py2docfx 0.1.11.dev1830301__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.11.dev1859874__py3-none-any.whl

py2docfx/venv/template/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/more.py

@@ -1,4806 +0,0 @@
-import math
-import warnings
-
-from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, abc
-from collections.abc import Sequence
-from functools import cached_property, partial, reduce, wraps
-from heapq import heapify, heapreplace, heappop
-from itertools import (
-    chain,
-    combinations,
-    compress,
-    count,
-    cycle,
-    dropwhile,
-    groupby,
-    islice,
-    repeat,
-    starmap,
-    takewhile,
-    tee,
-    zip_longest,
-    product,
-)
-from math import comb, e, exp, factorial, floor, fsum, log, perm, tau
-from queue import Empty, Queue
-from random import random, randrange, uniform
-from operator import itemgetter, mul, sub, gt, lt, ge, le
-from sys import hexversion, maxsize
-from time import monotonic
-
-from .recipes import (
-    _marker,
-    _zip_equal,
-    UnequalIterablesError,
-    consume,
-    flatten,
-    pairwise,
-    powerset,
-    take,
-    unique_everseen,
-    all_equal,
-    batched,
-)
-
-__all__ = [
-    'AbortThread',
-    'SequenceView',
-    'UnequalIterablesError',
-    'adjacent',
-    'all_unique',
-    'always_iterable',
-    'always_reversible',
-    'bucket',
-    'callback_iter',
-    'chunked',
-    'chunked_even',
-    'circular_shifts',
-    'collapse',
-    'combination_index',
-    'combination_with_replacement_index',
-    'consecutive_groups',
-    'constrained_batches',
-    'consumer',
-    'count_cycle',
-    'countable',
-    'dft',
-    'difference',
-    'distinct_combinations',
-    'distinct_permutations',
-    'distribute',
-    'divide',
-    'doublestarmap',
-    'duplicates_everseen',
-    'duplicates_justseen',
-    'classify_unique',
-    'exactly_n',
-    'filter_except',
-    'filter_map',
-    'first',
-    'gray_product',
-    'groupby_transform',
-    'ichunked',
-    'iequals',
-    'idft',
-    'ilen',
-    'interleave',
-    'interleave_evenly',
-    'interleave_longest',
-    'intersperse',
-    'is_sorted',
-    'islice_extended',
-    'iterate',
-    'iter_suppress',
-    'join_mappings',
-    'last',
-    'locate',
-    'longest_common_prefix',
-    'lstrip',
-    'make_decorator',
-    'map_except',
-    'map_if',
-    'map_reduce',
-    'mark_ends',
-    'minmax',
-    'nth_or_last',
-    'nth_permutation',
-    'nth_product',
-    'nth_combination_with_replacement',
-    'numeric_range',
-    'one',
-    'only',
-    'outer_product',
-    'padded',
-    'partial_product',
-    'partitions',
-    'peekable',
-    'permutation_index',
-    'powerset_of_sets',
-    'product_index',
-    'raise_',
-    'repeat_each',
-    'repeat_last',
-    'replace',
-    'rlocate',
-    'rstrip',
-    'run_length',
-    'sample',
-    'seekable',
-    'set_partitions',
-    'side_effect',
-    'sliced',
-    'sort_together',
-    'split_after',
-    'split_at',
-    'split_before',
-    'split_into',
-    'split_when',
-    'spy',
-    'stagger',
-    'strip',
-    'strictly_n',
-    'substrings',
-    'substrings_indexes',
-    'takewhile_inclusive',
-    'time_limited',
-    'unique_in_window',
-    'unique_to_each',
-    'unzip',
-    'value_chain',
-    'windowed',
-    'windowed_complete',
-    'with_iter',
-    'zip_broadcast',
-    'zip_equal',
-    'zip_offset',
-]
-
-# math.sumprod is available for Python 3.12+
-_fsumprod = getattr(math, 'sumprod', lambda x, y: fsum(map(mul, x, y)))
-
-
-def chunked(iterable, n, strict=False):
-    """Break *iterable* into lists of length *n*:
-
-        >>> list(chunked([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3))
-        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
-
-    By the default, the last yielded list will have fewer than *n* elements
-    if the length of *iterable* is not divisible by *n*:
-
-        >>> list(chunked([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], 3))
-        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8]]
-
-    To use a fill-in value instead, see the :func:`grouper` recipe.
-
-    If the length of *iterable* is not divisible by *n* and *strict* is
-    ``True``, then ``ValueError`` will be raised before the last
-    list is yielded.
-
-    """
-    iterator = iter(partial(take, n, iter(iterable)), [])
-    if strict:
-        if n is None:
-            raise ValueError('n must not be None when using strict mode.')
-
-        def ret():
-            for chunk in iterator:
-                if len(chunk) != n:
-                    raise ValueError('iterable is not divisible by n.')
-                yield chunk
-
-        return iter(ret())
-    else:
-        return iterator
-
-
-def first(iterable, default=_marker):
-    """Return the first item of *iterable*, or *default* if *iterable* is
-    empty.
-
-        >>> first([0, 1, 2, 3])
-        0
-        >>> first([], 'some default')
-        'some default'
-
-    If *default* is not provided and there are no items in the iterable,
-    raise ``ValueError``.
-
-    :func:`first` is useful when you have a generator of expensive-to-retrieve
-    values and want any arbitrary one. It is marginally shorter than
-    ``next(iter(iterable), default)``.
-
-    """
-    for item in iterable:
-        return item
-    if default is _marker:
-        raise ValueError(
-            'first() was called on an empty iterable, and no '
-            'default value was provided.'
-        )
-    return default
-
-
-def last(iterable, default=_marker):
-    """Return the last item of *iterable*, or *default* if *iterable* is
-    empty.
-
-        >>> last([0, 1, 2, 3])
-        3
-        >>> last([], 'some default')
-        'some default'
-
-    If *default* is not provided and there are no items in the iterable,
-    raise ``ValueError``.
-    """
-    try:
-        if isinstance(iterable, Sequence):
-            return iterable[-1]
-        # Work around https://bugs.python.org/issue38525
-        elif hasattr(iterable, '__reversed__') and (hexversion != 0x030800F0):
-            return next(reversed(iterable))
-        else:
-            return deque(iterable, maxlen=1)[-1]
-    except (IndexError, TypeError, StopIteration):
-        if default is _marker:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'last() was called on an empty iterable, and no default was '
-                'provided.'
-            )
-        return default
-
-
-def nth_or_last(iterable, n, default=_marker):
-    """Return the nth or the last item of *iterable*,
-    or *default* if *iterable* is empty.
-
-        >>> nth_or_last([0, 1, 2, 3], 2)
-        2
-        >>> nth_or_last([0, 1], 2)
-        1
-        >>> nth_or_last([], 0, 'some default')
-        'some default'
-
-    If *default* is not provided and there are no items in the iterable,
-    raise ``ValueError``.
-    """
-    return last(islice(iterable, n + 1), default=default)
-
-
-class peekable:
-    """Wrap an iterator to allow lookahead and prepending elements.
-
-    Call :meth:`peek` on the result to get the value that will be returned
-    by :func:`next`. This won't advance the iterator:
-
-        >>> p = peekable(['a', 'b'])
-        >>> p.peek()
-        'a'
-        >>> next(p)
-        'a'
-
-    Pass :meth:`peek` a default value to return that instead of raising
-    ``StopIteration`` when the iterator is exhausted.
-
-        >>> p = peekable([])
-        >>> p.peek('hi')
-        'hi'
-
-    peekables also offer a :meth:`prepend` method, which "inserts" items
-    at the head of the iterable:
-
-        >>> p = peekable([1, 2, 3])
-        >>> p.prepend(10, 11, 12)
-        >>> next(p)
-        10
-        >>> p.peek()
-        11
-        >>> list(p)
-        [11, 12, 1, 2, 3]
-
-    peekables can be indexed. Index 0 is the item that will be returned by
-    :func:`next`, index 1 is the item after that, and so on:
-    The values up to the given index will be cached.
-
-        >>> p = peekable(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
-        >>> p[0]
-        'a'
-        >>> p[1]
-        'b'
-        >>> next(p)
-        'a'
-
-    Negative indexes are supported, but be aware that they will cache the
-    remaining items in the source iterator, which may require significant
-    storage.
-
-    To check whether a peekable is exhausted, check its truth value:
-
-        >>> p = peekable(['a', 'b'])
-        >>> if p:  # peekable has items
-        ...     list(p)
-        ['a', 'b']
-        >>> if not p:  # peekable is exhausted
-        ...     list(p)
-        []
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, iterable):
-        self._it = iter(iterable)
-        self._cache = deque()
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __bool__(self):
-        try:
-            self.peek()
-        except StopIteration:
-            return False
-        return True
-
-    def peek(self, default=_marker):
-        """Return the item that will be next returned from ``next()``.
-
-        Return ``default`` if there are no items left. If ``default`` is not
-        provided, raise ``StopIteration``.
-
-        """
-        if not self._cache:
-            try:
-                self._cache.append(next(self._it))
-            except StopIteration:
-                if default is _marker:
-                    raise
-                return default
-        return self._cache[0]
-
-    def prepend(self, *items):
-        """Stack up items to be the next ones returned from ``next()`` or
-        ``self.peek()``. The items will be returned in
-        first in, first out order::
-
-            >>> p = peekable([1, 2, 3])
-            >>> p.prepend(10, 11, 12)
-            >>> next(p)
-            10
-            >>> list(p)
-            [11, 12, 1, 2, 3]
-
-        It is possible, by prepending items, to "resurrect" a peekable that
-        previously raised ``StopIteration``.
-
-            >>> p = peekable([])
-            >>> next(p)
-            Traceback (most recent call last):
-              ...
-            StopIteration
-            >>> p.prepend(1)
-            >>> next(p)
-            1
-            >>> next(p)
-            Traceback (most recent call last):
-              ...
-            StopIteration
-
-        """
-        self._cache.extendleft(reversed(items))
-
-    def __next__(self):
-        if self._cache:
-            return self._cache.popleft()
-
-        return next(self._it)
-
-    def _get_slice(self, index):
-        # Normalize the slice's arguments
-        step = 1 if (index.step is None) else index.step
-        if step > 0:
-            start = 0 if (index.start is None) else index.start
-            stop = maxsize if (index.stop is None) else index.stop
-        elif step < 0:
-            start = -1 if (index.start is None) else index.start
-            stop = (-maxsize - 1) if (index.stop is None) else index.stop
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('slice step cannot be zero')
-
-        # If either the start or stop index is negative, we'll need to cache
-        # the rest of the iterable in order to slice from the right side.
-        if (start < 0) or (stop < 0):
-            self._cache.extend(self._it)
-        # Otherwise we'll need to find the rightmost index and cache to that
-        # point.
-        else:
-            n = min(max(start, stop) + 1, maxsize)
-            cache_len = len(self._cache)
-            if n >= cache_len:
-                self._cache.extend(islice(self._it, n - cache_len))
-
-        return list(self._cache)[index]
-
-    def __getitem__(self, index):
-        if isinstance(index, slice):
-            return self._get_slice(index)
-
-        cache_len = len(self._cache)
-        if index < 0:
-            self._cache.extend(self._it)
-        elif index >= cache_len:
-            self._cache.extend(islice(self._it, index + 1 - cache_len))
-
-        return self._cache[index]
-
-
-def consumer(func):
-    """Decorator that automatically advances a PEP-342-style "reverse iterator"
-    to its first yield point so you don't have to call ``next()`` on it
-    manually.
-
-        >>> @consumer
-        ... def tally():
-        ...     i = 0
-        ...     while True:
-        ...         print('Thing number %s is %s.' % (i, (yield)))
-        ...         i += 1
-        ...
-        >>> t = tally()
-        >>> t.send('red')
-        Thing number 0 is red.
-        >>> t.send('fish')
-        Thing number 1 is fish.
-
-    Without the decorator, you would have to call ``next(t)`` before
-    ``t.send()`` could be used.
-
-    """
-
-    @wraps(func)
-    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-        gen = func(*args, **kwargs)
-        next(gen)
-        return gen
-
-    return wrapper
-
-
-def ilen(iterable):
-    """Return the number of items in *iterable*.
-
-        >>> ilen(x for x in range(1000000) if x % 3 == 0)
-        333334
-
-    This consumes the iterable, so handle with care.
-
-    """
-    # This approach was selected because benchmarks showed it's likely the
-    # fastest of the known implementations at the time of writing.
-    # See GitHub tracker: #236, #230.
-    counter = count()
-    deque(zip(iterable, counter), maxlen=0)
-    return next(counter)
-
-
-def iterate(func, start):
-    """Return ``start``, ``func(start)``, ``func(func(start))``, ...
-
-    >>> from itertools import islice
-    >>> list(islice(iterate(lambda x: 2*x, 1), 10))
-    [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]
-
-    """
-    while True:
-        yield start
-        try:
-            start = func(start)
-        except StopIteration:
-            break
-
-
-def with_iter(context_manager):
-    """Wrap an iterable in a ``with`` statement, so it closes once exhausted.
-
-    For example, this will close the file when the iterator is exhausted::
-
-        upper_lines = (line.upper() for line in with_iter(open('foo')))
-
-    Any context manager which returns an iterable is a candidate for
-    ``with_iter``.
-
-    """
-    with context_manager as iterable:
-        yield from iterable
-
-
-def one(iterable, too_short=None, too_long=None):
-    """Return the first item from *iterable*, which is expected to contain only
-    that item. Raise an exception if *iterable* is empty or has more than one
-    item.
-
-    :func:`one` is useful for ensuring that an iterable contains only one item.
-    For example, it can be used to retrieve the result of a database query
-    that is expected to return a single row.
-
-    If *iterable* is empty, ``ValueError`` will be raised. You may specify a
-    different exception with the *too_short* keyword:
-
-        >>> it = []
-        >>> one(it)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: too many items in iterable (expected 1)'
-        >>> too_short = IndexError('too few items')
-        >>> one(it, too_short=too_short)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        IndexError: too few items
-
-    Similarly, if *iterable* contains more than one item, ``ValueError`` will
-    be raised. You may specify a different exception with the *too_long*
-    keyword:
-
-        >>> it = ['too', 'many']
-        >>> one(it)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got 'too',
-        'many', and perhaps more.
-        >>> too_long = RuntimeError
-        >>> one(it, too_long=too_long)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        RuntimeError
-
-    Note that :func:`one` attempts to advance *iterable* twice to ensure there
-    is only one item. See :func:`spy` or :func:`peekable` to check iterable
-    contents less destructively.
-
-    """
-    it = iter(iterable)
-
-    try:
-        first_value = next(it)
-    except StopIteration as exc:
-        raise (
-            too_short or ValueError('too few items in iterable (expected 1)')
-        ) from exc
-
-    try:
-        second_value = next(it)
-    except StopIteration:
-        pass
-    else:
-        msg = (
-            'Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got {!r}, {!r}, '
-            'and perhaps more.'.format(first_value, second_value)
-        )
-        raise too_long or ValueError(msg)
-
-    return first_value
-
-
-def raise_(exception, *args):
-    raise exception(*args)
-
-
-def strictly_n(iterable, n, too_short=None, too_long=None):
-    """Validate that *iterable* has exactly *n* items and return them if
-    it does. If it has fewer than *n* items, call function *too_short*
-    with those items. If it has more than *n* items, call function
-    *too_long* with the first ``n + 1`` items.
-
-        >>> iterable = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
-        >>> n = 4
-        >>> list(strictly_n(iterable, n))
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
-
-    Note that the returned iterable must be consumed in order for the check to
-    be made.
-
-    By default, *too_short* and *too_long* are functions that raise
-    ``ValueError``.
-
-        >>> list(strictly_n('ab', 3))  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: too few items in iterable (got 2)
-
-        >>> list(strictly_n('abc', 2))  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: too many items in iterable (got at least 3)
-
-    You can instead supply functions that do something else.
-    *too_short* will be called with the number of items in *iterable*.
-    *too_long* will be called with `n + 1`.
-
-        >>> def too_short(item_count):
-        ...     raise RuntimeError
-        >>> it = strictly_n('abcd', 6, too_short=too_short)
-        >>> list(it)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        RuntimeError
-
-        >>> def too_long(item_count):
-        ...     print('The boss is going to hear about this')
-        >>> it = strictly_n('abcdef', 4, too_long=too_long)
-        >>> list(it)
-        The boss is going to hear about this
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
-
-    """
-    if too_short is None:
-        too_short = lambda item_count: raise_(
-            ValueError,
-            'Too few items in iterable (got {})'.format(item_count),
-        )
-
-    if too_long is None:
-        too_long = lambda item_count: raise_(
-            ValueError,
-            'Too many items in iterable (got at least {})'.format(item_count),
-        )
-
-    it = iter(iterable)
-    for i in range(n):
-        try:
-            item = next(it)
-        except StopIteration:
-            too_short(i)
-            return
-        else:
-            yield item
-
-    try:
-        next(it)
-    except StopIteration:
-        pass
-    else:
-        too_long(n + 1)
-
-
-def distinct_permutations(iterable, r=None):
-    """Yield successive distinct permutations of the elements in *iterable*.
-
-        >>> sorted(distinct_permutations([1, 0, 1]))
-        [(0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)]
-
-    Equivalent to ``set(permutations(iterable))``, except duplicates are not
-    generated and thrown away. For larger input sequences this is much more
-    efficient.
-
-    Duplicate permutations arise when there are duplicated elements in the
-    input iterable. The number of items returned is
-    `n! / (x_1! * x_2! * ... * x_n!)`, where `n` is the total number of
-    items input, and each `x_i` is the count of a distinct item in the input
-    sequence.
-
-    If *r* is given, only the *r*-length permutations are yielded.
-
-        >>> sorted(distinct_permutations([1, 0, 1], r=2))
-        [(0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
-        >>> sorted(distinct_permutations(range(3), r=2))
-        [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1)]
-
-    """
-
-    # Algorithm: https://w.wiki/Qai
-    def _full(A):
-        while True:
-            # Yield the permutation we have
-            yield tuple(A)
-
-            # Find the largest index i such that A[i] < A[i + 1]
-            for i in range(size - 2, -1, -1):
-                if A[i] < A[i + 1]:
-                    break
-            #  If no such index exists, this permutation is the last one
-            else:
-                return
-
-            # Find the largest index j greater than j such that A[i] < A[j]
-            for j in range(size - 1, i, -1):
-                if A[i] < A[j]:
-                    break
-
-            # Swap the value of A[i] with that of A[j], then reverse the
-            # sequence from A[i + 1] to form the new permutation
-            A[i], A[j] = A[j], A[i]
-            A[i + 1 :] = A[: i - size : -1]  # A[i + 1:][::-1]
-
-    # Algorithm: modified from the above
-    def _partial(A, r):
-        # Split A into the first r items and the last r items
-        head, tail = A[:r], A[r:]
-        right_head_indexes = range(r - 1, -1, -1)
-        left_tail_indexes = range(len(tail))
-
-        while True:
-            # Yield the permutation we have
-            yield tuple(head)
-
-            # Starting from the right, find the first index of the head with
-            # value smaller than the maximum value of the tail - call it i.
-            pivot = tail[-1]
-            for i in right_head_indexes:
-                if head[i] < pivot:
-                    break
-                pivot = head[i]
-            else:
-                return
-
-            # Starting from the left, find the first value of the tail
-            # with a value greater than head[i] and swap.
-            for j in left_tail_indexes:
-                if tail[j] > head[i]:
-                    head[i], tail[j] = tail[j], head[i]
-                    break
-            # If we didn't find one, start from the right and find the first
-            # index of the head with a value greater than head[i] and swap.
-            else:
-                for j in right_head_indexes:
-                    if head[j] > head[i]:
-                        head[i], head[j] = head[j], head[i]
-                        break
-
-            # Reverse head[i + 1:] and swap it with tail[:r - (i + 1)]
-            tail += head[: i - r : -1]  # head[i + 1:][::-1]
-            i += 1
-            head[i:], tail[:] = tail[: r - i], tail[r - i :]
-
-    items = sorted(iterable)
-
-    size = len(items)
-    if r is None:
-        r = size
-
-    if 0 < r <= size:
-        return _full(items) if (r == size) else _partial(items, r)
-
-    return iter(() if r else ((),))
-
-
-def intersperse(e, iterable, n=1):
-    """Intersperse filler element *e* among the items in *iterable*, leaving
-    *n* items between each filler element.
-
-        >>> list(intersperse('!', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))
-        [1, '!', 2, '!', 3, '!', 4, '!', 5]
-
-        >>> list(intersperse(None, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], n=2))
-        [1, 2, None, 3, 4, None, 5]
-
-    """
-    if n == 0:
-        raise ValueError('n must be > 0')
-    elif n == 1:
-        # interleave(repeat(e), iterable) -> e, x_0, e, x_1, e, x_2...
-        # islice(..., 1, None) -> x_0, e, x_1, e, x_2...
-        return islice(interleave(repeat(e), iterable), 1, None)
-    else:
-        # interleave(filler, chunks) -> [e], [x_0, x_1], [e], [x_2, x_3]...
-        # islice(..., 1, None) -> [x_0, x_1], [e], [x_2, x_3]...
-        # flatten(...) -> x_0, x_1, e, x_2, x_3...
-        filler = repeat([e])
-        chunks = chunked(iterable, n)
-        return flatten(islice(interleave(filler, chunks), 1, None))
-
-
-def unique_to_each(*iterables):
-    """Return the elements from each of the input iterables that aren't in the
-    other input iterables.
-
-    For example, suppose you have a set of packages, each with a set of
-    dependencies::
-
-        {'pkg_1': {'A', 'B'}, 'pkg_2': {'B', 'C'}, 'pkg_3': {'B', 'D'}}
-
-    If you remove one package, which dependencies can also be removed?
-
-    If ``pkg_1`` is removed, then ``A`` is no longer necessary - it is not
-    associated with ``pkg_2`` or ``pkg_3``. Similarly, ``C`` is only needed for
-    ``pkg_2``, and ``D`` is only needed for ``pkg_3``::
-
-        >>> unique_to_each({'A', 'B'}, {'B', 'C'}, {'B', 'D'})
-        [['A'], ['C'], ['D']]
-
-    If there are duplicates in one input iterable that aren't in the others
-    they will be duplicated in the output. Input order is preserved::
-
-        >>> unique_to_each("mississippi", "missouri")
-        [['p', 'p'], ['o', 'u', 'r']]
-
-    It is assumed that the elements of each iterable are hashable.
-
-    """
-    pool = [list(it) for it in iterables]
-    counts = Counter(chain.from_iterable(map(set, pool)))
-    uniques = {element for element in counts if counts[element] == 1}
-    return [list(filter(uniques.__contains__, it)) for it in pool]
-
-
-def windowed(seq, n, fillvalue=None, step=1):
-    """Return a sliding window of width *n* over the given iterable.
-
-        >>> all_windows = windowed([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3)
-        >>> list(all_windows)
-        [(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5)]
-
-    When the window is larger than the iterable, *fillvalue* is used in place
-    of missing values:
-
-        >>> list(windowed([1, 2, 3], 4))
-        [(1, 2, 3, None)]
-
-    Each window will advance in increments of *step*:
-
-        >>> list(windowed([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3, fillvalue='!', step=2))
-        [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, '!')]
-
-    To slide into the iterable's items, use :func:`chain` to add filler items
-    to the left:
-
-        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4]
-        >>> n = 3
-        >>> padding = [None] * (n - 1)
-        >>> list(windowed(chain(padding, iterable), 3))
-        [(None, None, 1), (None, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4)]
-    """
-    if n < 0:
-        raise ValueError('n must be >= 0')
-    if n == 0:
-        yield ()
-        return
-    if step < 1:
-        raise ValueError('step must be >= 1')
-
-    iterable = iter(seq)
-
-    # Generate first window
-    window = deque(islice(iterable, n), maxlen=n)
-
-    # Deal with the first window not being full
-    if not window:
-        return
-    if len(window) < n:
-        yield tuple(window) + ((fillvalue,) * (n - len(window)))
-        return
-    yield tuple(window)
-
-    # Create the filler for the next windows. The padding ensures
-    # we have just enough elements to fill the last window.
-    padding = (fillvalue,) * (n - 1 if step >= n else step - 1)
-    filler = map(window.append, chain(iterable, padding))
-
-    # Generate the rest of the windows
-    for _ in islice(filler, step - 1, None, step):
-        yield tuple(window)
-
-
-def substrings(iterable):
-    """Yield all of the substrings of *iterable*.
-
-        >>> [''.join(s) for s in substrings('more')]
-        ['m', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'mo', 'or', 're', 'mor', 'ore', 'more']
-
-    Note that non-string iterables can also be subdivided.
-
-        >>> list(substrings([0, 1, 2]))
-        [(0,), (1,), (2,), (0, 1), (1, 2), (0, 1, 2)]
-
-    """
-    # The length-1 substrings
-    seq = []
-    for item in iter(iterable):
-        seq.append(item)
-        yield (item,)
-    seq = tuple(seq)
-    item_count = len(seq)
-
-    # And the rest
-    for n in range(2, item_count + 1):
-        for i in range(item_count - n + 1):
-            yield seq[i : i + n]
-
-
-def substrings_indexes(seq, reverse=False):
-    """Yield all substrings and their positions in *seq*
-
-    The items yielded will be a tuple of the form ``(substr, i, j)``, where
-    ``substr == seq[i:j]``.
-
-    This function only works for iterables that support slicing, such as
-    ``str`` objects.
-
-    >>> for item in substrings_indexes('more'):
-    ...    print(item)
-    ('m', 0, 1)
-    ('o', 1, 2)
-    ('r', 2, 3)
-    ('e', 3, 4)
-    ('mo', 0, 2)
-    ('or', 1, 3)
-    ('re', 2, 4)
-    ('mor', 0, 3)
-    ('ore', 1, 4)
-    ('more', 0, 4)
-
-    Set *reverse* to ``True`` to yield the same items in the opposite order.
-
-
-    """
-    r = range(1, len(seq) + 1)
-    if reverse:
-        r = reversed(r)
-    return (
-        (seq[i : i + L], i, i + L) for L in r for i in range(len(seq) - L + 1)
-    )
-
-
-class bucket:
-    """Wrap *iterable* and return an object that buckets the iterable into
-    child iterables based on a *key* function.
-
-        >>> iterable = ['a1', 'b1', 'c1', 'a2', 'b2', 'c2', 'b3']
-        >>> s = bucket(iterable, key=lambda x: x[0])  # Bucket by 1st character
-        >>> sorted(list(s))  # Get the keys
-        ['a', 'b', 'c']
-        >>> a_iterable = s['a']
-        >>> next(a_iterable)
-        'a1'
-        >>> next(a_iterable)
-        'a2'
-        >>> list(s['b'])
-        ['b1', 'b2', 'b3']
-
-    The original iterable will be advanced and its items will be cached until
-    they are used by the child iterables. This may require significant storage.
-
-    By default, attempting to select a bucket to which no items belong  will
-    exhaust the iterable and cache all values.
-    If you specify a *validator* function, selected buckets will instead be
-    checked against it.
-
-        >>> from itertools import count
-        >>> it = count(1, 2)  # Infinite sequence of odd numbers
-        >>> key = lambda x: x % 10  # Bucket by last digit
-        >>> validator = lambda x: x in {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}  # Odd digits only
-        >>> s = bucket(it, key=key, validator=validator)
-        >>> 2 in s
-        False
-        >>> list(s[2])
-        []
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, iterable, key, validator=None):
-        self._it = iter(iterable)
-        self._key = key
-        self._cache = defaultdict(deque)
-        self._validator = validator or (lambda x: True)
-
-    def __contains__(self, value):
-        if not self._validator(value):
-            return False
-
-        try:
-            item = next(self[value])
-        except StopIteration:
-            return False
-        else:
-            self._cache[value].appendleft(item)
-
-        return True
-
-    def _get_values(self, value):
-        """
-        Helper to yield items from the parent iterator that match *value*.
-        Items that don't match are stored in the local cache as they
-        are encountered.
-        """
-        while True:
-            # If we've cached some items that match the target value, emit
-            # the first one and evict it from the cache.
-            if self._cache[value]:
-                yield self._cache[value].popleft()
-            # Otherwise we need to advance the parent iterator to search for
-            # a matching item, caching the rest.
-            else:
-                while True:
-                    try:
-                        item = next(self._it)
-                    except StopIteration:
-                        return
-                    item_value = self._key(item)
-                    if item_value == value:
-                        yield item
-                        break
-                    elif self._validator(item_value):
-                        self._cache[item_value].append(item)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        for item in self._it:
-            item_value = self._key(item)
-            if self._validator(item_value):
-                self._cache[item_value].append(item)
-
-        yield from self._cache.keys()
-
-    def __getitem__(self, value):
-        if not self._validator(value):
-            return iter(())
-
-        return self._get_values(value)
-
-
-def spy(iterable, n=1):
-    """Return a 2-tuple with a list containing the first *n* elements of
-    *iterable*, and an iterator with the same items as *iterable*.
-    This allows you to "look ahead" at the items in the iterable without
-    advancing it.
-
-    There is one item in the list by default:
-
-        >>> iterable = 'abcdefg'
-        >>> head, iterable = spy(iterable)
-        >>> head
-        ['a']
-        >>> list(iterable)
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
-
-    You may use unpacking to retrieve items instead of lists:
-
-        >>> (head,), iterable = spy('abcdefg')
-        >>> head
-        'a'
-        >>> (first, second), iterable = spy('abcdefg', 2)
-        >>> first
-        'a'
-        >>> second
-        'b'
-
-    The number of items requested can be larger than the number of items in
-    the iterable:
-
-        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-        >>> head, iterable = spy(iterable, 10)
-        >>> head
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-        >>> list(iterable)
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-
-    """
-    it = iter(iterable)
-    head = take(n, it)
-
-    return head.copy(), chain(head, it)
-
-
-def interleave(*iterables):
-    """Return a new iterable yielding from each iterable in turn,
-    until the shortest is exhausted.
-
-        >>> list(interleave([1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]))
-        [1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 7]
-
-    For a version that doesn't terminate after the shortest iterable is
-    exhausted, see :func:`interleave_longest`.
-
-    """
-    return chain.from_iterable(zip(*iterables))
-
-
-def interleave_longest(*iterables):
-    """Return a new iterable yielding from each iterable in turn,
-    skipping any that are exhausted.
-
-        >>> list(interleave_longest([1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]))
-        [1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 7, 3, 8]
-
-    This function produces the same output as :func:`roundrobin`, but may
-    perform better for some inputs (in particular when the number of iterables
-    is large).
-
-    """
-    i = chain.from_iterable(zip_longest(*iterables, fillvalue=_marker))
-    return (x for x in i if x is not _marker)
-
-
-def interleave_evenly(iterables, lengths=None):
-    """
-    Interleave multiple iterables so that their elements are evenly distributed
-    throughout the output sequence.
-
-    >>> iterables = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], ['a', 'b']
-    >>> list(interleave_evenly(iterables))
-    [1, 2, 'a', 3, 4, 'b', 5]
-
-    >>> iterables = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]
-    >>> list(interleave_evenly(iterables))
-    [1, 6, 4, 2, 7, 3, 8, 5]
-
-    This function requires iterables of known length. Iterables without
-    ``__len__()`` can be used by manually specifying lengths with *lengths*:
-
-    >>> from itertools import combinations, repeat
-    >>> iterables = [combinations(range(4), 2), ['a', 'b', 'c']]
-    >>> lengths = [4 * (4 - 1) // 2, 3]
-    >>> list(interleave_evenly(iterables, lengths=lengths))
-    [(0, 1), (0, 2), 'a', (0, 3), (1, 2), 'b', (1, 3), (2, 3), 'c']
-
-    Based on Bresenham's algorithm.
-    """
-    if lengths is None:
-        try:
-            lengths = [len(it) for it in iterables]
-        except TypeError:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'Iterable lengths could not be determined automatically. '
-                'Specify them with the lengths keyword.'
-            )
-    elif len(iterables) != len(lengths):
-        raise ValueError('Mismatching number of iterables and lengths.')
-
-    dims = len(lengths)
-
-    # sort iterables by length, descending
-    lengths_permute = sorted(
-        range(dims), key=lambda i: lengths[i], reverse=True
-    )
-    lengths_desc = [lengths[i] for i in lengths_permute]
-    iters_desc = [iter(iterables[i]) for i in lengths_permute]
-
-    # the longest iterable is the primary one (Bresenham: the longest
-    # distance along an axis)
-    delta_primary, deltas_secondary = lengths_desc[0], lengths_desc[1:]
-    iter_primary, iters_secondary = iters_desc[0], iters_desc[1:]
-    errors = [delta_primary // dims] * len(deltas_secondary)
-
-    to_yield = sum(lengths)
-    while to_yield:
-        yield next(iter_primary)
-        to_yield -= 1
-        # update errors for each secondary iterable
-        errors = [e - delta for e, delta in zip(errors, deltas_secondary)]
-
-        # those iterables for which the error is negative are yielded
-        # ("diagonal step" in Bresenham)
-        for i, e_ in enumerate(errors):
-            if e_ < 0:
-                yield next(iters_secondary[i])
-                to_yield -= 1
-                errors[i] += delta_primary
-
-
-def collapse(iterable, base_type=None, levels=None):
-    """Flatten an iterable with multiple levels of nesting (e.g., a list of
-    lists of tuples) into non-iterable types.
-
-        >>> iterable = [(1, 2), ([3, 4], [[5], [6]])]
-        >>> list(collapse(iterable))
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-
-    Binary and text strings are not considered iterable and
-    will not be collapsed.
-
-    To avoid collapsing other types, specify *base_type*:
-
-        >>> iterable = ['ab', ('cd', 'ef'), ['gh', 'ij']]
-        >>> list(collapse(iterable, base_type=tuple))
-        ['ab', ('cd', 'ef'), 'gh', 'ij']
-
-    Specify *levels* to stop flattening after a certain level:
-
-    >>> iterable = [('a', ['b']), ('c', ['d'])]
-    >>> list(collapse(iterable))  # Fully flattened
-    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
-    >>> list(collapse(iterable, levels=1))  # Only one level flattened
-    ['a', ['b'], 'c', ['d']]
-
-    """
-    stack = deque()
-    # Add our first node group, treat the iterable as a single node
-    stack.appendleft((0, repeat(iterable, 1)))
-
-    while stack:
-        node_group = stack.popleft()
-        level, nodes = node_group
-
-        # Check if beyond max level
-        if levels is not None and level > levels:
-            yield from nodes
-            continue
-
-        for node in nodes:
-            # Check if done iterating
-            if isinstance(node, (str, bytes)) or (
-                (base_type is not None) and isinstance(node, base_type)
-            ):
-                yield node
-            # Otherwise try to create child nodes
-            else:
-                try:
-                    tree = iter(node)
-                except TypeError:
-                    yield node
-                else:
-                    # Save our current location
-                    stack.appendleft(node_group)
-                    # Append the new child node
-                    stack.appendleft((level + 1, tree))
-                    # Break to process child node
-                    break
-
-
-def side_effect(func, iterable, chunk_size=None, before=None, after=None):
-    """Invoke *func* on each item in *iterable* (or on each *chunk_size* group
-    of items) before yielding the item.
-
-    `func` must be a function that takes a single argument. Its return value
-    will be discarded.
-
-    *before* and *after* are optional functions that take no arguments. They
-    will be executed before iteration starts and after it ends, respectively.
-
-    `side_effect` can be used for logging, updating progress bars, or anything
-    that is not functionally "pure."
-
-    Emitting a status message:
-
-        >>> from more_itertools import consume
-        >>> func = lambda item: print('Received {}'.format(item))
-        >>> consume(side_effect(func, range(2)))
-        Received 0
-        Received 1
-
-    Operating on chunks of items:
-
-        >>> pair_sums = []
-        >>> func = lambda chunk: pair_sums.append(sum(chunk))
-        >>> list(side_effect(func, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2))
-        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-        >>> list(pair_sums)
-        [1, 5, 9]
-
-    Writing to a file-like object:
-
-        >>> from io import StringIO
-        >>> from more_itertools import consume
-        >>> f = StringIO()
-        >>> func = lambda x: print(x, file=f)
-        >>> before = lambda: print(u'HEADER', file=f)
-        >>> after = f.close
-        >>> it = [u'a', u'b', u'c']
-        >>> consume(side_effect(func, it, before=before, after=after))
-        >>> f.closed
-        True
-
-    """
-    try:
-        if before is not None:
-            before()
-
-        if chunk_size is None:
-            for item in iterable:
-                func(item)
-                yield item
-        else:
-            for chunk in chunked(iterable, chunk_size):
-                func(chunk)
-                yield from chunk
-    finally:
-        if after is not None:
-            after()
-
-
-def sliced(seq, n, strict=False):
-    """Yield slices of length *n* from the sequence *seq*.
-
-    >>> list(sliced((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 3))
-    [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
-
-    By the default, the last yielded slice will have fewer than *n* elements
-    if the length of *seq* is not divisible by *n*:
-
-    >>> list(sliced((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), 3))
-    [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8)]
-
-    If the length of *seq* is not divisible by *n* and *strict* is
-    ``True``, then ``ValueError`` will be raised before the last
-    slice is yielded.
-
-    This function will only work for iterables that support slicing.
-    For non-sliceable iterables, see :func:`chunked`.
-
-    """
-    iterator = takewhile(len, (seq[i : i + n] for i in count(0, n)))
-    if strict:
-
-        def ret():
-            for _slice in iterator:
-                if len(_slice) != n:
-                    raise ValueError("seq is not divisible by n.")
-                yield _slice
-
-        return iter(ret())
-    else:
-        return iterator
-
-
-def split_at(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1, keep_separator=False):
-    """Yield lists of items from *iterable*, where each list is delimited by
-    an item where callable *pred* returns ``True``.
-
-        >>> list(split_at('abcdcba', lambda x: x == 'b'))
-        [['a'], ['c', 'd', 'c'], ['a']]
-
-        >>> list(split_at(range(10), lambda n: n % 2 == 1))
-        [[0], [2], [4], [6], [8], []]
-
-    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
-    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
-
-        >>> list(split_at(range(10), lambda n: n % 2 == 1, maxsplit=2))
-        [[0], [2], [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
-
-    By default, the delimiting items are not included in the output.
-    To include them, set *keep_separator* to ``True``.
-
-        >>> list(split_at('abcdcba', lambda x: x == 'b', keep_separator=True))
-        [['a'], ['b'], ['c', 'd', 'c'], ['b'], ['a']]
-
-    """
-    if maxsplit == 0:
-        yield list(iterable)
-        return
-
-    buf = []
-    it = iter(iterable)
-    for item in it:
-        if pred(item):
-            yield buf
-            if keep_separator:
-                yield [item]
-            if maxsplit == 1:
-                yield list(it)
-                return
-            buf = []
-            maxsplit -= 1
-        else:
-            buf.append(item)
-    yield buf
-
-
-def split_before(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1):
-    """Yield lists of items from *iterable*, where each list ends just before
-    an item for which callable *pred* returns ``True``:
-
-        >>> list(split_before('OneTwo', lambda s: s.isupper()))
-        [['O', 'n', 'e'], ['T', 'w', 'o']]
-
-        >>> list(split_before(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0))
-        [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [9]]
-
-    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
-    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
-
-        >>> list(split_before(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0, maxsplit=2))
-        [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]]
-    """
-    if maxsplit == 0:
-        yield list(iterable)
-        return
-
-    buf = []
-    it = iter(iterable)
-    for item in it:
-        if pred(item) and buf:
-            yield buf
-            if maxsplit == 1:
-                yield [item] + list(it)
-                return
-            buf = []
-            maxsplit -= 1
-        buf.append(item)
-    if buf:
-        yield buf
-
-
-def split_after(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1):
-    """Yield lists of items from *iterable*, where each list ends with an
-    item where callable *pred* returns ``True``:
-
-        >>> list(split_after('one1two2', lambda s: s.isdigit()))
-        [['o', 'n', 'e', '1'], ['t', 'w', 'o', '2']]
-
-        >>> list(split_after(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0))
-        [[0], [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
-
-    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
-    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
-
-        >>> list(split_after(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0, maxsplit=2))
-        [[0], [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
-
-    """
-    if maxsplit == 0:
-        yield list(iterable)
-        return
-
-    buf = []
-    it = iter(iterable)
-    for item in it:
-        buf.append(item)
-        if pred(item) and buf:
-            yield buf
-            if maxsplit == 1:
-                buf = list(it)
-                if buf:
-                    yield buf
-                return
-            buf = []
-            maxsplit -= 1
-    if buf:
-        yield buf
-
-
-def split_when(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1):
-    """Split *iterable* into pieces based on the output of *pred*.
-    *pred* should be a function that takes successive pairs of items and
-    returns ``True`` if the iterable should be split in between them.
-
-    For example, to find runs of increasing numbers, split the iterable when
-    element ``i`` is larger than element ``i + 1``:
-
-        >>> list(split_when([1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2], lambda x, y: x > y))
-        [[1, 2, 3, 3], [2, 5], [2, 4], [2]]
-
-    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
-    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
-
-        >>> list(split_when([1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2],
-        ...                 lambda x, y: x > y, maxsplit=2))
-        [[1, 2, 3, 3], [2, 5], [2, 4, 2]]
-
-    """
-    if maxsplit == 0:
-        yield list(iterable)
-        return
-
-    it = iter(iterable)
-    try:
-        cur_item = next(it)
-    except StopIteration:
-        return
-
-    buf = [cur_item]
-    for next_item in it:
-        if pred(cur_item, next_item):
-            yield buf
-            if maxsplit == 1:
-                yield [next_item] + list(it)
-                return
-            buf = []
-            maxsplit -= 1
-
-        buf.append(next_item)
-        cur_item = next_item
-
-    yield buf
-
-
-def split_into(iterable, sizes):
-    """Yield a list of sequential items from *iterable* of length 'n' for each
-    integer 'n' in *sizes*.
-
-        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4,5,6], [1,2,3]))
-        [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
-
-    If the sum of *sizes* is smaller than the length of *iterable*, then the
-    remaining items of *iterable* will not be returned.
-
-        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4,5,6], [2,3]))
-        [[1, 2], [3, 4, 5]]
-
-    If the sum of *sizes* is larger than the length of *iterable*, fewer items
-    will be returned in the iteration that overruns *iterable* and further
-    lists will be empty:
-
-        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4]))
-        [[1], [2, 3], [4], []]
-
-    When a ``None`` object is encountered in *sizes*, the returned list will
-    contain items up to the end of *iterable* the same way that itertools.slice
-    does:
-
-        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0], [2,3,None]))
-        [[1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 0]]
-
-    :func:`split_into` can be useful for grouping a series of items where the
-    sizes of the groups are not uniform. An example would be where in a row
-    from a table, multiple columns represent elements of the same feature
-    (e.g. a point represented by x,y,z) but, the format is not the same for
-    all columns.
-    """
-    # convert the iterable argument into an iterator so its contents can
-    # be consumed by islice in case it is a generator
-    it = iter(iterable)
-
-    for size in sizes:
-        if size is None:
-            yield list(it)
-            return
-        else:
-            yield list(islice(it, size))
-
-
-def padded(iterable, fillvalue=None, n=None, next_multiple=False):
-    """Yield the elements from *iterable*, followed by *fillvalue*, such that
-    at least *n* items are emitted.
-
-        >>> list(padded([1, 2, 3], '?', 5))
-        [1, 2, 3, '?', '?']
-
-    If *next_multiple* is ``True``, *fillvalue* will be emitted until the
-    number of items emitted is a multiple of *n*:
-
-        >>> list(padded([1, 2, 3, 4], n=3, next_multiple=True))
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, None, None]
-
-    If *n* is ``None``, *fillvalue* will be emitted indefinitely.
-
-    To create an *iterable* of exactly size *n*, you can truncate with
-    :func:`islice`.
-
-        >>> list(islice(padded([1, 2, 3], '?'), 5))
-        [1, 2, 3, '?', '?']
-        >>> list(islice(padded([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], '?'), 5))
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-
-    """
-    iterable = iter(iterable)
-    iterable_with_repeat = chain(iterable, repeat(fillvalue))
-
-    if n is None:
-        return iterable_with_repeat
-    elif n < 1:
-        raise ValueError('n must be at least 1')
-    elif next_multiple:
-
-        def slice_generator():
-            for first in iterable:
-                yield (first,)
-                yield islice(iterable_with_repeat, n - 1)
-
-        # While elements exist produce slices of size n
-        return chain.from_iterable(slice_generator())
-    else:
-        # Ensure the first batch is at least size n then iterate
-        return chain(islice(iterable_with_repeat, n), iterable)
-
-
-def repeat_each(iterable, n=2):
-    """Repeat each element in *iterable* *n* times.
-
-    >>> list(repeat_each('ABC', 3))
-    ['A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'C']
-    """
-    return chain.from_iterable(map(repeat, iterable, repeat(n)))
-
-
-def repeat_last(iterable, default=None):
-    """After the *iterable* is exhausted, keep yielding its last element.
-
-        >>> list(islice(repeat_last(range(3)), 5))
-        [0, 1, 2, 2, 2]
-
-    If the iterable is empty, yield *default* forever::
-
-        >>> list(islice(repeat_last(range(0), 42), 5))
-        [42, 42, 42, 42, 42]
-
-    """
-    item = _marker
-    for item in iterable:
-        yield item
-    final = default if item is _marker else item
-    yield from repeat(final)
-
-
-def distribute(n, iterable):
-    """Distribute the items from *iterable* among *n* smaller iterables.
-
-        >>> group_1, group_2 = distribute(2, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
-        >>> list(group_1)
-        [1, 3, 5]
-        >>> list(group_2)
-        [2, 4, 6]
-
-    If the length of *iterable* is not evenly divisible by *n*, then the
-    length of the returned iterables will not be identical:
-
-        >>> children = distribute(3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
-        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
-        [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5], [3, 6]]
-
-    If the length of *iterable* is smaller than *n*, then the last returned
-    iterables will be empty:
-
-        >>> children = distribute(5, [1, 2, 3])
-        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
-        [[1], [2], [3], [], []]
-
-    This function uses :func:`itertools.tee` and may require significant
-    storage.
-
-    If you need the order items in the smaller iterables to match the
-    original iterable, see :func:`divide`.
-
-    """
-    if n < 1:
-        raise ValueError('n must be at least 1')
-
-    children = tee(iterable, n)
-    return [islice(it, index, None, n) for index, it in enumerate(children)]
-
-
-def stagger(iterable, offsets=(-1, 0, 1), longest=False, fillvalue=None):
-    """Yield tuples whose elements are offset from *iterable*.
-    The amount by which the `i`-th item in each tuple is offset is given by
-    the `i`-th item in *offsets*.
-
-        >>> list(stagger([0, 1, 2, 3]))
-        [(None, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)]
-        >>> list(stagger(range(8), offsets=(0, 2, 4)))
-        [(0, 2, 4), (1, 3, 5), (2, 4, 6), (3, 5, 7)]
-
-    By default, the sequence will end when the final element of a tuple is the
-    last item in the iterable. To continue until the first element of a tuple
-    is the last item in the iterable, set *longest* to ``True``::
-
-        >>> list(stagger([0, 1, 2, 3], longest=True))
-        [(None, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, None), (3, None, None)]
-
-    By default, ``None`` will be used to replace offsets beyond the end of the
-    sequence. Specify *fillvalue* to use some other value.
-
-    """
-    children = tee(iterable, len(offsets))
-
-    return zip_offset(
-        *children, offsets=offsets, longest=longest, fillvalue=fillvalue
-    )
-
-
-def zip_equal(*iterables):
-    """``zip`` the input *iterables* together, but raise
-    ``UnequalIterablesError`` if they aren't all the same length.
-
-        >>> it_1 = range(3)
-        >>> it_2 = iter('abc')
-        >>> list(zip_equal(it_1, it_2))
-        [(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c')]
-
-        >>> it_1 = range(3)
-        >>> it_2 = iter('abcd')
-        >>> list(zip_equal(it_1, it_2)) # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        more_itertools.more.UnequalIterablesError: Iterables have different
-        lengths
-
-    """
-    if hexversion >= 0x30A00A6:
-        warnings.warn(
-            (
-                'zip_equal will be removed in a future version of '
-                'more-itertools. Use the builtin zip function with '
-                'strict=True instead.'
-            ),
-            DeprecationWarning,
-        )
-
-    return _zip_equal(*iterables)
-
-
-def zip_offset(*iterables, offsets, longest=False, fillvalue=None):
-    """``zip`` the input *iterables* together, but offset the `i`-th iterable
-    by the `i`-th item in *offsets*.
-
-        >>> list(zip_offset('0123', 'abcdef', offsets=(0, 1)))
-        [('0', 'b'), ('1', 'c'), ('2', 'd'), ('3', 'e')]
-
-    This can be used as a lightweight alternative to SciPy or pandas to analyze
-    data sets in which some series have a lead or lag relationship.
-
-    By default, the sequence will end when the shortest iterable is exhausted.
-    To continue until the longest iterable is exhausted, set *longest* to
-    ``True``.
-
-        >>> list(zip_offset('0123', 'abcdef', offsets=(0, 1), longest=True))
-        [('0', 'b'), ('1', 'c'), ('2', 'd'), ('3', 'e'), (None, 'f')]
-
-    By default, ``None`` will be used to replace offsets beyond the end of the
-    sequence. Specify *fillvalue* to use some other value.
-
-    """
-    if len(iterables) != len(offsets):
-        raise ValueError("Number of iterables and offsets didn't match")
-
-    staggered = []
-    for it, n in zip(iterables, offsets):
-        if n < 0:
-            staggered.append(chain(repeat(fillvalue, -n), it))
-        elif n > 0:
-            staggered.append(islice(it, n, None))
-        else:
-            staggered.append(it)
-
-    if longest:
-        return zip_longest(*staggered, fillvalue=fillvalue)
-
-    return zip(*staggered)
-
-
-def sort_together(iterables, key_list=(0,), key=None, reverse=False):
-    """Return the input iterables sorted together, with *key_list* as the
-    priority for sorting. All iterables are trimmed to the length of the
-    shortest one.
-
-    This can be used like the sorting function in a spreadsheet. If each
-    iterable represents a column of data, the key list determines which
-    columns are used for sorting.
-
-    By default, all iterables are sorted using the ``0``-th iterable::
-
-        >>> iterables = [(4, 3, 2, 1), ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')]
-        >>> sort_together(iterables)
-        [(1, 2, 3, 4), ('d', 'c', 'b', 'a')]
-
-    Set a different key list to sort according to another iterable.
-    Specifying multiple keys dictates how ties are broken::
-
-        >>> iterables = [(3, 1, 2), (0, 1, 0), ('c', 'b', 'a')]
-        >>> sort_together(iterables, key_list=(1, 2))
-        [(2, 3, 1), (0, 0, 1), ('a', 'c', 'b')]
-
-    To sort by a function of the elements of the iterable, pass a *key*
-    function. Its arguments are the elements of the iterables corresponding to
-    the key list::
-
-        >>> names = ('a', 'b', 'c')
-        >>> lengths = (1, 2, 3)
-        >>> widths = (5, 2, 1)
-        >>> def area(length, width):
-        ...     return length * width
-        >>> sort_together([names, lengths, widths], key_list=(1, 2), key=area)
-        [('c', 'b', 'a'), (3, 2, 1), (1, 2, 5)]
-
-    Set *reverse* to ``True`` to sort in descending order.
-
-        >>> sort_together([(1, 2, 3), ('c', 'b', 'a')], reverse=True)
-        [(3, 2, 1), ('a', 'b', 'c')]
-
-    """
-    if key is None:
-        # if there is no key function, the key argument to sorted is an
-        # itemgetter
-        key_argument = itemgetter(*key_list)
-    else:
-        # if there is a key function, call it with the items at the offsets
-        # specified by the key function as arguments
-        key_list = list(key_list)
-        if len(key_list) == 1:
-            # if key_list contains a single item, pass the item at that offset
-            # as the only argument to the key function
-            key_offset = key_list[0]
-            key_argument = lambda zipped_items: key(zipped_items[key_offset])
-        else:
-            # if key_list contains multiple items, use itemgetter to return a
-            # tuple of items, which we pass as *args to the key function
-            get_key_items = itemgetter(*key_list)
-            key_argument = lambda zipped_items: key(
-                *get_key_items(zipped_items)
-            )
-
-    return list(
-        zip(*sorted(zip(*iterables), key=key_argument, reverse=reverse))
-    )
-
-
-def unzip(iterable):
-    """The inverse of :func:`zip`, this function disaggregates the elements
-    of the zipped *iterable*.
-
-    The ``i``-th iterable contains the ``i``-th element from each element
-    of the zipped iterable. The first element is used to determine the
-    length of the remaining elements.
-
-        >>> iterable = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
-        >>> letters, numbers = unzip(iterable)
-        >>> list(letters)
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
-        >>> list(numbers)
-        [1, 2, 3, 4]
-
-    This is similar to using ``zip(*iterable)``, but it avoids reading
-    *iterable* into memory. Note, however, that this function uses
-    :func:`itertools.tee` and thus may require significant storage.
-
-    """
-    head, iterable = spy(iter(iterable))
-    if not head:
-        # empty iterable, e.g. zip([], [], [])
-        return ()
-    # spy returns a one-length iterable as head
-    head = head[0]
-    iterables = tee(iterable, len(head))
-
-    def itemgetter(i):
-        def getter(obj):
-            try:
-                return obj[i]
-            except IndexError:
-                # basically if we have an iterable like
-                # iter([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5), (6,)])
-                # the second unzipped iterable would fail at the third tuple
-                # since it would try to access tup[1]
-                # same with the third unzipped iterable and the second tuple
-                # to support these "improperly zipped" iterables,
-                # we create a custom itemgetter
-                # which just stops the unzipped iterables
-                # at first length mismatch
-                raise StopIteration
-
-        return getter
-
-    return tuple(map(itemgetter(i), it) for i, it in enumerate(iterables))
-
-
-def divide(n, iterable):
-    """Divide the elements from *iterable* into *n* parts, maintaining
-    order.
-
-        >>> group_1, group_2 = divide(2, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
-        >>> list(group_1)
-        [1, 2, 3]
-        >>> list(group_2)
-        [4, 5, 6]
-
-    If the length of *iterable* is not evenly divisible by *n*, then the
-    length of the returned iterables will not be identical:
-
-        >>> children = divide(3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
-        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
-        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]]
-
-    If the length of the iterable is smaller than n, then the last returned
-    iterables will be empty:
-
-        >>> children = divide(5, [1, 2, 3])
-        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
-        [[1], [2], [3], [], []]
-
-    This function will exhaust the iterable before returning.
-    If order is not important, see :func:`distribute`, which does not first
-    pull the iterable into memory.
-
-    """
-    if n < 1:
-        raise ValueError('n must be at least 1')
-
-    try:
-        iterable[:0]
-    except TypeError:
-        seq = tuple(iterable)
-    else:
-        seq = iterable
-
-    q, r = divmod(len(seq), n)
-
-    ret = []
-    stop = 0
-    for i in range(1, n + 1):
-        start = stop
-        stop += q + 1 if i <= r else q
-        ret.append(iter(seq[start:stop]))
-
-    return ret
-
-
-def always_iterable(obj, base_type=(str, bytes)):
-    """If *obj* is iterable, return an iterator over its items::
-
-        >>> obj = (1, 2, 3)
-        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
-        [1, 2, 3]
-
-    If *obj* is not iterable, return a one-item iterable containing *obj*::
-
-        >>> obj = 1
-        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
-        [1]
-
-    If *obj* is ``None``, return an empty iterable:
-
-        >>> obj = None
-        >>> list(always_iterable(None))
-        []
-
-    By default, binary and text strings are not considered iterable::
-
-        >>> obj = 'foo'
-        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
-        ['foo']
-
-    If *base_type* is set, objects for which ``isinstance(obj, base_type)``
-    returns ``True`` won't be considered iterable.
-
-        >>> obj = {'a': 1}
-        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))  # Iterate over the dict's keys
-        ['a']
-        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=dict))  # Treat dicts as a unit
-        [{'a': 1}]
-
-    Set *base_type* to ``None`` to avoid any special handling and treat objects
-    Python considers iterable as iterable:
-
-        >>> obj = 'foo'
-        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=None))
-        ['f', 'o', 'o']
-    """
-    if obj is None:
-        return iter(())
-
-    if (base_type is not None) and isinstance(obj, base_type):
-        return iter((obj,))
-
-    try:
-        return iter(obj)
-    except TypeError:
-        return iter((obj,))
-
-
-def adjacent(predicate, iterable, distance=1):
-    """Return an iterable over `(bool, item)` tuples where the `item` is
-    drawn from *iterable* and the `bool` indicates whether
-    that item satisfies the *predicate* or is adjacent to an item that does.
-
-    For example, to find whether items are adjacent to a ``3``::
-
-        >>> list(adjacent(lambda x: x == 3, range(6)))
-        [(False, 0), (False, 1), (True, 2), (True, 3), (True, 4), (False, 5)]
-
-    Set *distance* to change what counts as adjacent. For example, to find
-    whether items are two places away from a ``3``:
-
-        >>> list(adjacent(lambda x: x == 3, range(6), distance=2))
-        [(False, 0), (True, 1), (True, 2), (True, 3), (True, 4), (True, 5)]
-
-    This is useful for contextualizing the results of a search function.
-    For example, a code comparison tool might want to identify lines that
-    have changed, but also surrounding lines to give the viewer of the diff
-    context.
-
-    The predicate function will only be called once for each item in the
-    iterable.
-
-    See also :func:`groupby_transform`, which can be used with this function
-    to group ranges of items with the same `bool` value.
-
-    """
-    # Allow distance=0 mainly for testing that it reproduces results with map()
-    if distance < 0:
-        raise ValueError('distance must be at least 0')
-
-    i1, i2 = tee(iterable)
-    padding = [False] * distance
-    selected = chain(padding, map(predicate, i1), padding)
-    adjacent_to_selected = map(any, windowed(selected, 2 * distance + 1))
-    return zip(adjacent_to_selected, i2)
-
-
-def groupby_transform(iterable, keyfunc=None, valuefunc=None, reducefunc=None):
-    """An extension of :func:`itertools.groupby` that can apply transformations
-    to the grouped data.
-
-    * *keyfunc* is a function computing a key value for each item in *iterable*
-    * *valuefunc* is a function that transforms the individual items from
-      *iterable* after grouping
-    * *reducefunc* is a function that transforms each group of items
-
-    >>> iterable = 'aAAbBBcCC'
-    >>> keyfunc = lambda k: k.upper()
-    >>> valuefunc = lambda v: v.lower()
-    >>> reducefunc = lambda g: ''.join(g)
-    >>> list(groupby_transform(iterable, keyfunc, valuefunc, reducefunc))
-    [('A', 'aaa'), ('B', 'bbb'), ('C', 'ccc')]
-
-    Each optional argument defaults to an identity function if not specified.
-
-    :func:`groupby_transform` is useful when grouping elements of an iterable
-    using a separate iterable as the key. To do this, :func:`zip` the iterables
-    and pass a *keyfunc* that extracts the first element and a *valuefunc*
-    that extracts the second element::
-
-        >>> from operator import itemgetter
-        >>> keys = [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]
-        >>> values = 'abcdefghi'
-        >>> iterable = zip(keys, values)
-        >>> grouper = groupby_transform(iterable, itemgetter(0), itemgetter(1))
-        >>> [(k, ''.join(g)) for k, g in grouper]
-        [(0, 'ab'), (1, 'cde'), (2, 'fgh'), (3, 'i')]
-
-    Note that the order of items in the iterable is significant.
-    Only adjacent items are grouped together, so if you don't want any
-    duplicate groups, you should sort the iterable by the key function.
-
-    """
-    ret = groupby(iterable, keyfunc)
-    if valuefunc:
-        ret = ((k, map(valuefunc, g)) for k, g in ret)
-    if reducefunc:
-        ret = ((k, reducefunc(g)) for k, g in ret)
-
-    return ret
-
-
-class numeric_range(abc.Sequence, abc.Hashable):
-    """An extension of the built-in ``range()`` function whose arguments can
-    be any orderable numeric type.
-
-    With only *stop* specified, *start* defaults to ``0`` and *step*
-    defaults to ``1``. The output items will match the type of *stop*:
-
-        >>> list(numeric_range(3.5))
-        [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
-
-    With only *start* and *stop* specified, *step* defaults to ``1``. The
-    output items will match the type of *start*:
-
-        >>> from decimal import Decimal
-        >>> start = Decimal('2.1')
-        >>> stop = Decimal('5.1')
-        >>> list(numeric_range(start, stop))
-        [Decimal('2.1'), Decimal('3.1'), Decimal('4.1')]
-
-    With *start*, *stop*, and *step*  specified the output items will match
-    the type of ``start + step``:
-
-        >>> from fractions import Fraction
-        >>> start = Fraction(1, 2)  # Start at 1/2
-        >>> stop = Fraction(5, 2)  # End at 5/2
-        >>> step = Fraction(1, 2)  # Count by 1/2
-        >>> list(numeric_range(start, stop, step))
-        [Fraction(1, 2), Fraction(1, 1), Fraction(3, 2), Fraction(2, 1)]
-
-    If *step* is zero, ``ValueError`` is raised. Negative steps are supported:
-
-        >>> list(numeric_range(3, -1, -1.0))
-        [3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.0]
-
-    Be aware of the limitations of floating point numbers; the representation
-    of the yielded numbers may be surprising.
-
-    ``datetime.datetime`` objects can be used for *start* and *stop*, if *step*
-    is a ``datetime.timedelta`` object:
-
-        >>> import datetime
-        >>> start = datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 1)
-        >>> stop = datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 3)
-        >>> step = datetime.timedelta(days=1)
-        >>> items = iter(numeric_range(start, stop, step))
-        >>> next(items)
-        datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0)
-        >>> next(items)
-        datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 0, 0)
-
-    """
-
-    _EMPTY_HASH = hash(range(0, 0))
-
-    def __init__(self, *args):
-        argc = len(args)
-        if argc == 1:
-            (self._stop,) = args
-            self._start = type(self._stop)(0)
-            self._step = type(self._stop - self._start)(1)
-        elif argc == 2:
-            self._start, self._stop = args
-            self._step = type(self._stop - self._start)(1)
-        elif argc == 3:
-            self._start, self._stop, self._step = args
-        elif argc == 0:
-            raise TypeError(
-                'numeric_range expected at least '
-                '1 argument, got {}'.format(argc)
-            )
-        else:
-            raise TypeError(
-                'numeric_range expected at most '
-                '3 arguments, got {}'.format(argc)
-            )
-
-        self._zero = type(self._step)(0)
-        if self._step == self._zero:
-            raise ValueError('numeric_range() arg 3 must not be zero')
-        self._growing = self._step > self._zero
-
-    def __bool__(self):
-        if self._growing:
-            return self._start < self._stop
-        else:
-            return self._start > self._stop
-
-    def __contains__(self, elem):
-        if self._growing:
-            if self._start <= elem < self._stop:
-                return (elem - self._start) % self._step == self._zero
-        else:
-            if self._start >= elem > self._stop:
-                return (self._start - elem) % (-self._step) == self._zero
-
-        return False
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, numeric_range):
-            empty_self = not bool(self)
-            empty_other = not bool(other)
-            if empty_self or empty_other:
-                return empty_self and empty_other  # True if both empty
-            else:
-                return (
-                    self._start == other._start
-                    and self._step == other._step
-                    and self._get_by_index(-1) == other._get_by_index(-1)
-                )
-        else:
-            return False
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        if isinstance(key, int):
-            return self._get_by_index(key)
-        elif isinstance(key, slice):
-            step = self._step if key.step is None else key.step * self._step
-
-            if key.start is None or key.start <= -self._len:
-                start = self._start
-            elif key.start >= self._len:
-                start = self._stop
-            else:  # -self._len < key.start < self._len
-                start = self._get_by_index(key.start)
-
-            if key.stop is None or key.stop >= self._len:
-                stop = self._stop
-            elif key.stop <= -self._len:
-                stop = self._start
-            else:  # -self._len < key.stop < self._len
-                stop = self._get_by_index(key.stop)
-
-            return numeric_range(start, stop, step)
-        else:
-            raise TypeError(
-                'numeric range indices must be '
-                'integers or slices, not {}'.format(type(key).__name__)
-            )
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        if self:
-            return hash((self._start, self._get_by_index(-1), self._step))
-        else:
-            return self._EMPTY_HASH
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        values = (self._start + (n * self._step) for n in count())
-        if self._growing:
-            return takewhile(partial(gt, self._stop), values)
-        else:
-            return takewhile(partial(lt, self._stop), values)
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return self._len
-
-    @cached_property
-    def _len(self):
-        if self._growing:
-            start = self._start
-            stop = self._stop
-            step = self._step
-        else:
-            start = self._stop
-            stop = self._start
-            step = -self._step
-        distance = stop - start
-        if distance <= self._zero:
-            return 0
-        else:  # distance > 0 and step > 0: regular euclidean division
-            q, r = divmod(distance, step)
-            return int(q) + int(r != self._zero)
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return numeric_range, (self._start, self._stop, self._step)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        if self._step == 1:
-            return "numeric_range({}, {})".format(
-                repr(self._start), repr(self._stop)
-            )
-        else:
-            return "numeric_range({}, {}, {})".format(
-                repr(self._start), repr(self._stop), repr(self._step)
-            )
-
-    def __reversed__(self):
-        return iter(
-            numeric_range(
-                self._get_by_index(-1), self._start - self._step, -self._step
-            )
-        )
-
-    def count(self, value):
-        return int(value in self)
-
-    def index(self, value):
-        if self._growing:
-            if self._start <= value < self._stop:
-                q, r = divmod(value - self._start, self._step)
-                if r == self._zero:
-                    return int(q)
-        else:
-            if self._start >= value > self._stop:
-                q, r = divmod(self._start - value, -self._step)
-                if r == self._zero:
-                    return int(q)
-
-        raise ValueError("{} is not in numeric range".format(value))
-
-    def _get_by_index(self, i):
-        if i < 0:
-            i += self._len
-        if i < 0 or i >= self._len:
-            raise IndexError("numeric range object index out of range")
-        return self._start + i * self._step
-
-
-def count_cycle(iterable, n=None):
-    """Cycle through the items from *iterable* up to *n* times, yielding
-    the number of completed cycles along with each item. If *n* is omitted the
-    process repeats indefinitely.
-
-    >>> list(count_cycle('AB', 3))
-    [(0, 'A'), (0, 'B'), (1, 'A'), (1, 'B'), (2, 'A'), (2, 'B')]
-
-    """
-    iterable = tuple(iterable)
-    if not iterable:
-        return iter(())
-    counter = count() if n is None else range(n)
-    return ((i, item) for i in counter for item in iterable)
-
-
-def mark_ends(iterable):
-    """Yield 3-tuples of the form ``(is_first, is_last, item)``.
-
-    >>> list(mark_ends('ABC'))
-    [(True, False, 'A'), (False, False, 'B'), (False, True, 'C')]
-
-    Use this when looping over an iterable to take special action on its first
-    and/or last items:
-
-    >>> iterable = ['Header', 100, 200, 'Footer']
-    >>> total = 0
-    >>> for is_first, is_last, item in mark_ends(iterable):
-    ...     if is_first:
-    ...         continue  # Skip the header
-    ...     if is_last:
-    ...         continue  # Skip the footer
-    ...     total += item
-    >>> print(total)
-    300
-    """
-    it = iter(iterable)
-
-    try:
-        b = next(it)
-    except StopIteration:
-        return
-
-    try:
-        for i in count():
-            a = b
-            b = next(it)
-            yield i == 0, False, a
-
-    except StopIteration:
-        yield i == 0, True, a
-
-
-def locate(iterable, pred=bool, window_size=None):
-    """Yield the index of each item in *iterable* for which *pred* returns
-    ``True``.
-
-    *pred* defaults to :func:`bool`, which will select truthy items:
-
-        >>> list(locate([0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0]))
-        [1, 2, 4]
-
-    Set *pred* to a custom function to, e.g., find the indexes for a particular
-    item.
-
-        >>> list(locate(['a', 'b', 'c', 'b'], lambda x: x == 'b'))
-        [1, 3]
-
-    If *window_size* is given, then the *pred* function will be called with
-    that many items. This enables searching for sub-sequences:
-
-        >>> iterable = [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]
-        >>> pred = lambda *args: args == (1, 2, 3)
-        >>> list(locate(iterable, pred=pred, window_size=3))
-        [1, 5, 9]
-
-    Use with :func:`seekable` to find indexes and then retrieve the associated
-    items:
-
-        >>> from itertools import count
-        >>> from more_itertools import seekable
-        >>> source = (3 * n + 1 if (n % 2) else n // 2 for n in count())
-        >>> it = seekable(source)
-        >>> pred = lambda x: x > 100
-        >>> indexes = locate(it, pred=pred)
-        >>> i = next(indexes)
-        >>> it.seek(i)
-        >>> next(it)
-        106
-
-    """
-    if window_size is None:
-        return compress(count(), map(pred, iterable))
-
-    if window_size < 1:
-        raise ValueError('window size must be at least 1')
-
-    it = windowed(iterable, window_size, fillvalue=_marker)
-    return compress(count(), starmap(pred, it))
-
-
-def longest_common_prefix(iterables):
-    """Yield elements of the longest common prefix amongst given *iterables*.
-
-    >>> ''.join(longest_common_prefix(['abcd', 'abc', 'abf']))
-    'ab'
-
-    """
-    return (c[0] for c in takewhile(all_equal, zip(*iterables)))
-
-
-def lstrip(iterable, pred):
-    """Yield the items from *iterable*, but strip any from the beginning
-    for which *pred* returns ``True``.
-
-    For example, to remove a set of items from the start of an iterable:
-
-        >>> iterable = (None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3, False, None)
-        >>> pred = lambda x: x in {None, False, ''}
-        >>> list(lstrip(iterable, pred))
-        [1, 2, None, 3, False, None]
-
-    This function is analogous to to :func:`str.lstrip`, and is essentially
-    an wrapper for :func:`itertools.dropwhile`.
-
-    """
-    return dropwhile(pred, iterable)
-
-
-def rstrip(iterable, pred):
-    """Yield the items from *iterable*, but strip any from the end
-    for which *pred* returns ``True``.
-
-    For example, to remove a set of items from the end of an iterable:
-
-        >>> iterable = (None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3, False, None)
-        >>> pred = lambda x: x in {None, False, ''}
-        >>> list(rstrip(iterable, pred))
-        [None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3]
-
-    This function is analogous to :func:`str.rstrip`.
-
-    """
-    cache = []
-    cache_append = cache.append
-    cache_clear = cache.clear
-    for x in iterable:
-        if pred(x):
-            cache_append(x)
-        else:
-            yield from cache
-            cache_clear()
-            yield x
-
-
-def strip(iterable, pred):
-    """Yield the items from *iterable*, but strip any from the
-    beginning and end for which *pred* returns ``True``.
-
-    For example, to remove a set of items from both ends of an iterable:
-
-        >>> iterable = (None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3, False, None)
-        >>> pred = lambda x: x in {None, False, ''}
-        >>> list(strip(iterable, pred))
-        [1, 2, None, 3]
-
-    This function is analogous to :func:`str.strip`.
-
-    """
-    return rstrip(lstrip(iterable, pred), pred)
-
-
-class islice_extended:
-    """An extension of :func:`itertools.islice` that supports negative values
-    for *stop*, *start*, and *step*.
-
-        >>> iterable = iter('abcdefgh')
-        >>> list(islice_extended(iterable, -4, -1))
-        ['e', 'f', 'g']
-
-    Slices with negative values require some caching of *iterable*, but this
-    function takes care to minimize the amount of memory required.
-
-    For example, you can use a negative step with an infinite iterator:
-
-        >>> from itertools import count
-        >>> list(islice_extended(count(), 110, 99, -2))
-        [110, 108, 106, 104, 102, 100]
-
-    You can also use slice notation directly:
-
-        >>> iterable = map(str, count())
-        >>> it = islice_extended(iterable)[10:20:2]
-        >>> list(it)
-        ['10', '12', '14', '16', '18']
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, iterable, *args):
-        it = iter(iterable)
-        if args:
-            self._iterable = _islice_helper(it, slice(*args))
-        else:
-            self._iterable = it
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __next__(self):
-        return next(self._iterable)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        if isinstance(key, slice):
-            return islice_extended(_islice_helper(self._iterable, key))
-
-        raise TypeError('islice_extended.__getitem__ argument must be a slice')
-
-
-def _islice_helper(it, s):
-    start = s.start
-    stop = s.stop
-    if s.step == 0:
-        raise ValueError('step argument must be a non-zero integer or None.')
-    step = s.step or 1
-
-    if step > 0:
-        start = 0 if (start is None) else start
-
-        if start < 0:
-            # Consume all but the last -start items
-            cache = deque(enumerate(it, 1), maxlen=-start)
-            len_iter = cache[-1][0] if cache else 0
-
-            # Adjust start to be positive
-            i = max(len_iter + start, 0)
-
-            # Adjust stop to be positive
-            if stop is None:
-                j = len_iter
-            elif stop >= 0:
-                j = min(stop, len_iter)
-            else:
-                j = max(len_iter + stop, 0)
-
-            # Slice the cache
-            n = j - i
-            if n <= 0:
-                return
-
-            for index, item in islice(cache, 0, n, step):
-                yield item
-        elif (stop is not None) and (stop < 0):
-            # Advance to the start position
-            next(islice(it, start, start), None)
-
-            # When stop is negative, we have to carry -stop items while
-            # iterating
-            cache = deque(islice(it, -stop), maxlen=-stop)
-
-            for index, item in enumerate(it):
-                cached_item = cache.popleft()
-                if index % step == 0:
-                    yield cached_item
-                cache.append(item)
-        else:
-            # When both start and stop are positive we have the normal case
-            yield from islice(it, start, stop, step)
-    else:
-        start = -1 if (start is None) else start
-
-        if (stop is not None) and (stop < 0):
-            # Consume all but the last items
-            n = -stop - 1
-            cache = deque(enumerate(it, 1), maxlen=n)
-            len_iter = cache[-1][0] if cache else 0
-
-            # If start and stop are both negative they are comparable and
-            # we can just slice. Otherwise we can adjust start to be negative
-            # and then slice.
-            if start < 0:
-                i, j = start, stop
-            else:
-                i, j = min(start - len_iter, -1), None
-
-            for index, item in list(cache)[i:j:step]:
-                yield item
-        else:
-            # Advance to the stop position
-            if stop is not None:
-                m = stop + 1
-                next(islice(it, m, m), None)
-
-            # stop is positive, so if start is negative they are not comparable
-            # and we need the rest of the items.
-            if start < 0:
-                i = start
-                n = None
-            # stop is None and start is positive, so we just need items up to
-            # the start index.
-            elif stop is None:
-                i = None
-                n = start + 1
-            # Both stop and start are positive, so they are comparable.
-            else:
-                i = None
-                n = start - stop
-                if n <= 0:
-                    return
-
-            cache = list(islice(it, n))
-
-            yield from cache[i::step]
-
-
-def always_reversible(iterable):
-    """An extension of :func:`reversed` that supports all iterables, not
-    just those which implement the ``Reversible`` or ``Sequence`` protocols.
-
-        >>> print(*always_reversible(x for x in range(3)))
-        2 1 0
-
-    If the iterable is already reversible, this function returns the
-    result of :func:`reversed()`. If the iterable is not reversible,
-    this function will cache the remaining items in the iterable and
-    yield them in reverse order, which may require significant storage.
-    """
-    try:
-        return reversed(iterable)
-    except TypeError:
-        return reversed(list(iterable))
-
-
-def consecutive_groups(iterable, ordering=lambda x: x):
-    """Yield groups of consecutive items using :func:`itertools.groupby`.
-    The *ordering* function determines whether two items are adjacent by
-    returning their position.
-
-    By default, the ordering function is the identity function. This is
-    suitable for finding runs of numbers:
-
-        >>> iterable = [1, 10, 11, 12, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40]
-        >>> for group in consecutive_groups(iterable):
-        ...     print(list(group))
-        [1]
-        [10, 11, 12]
-        [20]
-        [30, 31, 32, 33]
-        [40]
-
-    For finding runs of adjacent letters, try using the :meth:`index` method
-    of a string of letters:
-
-        >>> from string import ascii_lowercase
-        >>> iterable = 'abcdfgilmnop'
-        >>> ordering = ascii_lowercase.index
-        >>> for group in consecutive_groups(iterable, ordering):
-        ...     print(list(group))
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
-        ['f', 'g']
-        ['i']
-        ['l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p']
-
-    Each group of consecutive items is an iterator that shares it source with
-    *iterable*. When an an output group is advanced, the previous group is
-    no longer available unless its elements are copied (e.g., into a ``list``).
-
-        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 11, 12, 21, 22]
-        >>> saved_groups = []
-        >>> for group in consecutive_groups(iterable):
-        ...     saved_groups.append(list(group))  # Copy group elements
-        >>> saved_groups
-        [[1, 2], [11, 12], [21, 22]]
-
-    """
-    for k, g in groupby(
-        enumerate(iterable), key=lambda x: x[0] - ordering(x[1])
-    ):
-        yield map(itemgetter(1), g)
-
-
-def difference(iterable, func=sub, *, initial=None):
-    """This function is the inverse of :func:`itertools.accumulate`. By default
-    it will compute the first difference of *iterable* using
-    :func:`operator.sub`:
-
-        >>> from itertools import accumulate
-        >>> iterable = accumulate([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])  # produces 0, 1, 3, 6, 10
-        >>> list(difference(iterable))
-        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-
-    *func* defaults to :func:`operator.sub`, but other functions can be
-    specified. They will be applied as follows::
-
-        A, B, C, D, ... --> A, func(B, A), func(C, B), func(D, C), ...
-
-    For example, to do progressive division:
-
-        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 6, 24, 120]
-        >>> func = lambda x, y: x // y
-        >>> list(difference(iterable, func))
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-
-    If the *initial* keyword is set, the first element will be skipped when
-    computing successive differences.
-
-        >>> it = [10, 11, 13, 16]  # from accumulate([1, 2, 3], initial=10)
-        >>> list(difference(it, initial=10))
-        [1, 2, 3]
-
-    """
-    a, b = tee(iterable)
-    try:
-        first = [next(b)]
-    except StopIteration:
-        return iter([])
-
-    if initial is not None:
-        first = []
-
-    return chain(first, map(func, b, a))
-
-
-class SequenceView(Sequence):
-    """Return a read-only view of the sequence object *target*.
-
-    :class:`SequenceView` objects are analogous to Python's built-in
-    "dictionary view" types. They provide a dynamic view of a sequence's items,
-    meaning that when the sequence updates, so does the view.
-
-        >>> seq = ['0', '1', '2']
-        >>> view = SequenceView(seq)
-        >>> view
-        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2'])
-        >>> seq.append('3')
-        >>> view
-        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2', '3'])
-
-    Sequence views support indexing, slicing, and length queries. They act
-    like the underlying sequence, except they don't allow assignment:
-
-        >>> view[1]
-        '1'
-        >>> view[1:-1]
-        ['1', '2']
-        >>> len(view)
-        4
-
-    Sequence views are useful as an alternative to copying, as they don't
-    require (much) extra storage.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, target):
-        if not isinstance(target, Sequence):
-            raise TypeError
-        self._target = target
-
-    def __getitem__(self, index):
-        return self._target[index]
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self._target)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, repr(self._target))
-
-
-class seekable:
-    """Wrap an iterator to allow for seeking backward and forward. This
-    progressively caches the items in the source iterable so they can be
-    re-visited.
-
-    Call :meth:`seek` with an index to seek to that position in the source
-    iterable.
-
-    To "reset" an iterator, seek to ``0``:
-
-        >>> from itertools import count
-        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in count()))
-        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
-        ('0', '1', '2')
-        >>> it.seek(0)
-        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
-        ('0', '1', '2')
-        >>> next(it)
-        '3'
-
-    You can also seek forward:
-
-        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in range(20)))
-        >>> it.seek(10)
-        >>> next(it)
-        '10'
-        >>> it.relative_seek(-2)  # Seeking relative to the current position
-        >>> next(it)
-        '9'
-        >>> it.seek(20)  # Seeking past the end of the source isn't a problem
-        >>> list(it)
-        []
-        >>> it.seek(0)  # Resetting works even after hitting the end
-        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
-        ('0', '1', '2')
-
-    Call :meth:`peek` to look ahead one item without advancing the iterator:
-
-        >>> it = seekable('1234')
-        >>> it.peek()
-        '1'
-        >>> list(it)
-        ['1', '2', '3', '4']
-        >>> it.peek(default='empty')
-        'empty'
-
-    Before the iterator is at its end, calling :func:`bool` on it will return
-    ``True``. After it will return ``False``:
-
-        >>> it = seekable('5678')
-        >>> bool(it)
-        True
-        >>> list(it)
-        ['5', '6', '7', '8']
-        >>> bool(it)
-        False
-
-    You may view the contents of the cache with the :meth:`elements` method.
-    That returns a :class:`SequenceView`, a view that updates automatically:
-
-        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in range(10)))
-        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
-        ('0', '1', '2')
-        >>> elements = it.elements()
-        >>> elements
-        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2'])
-        >>> next(it)
-        '3'
-        >>> elements
-        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2', '3'])
-
-    By default, the cache grows as the source iterable progresses, so beware of
-    wrapping very large or infinite iterables. Supply *maxlen* to limit the
-    size of the cache (this of course limits how far back you can seek).
-
-        >>> from itertools import count
-        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in count()), maxlen=2)
-        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it), next(it)
-        ('0', '1', '2', '3')
-        >>> list(it.elements())
-        ['2', '3']
-        >>> it.seek(0)
-        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it), next(it)
-        ('2', '3', '4', '5')
-        >>> next(it)
-        '6'
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, iterable, maxlen=None):
-        self._source = iter(iterable)
-        if maxlen is None:
-            self._cache = []
-        else:
-            self._cache = deque([], maxlen)
-        self._index = None
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __next__(self):
-        if self._index is not None:
-            try:
-                item = self._cache[self._index]
-            except IndexError:
-                self._index = None
-            else:
-                self._index += 1
-                return item
-
-        item = next(self._source)
-        self._cache.append(item)
-        return item
-
-    def __bool__(self):
-        try:
-            self.peek()
-        except StopIteration:
-            return False
-        return True
-
-    def peek(self, default=_marker):
-        try:
-            peeked = next(self)
-        except StopIteration:
-            if default is _marker:
-                raise
-            return default
-        if self._index is None:
-            self._index = len(self._cache)
-        self._index -= 1
-        return peeked
-
-    def elements(self):
-        return SequenceView(self._cache)
-
-    def seek(self, index):
-        self._index = index
-        remainder = index - len(self._cache)
-        if remainder > 0:
-            consume(self, remainder)
-
-    def relative_seek(self, count):
-        index = len(self._cache)
-        self.seek(max(index + count, 0))
-
-
-class run_length:
-    """
-    :func:`run_length.encode` compresses an iterable with run-length encoding.
-    It yields groups of repeated items with the count of how many times they
-    were repeated:
-
-        >>> uncompressed = 'abbcccdddd'
-        >>> list(run_length.encode(uncompressed))
-        [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
-
-    :func:`run_length.decode` decompresses an iterable that was previously
-    compressed with run-length encoding. It yields the items of the
-    decompressed iterable:
-
-        >>> compressed = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
-        >>> list(run_length.decode(compressed))
-        ['a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'd', 'd', 'd']
-
-    """
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def encode(iterable):
-        return ((k, ilen(g)) for k, g in groupby(iterable))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def decode(iterable):
-        return chain.from_iterable(repeat(k, n) for k, n in iterable)
-
-
-def exactly_n(iterable, n, predicate=bool):
-    """Return ``True`` if exactly ``n`` items in the iterable are ``True``
-    according to the *predicate* function.
-
-        >>> exactly_n([True, True, False], 2)
-        True
-        >>> exactly_n([True, True, False], 1)
-        False
-        >>> exactly_n([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3, lambda x: x < 3)
-        True
-
-    The iterable will be advanced until ``n + 1`` truthy items are encountered,
-    so avoid calling it on infinite iterables.
-
-    """
-    return len(take(n + 1, filter(predicate, iterable))) == n
-
-
-def circular_shifts(iterable):
-    """Return a list of circular shifts of *iterable*.
-
-    >>> circular_shifts(range(4))
-    [(0, 1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3, 0), (2, 3, 0, 1), (3, 0, 1, 2)]
-    """
-    lst = list(iterable)
-    return take(len(lst), windowed(cycle(lst), len(lst)))
-
-
-def make_decorator(wrapping_func, result_index=0):
-    """Return a decorator version of *wrapping_func*, which is a function that
-    modifies an iterable. *result_index* is the position in that function's
-    signature where the iterable goes.
-
-    This lets you use itertools on the "production end," i.e. at function
-    definition. This can augment what the function returns without changing the
-    function's code.
-
-    For example, to produce a decorator version of :func:`chunked`:
-
-        >>> from more_itertools import chunked
-        >>> chunker = make_decorator(chunked, result_index=0)
-        >>> @chunker(3)
-        ... def iter_range(n):
-        ...     return iter(range(n))
-        ...
-        >>> list(iter_range(9))
-        [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]
-
-    To only allow truthy items to be returned:
-
-        >>> truth_serum = make_decorator(filter, result_index=1)
-        >>> @truth_serum(bool)
-        ... def boolean_test():
-        ...     return [0, 1, '', ' ', False, True]
-        ...
-        >>> list(boolean_test())
-        [1, ' ', True]
-
-    The :func:`peekable` and :func:`seekable` wrappers make for practical
-    decorators:
-
-        >>> from more_itertools import peekable
-        >>> peekable_function = make_decorator(peekable)
-        >>> @peekable_function()
-        ... def str_range(*args):
-        ...     return (str(x) for x in range(*args))
-        ...
-        >>> it = str_range(1, 20, 2)
-        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
-        ('1', '3', '5')
-        >>> it.peek()
-        '7'
-        >>> next(it)
-        '7'
-
-    """
-
-    # See https://sites.google.com/site/bbayles/index/decorator_factory for
-    # notes on how this works.
-    def decorator(*wrapping_args, **wrapping_kwargs):
-        def outer_wrapper(f):
-            def inner_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-                result = f(*args, **kwargs)
-                wrapping_args_ = list(wrapping_args)
-                wrapping_args_.insert(result_index, result)
-                return wrapping_func(*wrapping_args_, **wrapping_kwargs)
-
-            return inner_wrapper
-
-        return outer_wrapper
-
-    return decorator
-
-
-def map_reduce(iterable, keyfunc, valuefunc=None, reducefunc=None):
-    """Return a dictionary that maps the items in *iterable* to categories
-    defined by *keyfunc*, transforms them with *valuefunc*, and
-    then summarizes them by category with *reducefunc*.
-
-    *valuefunc* defaults to the identity function if it is unspecified.
-    If *reducefunc* is unspecified, no summarization takes place:
-
-        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x.upper()
-        >>> result = map_reduce('abbccc', keyfunc)
-        >>> sorted(result.items())
-        [('A', ['a']), ('B', ['b', 'b']), ('C', ['c', 'c', 'c'])]
-
-    Specifying *valuefunc* transforms the categorized items:
-
-        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x.upper()
-        >>> valuefunc = lambda x: 1
-        >>> result = map_reduce('abbccc', keyfunc, valuefunc)
-        >>> sorted(result.items())
-        [('A', [1]), ('B', [1, 1]), ('C', [1, 1, 1])]
-
-    Specifying *reducefunc* summarizes the categorized items:
-
-        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x.upper()
-        >>> valuefunc = lambda x: 1
-        >>> reducefunc = sum
-        >>> result = map_reduce('abbccc', keyfunc, valuefunc, reducefunc)
-        >>> sorted(result.items())
-        [('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 3)]
-
-    You may want to filter the input iterable before applying the map/reduce
-    procedure:
-
-        >>> all_items = range(30)
-        >>> items = [x for x in all_items if 10 <= x <= 20]  # Filter
-        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x % 2  # Evens map to 0; odds to 1
-        >>> categories = map_reduce(items, keyfunc=keyfunc)
-        >>> sorted(categories.items())
-        [(0, [10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]), (1, [11, 13, 15, 17, 19])]
-        >>> summaries = map_reduce(items, keyfunc=keyfunc, reducefunc=sum)
-        >>> sorted(summaries.items())
-        [(0, 90), (1, 75)]
-
-    Note that all items in the iterable are gathered into a list before the
-    summarization step, which may require significant storage.
-
-    The returned object is a :obj:`collections.defaultdict` with the
-    ``default_factory`` set to ``None``, such that it behaves like a normal
-    dictionary.
-
-    """
-    valuefunc = (lambda x: x) if (valuefunc is None) else valuefunc
-
-    ret = defaultdict(list)
-    for item in iterable:
-        key = keyfunc(item)
-        value = valuefunc(item)
-        ret[key].append(value)
-
-    if reducefunc is not None:
-        for key, value_list in ret.items():
-            ret[key] = reducefunc(value_list)
-
-    ret.default_factory = None
-    return ret
-
-
-def rlocate(iterable, pred=bool, window_size=None):
-    """Yield the index of each item in *iterable* for which *pred* returns
-    ``True``, starting from the right and moving left.
-
-    *pred* defaults to :func:`bool`, which will select truthy items:
-
-        >>> list(rlocate([0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0]))  # Truthy at 1, 2, and 4
-        [4, 2, 1]
-
-    Set *pred* to a custom function to, e.g., find the indexes for a particular
-    item:
-
-        >>> iterable = iter('abcb')
-        >>> pred = lambda x: x == 'b'
-        >>> list(rlocate(iterable, pred))
-        [3, 1]
-
-    If *window_size* is given, then the *pred* function will be called with
-    that many items. This enables searching for sub-sequences:
-
-        >>> iterable = [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]
-        >>> pred = lambda *args: args == (1, 2, 3)
-        >>> list(rlocate(iterable, pred=pred, window_size=3))
-        [9, 5, 1]
-
-    Beware, this function won't return anything for infinite iterables.
-    If *iterable* is reversible, ``rlocate`` will reverse it and search from
-    the right. Otherwise, it will search from the left and return the results
-    in reverse order.
-
-    See :func:`locate` to for other example applications.
-
-    """
-    if window_size is None:
-        try:
-            len_iter = len(iterable)
-            return (len_iter - i - 1 for i in locate(reversed(iterable), pred))
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-
-    return reversed(list(locate(iterable, pred, window_size)))
-
-
-def replace(iterable, pred, substitutes, count=None, window_size=1):
-    """Yield the items from *iterable*, replacing the items for which *pred*
-    returns ``True`` with the items from the iterable *substitutes*.
-
-        >>> iterable = [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
-        >>> pred = lambda x: x == 0
-        >>> substitutes = (2, 3)
-        >>> list(replace(iterable, pred, substitutes))
-        [1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1]
-
-    If *count* is given, the number of replacements will be limited:
-
-        >>> iterable = [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0]
-        >>> pred = lambda x: x == 0
-        >>> substitutes = [None]
-        >>> list(replace(iterable, pred, substitutes, count=2))
-        [1, 1, None, 1, 1, None, 1, 1, 0]
-
-    Use *window_size* to control the number of items passed as arguments to
-    *pred*. This allows for locating and replacing subsequences.
-
-        >>> iterable = [0, 1, 2, 5, 0, 1, 2, 5]
-        >>> window_size = 3
-        >>> pred = lambda *args: args == (0, 1, 2)  # 3 items passed to pred
-        >>> substitutes = [3, 4] # Splice in these items
-        >>> list(replace(iterable, pred, substitutes, window_size=window_size))
-        [3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5]
-
-    """
-    if window_size < 1:
-        raise ValueError('window_size must be at least 1')
-
-    # Save the substitutes iterable, since it's used more than once
-    substitutes = tuple(substitutes)
-
-    # Add padding such that the number of windows matches the length of the
-    # iterable
-    it = chain(iterable, [_marker] * (window_size - 1))
-    windows = windowed(it, window_size)
-
-    n = 0
-    for w in windows:
-        # If the current window matches our predicate (and we haven't hit
-        # our maximum number of replacements), splice in the substitutes
-        # and then consume the following windows that overlap with this one.
-        # For example, if the iterable is (0, 1, 2, 3, 4...)
-        # and the window size is 2, we have (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)...
-        # If the predicate matches on (0, 1), we need to zap (0, 1) and (1, 2)
-        if pred(*w):
-            if (count is None) or (n < count):
-                n += 1
-                yield from substitutes
-                consume(windows, window_size - 1)
-                continue
-
-        # If there was no match (or we've reached the replacement limit),
-        # yield the first item from the window.
-        if w and (w[0] is not _marker):
-            yield w[0]
-
-
-def partitions(iterable):
-    """Yield all possible order-preserving partitions of *iterable*.
-
-    >>> iterable = 'abc'
-    >>> for part in partitions(iterable):
-    ...     print([''.join(p) for p in part])
-    ['abc']
-    ['a', 'bc']
-    ['ab', 'c']
-    ['a', 'b', 'c']
-
-    This is unrelated to :func:`partition`.
-
-    """
-    sequence = list(iterable)
-    n = len(sequence)
-    for i in powerset(range(1, n)):
-        yield [sequence[i:j] for i, j in zip((0,) + i, i + (n,))]
-
-
-def set_partitions(iterable, k=None):
-    """
-    Yield the set partitions of *iterable* into *k* parts. Set partitions are
-    not order-preserving.
-
-    >>> iterable = 'abc'
-    >>> for part in set_partitions(iterable, 2):
-    ...     print([''.join(p) for p in part])
-    ['a', 'bc']
-    ['ab', 'c']
-    ['b', 'ac']
-
-
-    If *k* is not given, every set partition is generated.
-
-    >>> iterable = 'abc'
-    >>> for part in set_partitions(iterable):
-    ...     print([''.join(p) for p in part])
-    ['abc']
-    ['a', 'bc']
-    ['ab', 'c']
-    ['b', 'ac']
-    ['a', 'b', 'c']
-
-    """
-    L = list(iterable)
-    n = len(L)
-    if k is not None:
-        if k < 1:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Can't partition in a negative or zero number of groups"
-            )
-        elif k > n:
-            return
-
-    def set_partitions_helper(L, k):
-        n = len(L)
-        if k == 1:
-            yield [L]
-        elif n == k:
-            yield [[s] for s in L]
-        else:
-            e, *M = L
-            for p in set_partitions_helper(M, k - 1):
-                yield [[e], *p]
-            for p in set_partitions_helper(M, k):
-                for i in range(len(p)):
-                    yield p[:i] + [[e] + p[i]] + p[i + 1 :]
-
-    if k is None:
-        for k in range(1, n + 1):
-            yield from set_partitions_helper(L, k)
-    else:
-        yield from set_partitions_helper(L, k)
-
-
-class time_limited:
-    """
-    Yield items from *iterable* until *limit_seconds* have passed.
-    If the time limit expires before all items have been yielded, the
-    ``timed_out`` parameter will be set to ``True``.
-
-    >>> from time import sleep
-    >>> def generator():
-    ...     yield 1
-    ...     yield 2
-    ...     sleep(0.2)
-    ...     yield 3
-    >>> iterable = time_limited(0.1, generator())
-    >>> list(iterable)
-    [1, 2]
-    >>> iterable.timed_out
-    True
-
-    Note that the time is checked before each item is yielded, and iteration
-    stops if  the time elapsed is greater than *limit_seconds*. If your time
-    limit is 1 second, but it takes 2 seconds to generate the first item from
-    the iterable, the function will run for 2 seconds and not yield anything.
-    As a special case, when *limit_seconds* is zero, the iterator never
-    returns anything.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, limit_seconds, iterable):
-        if limit_seconds < 0:
-            raise ValueError('limit_seconds must be positive')
-        self.limit_seconds = limit_seconds
-        self._iterable = iter(iterable)
-        self._start_time = monotonic()
-        self.timed_out = False
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __next__(self):
-        if self.limit_seconds == 0:
-            self.timed_out = True
-            raise StopIteration
-        item = next(self._iterable)
-        if monotonic() - self._start_time > self.limit_seconds:
-            self.timed_out = True
-            raise StopIteration
-
-        return item
-
-
-def only(iterable, default=None, too_long=None):
-    """If *iterable* has only one item, return it.
-    If it has zero items, return *default*.
-    If it has more than one item, raise the exception given by *too_long*,
-    which is ``ValueError`` by default.
-
-    >>> only([], default='missing')
-    'missing'
-    >>> only([1])
-    1
-    >>> only([1, 2])  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ...
-    ValueError: Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got 1, 2,
-     and perhaps more.'
-    >>> only([1, 2], too_long=TypeError)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ...
-    TypeError
-
-    Note that :func:`only` attempts to advance *iterable* twice to ensure there
-    is only one item.  See :func:`spy` or :func:`peekable` to check
-    iterable contents less destructively.
-    """
-    it = iter(iterable)
-    first_value = next(it, default)
-
-    try:
-        second_value = next(it)
-    except StopIteration:
-        pass
-    else:
-        msg = (
-            'Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got {!r}, {!r}, '
-            'and perhaps more.'.format(first_value, second_value)
-        )
-        raise too_long or ValueError(msg)
-
-    return first_value
-
-
-def _ichunk(iterable, n):
-    cache = deque()
-    chunk = islice(iterable, n)
-
-    def generator():
-        while True:
-            if cache:
-                yield cache.popleft()
-            else:
-                try:
-                    item = next(chunk)
-                except StopIteration:
-                    return
-                else:
-                    yield item
-
-    def materialize_next(n=1):
-        # if n not specified materialize everything
-        if n is None:
-            cache.extend(chunk)
-            return len(cache)
-
-        to_cache = n - len(cache)
-
-        # materialize up to n
-        if to_cache > 0:
-            cache.extend(islice(chunk, to_cache))
-
-        # return number materialized up to n
-        return min(n, len(cache))
-
-    return (generator(), materialize_next)
-
-
-def ichunked(iterable, n):
-    """Break *iterable* into sub-iterables with *n* elements each.
-    :func:`ichunked` is like :func:`chunked`, but it yields iterables
-    instead of lists.
-
-    If the sub-iterables are read in order, the elements of *iterable*
-    won't be stored in memory.
-    If they are read out of order, :func:`itertools.tee` is used to cache
-    elements as necessary.
-
-    >>> from itertools import count
-    >>> all_chunks = ichunked(count(), 4)
-    >>> c_1, c_2, c_3 = next(all_chunks), next(all_chunks), next(all_chunks)
-    >>> list(c_2)  # c_1's elements have been cached; c_3's haven't been
-    [4, 5, 6, 7]
-    >>> list(c_1)
-    [0, 1, 2, 3]
-    >>> list(c_3)
-    [8, 9, 10, 11]
-
-    """
-    iterable = iter(iterable)
-    while True:
-        # Create new chunk
-        chunk, materialize_next = _ichunk(iterable, n)
-
-        # Check to see whether we're at the end of the source iterable
-        if not materialize_next():
-            return
-
-        yield chunk
-
-        # Fill previous chunk's cache
-        materialize_next(None)
-
-
-def iequals(*iterables):
-    """Return ``True`` if all given *iterables* are equal to each other,
-    which means that they contain the same elements in the same order.
-
-    The function is useful for comparing iterables of different data types
-    or iterables that do not support equality checks.
-
-    >>> iequals("abc", ['a', 'b', 'c'], ('a', 'b', 'c'), iter("abc"))
-    True
-
-    >>> iequals("abc", "acb")
-    False
-
-    Not to be confused with :func:`all_equal`, which checks whether all
-    elements of iterable are equal to each other.
-
-    """
-    return all(map(all_equal, zip_longest(*iterables, fillvalue=object())))
-
-
-def distinct_combinations(iterable, r):
-    """Yield the distinct combinations of *r* items taken from *iterable*.
-
-        >>> list(distinct_combinations([0, 0, 1], 2))
-        [(0, 0), (0, 1)]
-
-    Equivalent to ``set(combinations(iterable))``, except duplicates are not
-    generated and thrown away. For larger input sequences this is much more
-    efficient.
-
-    """
-    if r < 0:
-        raise ValueError('r must be non-negative')
-    elif r == 0:
-        yield ()
-        return
-    pool = tuple(iterable)
-    generators = [unique_everseen(enumerate(pool), key=itemgetter(1))]
-    current_combo = [None] * r
-    level = 0
-    while generators:
-        try:
-            cur_idx, p = next(generators[-1])
-        except StopIteration:
-            generators.pop()
-            level -= 1
-            continue
-        current_combo[level] = p
-        if level + 1 == r:
-            yield tuple(current_combo)
-        else:
-            generators.append(
-                unique_everseen(
-                    enumerate(pool[cur_idx + 1 :], cur_idx + 1),
-                    key=itemgetter(1),
-                )
-            )
-            level += 1
-
-
-def filter_except(validator, iterable, *exceptions):
-    """Yield the items from *iterable* for which the *validator* function does
-    not raise one of the specified *exceptions*.
-
-    *validator* is called for each item in *iterable*.
-    It should be a function that accepts one argument and raises an exception
-    if that item is not valid.
-
-    >>> iterable = ['1', '2', 'three', '4', None]
-    >>> list(filter_except(int, iterable, ValueError, TypeError))
-    ['1', '2', '4']
-
-    If an exception other than one given by *exceptions* is raised by
-    *validator*, it is raised like normal.
-    """
-    for item in iterable:
-        try:
-            validator(item)
-        except exceptions:
-            pass
-        else:
-            yield item
-
-
-def map_except(function, iterable, *exceptions):
-    """Transform each item from *iterable* with *function* and yield the
-    result, unless *function* raises one of the specified *exceptions*.
-
-    *function* is called to transform each item in *iterable*.
-    It should accept one argument.
-
-    >>> iterable = ['1', '2', 'three', '4', None]
-    >>> list(map_except(int, iterable, ValueError, TypeError))
-    [1, 2, 4]
-
-    If an exception other than one given by *exceptions* is raised by
-    *function*, it is raised like normal.
-    """
-    for item in iterable:
-        try:
-            yield function(item)
-        except exceptions:
-            pass
-
-
-def map_if(iterable, pred, func, func_else=lambda x: x):
-    """Evaluate each item from *iterable* using *pred*. If the result is
-    equivalent to ``True``, transform the item with *func* and yield it.
-    Otherwise, transform the item with *func_else* and yield it.
-
-    *pred*, *func*, and *func_else* should each be functions that accept
-    one argument. By default, *func_else* is the identity function.
-
-    >>> from math import sqrt
-    >>> iterable = list(range(-5, 5))
-    >>> iterable
-    [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-    >>> list(map_if(iterable, lambda x: x > 3, lambda x: 'toobig'))
-    [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 'toobig']
-    >>> list(map_if(iterable, lambda x: x >= 0,
-    ... lambda x: f'{sqrt(x):.2f}', lambda x: None))
-    [None, None, None, None, None, '0.00', '1.00', '1.41', '1.73', '2.00']
-    """
-    for item in iterable:
-        yield func(item) if pred(item) else func_else(item)
-
-
-def _sample_unweighted(iterable, k):
-    # Implementation of "Algorithm L" from the 1994 paper by Kim-Hung Li:
-    # "Reservoir-Sampling Algorithms of Time Complexity O(n(1+log(N/n)))".
-
-    # Fill up the reservoir (collection of samples) with the first `k` samples
-    reservoir = take(k, iterable)
-
-    # Generate random number that's the largest in a sample of k U(0,1) numbers
-    # Largest order statistic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_statistic
-    W = exp(log(random()) / k)
-
-    # The number of elements to skip before changing the reservoir is a random
-    # number with a geometric distribution. Sample it using random() and logs.
-    next_index = k + floor(log(random()) / log(1 - W))
-
-    for index, element in enumerate(iterable, k):
-        if index == next_index:
-            reservoir[randrange(k)] = element
-            # The new W is the largest in a sample of k U(0, `old_W`) numbers
-            W *= exp(log(random()) / k)
-            next_index += floor(log(random()) / log(1 - W)) + 1
-
-    return reservoir
-
-
-def _sample_weighted(iterable, k, weights):
-    # Implementation of "A-ExpJ" from the 2006 paper by Efraimidis et al. :
-    # "Weighted random sampling with a reservoir".
-
-    # Log-transform for numerical stability for weights that are small/large
-    weight_keys = (log(random()) / weight for weight in weights)
-
-    # Fill up the reservoir (collection of samples) with the first `k`
-    # weight-keys and elements, then heapify the list.
-    reservoir = take(k, zip(weight_keys, iterable))
-    heapify(reservoir)
-
-    # The number of jumps before changing the reservoir is a random variable
-    # with an exponential distribution. Sample it using random() and logs.
-    smallest_weight_key, _ = reservoir[0]
-    weights_to_skip = log(random()) / smallest_weight_key
-
-    for weight, element in zip(weights, iterable):
-        if weight >= weights_to_skip:
-            # The notation here is consistent with the paper, but we store
-            # the weight-keys in log-space for better numerical stability.
-            smallest_weight_key, _ = reservoir[0]
-            t_w = exp(weight * smallest_weight_key)
-            r_2 = uniform(t_w, 1)  # generate U(t_w, 1)
-            weight_key = log(r_2) / weight
-            heapreplace(reservoir, (weight_key, element))
-            smallest_weight_key, _ = reservoir[0]
-            weights_to_skip = log(random()) / smallest_weight_key
-        else:
-            weights_to_skip -= weight
-
-    # Equivalent to [element for weight_key, element in sorted(reservoir)]
-    return [heappop(reservoir)[1] for _ in range(k)]
-
-
-def sample(iterable, k, weights=None):
-    """Return a *k*-length list of elements chosen (without replacement)
-    from the *iterable*. Like :func:`random.sample`, but works on iterables
-    of unknown length.
-
-    >>> iterable = range(100)
-    >>> sample(iterable, 5)  # doctest: +SKIP
-    [81, 60, 96, 16, 4]
-
-    An iterable with *weights* may also be given:
-
-    >>> iterable = range(100)
-    >>> weights = (i * i + 1 for i in range(100))
-    >>> sampled = sample(iterable, 5, weights=weights)  # doctest: +SKIP
-    [79, 67, 74, 66, 78]
-
-    The algorithm can also be used to generate weighted random permutations.
-    The relative weight of each item determines the probability that it
-    appears late in the permutation.
-
-    >>> data = "abcdefgh"
-    >>> weights = range(1, len(data) + 1)
-    >>> sample(data, k=len(data), weights=weights)  # doctest: +SKIP
-    ['c', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'g', 'd', 'h', 'f']
-    """
-    if k == 0:
-        return []
-
-    iterable = iter(iterable)
-    if weights is None:
-        return _sample_unweighted(iterable, k)
-    else:
-        weights = iter(weights)
-        return _sample_weighted(iterable, k, weights)
-
-
-def is_sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False, strict=False):
-    """Returns ``True`` if the items of iterable are in sorted order, and
-    ``False`` otherwise. *key* and *reverse* have the same meaning that they do
-    in the built-in :func:`sorted` function.
-
-    >>> is_sorted(['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'], key=int)
-    True
-    >>> is_sorted([5, 4, 3, 1, 2], reverse=True)
-    False
-
-    If *strict*, tests for strict sorting, that is, returns ``False`` if equal
-    elements are found:
-
-    >>> is_sorted([1, 2, 2])
-    True
-    >>> is_sorted([1, 2, 2], strict=True)
-    False
-
-    The function returns ``False`` after encountering the first out-of-order
-    item. If there are no out-of-order items, the iterable is exhausted.
-    """
-
-    compare = (le if reverse else ge) if strict else (lt if reverse else gt)
-    it = iterable if key is None else map(key, iterable)
-    return not any(starmap(compare, pairwise(it)))
-
-
-class AbortThread(BaseException):
-    pass
-
-
-class callback_iter:
-    """Convert a function that uses callbacks to an iterator.
-
-    Let *func* be a function that takes a `callback` keyword argument.
-    For example:
-
-    >>> def func(callback=None):
-    ...     for i, c in [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]:
-    ...         if callback:
-    ...             callback(i, c)
-    ...     return 4
-
-
-    Use ``with callback_iter(func)`` to get an iterator over the parameters
-    that are delivered to the callback.
-
-    >>> with callback_iter(func) as it:
-    ...     for args, kwargs in it:
-    ...         print(args)
-    (1, 'a')
-    (2, 'b')
-    (3, 'c')
-
-    The function will be called in a background thread. The ``done`` property
-    indicates whether it has completed execution.
-
-    >>> it.done
-    True
-
-    If it completes successfully, its return value will be available
-    in the ``result`` property.
-
-    >>> it.result
-    4
-
-    Notes:
-
-    * If the function uses some keyword argument besides ``callback``, supply
-      *callback_kwd*.
-    * If it finished executing, but raised an exception, accessing the
-      ``result`` property will raise the same exception.
-    * If it hasn't finished executing, accessing the ``result``
-      property from within the ``with`` block will raise ``RuntimeError``.
-    * If it hasn't finished executing, accessing the ``result`` property from
-      outside the ``with`` block will raise a
-      ``more_itertools.AbortThread`` exception.
-    * Provide *wait_seconds* to adjust how frequently the it is polled for
-      output.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, func, callback_kwd='callback', wait_seconds=0.1):
-        self._func = func
-        self._callback_kwd = callback_kwd
-        self._aborted = False
-        self._future = None
-        self._wait_seconds = wait_seconds
-        # Lazily import concurrent.future
-        self._executor = __import__(
-            'concurrent.futures'
-        ).futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1)
-        self._iterator = self._reader()
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
-        self._aborted = True
-        self._executor.shutdown()
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __next__(self):
-        return next(self._iterator)
-
-    @property
-    def done(self):
-        if self._future is None:
-            return False
-        return self._future.done()
-
-    @property
-    def result(self):
-        if not self.done:
-            raise RuntimeError('Function has not yet completed')
-
-        return self._future.result()
-
-    def _reader(self):
-        q = Queue()
-
-        def callback(*args, **kwargs):
-            if self._aborted:
-                raise AbortThread('canceled by user')
-
-            q.put((args, kwargs))
-
-        self._future = self._executor.submit(
-            self._func, **{self._callback_kwd: callback}
-        )
-
-        while True:
-            try:
-                item = q.get(timeout=self._wait_seconds)
-            except Empty:
-                pass
-            else:
-                q.task_done()
-                yield item
-
-            if self._future.done():
-                break
-
-        remaining = []
-        while True:
-            try:
-                item = q.get_nowait()
-            except Empty:
-                break
-            else:
-                q.task_done()
-                remaining.append(item)
-        q.join()
-        yield from remaining
-
-
-def windowed_complete(iterable, n):
-    """
-    Yield ``(beginning, middle, end)`` tuples, where:
-
-    * Each ``middle`` has *n* items from *iterable*
-    * Each ``beginning`` has the items before the ones in ``middle``
-    * Each ``end`` has the items after the ones in ``middle``
-
-    >>> iterable = range(7)
-    >>> n = 3
-    >>> for beginning, middle, end in windowed_complete(iterable, n):
-    ...     print(beginning, middle, end)
-    () (0, 1, 2) (3, 4, 5, 6)
-    (0,) (1, 2, 3) (4, 5, 6)
-    (0, 1) (2, 3, 4) (5, 6)
-    (0, 1, 2) (3, 4, 5) (6,)
-    (0, 1, 2, 3) (4, 5, 6) ()
-
-    Note that *n* must be at least 0 and most equal to the length of
-    *iterable*.
-
-    This function will exhaust the iterable and may require significant
-    storage.
-    """
-    if n < 0:
-        raise ValueError('n must be >= 0')
-
-    seq = tuple(iterable)
-    size = len(seq)
-
-    if n > size:
-        raise ValueError('n must be <= len(seq)')
-
-    for i in range(size - n + 1):
-        beginning = seq[:i]
-        middle = seq[i : i + n]
-        end = seq[i + n :]
-        yield beginning, middle, end
-
-
-def all_unique(iterable, key=None):
-    """
-    Returns ``True`` if all the elements of *iterable* are unique (no two
-    elements are equal).
-
-        >>> all_unique('ABCB')
-        False
-
-    If a *key* function is specified, it will be used to make comparisons.
-
-        >>> all_unique('ABCb')
-        True
-        >>> all_unique('ABCb', str.lower)
-        False
-
-    The function returns as soon as the first non-unique element is
-    encountered. Iterables with a mix of hashable and unhashable items can
-    be used, but the function will be slower for unhashable items.
-    """
-    seenset = set()
-    seenset_add = seenset.add
-    seenlist = []
-    seenlist_add = seenlist.append
-    for element in map(key, iterable) if key else iterable:
-        try:
-            if element in seenset:
-                return False
-            seenset_add(element)
-        except TypeError:
-            if element in seenlist:
-                return False
-            seenlist_add(element)
-    return True
-
-
-def nth_product(index, *args):
-    """Equivalent to ``list(product(*args))[index]``.
-
-    The products of *args* can be ordered lexicographically.
-    :func:`nth_product` computes the product at sort position *index* without
-    computing the previous products.
-
-        >>> nth_product(8, range(2), range(2), range(2), range(2))
-        (1, 0, 0, 0)
-
-    ``IndexError`` will be raised if the given *index* is invalid.
-    """
-    pools = list(map(tuple, reversed(args)))
-    ns = list(map(len, pools))
-
-    c = reduce(mul, ns)
-
-    if index < 0:
-        index += c
-
-    if not 0 <= index < c:
-        raise IndexError
-
-    result = []
-    for pool, n in zip(pools, ns):
-        result.append(pool[index % n])
-        index //= n
-
-    return tuple(reversed(result))
-
-
-def nth_permutation(iterable, r, index):
-    """Equivalent to ``list(permutations(iterable, r))[index]```
-
-    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* where order is
-    important can be ordered lexicographically. :func:`nth_permutation`
-    computes the subsequence at sort position *index* directly, without
-    computing the previous subsequences.
-
-        >>> nth_permutation('ghijk', 2, 5)
-        ('h', 'i')
-
-    ``ValueError`` will be raised If *r* is negative or greater than the length
-    of *iterable*.
-    ``IndexError`` will be raised if the given *index* is invalid.
-    """
-    pool = list(iterable)
-    n = len(pool)
-
-    if r is None or r == n:
-        r, c = n, factorial(n)
-    elif not 0 <= r < n:
-        raise ValueError
-    else:
-        c = perm(n, r)
-    assert c > 0  # factortial(n)>0, and r<n so perm(n,r) is never zero
-
-    if index < 0:
-        index += c
-
-    if not 0 <= index < c:
-        raise IndexError
-
-    result = [0] * r
-    q = index * factorial(n) // c if r < n else index
-    for d in range(1, n + 1):
-        q, i = divmod(q, d)
-        if 0 <= n - d < r:
-            result[n - d] = i
-        if q == 0:
-            break
-
-    return tuple(map(pool.pop, result))
-
-
-def nth_combination_with_replacement(iterable, r, index):
-    """Equivalent to
-    ``list(combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r))[index]``.
-
-
-    The subsequences with repetition of *iterable* that are of length *r* can
-    be ordered lexicographically. :func:`nth_combination_with_replacement`
-    computes the subsequence at sort position *index* directly, without
-    computing the previous subsequences with replacement.
-
-        >>> nth_combination_with_replacement(range(5), 3, 5)
-        (0, 1, 1)
-
-    ``ValueError`` will be raised If *r* is negative or greater than the length
-    of *iterable*.
-    ``IndexError`` will be raised if the given *index* is invalid.
-    """
-    pool = tuple(iterable)
-    n = len(pool)
-    if (r < 0) or (r > n):
-        raise ValueError
-
-    c = comb(n + r - 1, r)
-
-    if index < 0:
-        index += c
-
-    if (index < 0) or (index >= c):
-        raise IndexError
-
-    result = []
-    i = 0
-    while r:
-        r -= 1
-        while n >= 0:
-            num_combs = comb(n + r - 1, r)
-            if index < num_combs:
-                break
-            n -= 1
-            i += 1
-            index -= num_combs
-        result.append(pool[i])
-
-    return tuple(result)
-
-
-def value_chain(*args):
-    """Yield all arguments passed to the function in the same order in which
-    they were passed. If an argument itself is iterable then iterate over its
-    values.
-
-        >>> list(value_chain(1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]))
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-
-    Binary and text strings are not considered iterable and are emitted
-    as-is:
-
-        >>> list(value_chain('12', '34', ['56', '78']))
-        ['12', '34', '56', '78']
-
-    Pre- or postpend a single element to an iterable:
-
-        >>> list(value_chain(1, [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]))
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-        >>> list(value_chain([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 6))
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-
-    Multiple levels of nesting are not flattened.
-
-    """
-    for value in args:
-        if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
-            yield value
-            continue
-        try:
-            yield from value
-        except TypeError:
-            yield value
-
-
-def product_index(element, *args):
-    """Equivalent to ``list(product(*args)).index(element)``
-
-    The products of *args* can be ordered lexicographically.
-    :func:`product_index` computes the first index of *element* without
-    computing the previous products.
-
-        >>> product_index([8, 2], range(10), range(5))
-        42
-
-    ``ValueError`` will be raised if the given *element* isn't in the product
-    of *args*.
-    """
-    index = 0
-
-    for x, pool in zip_longest(element, args, fillvalue=_marker):
-        if x is _marker or pool is _marker:
-            raise ValueError('element is not a product of args')
-
-        pool = tuple(pool)
-        index = index * len(pool) + pool.index(x)
-
-    return index
-
-
-def combination_index(element, iterable):
-    """Equivalent to ``list(combinations(iterable, r)).index(element)``
-
-    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* can be ordered
-    lexicographically. :func:`combination_index` computes the index of the
-    first *element*, without computing the previous combinations.
-
-        >>> combination_index('adf', 'abcdefg')
-        10
-
-    ``ValueError`` will be raised if the given *element* isn't one of the
-    combinations of *iterable*.
-    """
-    element = enumerate(element)
-    k, y = next(element, (None, None))
-    if k is None:
-        return 0
-
-    indexes = []
-    pool = enumerate(iterable)
-    for n, x in pool:
-        if x == y:
-            indexes.append(n)
-            tmp, y = next(element, (None, None))
-            if tmp is None:
-                break
-            else:
-                k = tmp
-    else:
-        raise ValueError('element is not a combination of iterable')
-
-    n, _ = last(pool, default=(n, None))
-
-    # Python versions below 3.8 don't have math.comb
-    index = 1
-    for i, j in enumerate(reversed(indexes), start=1):
-        j = n - j
-        if i <= j:
-            index += comb(j, i)
-
-    return comb(n + 1, k + 1) - index
-
-
-def combination_with_replacement_index(element, iterable):
-    """Equivalent to
-    ``list(combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)).index(element)``
-
-    The subsequences with repetition of *iterable* that are of length *r* can
-    be ordered lexicographically. :func:`combination_with_replacement_index`
-    computes the index of the first *element*, without computing the previous
-    combinations with replacement.
-
-        >>> combination_with_replacement_index('adf', 'abcdefg')
-        20
-
-    ``ValueError`` will be raised if the given *element* isn't one of the
-    combinations with replacement of *iterable*.
-    """
-    element = tuple(element)
-    l = len(element)
-    element = enumerate(element)
-
-    k, y = next(element, (None, None))
-    if k is None:
-        return 0
-
-    indexes = []
-    pool = tuple(iterable)
-    for n, x in enumerate(pool):
-        while x == y:
-            indexes.append(n)
-            tmp, y = next(element, (None, None))
-            if tmp is None:
-                break
-            else:
-                k = tmp
-        if y is None:
-            break
-    else:
-        raise ValueError(
-            'element is not a combination with replacement of iterable'
-        )
-
-    n = len(pool)
-    occupations = [0] * n
-    for p in indexes:
-        occupations[p] += 1
-
-    index = 0
-    cumulative_sum = 0
-    for k in range(1, n):
-        cumulative_sum += occupations[k - 1]
-        j = l + n - 1 - k - cumulative_sum
-        i = n - k
-        if i <= j:
-            index += comb(j, i)
-
-    return index
-
-
-def permutation_index(element, iterable):
-    """Equivalent to ``list(permutations(iterable, r)).index(element)```
-
-    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* where order is
-    important can be ordered lexicographically. :func:`permutation_index`
-    computes the index of the first *element* directly, without computing
-    the previous permutations.
-
-        >>> permutation_index([1, 3, 2], range(5))
-        19
-
-    ``ValueError`` will be raised if the given *element* isn't one of the
-    permutations of *iterable*.
-    """
-    index = 0
-    pool = list(iterable)
-    for i, x in zip(range(len(pool), -1, -1), element):
-        r = pool.index(x)
-        index = index * i + r
-        del pool[r]
-
-    return index
-
-
-class countable:
-    """Wrap *iterable* and keep a count of how many items have been consumed.
-
-    The ``items_seen`` attribute starts at ``0`` and increments as the iterable
-    is consumed:
-
-        >>> iterable = map(str, range(10))
-        >>> it = countable(iterable)
-        >>> it.items_seen
-        0
-        >>> next(it), next(it)
-        ('0', '1')
-        >>> list(it)
-        ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
-        >>> it.items_seen
-        10
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, iterable):
-        self._it = iter(iterable)
-        self.items_seen = 0
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __next__(self):
-        item = next(self._it)
-        self.items_seen += 1
-
-        return item
-
-
-def chunked_even(iterable, n):
-    """Break *iterable* into lists of approximately length *n*.
-    Items are distributed such the lengths of the lists differ by at most
-    1 item.
-
-    >>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
-    >>> n = 3
-    >>> list(chunked_even(iterable, n))  # List lengths: 3, 2, 2
-    [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]]
-    >>> list(chunked(iterable, n))  # List lengths: 3, 3, 1
-    [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7]]
-
-    """
-    iterable = iter(iterable)
-
-    # Initialize a buffer to process the chunks while keeping
-    # some back to fill any underfilled chunks
-    min_buffer = (n - 1) * (n - 2)
-    buffer = list(islice(iterable, min_buffer))
-
-    # Append items until we have a completed chunk
-    for _ in islice(map(buffer.append, iterable), n, None, n):
-        yield buffer[:n]
-        del buffer[:n]
-
-    # Check if any chunks need addition processing
-    if not buffer:
-        return
-    length = len(buffer)
-
-    # Chunks are either size `full_size <= n` or `partial_size = full_size - 1`
-    q, r = divmod(length, n)
-    num_lists = q + (1 if r > 0 else 0)
-    q, r = divmod(length, num_lists)
-    full_size = q + (1 if r > 0 else 0)
-    partial_size = full_size - 1
-    num_full = length - partial_size * num_lists
-
-    # Yield chunks of full size
-    partial_start_idx = num_full * full_size
-    if full_size > 0:
-        for i in range(0, partial_start_idx, full_size):
-            yield buffer[i : i + full_size]
-
-    # Yield chunks of partial size
-    if partial_size > 0:
-        for i in range(partial_start_idx, length, partial_size):
-            yield buffer[i : i + partial_size]
-
-
-def zip_broadcast(*objects, scalar_types=(str, bytes), strict=False):
-    """A version of :func:`zip` that "broadcasts" any scalar
-    (i.e., non-iterable) items into output tuples.
-
-    >>> iterable_1 = [1, 2, 3]
-    >>> iterable_2 = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-    >>> scalar = '_'
-    >>> list(zip_broadcast(iterable_1, iterable_2, scalar))
-    [(1, 'a', '_'), (2, 'b', '_'), (3, 'c', '_')]
-
-    The *scalar_types* keyword argument determines what types are considered
-    scalar. It is set to ``(str, bytes)`` by default. Set it to ``None`` to
-    treat strings and byte strings as iterable:
-
-    >>> list(zip_broadcast('abc', 0, 'xyz', scalar_types=None))
-    [('a', 0, 'x'), ('b', 0, 'y'), ('c', 0, 'z')]
-
-    If the *strict* keyword argument is ``True``, then
-    ``UnequalIterablesError`` will be raised if any of the iterables have
-    different lengths.
-    """
-
-    def is_scalar(obj):
-        if scalar_types and isinstance(obj, scalar_types):
-            return True
-        try:
-            iter(obj)
-        except TypeError:
-            return True
-        else:
-            return False
-
-    size = len(objects)
-    if not size:
-        return
-
-    new_item = [None] * size
-    iterables, iterable_positions = [], []
-    for i, obj in enumerate(objects):
-        if is_scalar(obj):
-            new_item[i] = obj
-        else:
-            iterables.append(iter(obj))
-            iterable_positions.append(i)
-
-    if not iterables:
-        yield tuple(objects)
-        return
-
-    zipper = _zip_equal if strict else zip
-    for item in zipper(*iterables):
-        for i, new_item[i] in zip(iterable_positions, item):
-            pass
-        yield tuple(new_item)
-
-
-def unique_in_window(iterable, n, key=None):
-    """Yield the items from *iterable* that haven't been seen recently.
-    *n* is the size of the lookback window.
-
-        >>> iterable = [0, 1, 0, 2, 3, 0]
-        >>> n = 3
-        >>> list(unique_in_window(iterable, n))
-        [0, 1, 2, 3, 0]
-
-    The *key* function, if provided, will be used to determine uniqueness:
-
-        >>> list(unique_in_window('abAcda', 3, key=lambda x: x.lower()))
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'a']
-
-    The items in *iterable* must be hashable.
-
-    """
-    if n <= 0:
-        raise ValueError('n must be greater than 0')
-
-    window = deque(maxlen=n)
-    counts = defaultdict(int)
-    use_key = key is not None
-
-    for item in iterable:
-        if len(window) == n:
-            to_discard = window[0]
-            if counts[to_discard] == 1:
-                del counts[to_discard]
-            else:
-                counts[to_discard] -= 1
-
-        k = key(item) if use_key else item
-        if k not in counts:
-            yield item
-        counts[k] += 1
-        window.append(k)
-
-
-def duplicates_everseen(iterable, key=None):
-    """Yield duplicate elements after their first appearance.
-
-    >>> list(duplicates_everseen('mississippi'))
-    ['s', 'i', 's', 's', 'i', 'p', 'i']
-    >>> list(duplicates_everseen('AaaBbbCccAaa', str.lower))
-    ['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'A', 'a', 'a']
-
-    This function is analogous to :func:`unique_everseen` and is subject to
-    the same performance considerations.
-
-    """
-    seen_set = set()
-    seen_list = []
-    use_key = key is not None
-
-    for element in iterable:
-        k = key(element) if use_key else element
-        try:
-            if k not in seen_set:
-                seen_set.add(k)
-            else:
-                yield element
-        except TypeError:
-            if k not in seen_list:
-                seen_list.append(k)
-            else:
-                yield element
-
-
-def duplicates_justseen(iterable, key=None):
-    """Yields serially-duplicate elements after their first appearance.
-
-    >>> list(duplicates_justseen('mississippi'))
-    ['s', 's', 'p']
-    >>> list(duplicates_justseen('AaaBbbCccAaa', str.lower))
-    ['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'a', 'a']
-
-    This function is analogous to :func:`unique_justseen`.
-
-    """
-    return flatten(g for _, g in groupby(iterable, key) for _ in g)
-
-
-def classify_unique(iterable, key=None):
-    """Classify each element in terms of its uniqueness.
-
-    For each element in the input iterable, return a 3-tuple consisting of:
-
-    1. The element itself
-    2. ``False`` if the element is equal to the one preceding it in the input,
-       ``True`` otherwise (i.e. the equivalent of :func:`unique_justseen`)
-    3. ``False`` if this element has been seen anywhere in the input before,
-       ``True`` otherwise (i.e. the equivalent of :func:`unique_everseen`)
-
-    >>> list(classify_unique('otto'))    # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
-    [('o', True,  True),
-     ('t', True,  True),
-     ('t', False, False),
-     ('o', True,  False)]
-
-    This function is analogous to :func:`unique_everseen` and is subject to
-    the same performance considerations.
-
-    """
-    seen_set = set()
-    seen_list = []
-    use_key = key is not None
-    previous = None
-
-    for i, element in enumerate(iterable):
-        k = key(element) if use_key else element
-        is_unique_justseen = not i or previous != k
-        previous = k
-        is_unique_everseen = False
-        try:
-            if k not in seen_set:
-                seen_set.add(k)
-                is_unique_everseen = True
-        except TypeError:
-            if k not in seen_list:
-                seen_list.append(k)
-                is_unique_everseen = True
-        yield element, is_unique_justseen, is_unique_everseen
-
-
-def minmax(iterable_or_value, *others, key=None, default=_marker):
-    """Returns both the smallest and largest items in an iterable
-    or the largest of two or more arguments.
-
-        >>> minmax([3, 1, 5])
-        (1, 5)
-
-        >>> minmax(4, 2, 6)
-        (2, 6)
-
-    If a *key* function is provided, it will be used to transform the input
-    items for comparison.
-
-        >>> minmax([5, 30], key=str)  # '30' sorts before '5'
-        (30, 5)
-
-    If a *default* value is provided, it will be returned if there are no
-    input items.
-
-        >>> minmax([], default=(0, 0))
-        (0, 0)
-
-    Otherwise ``ValueError`` is raised.
-
-    This function is based on the
-    `recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577916/>`__ by
-    Raymond Hettinger and takes care to minimize the number of comparisons
-    performed.
-    """
-    iterable = (iterable_or_value, *others) if others else iterable_or_value
-
-    it = iter(iterable)
-
-    try:
-        lo = hi = next(it)
-    except StopIteration as exc:
-        if default is _marker:
-            raise ValueError(
-                '`minmax()` argument is an empty iterable. '
-                'Provide a `default` value to suppress this error.'
-            ) from exc
-        return default
-
-    # Different branches depending on the presence of key. This saves a lot
-    # of unimportant copies which would slow the "key=None" branch
-    # significantly down.
-    if key is None:
-        for x, y in zip_longest(it, it, fillvalue=lo):
-            if y < x:
-                x, y = y, x
-            if x < lo:
-                lo = x
-            if hi < y:
-                hi = y
-
-    else:
-        lo_key = hi_key = key(lo)
-
-        for x, y in zip_longest(it, it, fillvalue=lo):
-            x_key, y_key = key(x), key(y)
-
-            if y_key < x_key:
-                x, y, x_key, y_key = y, x, y_key, x_key
-            if x_key < lo_key:
-                lo, lo_key = x, x_key
-            if hi_key < y_key:
-                hi, hi_key = y, y_key
-
-    return lo, hi
-
-
-def constrained_batches(
-    iterable, max_size, max_count=None, get_len=len, strict=True
-):
-    """Yield batches of items from *iterable* with a combined size limited by
-    *max_size*.
-
-    >>> iterable = [b'12345', b'123', b'12345678', b'1', b'1', b'12', b'1']
-    >>> list(constrained_batches(iterable, 10))
-    [(b'12345', b'123'), (b'12345678', b'1', b'1'), (b'12', b'1')]
-
-    If a *max_count* is supplied, the number of items per batch is also
-    limited:
-
-    >>> iterable = [b'12345', b'123', b'12345678', b'1', b'1', b'12', b'1']
-    >>> list(constrained_batches(iterable, 10, max_count = 2))
-    [(b'12345', b'123'), (b'12345678', b'1'), (b'1', b'12'), (b'1',)]
-
-    If a *get_len* function is supplied, use that instead of :func:`len` to
-    determine item size.
-
-    If *strict* is ``True``, raise ``ValueError`` if any single item is bigger
-    than *max_size*. Otherwise, allow single items to exceed *max_size*.
-    """
-    if max_size <= 0:
-        raise ValueError('maximum size must be greater than zero')
-
-    batch = []
-    batch_size = 0
-    batch_count = 0
-    for item in iterable:
-        item_len = get_len(item)
-        if strict and item_len > max_size:
-            raise ValueError('item size exceeds maximum size')
-
-        reached_count = batch_count == max_count
-        reached_size = item_len + batch_size > max_size
-        if batch_count and (reached_size or reached_count):
-            yield tuple(batch)
-            batch.clear()
-            batch_size = 0
-            batch_count = 0
-
-        batch.append(item)
-        batch_size += item_len
-        batch_count += 1
-
-    if batch:
-        yield tuple(batch)
-
-
-def gray_product(*iterables):
-    """Like :func:`itertools.product`, but return tuples in an order such
-    that only one element in the generated tuple changes from one iteration
-    to the next.
-
-        >>> list(gray_product('AB','CD'))
-        [('A', 'C'), ('B', 'C'), ('B', 'D'), ('A', 'D')]
-
-    This function consumes all of the input iterables before producing output.
-    If any of the input iterables have fewer than two items, ``ValueError``
-    is raised.
-
-    For information on the algorithm, see
-    `this section <https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/fasc2a.ps.gz>`__
-    of Donald Knuth's *The Art of Computer Programming*.
-    """
-    all_iterables = tuple(tuple(x) for x in iterables)
-    iterable_count = len(all_iterables)
-    for iterable in all_iterables:
-        if len(iterable) < 2:
-            raise ValueError("each iterable must have two or more items")
-
-    # This is based on "Algorithm H" from section 7.2.1.1, page 20.
-    # a holds the indexes of the source iterables for the n-tuple to be yielded
-    # f is the array of "focus pointers"
-    # o is the array of "directions"
-    a = [0] * iterable_count
-    f = list(range(iterable_count + 1))
-    o = [1] * iterable_count
-    while True:
-        yield tuple(all_iterables[i][a[i]] for i in range(iterable_count))
-        j = f[0]
-        f[0] = 0
-        if j == iterable_count:
-            break
-        a[j] = a[j] + o[j]
-        if a[j] == 0 or a[j] == len(all_iterables[j]) - 1:
-            o[j] = -o[j]
-            f[j] = f[j + 1]
-            f[j + 1] = j + 1
-
-
-def partial_product(*iterables):
-    """Yields tuples containing one item from each iterator, with subsequent
-    tuples changing a single item at a time by advancing each iterator until it
-    is exhausted. This sequence guarantees every value in each iterable is
-    output at least once without generating all possible combinations.
-
-    This may be useful, for example, when testing an expensive function.
-
-        >>> list(partial_product('AB', 'C', 'DEF'))
-        [('A', 'C', 'D'), ('B', 'C', 'D'), ('B', 'C', 'E'), ('B', 'C', 'F')]
-    """
-
-    iterators = list(map(iter, iterables))
-
-    try:
-        prod = [next(it) for it in iterators]
-    except StopIteration:
-        return
-    yield tuple(prod)
-
-    for i, it in enumerate(iterators):
-        for prod[i] in it:
-            yield tuple(prod)
-
-
-def takewhile_inclusive(predicate, iterable):
-    """A variant of :func:`takewhile` that yields one additional element.
-
-        >>> list(takewhile_inclusive(lambda x: x < 5, [1, 4, 6, 4, 1]))
-        [1, 4, 6]
-
-    :func:`takewhile` would return ``[1, 4]``.
-    """
-    for x in iterable:
-        yield x
-        if not predicate(x):
-            break
-
-
-def outer_product(func, xs, ys, *args, **kwargs):
-    """A generalized outer product that applies a binary function to all
-    pairs of items. Returns a 2D matrix with ``len(xs)`` rows and ``len(ys)``
-    columns.
-    Also accepts ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` that are passed to ``func``.
-
-    Multiplication table:
-
-    >>> list(outer_product(mul, range(1, 4), range(1, 6)))
-    [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), (2, 4, 6, 8, 10), (3, 6, 9, 12, 15)]
-
-    Cross tabulation:
-
-    >>> xs = ['A', 'B', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B']
-    >>> ys = ['X', 'X', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'Z', 'Y', 'Y', 'Z', 'Z']
-    >>> rows = list(zip(xs, ys))
-    >>> count_rows = lambda x, y: rows.count((x, y))
-    >>> list(outer_product(count_rows, sorted(set(xs)), sorted(set(ys))))
-    [(2, 3, 0), (1, 0, 4)]
-
-    Usage with ``*args`` and ``**kwargs``:
-
-    >>> animals = ['cat', 'wolf', 'mouse']
-    >>> list(outer_product(min, animals, animals, key=len))
-    [('cat', 'cat', 'cat'), ('cat', 'wolf', 'wolf'), ('cat', 'wolf', 'mouse')]
-    """
-    ys = tuple(ys)
-    return batched(
-        starmap(lambda x, y: func(x, y, *args, **kwargs), product(xs, ys)),
-        n=len(ys),
-    )
-
-
-def iter_suppress(iterable, *exceptions):
-    """Yield each of the items from *iterable*. If the iteration raises one of
-    the specified *exceptions*, that exception will be suppressed and iteration
-    will stop.
-
-    >>> from itertools import chain
-    >>> def breaks_at_five(x):
-    ...     while True:
-    ...         if x >= 5:
-    ...             raise RuntimeError
-    ...         yield x
-    ...         x += 1
-    >>> it_1 = iter_suppress(breaks_at_five(1), RuntimeError)
-    >>> it_2 = iter_suppress(breaks_at_five(2), RuntimeError)
-    >>> list(chain(it_1, it_2))
-    [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4]
-    """
-    try:
-        yield from iterable
-    except exceptions:
-        return
-
-
-def filter_map(func, iterable):
-    """Apply *func* to every element of *iterable*, yielding only those which
-    are not ``None``.
-
-    >>> elems = ['1', 'a', '2', 'b', '3']
-    >>> list(filter_map(lambda s: int(s) if s.isnumeric() else None, elems))
-    [1, 2, 3]
-    """
-    for x in iterable:
-        y = func(x)
-        if y is not None:
-            yield y
-
-
-def powerset_of_sets(iterable):
-    """Yields all possible subsets of the iterable.
-
-        >>> list(powerset_of_sets([1, 2, 3]))  # doctest: +SKIP
-        [set(), {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}]
-        >>> list(powerset_of_sets([1, 1, 0]))  # doctest: +SKIP
-        [set(), {1}, {0}, {0, 1}]
-
-    :func:`powerset_of_sets` takes care to minimize the number
-    of hash operations performed.
-    """
-    sets = tuple(map(set, dict.fromkeys(map(frozenset, zip(iterable)))))
-    for r in range(len(sets) + 1):
-        yield from starmap(set().union, combinations(sets, r))
-
-
-def join_mappings(**field_to_map):
-    """
-    Joins multiple mappings together using their common keys.
-
-    >>> user_scores = {'elliot': 50, 'claris': 60}
-    >>> user_times = {'elliot': 30, 'claris': 40}
-    >>> join_mappings(score=user_scores, time=user_times)
-    {'elliot': {'score': 50, 'time': 30}, 'claris': {'score': 60, 'time': 40}}
-    """
-    ret = defaultdict(dict)
-
-    for field_name, mapping in field_to_map.items():
-        for key, value in mapping.items():
-            ret[key][field_name] = value
-
-    return dict(ret)
-
-
-def _complex_sumprod(v1, v2):
-    """High precision sumprod() for complex numbers.
-    Used by :func:`dft` and :func:`idft`.
-    """
-
-    r1 = chain((p.real for p in v1), (-p.imag for p in v1))
-    r2 = chain((q.real for q in v2), (q.imag for q in v2))
-    i1 = chain((p.real for p in v1), (p.imag for p in v1))
-    i2 = chain((q.imag for q in v2), (q.real for q in v2))
-    return complex(_fsumprod(r1, r2), _fsumprod(i1, i2))
-
-
-def dft(xarr):
-    """Discrete Fourier Tranform. *xarr* is a sequence of complex numbers.
-    Yields the components of the corresponding transformed output vector.
-
-    >>> import cmath
-    >>> xarr = [1, 2-1j, -1j, -1+2j]
-    >>> Xarr = [2, -2-2j, -2j, 4+4j]
-    >>> all(map(cmath.isclose, dft(xarr), Xarr))
-    True
-
-    See :func:`idft` for the inverse Discrete Fourier Transform.
-    """
-    N = len(xarr)
-    roots_of_unity = [e ** (n / N * tau * -1j) for n in range(N)]
-    for k in range(N):
-        coeffs = [roots_of_unity[k * n % N] for n in range(N)]
-        yield _complex_sumprod(xarr, coeffs)
-
-
-def idft(Xarr):
-    """Inverse Discrete Fourier Tranform. *Xarr* is a sequence of
-    complex numbers. Yields the components of the corresponding
-    inverse-transformed output vector.
-
-    >>> import cmath
-    >>> xarr = [1, 2-1j, -1j, -1+2j]
-    >>> Xarr = [2, -2-2j, -2j, 4+4j]
-    >>> all(map(cmath.isclose, idft(Xarr), xarr))
-    True
-
-    See :func:`dft` for the Discrete Fourier Transform.
-    """
-    N = len(Xarr)
-    roots_of_unity = [e ** (n / N * tau * 1j) for n in range(N)]
-    for k in range(N):
-        coeffs = [roots_of_unity[k * n % N] for n in range(N)]
-        yield _complex_sumprod(Xarr, coeffs) / N
-
-
-def doublestarmap(func, iterable):
-    """Apply *func* to every item of *iterable* by dictionary unpacking
-    the item into *func*.
-
-    The difference between :func:`itertools.starmap` and :func:`doublestarmap`
-    parallels the distinction between ``func(*a)`` and ``func(**a)``.
-
-    >>> iterable = [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 40, 'b': 60}]
-    >>> list(doublestarmap(lambda a, b: a + b, iterable))
-    [3, 100]
-
-    ``TypeError`` will be raised if *func*'s signature doesn't match the
-    mapping contained in *iterable* or if *iterable* does not contain mappings.
-    """
-    for item in iterable:
-        yield func(**item)