET EXTENSION
+                'lvert':      '|',      # left  |
+                'lVert':      '\u2016', # left  ‖
+                'rvert':      '|',      # right |
+                'rVert':      '\u2016', # right ‖
+                'Arrowvert':  '\u2016', # ‖
+               }
+stretchables.update(tex2unichar.mathfence)
+stretchables.update(tex2unichar.mathopen)  # Braces
+stretchables.update(tex2unichar.mathclose) # Braces
+
+# >>> print(' '.join(sorted(set(stretchables.values()))))
+# [ \ ] { | } ‖ ↑ ↓ ↕ ⇑ ⇓ ⇕ ⌈ ⌉ ⌊ ⌋ ⌜ ⌝ ⌞ ⌟ ⎪ ⎰ ⎱ ⏐ ⟅ ⟆ ⟦ ⟧ ⟨ ⟩ ⟮ ⟯ ⦇ ⦈
+
+operators = {# negated symbols without pre-composed Unicode character
+             'nleqq':      '\u2266\u0338', # ≦̸
+             'ngeqq':      '\u2267\u0338', # ≧̸
+             'nleqslant':  '\u2a7d\u0338', # ⩽̸
+             'ngeqslant':  '\u2a7e\u0338', # ⩾̸
+             'ngtrless':   '\u2277\u0338', # txfonts
+             'nlessgtr':   '\u2276\u0338', # txfonts
+             'nsubseteqq': '\u2AC5\u0338', # ⫅̸
+             'nsupseteqq': '\u2AC6\u0338', # ⫆̸
+             # compatibility definitions:
+             'centerdot': '\u2B1D', # BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE | mathbin
+             'varnothing': '\u2300', # ⌀ DIAMETER SIGN | empty set
+             'varpropto': '\u221d', # ∝ PROPORTIONAL TO | sans serif
+             'triangle': '\u25B3', # WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE | mathord
+             'triangledown': '\u25BD', # WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE | mathord
+             # alias commands:
+             'dotsb': '\u22ef', # ⋯ with binary operators/relations
+             'dotsc': '\u2026', # … with commas
+             'dotsi': '\u22ef', # ⋯ with integrals
+             'dotsm': '\u22ef', # ⋯ multiplication dots
+             'dotso': '\u2026', # … other dots
+             # functions with movable limits (requires <mo>)
+             'lim': 'lim',
+             'sup': 'sup',
+             'inf': 'inf',
+             'max': 'max',
+             'min': 'min',
+            }
+operators.update(tex2unichar.mathbin)   # Binary symbols
+operators.update(tex2unichar.mathrel)   # Relation symbols, arrow symbols
+operators.update(tex2unichar.mathord)   # Miscellaneous symbols
+operators.update(tex2unichar.mathpunct) # Punctuation
+operators.update(tex2unichar.mathop)    # Variable-sized symbols
+operators.update(stretchables)
+
+
+# special cases
+
+thick_operators = {# style='font-weight: bold;'
+                   'thicksim':       '\u223C', # ∼
+                   'thickapprox':    '\u2248', # ≈
+                  }
+
+small_operators = {# mathsize='75%'
+                   'shortmid':       '\u2223', # ∣
+                   'shortparallel':  '\u2225', # ∥
+                   'nshortmid':      '\u2224', # ∤
+                   'nshortparallel': '\u2226', # ∦
+                   'smallfrown':     '\u2322', # ⌢ FROWN
+                   'smallsmile':     '\u2323', # ⌣ SMILE
+                   'smallint':       '\u222b', # ∫ INTEGRAL
+                  }
+
+# Operators and functions with limits above/below in display formulas
+# and in index position inline (movablelimits=True)
+movablelimits = ('bigcap', 'bigcup', 'bigodot', 'bigoplus', 'bigotimes',
+                 'bigsqcup', 'biguplus', 'bigvee', 'bigwedge',
+                 'coprod', 'intop', 'ointop', 'prod', 'sum',
+                 'lim', 'max', 'min', 'sup', 'inf')
+# Depending on settings, integrals may also be in this category.
+# (e.g. if "amsmath" is loaded with option "intlimits", see
+#  http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf)
+# movablelimits.extend(('fint', 'iiiint', 'iiint', 'iint', 'int', 'oiint',
+#                       'oint', 'ointctrclockwise', 'sqint',
+#                       'varointclockwise',))
+
+# horizontal space -> <mspace>
+
+spaces = {'qquad':         '2em',       # two \quad
+          'quad':          '1em',       # 18 mu
+          'thickspace':    '0.2778em',  # 5mu = 5/18em
+          'medspace':      '0.2222em',  # 4mu = 2/9em
+          'thinspace':     '0.1667em',  # 3mu = 1/6em
+          'negthinspace':  '-0.1667em', # -3mu = -1/6em
+          'negmedspace':   '-0.2222em', # -4mu = -2/9em
+          'negthickspace': '-0.2778em', # -5mu = -5/18em
+          ' ':             '0.25em',    # inter word space
+          ';':             '0.2778em',  # 5mu thickspace
+          ':':             '0.2222em',  # 4mu medspace
+          ',':             '0.1667em',  # 3mu thinspace
+          '!':             '-0.1667em', # negthinspace
+          }
+
+# accents -> <mover stretchy="false">
+accents = {# TeX:      (spacing, combining)
+           'acute':    ('´', '\u0301'),
+           'bar':      ('ˉ', '\u0304'),
+           'breve':    ('˘', '\u0306'),
+           'check':    ('ˇ', '\u030C'),
+           'dot':      ('˙', '\u0307'),
+           'ddot':     ('¨', '\u0308'),
+           'dddot':    ('⋯', '\u20DB'),
+           'grave':    ('`', '\u0300'),
+           'hat':      ('ˆ', '\u0302'),
+           'mathring': ('˚', '\u030A'),
+           'tilde':    ('˜', '\u0303'), # tilde ~ or small tilde ˜?
+           'vec':      ('→', '\u20d7'), # → too heavy, accents="false"
+           # TODO: ddddot
+           }
+
+# limits etc. -> <mover> or <munder>
+over = {# TeX:                  (char,     offset-correction/em)
+        'overbrace':            ('\u23DE', -0.2),  # DejaVu Math -0.6
+        'overleftarrow':        ('\u2190', -0.2),
+        'overleftrightarrow':   ('\u2194', -0.2),
+        'overline':             ('_',      -0.2),  # \u2012 does not stretch
+        'overrightarrow':       ('\u2192', -0.2),
+        'widehat':              ('^',      -0.5),
+        'widetilde':            ('~',      -0.3),
+        }
+under = {'underbrace':          ('\u23DF',  0.1),  # DejaVu Math -0.7
+         'underleftarrow':      ('\u2190', -0.2),
+         'underleftrightarrow': ('\u2194', -0.2),
+         'underline':           ('_',      -0.8),
+         'underrightarrow':     ('\u2192', -0.2),
+         }
+
+# Character translations
+# ----------------------
+# characters with preferred alternative in mathematical use
+# cf. https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter7.html#chars.anomalous
+anomalous_chars = {'-': '\u2212', # HYPHEN-MINUS -> MINUS SIGN
+                   ':': '\u2236', # COLON -> RATIO
+                   '~': '\u00a0', # NO-BREAK SPACE
+                   }
+
+# blackboard bold (Greek characters not working with "mathvariant" (Firefox 78)
+mathbb = {'Γ': '\u213E',    # ℾ
+          'Π': '\u213F',    # ℿ
+          'Σ': '\u2140',    # ⅀
+          'γ': '\u213D',    # ℽ
+          'π': '\u213C',    # ℼ
+          }
+
+# Matrix environments
+matrices = {# name:    fences
+            'matrix':  ('', ''),
+            'smallmatrix':  ('', ''), # smaller, see begin_environment()!
+            'pmatrix': ('(', ')'),
+            'bmatrix': ('[', ']'),
+            'Bmatrix': ('{', '}'),
+            'vmatrix': ('|', '|'),
+            'Vmatrix': ('\u2016', '\u2016'), # ‖
+            'cases':   ('{', ''),
+            }
+
+layout_styles = {
+    'displaystyle':      {'displaystyle': True,  'scriptlevel': 0},
+    'textstyle':         {'displaystyle': False, 'scriptlevel': 0},
+    'scriptstyle':       {'displaystyle': False, 'scriptlevel': 1},
+    'scriptscriptstyle': {'displaystyle': False, 'scriptlevel': 2},
+    }
+# See also https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#presm.scriptlevel
+
+fractions = {# name:   style_attrs, frac_attrs
+             'frac':   ({}, {}),
+             'cfrac':  ({'displaystyle': True,  'scriptlevel': 0,
+                         'CLASS': 'cfrac'}, {}), # in LaTeX with padding
+             'dfrac':  (layout_styles['displaystyle'], {}),
+             'tfrac':  (layout_styles['textstyle'], {}),
+             'binom':  ({}, {'linethickness': 0}),
+             'dbinom': (layout_styles['displaystyle'], {'linethickness': 0}),
+             'tbinom': (layout_styles['textstyle'], {'linethickness': 0}),
+             }
+
+delimiter_sizes = ['', '1.2em', '1.623em', '2.047em', '2.470em']
+bigdelimiters = {'left':  0,
+                 'right': 0,
+                 'bigl':  1,
+                 'bigr':  1,
+                 'Bigl':  2,
+                 'Bigr':  2,
+                 'biggl': 3,
+                 'biggr': 3,
+                 'Biggl': 4,
+                 'Biggr': 4,
+                 }
+
+
+# MathML element classes
+# ----------------------
+
+class math:
+    """Base class for MathML elements and root of MathML trees."""
+
+    nchildren = None
+    """Expected number of children or None"""
+    # cf. https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#id.3.1.3.2
+    parent = None
+    """Parent node in MathML DOM tree."""
+    _level = 0 # indentation level (static class variable)
+    xml_entities = { # for invalid and invisible characters
+                    ord('<'): '&lt;',
+                    ord('>'): '&gt;',
+                    ord('&'): '&amp;',
+                    0x2061:   '&ApplyFunction;',
+                   }
+    _boolstrings = {True: 'true', False: 'false'}
+    """String representation of boolean MathML attribute values."""
+
+    html_tagname = 'span'
+    """Tag name for HTML representation."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *children, **attributes):
+        """Set up node with `children` and `attributes`.
+
+        Attributes are downcased: Use CLASS to set "class" value.
+        >>> math(mn(3), CLASS='test')
+        math(mn(3), class='test')
+        >>> math(CLASS='test').toprettyxml()
+        '<math class="test">\n</math>'
+
+        """
+        self.children = []
+        self.extend(children)
+
+        self.attributes = {}
+        for key in attributes.keys():
+            # Use .lower() to allow argument `CLASS` for attribute `class`
+            # (Python keyword). MathML uses only lowercase attributes.
+            self.attributes[key.lower()] = attributes[key]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        content = [repr(item) for item in getattr(self, 'children', [])]
+        if hasattr(self, 'data'):
+            content.append(repr(self.data))
+        if isinstance(self, MathSchema) and self.switch:
+            content.append('switch=True')
+        content += ["%s=%r"%(k, v) for k, v in self.attributes.items()
+                    if v is not None]
+
+        return self.__class__.__name__ + '(%s)' % ', '.join(content)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.children)
+
+    # emulate dictionary-like access to attributes
+    # see `docutils.nodes.Element` for dict/list interface
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.attributes[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, item):
+        self.attributes[key] = item
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.attributes.get(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def full(self):
+        """Return boolean indicating whether children may be appended."""
+        return (self.nchildren is not None
+                and len(self) >= self.nchildren)
+
+    def append(self, child):
+        """Append child and return self or first non-full parent.
+
+        If self is full, go up the tree and return first non-full node or
+        `None`.
+        """
+        if self.full():
+            raise SyntaxError('Node %s already full!' % self)
+        self.children.append(child)
+        child.parent = self
+        if self.full():
+            return self.close()
+        return self
+
+    def extend(self, children):
+        for child in children:
+            self.append(child)
+        return self
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close element and return first non-full parent or None."""
+        parent = self.parent
+        while parent is not None and parent.full():
+            parent = parent.parent
+        return parent
+
+    def toprettyxml(self):
+        """Return XML representation of self as string."""
+        return ''.join(self._xml())
+
+    def _xml(self, level=0):
+        return ([self.xml_starttag()]
+                + self._xml_body(level)
+                + ['</%s>' % self.__class__.__name__])
+
+    def xml_starttag(self):
+        attrs = ('%s="%s"' % (k, str(v).replace('True', 'true').replace('False', 'false'))
+                 for k, v in self.attributes.items()
+                 if v is not None)
+        return '<%s>' % ' '.join((self.__class__.__name__, *attrs))
+
+    def _xml_body(self, level=0):
+        xml = []
+        for child in self.children:
+            xml.extend(['\n', '  ' * (level+1)])
+            xml.extend(child._xml(level+1))
+        xml.extend(['\n', '  ' * level])
+        return xml
+
+# >>> n2 = math(mn(2))
+# >>> n2
+# math(mn(2))
+# >>> n2.toprettyxml()
+# '<math>\n  <mn>2</mn>\n</math>'
+# >>> len(n2)
+# 1
+# >>> eq3 = math(id='eq3', display='block')
+# >>> eq3
+# math(display='block', id='eq3')
+# >>> eq3.toprettyxml()
+# '<math display="block" id="eq3">\n</math>'
+# >>> len(eq3)
+# 0
+# >>> math(CLASS='bold').xml_starttag()
+# '<math class="bold">'
+
+
+class mtable(math): pass
+
+
+# >>> mt = mtable(displaystyle=True)
+# >>> mt
+# mtable(displaystyle=True)
+# >>> math(mt).toprettyxml()
+# '<math>\n  <mtable displaystyle="true">\n  </mtable>\n</math>'
+
+class mrow(math):
+    """Group sub-expressions as a horizontal row."""
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close element and return first non-full parent or None.
+
+        Remove <mrow>, if it is single child and the parent infers an mrow
+        or if it has only one child element.
+        """
+        parent = self.parent
+        if isinstance(parent, MathRowSchema) and parent.nchildren == 1:
+            parent.nchildren = len(parent.children)
+            parent.children = self.children
+            for child in self.children:
+                child.parent = parent
+            return parent.close()
+        if len(self) == 1:
+            try:
+                parent.children[parent.children.index(self)] = self.children[0]
+                self.children[0].parent = parent
+            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                return self.children[0]
+        return super().close()
+
+# >>> mrow(displaystyle=False)
+# mrow(displaystyle=False)
+
+
+# The elements <msqrt>, <mstyle>, <merror>, <mpadded>, <mphantom>, <menclose>,
+# <mtd>, <mscarry>, and <math> treat their contents as a single inferred mrow
+# formed from all their children.
+class MathRowSchema(math):
+    """Base class for elements treating content as a single inferred mrow."""
+
+
+class mtr(MathRowSchema): pass
+class mtd(MathRowSchema): pass
+
+
+class menclose(MathRowSchema):
+    nchildren = 1 # \boxed expects one argument or a group
+
+
+class mphantom(MathRowSchema):
+    nchildren = 1 # \phantom expects one argument or a group
+
+
+class msqrt(MathRowSchema):
+    nchildren = 1 # \sqrt expects one argument or a group
+
+
+class mstyle(MathRowSchema):
+    nchildren = 1 # \mathrm, ... expect one argument or a group
+
+
+class MathToken(math):
+    """Token Element: contains textual data instead of children.
+
+    Base class for mo, mi, and mn.
+    """
+    nchildren = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, data, **attributes):
+        self.data = data
+        super().__init__(**attributes)
+
+    def _xml_body(self, level=0):
+        return [str(self.data).translate(self.xml_entities)]
+
+
+class mtext(MathToken): pass
+class mi(MathToken): pass
+class mo(MathToken): pass
+class mn(MathToken): pass
+
+
+# >>> mo('<')
+# mo('<')
+# >>> mo('<')._xml()
+# ['<mo>', '&lt;', '</mo>']
+
+class MathSchema(math):
+    """Base class for schemata expecting 2 or more children.
+
+    The special attribute `switch` indicates that the last two child
+    elements are in reversed order and must be switched before XML-export.
+    """
+
+    nchildren = 2
+
+    def __init__(self, *children, **kwargs):
+        self.switch = kwargs.pop('switch', False)
+        math.__init__(self, *children, **kwargs)
+
+    def append(self, child):
+        current_node = super().append(child)
+        # normalize order if full
+        if self.switch and self.full():
+            self.children[-1], self.children[-2] = self.children[-2], self.children[-1]
+            self.switch = False
+        return current_node
+
+
+class msub(MathSchema): pass
+class msup(MathSchema): pass
+
+
+class msubsup(MathSchema):
+    nchildren = 3
+
+
+# >>> msub(mi('x'), mo('-'))
+# msub(mi('x'), mo('-'))
+# >>> msubsup(mi('base'), mi('sub'), mi('super'))
+# msubsup(mi('base'), mi('sub'), mi('super'))
+# >>> msubsup(mi('base'), mi('super'), mi('sub'), switch=True)
+# msubsup(mi('base'), mi('sub'), mi('super'))
+
+class munder(msub): pass
+class mover(msup): pass
+
+
+# >>> munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False)
+# munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False)
+# >>> mu = munder(mo('-'), accent=False, switch=True)
+# >>> mu
+# munder(mo('-'), switch=True, accent=False)
+# >>> mu.append(mi('lim'))
+# >>> mu
+# munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False)
+# >>> mu.append(mi('lim'))
+# Traceback (most recent call last):
+# SyntaxError: Node munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False) already full!
+# >>> munder(mo('-'), mi('lim'), accent=False, switch=True).toprettyxml()
+# '<munder accent="false">\n  <mi>lim</mi>\n  <mo>-</mo>\n</munder>'
+
+class munderover(msubsup): pass
+
+
+class mroot(MathSchema):
+    nchildren = 2
+
+
+class mfrac(math):
+    nchildren = 2
+
+
+class mspace(math):
+    nchildren = 0
+
+
+# LaTeX to MathML translation
+# ---------------------------
+
+# auxiliary functions
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+def tex_cmdname(string):
+    """Return leading TeX command name and remainder of `string`.
+
+    >>> tex_cmdname('mymacro2') # up to first non-letter
+    ('mymacro', '2')
+    >>> tex_cmdname('name 2') # strip trailing whitespace
+    ('name', '2')
+    >>> tex_cmdname('_2') # single non-letter character
+    ('_', '2')
+
+    """
+    m = re.match(r'([a-zA-Z]+) *(.*)', string)
+    if m is None:
+        m = re.match(r'(.?)(.*)', string)
+    return m.group(1), m.group(2)
+
+
+# Test:
+#
+# >>> tex_cmdname('name_2') # first non-letter terminates
+# ('name', '_2')
+# >>> tex_cmdname(' next') # leading whitespace is returned
+# (' ', 'next')
+# >>> tex_cmdname('1 2') # whitespace after non-letter is kept
+# ('1', ' 2')
+# >>> tex_cmdname('') # empty string
+# ('', '')
+
+
+def tex_number(string):
+    """Return leading number literal and remainder of `string`.
+
+    >>> tex_number('123.4')
+    ('123.4', '')
+
+    """
+    m = re.match(r'([0-9.,]*[0-9]+)(.*)', string)
+    if m is None:
+        return '', string
+    return m.group(1), m.group(2)
+
+
+# Test:
+#
+# >>> tex_number(' 23.4b') # leading whitespace -> no number
+# ('', ' 23.4b')
+# >>> tex_number('23,400/2') # comma separator included
+# ('23,400', '/2')
+# >>> tex_number('23. 4/2') # trailing separator not included
+# ('23', '. 4/2')
+# >>> tex_number('4, 2') # trailing separator not included
+# ('4', ', 2')
+# >>> tex_number('1 000.4')
+# ('1', ' 000.4')
+
+
+def tex_token(string):
+    """Return first simple TeX token and remainder of `string`.
+
+    >>> tex_token('\\command{without argument}')
+    ('\\command', '{without argument}')
+    >>> tex_token('or first character')
+    ('o', 'r first character')
+
+    """
+    m = re.match(r"""((?P<cmd>\\[a-zA-Z]+)\s* # TeX command, skip whitespace
+                      |(?P<chcmd>\\.)          # one-character TeX command
+                      |(?P<ch>.?))            # first character (or empty)
+                     (?P<remainder>.*$)    # remaining part of string
+                 """, string, re.VERBOSE)
+    cmd, chcmd, ch, remainder = m.group('cmd', 'chcmd', 'ch', 'remainder')
+    return cmd or chcmd or ch, remainder
+
+# Test:
+#
+# >>> tex_token('{opening bracket of group}')
+# ('{', 'opening bracket of group}')
+# >>> tex_token('\\skip whitespace after macro name')
+# ('\\skip', 'whitespace after macro name')
+# >>> tex_token('. but not after single char')
+# ('.', ' but not after single char')
+# >>> tex_token('') # empty string.
+# ('', '')
+# >>> tex_token('\{escaped bracket')
+# ('\\{', 'escaped bracket')
+
+
+def tex_group(string):
+    """Return first TeX group or token and remainder of `string`.
+
+    >>> tex_group('{first group} returned without brackets')
+    ('first group', ' returned without brackets')
+
+    """
+    split_index = 0
+    nest_level = 0   # level of {{nested} groups}
+    escape = False   # the next character is escaped (\)
+
+    if not string.startswith('{'):
+        # special case: there is no group, return first token and remainder
+        return string[:1], string[1:]
+    for c in string:
+        split_index += 1
+        if escape:
+            escape = False
+        elif c == '\\':
+            escape = True
+        elif c == '{':
+            nest_level += 1
+        elif c == '}':
+            nest_level -= 1
+        if nest_level == 0:
+            break
+    else:
+        raise SyntaxError('Group without closing bracket')
+    return string[1:split_index-1], string[split_index:]
+
+
+# >>> tex_group('{} empty group')
+# ('', ' empty group')
+# >>> tex_group('{group with {nested} group} ')
+# ('group with {nested} group', ' ')
+# >>> tex_group('{group with {nested group}} at the end')
+# ('group with {nested group}', ' at the end')
+# >>> tex_group('{{group} {with {{complex }nesting}} constructs}')
+# ('{group} {with {{complex }nesting}} constructs', '')
+# >>> tex_group('{group with \\{escaped\\} brackets}')
+# ('group with \\{escaped\\} brackets', '')
+# >>> tex_group('{group followed by closing bracket}} from outer group')
+# ('group followed by closing bracket', '} from outer group')
+# >>> tex_group('No group? Return first character.')
+# ('N', 'o group? Return first character.')
+# >>> tex_group(' {also whitespace}')
+# (' ', '{also whitespace}')
+
+
+def tex_token_or_group(string):
+    """Return first TeX group or token and remainder of `string`.
+
+    >>> tex_token_or_group('\\command{without argument}')
+    ('\\command', '{without argument}')
+    >>> tex_token_or_group('first character')
+    ('f', 'irst character')
+    >>> tex_token_or_group(' also whitespace')
+    (' ', 'also whitespace')
+    >>> tex_token_or_group('{first group} keep rest')
+    ('first group', ' keep rest')
+
+    """
+    arg, remainder = tex_token(string)
+    if arg == '{':
+        arg, remainder = tex_group(string.lstrip())
+    return arg, remainder
+
+# >>> tex_token_or_group('\{no group but left bracket')
+# ('\\{', 'no group but left bracket')
+
+
+def tex_optarg(string):
+    """Return optional argument and remainder.
+
+    >>> tex_optarg('[optional argument] returned without brackets')
+    ('optional argument', ' returned without brackets')
+    >>> tex_optarg('{empty string, if there is no optional arg}')
+    ('', '{empty string, if there is no optional arg}')
+
+    """
+    m = re.match(r"""\s*                            # leading whitespace
+                 \[(?P<optarg>(\\]|[^\[\]]|\\])*)\] # [group] without nested groups
+                 (?P<remainder>.*$)
+                 """, string, re.VERBOSE)
+    if m is None and not string.startswith('['):
+        return '', string
+    try:
+        return m.group('optarg'), m.group('remainder')
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise SyntaxError('Could not extract optional argument from %r' % string)
+
+# Test:
+# >>> tex_optarg(' [optional argument] after whitespace')
+# ('optional argument', ' after whitespace')
+# >>> tex_optarg('[missing right bracket')
+# Traceback (most recent call last):
+# SyntaxError: Could not extract optional argument from '[missing right bracket'
+# >>> tex_optarg('[group with [nested group]]')
+# Traceback (most recent call last):
+# SyntaxError: Could not extract optional argument from '[group with [nested group]]'
+
+
+def parse_latex_math(node, string):
+    """Append MathML conversion of `string` to `node` and return it.
+
+    >>> parse_latex_math(math(), r'\alpha')
+    math(mi('α'))
+    >>> parse_latex_math(mrow(), r'x_{n}')
+    mrow(msub(mi('x'), mi('n')))
+
+    """
+    # Normalize white-space:
+    string = ' '.join(string.split())
+    tree = node
+
+    while len(string) > 0:
+        # Take off first character:
+        c, string = string[0], string[1:]
+
+        if c == ' ':
+            continue  # whitespace is ignored in LaTeX math mode
+        if c == '\\': # start of a LaTeX macro
+            cmdname, string = tex_cmdname(string)
+            node, string = handle_cmd(cmdname, node, string)
+        elif c in "_^":
+            node = handle_script_or_limit(node, c)
+        elif c == '{':
+            new_node = mrow()
+            node.append(new_node)
+            node = new_node
+        elif c == '}':
+            node = node.close()
+        elif c == '&':
+            new_node = mtd()
+            node.close().append(new_node)
+            node = new_node
+        elif c.isalpha():
+            node = node.append(mi(c))
+        elif c.isdigit():
+            number, string = tex_number(string)
+            node = node.append(mn(c+number))
+        elif c in anomalous_chars:
+            # characters with a special meaning in LaTeX math mode
+            # fix spacing before "unary" minus.
+            attributes = {}
+            if c == '-' and node.children:
+                previous_node = node.children[-1]
+                if (getattr(previous_node, 'data', '-') in '([='
+                    or previous_node.get('class') == 'mathopen'):
+                    attributes['form'] = 'prefix'
+            node = node.append(mo(anomalous_chars[c], **attributes))
+        elif c in "/()[]|":
+            node = node.append(mo(c, stretchy=False))
+        elif c in "+*=<>,.!?`';@":
+            node = node.append(mo(c))
+        else:
+            raise SyntaxError('Unsupported character: "%s"' % c)
+    return tree
+
+# Test:
+
+# >>> print(parse_latex_math(math(), ''))
+# math()
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), ' \\sqrt{ \\alpha}')
+# math(msqrt(mi('α')))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '23.4x')
+# math(mn('23.4'), mi('x'))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\\sqrt 2 \\ne 3')
+# math(msqrt(mn('2')), mo('≠'), mn('3'))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\\sqrt{2 + 3} < 3')
+# math(msqrt(mn('2'), mo('+'), mn('3')), mo('<'), mn('3'))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\\sqrt[3]{2 + 3}')
+# math(mroot(mrow(mn('2'), mo('+'), mn('3')), mn('3')))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\max_x') # function takes limits
+# math(munder(mo('max', movablelimits=True), mi('x')))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), 'x^j_i') # ensure correct order: base, sub, sup
+# math(msubsup(mi('x'), mi('i'), mi('j')))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\int^j_i') # ensure correct order
+# math(msubsup(mo('∫'), mi('i'), mi('j')))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), 'x_{\\alpha}')
+# math(msub(mi('x'), mi('α')))
+# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), 'x_\\text{in}')
+# math(msub(mi('x'), mtext('in')))
+
+
+def handle_cmd(name, node, string): # noqa: C901 TODO make this less complex
+    """Process LaTeX command `name` followed by `string`.
+
+    Append result to `node`.
+    If needed, parse `string` for command argument.
+    Return new current node and remainder of `string`:
+
+    >>> handle_cmd('hbar', math(), r' \frac')
+    (math(mi('ℏ')), ' \\frac')
+    >>> handle_cmd('hspace', math(), r'{1ex} (x)')
+    (math(mspace(width='1ex')), ' (x)')
+
+    """
+
+    # Token elements
+    # ==============
+
+    # identifier  ->  <mi>
+
+    if name in letters:
+        new_node = mi(letters[name])
+        if name in greek_capitals:
+            # upright in "TeX style" but MathML sets them italic ("ISO style").
+            # CSS styling does not change the font style in Firefox 78.
+            # Use 'mathvariant="normal"'?
+            new_node['class'] = 'capital-greek'
+        node = node.append(new_node)
+        return node, string
+
+    if name in functions:
+        # use <mi> followed by invisible function applicator character
+        # (see https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#presm.mi)
+        if name == 'operatorname':
+            # custom function name, e.g. ``\operatorname{abs}(x)``
+            # TODO: \operatorname* -> with limits
+            arg, string = tex_token_or_group(string)
+            new_node = mi(arg, mathvariant='normal')
+        else:
+            new_node = mi(functions[name])
+        # embellished function names:
+        if name == 'varliminf':    # \underline\lim
+            new_node = munder(new_node, mo('_'))
+        elif name == 'varlimsup':  # \overline\lim
+            new_node = mover(new_node, mo('¯'), accent=False)
+        elif name == 'varprojlim': # \underleftarrow\lim
+            new_node = munder(new_node, mo('\u2190'))
+        elif name == 'varinjlim':  # \underrightarrow\lim
+            new_node = munder(new_node, mo('\u2192'))
+
+        node = node.append(new_node)
+        # add ApplyFunction when appropriate (not \sin^2(x), say)
+        # cf. https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#presm.mi
+        if string and string[0] not in ('^', '_'):
+            node = node.append(mo('\u2061')) # &ApplyFunction;
+        return node, string
+
+    if name in math_alphabets:
+        if name == 'boldsymbol':
+            attributes = {'class': 'boldsymbol'}
+        else:
+            attributes = {'mathvariant': math_alphabets[name]}
+        if name == 'mathscr':
+            attributes['class'] = 'mathscr'
+        # Check for single symbol (letter, name, or ⅀)
+        arg, remainder = tex_token_or_group(string)
+        if arg.startswith('\\'):
+            # convert single letters (so the isalpha() test below works).
+            # TODO: convert all LICRs in a group (\matrm{\mu\Omega})
+            arg = letters.get(arg[1:], arg)
+        if name == 'mathbb':
+            # mathvariant="double-struck" is ignored for Greek letters
+            # (tested in Firefox 78). Use literal Unicode characters.
+            arg = mathbb.get(arg, arg)
+        if arg.isalpha() or arg == '\u2140':
+            node = node.append(mi(arg, **attributes))
+            return node, remainder
+        # Wrap in <style>
+        style = mstyle(**attributes)
+        node.append(style)
+        return style, string
+
+    # operator, fence, or separator  ->  <mo>
+
+    if name == 'colon': # trailing punctuation, not binary relation
+        node = node.append(mo(':', form='postfix', lspace='0', rspace='0.28em'))
+        return node, string
+
+    if name == 'idotsint':
+        node = parse_latex_math(node, r'\int\dotsi\int')
+        return node, string
+
+    if name in thick_operators:
+        node = node.append(mo(thick_operators[name], style='font-weight: bold'))
+        return node, string
+
+    if name in small_operators:
+        node = node.append(mo(small_operators[name], mathsize='75%'))
+        return node, string
+
+    if name in operators:
+        attributes = {}
+        if name in movablelimits and string and string[0] in ' _^':
+            attributes['movablelimits'] = True
+        elif name in ('lvert', 'lVert'):
+            attributes['class'] = 'mathopen'
+        node = node.append(mo(operators[name], **attributes))
+        return node, string
+
+    if name in bigdelimiters:
+        delimiter_attributes = {}
+        size = delimiter_sizes[bigdelimiters[name]]
+        delimiter, string = tex_token_or_group(string)
+        if delimiter not in '()[]/|.':
+            try:
+                delimiter = stretchables[delimiter.lstrip('\\')]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise SyntaxError('Unsupported "\\%s" delimiter "%s"!'
+                                  % (name, delimiter))
+        if size:
+            delimiter_attributes['maxsize'] = size
+            delimiter_attributes['minsize'] = size
+            delimiter_attributes['symmetric'] = True
+        if name == 'left' or name.endswith('l'):
+            row = mrow()
+            node.append(row)
+            node = row
+        if delimiter != '.': # '.' stands for "empty delimiter"
+            node.append(mo(delimiter, **delimiter_attributes))
+        if name == 'right' or name.endswith('r'):
+            node = node.close()
+        return node, string
+
+    if name == 'not':
+        arg, string = tex_token(string)
+        if arg == '{':
+            return node, '{\\not ' + string
+        if arg.startswith('\\'): # LaTeX macro
+            try:
+                arg = operators[arg[1:]]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise SyntaxError('\\not: Cannot negate: "%s"!'%arg)
+        arg = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', arg+'\u0338')
+        node = node.append(mo(arg))
+        return node, string
+
+    # arbitrary text (usually comments)  ->  <mtext>
+    if name in ('text', 'mbox', 'textrm'):
+        arg, string = tex_token_or_group(string)
+        parts = arg.split('$') # extract inline math
+        for i, part in enumerate(parts):
+            if i % 2 == 0: # i is even
+                part = re.sub('(^ | $)', '\u00a0', part)
+                node = node.append(mtext(part))
+            else:
+                parse_latex_math(node, part)
+        return node, string
+
+    # horizontal space -> <mspace>
+    if name in spaces:
+        node = node.append(mspace(width='%s'%spaces[name]))
+        return node, string
+
+    if name in ('hspace', 'mspace'):
+        arg, string = tex_group(string)
+        if arg.endswith('m'):
+            arg = '%sem' % (float(arg[:-2])/18)
+        node = node.append(mspace(width='%s'%arg))
+        return node, string
+
+    if name == 'phantom':
+        new_node = mphantom()
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name == 'boxed':
+        new_node = menclose(notation='box')
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    # Complex elements (Layout schemata)
+    # ==================================
+
+    if name == 'sqrt':
+        radix, string = tex_optarg(string)
+        if radix:
+            indexnode = mrow()
+            new_node = mroot(indexnode, switch=True)
+            parse_latex_math(indexnode, radix)
+            indexnode.close()
+        else:
+            new_node = msqrt()
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name in fractions:
+        (style_atts, frac_atts) = fractions[name]
+        if name == 'cfrac':
+            optarg, string = tex_optarg(string)
+            optargs = {'l': 'left', 'r': 'right'}
+            if optarg in optargs:
+                frac_atts = frac_atts.copy()
+                frac_atts['numalign'] = optargs[optarg] # "numalign" is deprecated
+                frac_atts['class'] = 'numalign-' + optargs[optarg]
+        new_node = frac = mfrac(**frac_atts)
+        if name.endswith('binom'):
+            new_node = mrow(mo('('), new_node, mo(')'), CLASS='binom')
+            new_node.nchildren = 3
+        if style_atts:
+            new_node = mstyle(new_node, **style_atts)
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return frac, string
+
+    if name == '\\': # end of a row
+        entry = mtd()
+        new_node = mtr(entry)
+        node.close().close().append(new_node)
+        return entry, string
+
+    if name in accents:
+        new_node = mover(mo(accents[name][0], stretchy=False), switch=True)
+        if name == 'vec':
+            new_node.children[0]['accent'] = False # scale down arrow but drop i-dot
+        new_node.tex_cmd = name # for HTML export
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name in over:
+        # set "accent" to False (otherwise dots on i and j are dropped)
+        # but to True on accent node get "textstyle" (full size) symbols on top
+        new_node = mover(mo(over[name][0], accent=True),
+                         switch=True, accent=False)
+        new_node.tex_cmd = name # for HTML export
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name == 'overset':
+        new_node = mover(switch=True)
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name in under:
+        new_node = munder(mo(under[name][0]), switch=True)
+        new_node.tex_cmd = name # for HTML export
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name == 'underset':
+        new_node = munder(switch=True)
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name in ('xleftarrow', 'xrightarrow'):
+        subscript, string = tex_optarg(string)
+        base = mo(operators['long'+name[1:]])
+        if subscript:
+            new_node = munderover(base)
+            sub_node = parse_latex_math(mrow(), subscript)
+            if len(sub_node) == 1:
+                sub_node = sub_node.children[0]
+            new_node.append(sub_node)
+        else:
+            new_node = mover(base)
+        node.append(new_node)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name in layout_styles: # 'displaystyle', 'textstyle', ...
+        new_node = mstyle(**layout_styles[name])
+        new_node.nchildren = None
+        if isinstance(node, mrow) and len(node) == 0:
+            # replace node with new_node
+            node.parent.children[node.parent.children.index(node)] = new_node
+            new_node.parent = node.parent
+        elif node.__class__.__name__ == 'math':
+            node.append(new_node)
+        else:
+            raise SyntaxError('Declaration "\\%s" must be first command '
+                              'in a group.' % name)
+        return new_node, string
+
+    if name.endswith('limits'):
+        arg, remainder = tex_token(string)
+        if arg in '_^': # else ignore
+            string = remainder
+            node = handle_script_or_limit(node, arg, limits=name)
+        return node, string
+
+    # Environments
+
+    if name == 'begin':
+        return begin_environment(node, string)
+
+    if name == 'end':
+        return end_environment(node, string)
+
+    raise SyntaxError('Unknown LaTeX command: ' + name)
+
+# >>> handle_cmd('left', math(), '[a\\right]')
+# (mrow(mo('[')), 'a\\right]')
+# >>> handle_cmd('left', math(), '. a)') # empty \left
+# (mrow(), ' a)')
+# >>> handle_cmd('left', math(), '\\uparrow a)') # cmd
+# (mrow(mo('↑')), 'a)')
+# >>> handle_cmd('not', math(), '\\equiv \\alpha)') # cmd
+# (math(mo('≢')), '\\alpha)')
+# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), '{ for } i>0') # group
+# (math(mtext('\xa0for\xa0')), ' i>0')
+# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), '{B}T') # group
+# (math(mtext('B')), 'T')
+# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), '{number of apples}}') # group
+# (math(mtext('number of apples')), '}')
+# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), 'i \\sin(x)') # single char
+# (math(mtext('i')), ' \\sin(x)')
+# >>> handle_cmd('sin', math(), '(\\alpha)')
+# (math(mi('sin'), mo('\u2061')), '(\\alpha)')
+# >>> handle_cmd('sin', math(), ' \\alpha')
+# (math(mi('sin'), mo('\u2061')), ' \\alpha')
+# >>> handle_cmd('operatorname', math(), '{abs}(x)')
+# (math(mi('abs', mathvariant='normal'), mo('\u2061')), '(x)')
+# >>> handle_cmd('mathrm', math(), '\\alpha')
+# (math(mi('α', mathvariant='normal')), '')
+# >>> handle_cmd('mathrm', math(), '{out} = 3')
+# (math(mi('out', mathvariant='normal')), ' = 3')
+# >>> handle_cmd('overline', math(), '{981}')
+# (mover(mo('¯', accent=True), switch=True, accent=False), '{981}')
+# >>> handle_cmd('bar', math(), '{x}')
+# (mover(mo('ˉ', stretchy=False), switch=True), '{x}')
+# >>> handle_cmd('xleftarrow', math(), r'[\alpha]{10}')
+# (munderover(mo('⟵'), mi('α')), '{10}')
+# >>> handle_cmd('xleftarrow', math(), r'[\alpha=5]{10}')
+# (munderover(mo('⟵'), mrow(mi('α'), mo('='), mn('5'))), '{10}')
+
+
+def handle_script_or_limit(node, c, limits=''):
+    """Append script or limit element to `node`."""
+    child = node.children.pop()
+    if limits == 'limits':
+        child['movablelimits'] = False
+    elif (limits == 'movablelimits'
+          or getattr(child, 'data', '') in movablelimits):
+        child['movablelimits'] = True
+
+    if c == '_':
+        if isinstance(child, mover):
+            new_node = munderover(*child.children, switch=True)
+        elif isinstance(child, msup):
+            new_node = msubsup(*child.children, switch=True)
+        elif (limits in ('limits', 'movablelimits')
+              or limits == '' and child.get('movablelimits', None)):
+            new_node = munder(child)
+        else:
+            new_node = msub(child)
+    elif c == '^':
+        if isinstance(child, munder):
+            new_node = munderover(*child.children)
+        elif isinstance(child, msub):
+            new_node = msubsup(*child.children)
+        elif (limits in ('limits', 'movablelimits')
+              or limits == '' and child.get('movablelimits', None)):
+            new_node = mover(child)
+        else:
+            new_node = msup(child)
+    node.append(new_node)
+    return new_node
+
+
+def begin_environment(node, string):
+    name, string = tex_group(string)
+    if name in matrices:
+        left_delimiter = matrices[name][0]
+        attributes = {}
+        if left_delimiter:
+            wrapper = mrow(mo(left_delimiter))
+            if name == 'cases':
+                wrapper = mrow(mo(left_delimiter, rspace='0.17em'))
+                attributes['columnalign'] = 'left'
+            node.append(wrapper)
+            node = wrapper
+        elif name == 'smallmatrix':
+            attributes['rowspacing'] = '0.02em'
+            attributes['columnspacing'] = '0.333em'
+            wrapper = mstyle(scriptlevel='1')
+            node.append(wrapper)
+            node = wrapper
+        # TODO: aligned, alignedat
+        # take an optional [t], [b] or the default [c]
+        entry = mtd()
+        node.append(mtable(mtr(entry), **attributes))
+        node = entry
+    else:
+        raise SyntaxError('Environment not supported!')
+    return node, string
+
+
+def end_environment(node, string):
+    name, string = tex_group(string)
+    if name in matrices:
+        node = node.close().close().close() # close: mtd, mdr, mtable
+        right_delimiter = matrices[name][1]
+        if right_delimiter:
+            node = node.append(mo(right_delimiter))
+            node = node.close()
+        elif name == 'cases':
+            node = node.close()
+    else:
+        raise SyntaxError('Environment not supported!')
+    return node, string
+
+
+# Return the number of "equation_columns" in `code_lines`. cf. "alignat"
+# in http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf
+def tex_equation_columns(rows):
+    tabs = max(row.count('&') - row.count(r'\&') for row in rows)
+    if tabs == 0:
+        return 0
+    return int(tabs/2 + 1)
+
+# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a = b'])
+# 0
+# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a &= b'])
+# 1
+# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a &= b & a \in S'])
+# 2
+# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a &= b & c &= d'])
+# 2
+
+
+# Return dictionary with attributes to style an <mtable> as align environment:
+def align_attributes(rows):
+    atts = {'class': 'align',
+            'displaystyle': True}
+    tabs = max(row.count('&') - row.count(r'\&') for row in rows)
+    if tabs:
+        aligns = ['right', 'left'] * tabs
+        spacing = ['0', '2em'] * tabs
+        atts['columnalign'] = ' '.join(aligns[:tabs+1])
+        atts['columnspacing'] = ' '.join(spacing[:tabs])
+    return atts
+
+# >>> align_attributes(['a = b'])
+# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True}
+# >>> align_attributes(['a &= b'])
+# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True, 'columnalign': 'right left', 'columnspacing': '0'}
+# >>> align_attributes(['a &= b & a \in S'])
+# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True, 'columnalign': 'right left right', 'columnspacing': '0 2em'}
+# >>> align_attributes(['a &= b & c &= d'])
+# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True, 'columnalign': 'right left right left', 'columnspacing': '0 2em 0'}
+
+
+def tex2mathml(tex_math, inline=True):
+    """Return string with MathML code corresponding to `tex_math`.
+
+    Set `inline` to False for displayed math.
+    """
+    # Set up tree
+    math_tree = math(xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML')
+    node = math_tree
+    if not inline:
+        math_tree['display'] = 'block'
+        rows = toplevel_code(tex_math).split(r'\\')
+        if len(rows) > 1:
+            # emulate align* environment with a math table
+            node = mtd()
+            math_tree.append(mtable(mtr(node),
+                                    **align_attributes(rows)))
+    parse_latex_math(node, tex_math)
+    return math_tree.toprettyxml()
+
+# >>> print(tex2mathml('3'))
+# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
+#   <mn>3</mn>
+# </math>
+# >>> print(tex2mathml('3', inline=False))
+# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
+#   <mn>3</mn>
+# </math>
+# >>> print(tex2mathml(r'a & b \\ c & d', inline=False))
+# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
+#   <mtable class="align" columnalign="right left" columnspacing="0" displaystyle="true">
+#     <mtr>
+#       <mtd>
+#         <mi>a</mi>
+#       </mtd>
+#       <mtd>
+#         <mi>b</mi>
+#       </mtd>
+#     </mtr>
+#     <mtr>
+#       <mtd>
+#         <mi>c</mi>
+#       </mtd>
+#       <mtd>
+#         <mi>d</mi>
+#       </mtd>
+#     </mtr>
+#   </mtable>
+# </math>
+# >>> print(tex2mathml(r'a \\ b', inline=False))
+# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
+#   <mtable class="align" displaystyle="true">
+#     <mtr>
+#       <mtd>
+#         <mi>a</mi>
+#       </mtd>
+#     </mtr>
+#     <mtr>
+#       <mtd>
+#         <mi>b</mi>
+#       </mtd>
+#     </mtr>
+#   </mtable>
+# </math>
+
+
+# TODO: look up more symbols from tr25, e.g.
+#
+#
+# Table 2.8 Using Vertical Line or Solidus Overlay
+#   some of the negated forms of mathematical relations that can only be
+#   encoded by using either U+0338 COMBINING LONG SOLIDUS OVERLAY or U+20D2
+#   COMBINING LONG VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY . (For issues with using 0338 in
+#   MathML, see Section 3.2.7, Combining Marks.
+#
+# Table 2.9 Variants of Mathematical Symbols using VS1?
+#
+# Sequence      Description
+# 0030 + VS1    DIGIT ZERO - short diagonal stroke form
+# 2205 + VS1    EMPTY SET - zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form
+# 2229 + VS1    INTERSECTION - with serifs
+# 222A + VS1    UNION - with serifs
+# 2268 + VS1    LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO - with vertical stroke
+# 2269 + VS1    GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO - with vertical stroke
+# 2272 + VS1    LESS-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO - following the slant of the lower leg
+# 2273 + VS1    GREATER-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO - following the slant of the lower leg
+# 228A + VS1    SUBSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members
+# 228B + VS1    SUPERSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members
+# 2293 + VS1    SQUARE CAP - with serifs
+# 2294 + VS1    SQUARE CUP - with serifs
+# 2295 + VS1    CIRCLED PLUS - with white rim
+# 2297 + VS1    CIRCLED TIMES - with white rim
+# 229C + VS1    CIRCLED EQUALS - equal sign inside and touching the circle
+# 22DA + VS1    LESS-THAN slanted EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN
+# 22DB + VS1    GREATER-THAN slanted EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN
+# 2A3C + VS1    INTERIOR PRODUCT - tall variant with narrow foot
+# 2A3D + VS1    RIGHTHAND INTERIOR PRODUCT - tall variant with narrow foot
+# 2A9D + VS1    SIMILAR OR LESS-THAN - following the slant of the upper leg
+# 2A9E + VS1    SIMILAR OR GREATER-THAN - following the slant of the upper leg
+# 2AAC + VS1    SMALLER THAN OR slanted EQUAL
+# 2AAD + VS1    LARGER THAN OR slanted EQUAL
+# 2ACB + VS1    SUBSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members
+# 2ACC + VS1    SUPERSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members