pvlib 0.13.0__py3-none-any.whl → 0.13.1a1__py3-none-any.whl

pvlib/ivtools/sdm/_fit_desoto_pvsyst_sandia.py

@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def _update_io(voc, iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth):
     .. [1] PVLib MATLAB https://github.com/sandialabs/MATLAB_PV_LIB
     .. [2] C. Hansen, Parameter Estimation for Single Diode Models of
        Photovoltaic Modules, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2015-2065
-    .. [3] C. Hansen, Estimation of Parameteres for Single Diode Models using
+    .. [3] C. Hansen, Estimation of Parameters for Single Diode Models using
        Measured IV Curves, Proc. of the 39th IEEE PVSC, June 2013.
     """
 

pvlib/ivtools/sdm/cec.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def fit_cec_sam(celltype, v_mp, i_mp, v_oc, i_sc, alpha_sc, beta_voc,
     cells_in_series : int
         Number of cells in series
     temp_ref : float, default 25
-        Reference temperature condition [C]
+        Reference temperature condition, [°C]
 
     Returns
     -------

pvlib/ivtools/sdm/desoto.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def fit_desoto(v_mp, i_mp, v_oc, i_sc, alpha_sc, beta_voc, cells_in_series,
     dEgdT: float, default -0.0002677 - value for silicon
         Variation of bandgap according to temperature. [1/K]
     temp_ref: float, default 25
-        Reference temperature condition. [C]
+        Reference temperature condition. [°C]
     irrad_ref: float, default 1000
         Reference irradiance condition. [Wm⁻²]
     init_guess: dict, optional
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def fit_desoto(v_mp, i_mp, v_oc, i_sc, alpha_sc, beta_voc, cells_in_series,
         irrad_ref: float
             Reference irradiance condition. [Wm⁻²]
         temp_ref: float
-            Reference temperature condition. [C]
+            Reference temperature condition. [°C]
 
     scipy.optimize.OptimizeResult
         Optimization result of scipy.optimize.root().
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def fit_desoto(v_mp, i_mp, v_oc, i_sc, alpha_sc, beta_voc, cells_in_series,
     """
 
     # Constants
-    k = constants.value('Boltzmann constant in eV/K')  # in eV/K
+    k = constants.value('Boltzmann constant in eV/K')
     Tref = temp_ref + 273.15  # [K]
 
     # initial guesses of variables for computing convergence:
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ def fit_desoto_sandia(ivcurves, specs, const=None, maxiter=5, eps1=1.e-3):
             effective irradiance for each IV curve, i.e., POA broadband
             irradiance adjusted by solar spectrum modifier [W / m^2]
         tc : array
-            cell temperature for each IV curve [C]
+            cell temperature for each IV curve. [°C]
         i_sc : array
             short circuit current for each IV curve [A]
         v_oc : array
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ def fit_desoto_sandia(ivcurves, specs, const=None, maxiter=5, eps1=1.e-3):
 
     const : dict
         E0 : float
-            effective irradiance at STC, default 1000 [W/m^2]
+            effective irradiance at STC, default 1000 [Wm⁻²]
         T0 : float
-            cell temperature at STC, default 25 [C]
+            cell temperature at STC, default 25°C. [°C]
         k : float
             Boltzmann's constant [J/K]
         q : float

pvlib/ivtools/sdm/pvsyst.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def fit_pvsyst_sandia(ivcurves, specs, const=None, maxiter=5, eps1=1.e-3):
             effective irradiance for each IV curve, i.e., POA broadband
             irradiance adjusted by solar spectrum modifier [W / m^2]
         tc : array
-            cell temperature for each IV curve [C]
+            cell temperature for each IV curve [°C]
         i_sc : array
             short circuit current for each IV curve [A]
         v_oc : array
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ def fit_pvsyst_sandia(ivcurves, specs, const=None, maxiter=5, eps1=1.e-3):
 
     const : dict
         E0 : float
-            effective irradiance at STC, default 1000 [W/m^2]
+            effective irradiance at STC, default 1000 [Wm⁻²]
         T0 : float
-            cell temperature at STC, default 25 [C]
+            cell temperature at STC, default 25°C. [°C]
         k : float
             Boltzmann's constant [J/K]
         q : float
@@ -272,10 +272,10 @@ def pvsyst_temperature_coeff(alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref, I_o_ref,
         Default of 1.121 eV is for crystalline silicon. Must be positive. [eV]
 
     irrad_ref : float, default 1000
-        Reference irradiance. [W/m^2].
+        Reference irradiance. [Wm⁻²].
 
     temp_ref : float, default 25
-        Reference cell temperature. [C]
+        Reference cell temperature. [°C]
 
 
     Returns
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def fit_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(effective_irradiance, temp_cell,
     effective_irradiance : array
         Effective irradiance for each test condition [W/m²]
     temp_cell : array
-        Cell temperature for each test condition [C]
+        Cell temperature for each test condition. [°C]
     i_sc : array
         Short circuit current for each test condition [A]
     v_oc : array
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ def fit_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(effective_irradiance, temp_cell,
     temperature_tolerance : float, default 1
         Tolerance for temperature variation around the STC value.
         The default value corresponds to a +/- 1 degree interval around the STC
-        value of 25 degrees. [C]
+        value of 25°C. [°C]
 
     Returns
     -------

pvlib/modelchain.py

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import pvlib.irradiance  # avoid name conflict with full import
 from pvlib.pvsystem import _DC_MODEL_PARAMS
 from pvlib.tools import _build_kwargs
 
+from pvlib._deprecation import deprecated
+
 # keys that are used to detect input data and assign data to appropriate
 # ModelChain attribute
 # for ModelChain.weather
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ POA_KEYS = ('poa_global', 'poa_direct', 'poa_diffuse')
 # 'cell_temperature' overrides ModelChain.temperature_model and sets
 # ModelChain.cell_temperature to the data. If 'module_temperature' is provided,
 # overrides ModelChain.temperature_model with
-# pvlib.temperature.sapm_celL_from_module
+# pvlib.temperature.sapm_cell_from_module
 TEMPERATURE_KEYS = ('module_temperature', 'cell_temperature')
 
 DATA_KEYS = WEATHER_KEYS + POA_KEYS + TEMPERATURE_KEYS
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ DATA_KEYS = WEATHER_KEYS + POA_KEYS + TEMPERATURE_KEYS
 # for Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Arrays. SAND85-0330. Albuquerque, NM:
 # Sandia National Laboratories. Accessed September 3, 2013:
 # http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/1985/850330.pdf
-# pvlib python does not implement that model, so use the SAPM instead.
+# pvlib-python does not implement that model, so it uses the SAPM instead.
 PVWATTS_CONFIG = dict(
     dc_model='pvwatts', ac_model='pvwatts', losses_model='pvwatts',
     transposition_model='perez', aoi_model='physical',
@@ -59,6 +61,13 @@ SAPM_CONFIG = dict(
 )
 
 
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.13.1",
+    removal="",
+    name="pvlib.modelchain.get_orientation",
+    alternative=None,
+    addendum=None,
+)
 def get_orientation(strategy, **kwargs):
     """
     Determine a PV system's surface tilt and surface azimuth
@@ -84,7 +93,7 @@ def get_orientation(strategy, **kwargs):
         surface_tilt = 0
     else:
         raise ValueError('invalid orientation strategy. strategy must '
-                         'be one of south_at_latitude, flat,')
+                         'be one of south_at_latitude_tilt, flat,')
 
     return surface_tilt, surface_azimuth
 
@@ -162,8 +171,8 @@ class ModelChainResult:
     # per DC array information
     total_irrad: Optional[PerArray[pd.DataFrame]] = field(default=None)
     """ DataFrame (or tuple of DataFrame, one for each array) containing
-    columns ``'poa_global'``, ``'poa_direct'`` ``'poa_diffuse'``,
-    ``poa_sky_diffuse'``, ``'poa_ground_diffuse'`` (W/m2); see
+    columns ``'poa_global'``, ``'poa_direct'``, ``'poa_diffuse'``,
+    ``poa_sky_diffuse'``, and ``'poa_ground_diffuse'`` (Wm⁻²); see
     :py:func:`~pvlib.irradiance.get_total_irradiance` for details.
     """
 
@@ -190,12 +199,12 @@ class ModelChainResult:
 
     cell_temperature: Optional[PerArray[pd.Series]] = field(default=None)
     """Series (or tuple of Series, one for each array) containing cell
-    temperature (C).
+    temperature (°C).
     """
 
     effective_irradiance: Optional[PerArray[pd.Series]] = field(default=None)
     """Series (or tuple of Series, one for each array) containing effective
-    irradiance (W/m2) which is total plane-of-array irradiance adjusted for
+    irradiance (Wm⁻²) which is total plane-of-array irradiance adjusted for
     reflections and spectral content.
     """
 
@@ -215,12 +224,12 @@ class ModelChainResult:
 
     dc_ohmic_losses: Optional[PerArray[pd.Series]] = field(default=None)
     """Series (or tuple of Series, one for each array) containing DC ohmic
-    loss (W) calculated by ``ModelChain.dc_ohmic_model``.
+    losses (W) calculated by ``ModelChain.dc_ohmic_model``.
     """
 
     # copies of input data, for user convenience
     weather: Optional[PerArray[pd.DataFrame]] = None
-    """DataFrame (or tuple of DataFrame, one for each array) contains a
+    """DataFrame (or tuple of DataFrame, one for each array) containing a
     copy of the input weather data.
     """
 
@@ -806,7 +815,7 @@ class ModelChain:
                              'system.arrays[i].module_parameters. Check that '
                              'the module_parameters for all Arrays in '
                              'system.arrays contain parameters for the '
-                             'physical, aoi, ashrae, martin_ruiz or interp '
+                             'physical, sapm, ashrae, martin_ruiz or interp '
                              'model; explicitly set the model with the '
                              'aoi_model kwarg; or set aoi_model="no_loss".')
 

pvlib/pvarray.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def pvefficiency_adr(effective_irradiance, temp_cell,
         the reference conditions. [unitless]
 
     k_d : numeric, negative
-        “Dark irradiance” or diode coefficient which influences the voltage
+        "Dark irradiance" or diode coefficient which influences the voltage
         increase with irradiance. [unitless]
 
     tc_d : numeric
@@ -225,24 +225,55 @@ def fit_pvefficiency_adr(effective_irradiance, temp_cell, eta,
         return popt
 
 
-def _infer_k_huld(cell_type, pdc0):
+def _infer_k_huld(cell_type, pdc0, k_version):
+    r"""
+    Get the EU JRC updated coefficients for the Huld model.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cell_type : str
+        Must be one of 'csi', 'cis', or 'cdte'
+    pdc0 : numeric
+        Power of the modules at reference conditions [W]
+    k_version : str
+        Either 'pvgis5' or 'pvgis6'.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple
+        The six coefficients (k1-k6) for the Huld model, scaled by pdc0
+    """
     # from PVGIS documentation, "PVGIS data sources & calculation methods",
     # Section 5.2.3, accessed 12/22/2023
     # The parameters in PVGIS' documentation are for a version of Huld's
     # equation that has factored Pdc0 out of the polynomial:
     #  P = G/1000 * Pdc0 * (1 + k1 log(Geff) + ...) so these parameters are
     # multiplied by pdc0
-    huld_params = {'csi': (-0.017237, -0.040465, -0.004702, 0.000149,
-                           0.000170, 0.000005),
-                   'cis': (-0.005554, -0.038724, -0.003723, -0.000905,
-                           -0.001256, 0.000001),
-                   'cdte': (-0.046689, -0.072844, -0.002262, 0.000276,
-                            0.000159, -0.000006)}
+    if k_version.lower() == 'pvgis5':
+        # coefficients from PVGIS webpage
+        huld_params = {'csi': (-0.017237, -0.040465, -0.004702, 0.000149,
+                               0.000170, 0.000005),
+                       'cis': (-0.005554, -0.038724, -0.003723, -0.000905,
+                               -0.001256, 0.000001),
+                       'cdte': (-0.046689, -0.072844, -0.002262, 0.000276,
+                                0.000159, -0.000006)}
+    elif k_version.lower() == 'pvgis6':
+        # Coefficients from EU JRC paper
+        huld_params = {'csi': (-0.0067560, -0.016444, -0.003015, -0.000045,
+                               -0.000043, 0.0),
+                       'cis': (-0.011001, -0.029734, -0.002887, 0.000217,
+                               -0.000163, 0.0),
+                       'cdte': (-0.020644, -0.035136, -0.003406, 0.000073,
+                                -0.000141, 0.000002)}
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid k_version={k_version}: must be either '
+                         '"pvgis5" or "pvgis6"')
     k = tuple([x*pdc0 for x in huld_params[cell_type.lower()]])
     return k
 
 
-def huld(effective_irradiance, temp_mod, pdc0, k=None, cell_type=None):
+def huld(effective_irradiance, temp_mod, pdc0, k=None, cell_type=None,
+         k_version='pvgis5'):
     r"""
     Power (DC) using the Huld model.
 
@@ -274,6 +305,11 @@ def huld(effective_irradiance, temp_mod, pdc0, k=None, cell_type=None):
     cell_type : str, optional
         If provided, must be one of ``'cSi'``, ``'CIS'``, or ``'CdTe'``.
         Used to look up default values for ``k`` if ``k`` is not specified.
+    k_version : str, optional
+        Either ``'pvgis5'`` (default) or ``'pvgis6'``. Selects values
+        for ``k`` if ``k`` is not specified. If ``'pvgis5'``, values are
+        from PVGIS documentation and are labeled in [2]_ as "current".
+        If ``'pvgis6'`` values are from [2]_ labeled as "updated".
 
     Returns
     -------
@@ -328,14 +364,19 @@ def huld(effective_irradiance, temp_mod, pdc0, k=None, cell_type=None):
 
     References
     ----------
-    .. [1] T. Huld, G. Friesen, A. Skoczek, R. Kenny, T. Sample, M. Field,
-           E. Dunlop. A power-rating model for crystalline silicon PV modules.
-           Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, (2011), pp. 3359-3369.
-           :doi:`10.1016/j.solmat.2011.07.026`.
+    .. [1] T. Huld, G. Friesen, A. Skoczek, R. Kenny, T. Sample, M. Field, and
+           E. Dunlop, "A power-rating model for crystalline silicon PV
+           modules," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, (2011),
+           pp. 3359-3369. :doi:`10.1016/j.solmat.2011.07.026`.
+    .. [2] A. Chatzipanagi, N. Taylor, I. Suarez, A. Martinez, T. Lyubenova,
+           and E. Dunlop, "An Updated Simplified Energy Yield Model for Recent
+           Photovoltaic Module Technologies,"
+           Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 33,
+           no. 8 (2025): 905–917, :doi:`10.1002/pip.3926`.
     """
     if k is None:
         if cell_type is not None:
-            k = _infer_k_huld(cell_type, pdc0)
+            k = _infer_k_huld(cell_type, pdc0, k_version)
         else:
             raise ValueError('Either k or cell_type must be specified')
 
@@ -346,7 +387,10 @@ def huld(effective_irradiance, temp_mod, pdc0, k=None, cell_type=None):
         logGprime = np.log(gprime, out=np.zeros_like(gprime),
                            where=np.array(gprime > 0))
     # Eq. 1 in [1]
-    pdc = gprime * (pdc0 + k[0] * logGprime + k[1] * logGprime**2 +
-                    k[2] * tprime + k[3] * tprime * logGprime +
-                    k[4] * tprime * logGprime**2 + k[5] * tprime**2)
+    pdc = gprime * (
+        pdc0 + k[0] * logGprime + k[1] * logGprime**2 +
+        k[2] * tprime + k[3] * tprime * logGprime +
+        k[4] * tprime * logGprime**2 +
+        k[5] * tprime**2
+    )
     return pdc

pvlib/singlediode.py

@@ -696,27 +696,34 @@ def _lambertw_v_from_i(current, photocurrent, saturation_current,
 
     # Only compute using LambertW if there are cases with Gsh>0
     if np.any(idx_p):
+
+        # use only the relevant subset for what follows
+        I = I[idx_p]
+        IL = IL[idx_p]
+        I0 = I0[idx_p]
+        Rs = Rs[idx_p]
+        Gsh = Gsh[idx_p]
+        a = a[idx_p]
+
         # LambertW argument, cannot be float128, may overflow to np.inf
         # overflow is explicitly handled below, so ignore warnings here
         with np.errstate(over='ignore'):
-            argW = (I0[idx_p] / (Gsh[idx_p] * a[idx_p]) *
-                    np.exp((-I[idx_p] + IL[idx_p] + I0[idx_p]) /
-                           (Gsh[idx_p] * a[idx_p])))
+            argW = I0 / (Gsh * a) * np.exp((-I + IL + I0) / (Gsh * a))
 
         # lambertw typically returns complex value with zero imaginary part
         # may overflow to np.inf
         lambertwterm = lambertw(argW).real
 
         # Record indices where lambertw input overflowed output
-        idx_inf = np.logical_not(np.isfinite(lambertwterm))
+        idx_inf = np.isinf(lambertwterm)
 
         # Only re-compute LambertW if it overflowed
         if np.any(idx_inf):
             # Calculate using log(argW) in case argW is really big
-            logargW = (np.log(I0[idx_p]) - np.log(Gsh[idx_p]) -
-                       np.log(a[idx_p]) +
-                       (-I[idx_p] + IL[idx_p] + I0[idx_p]) /
-                       (Gsh[idx_p] * a[idx_p]))[idx_inf]
+            logargW = (np.log(I0[idx_inf]) - np.log(Gsh[idx_inf]) -
+                       np.log(a[idx_inf]) +
+                       (-I[idx_inf] + IL[idx_inf] + I0[idx_inf]) /
+                       (Gsh[idx_inf] * a[idx_inf]))
 
             # Three iterations of Newton-Raphson method to solve
             #  w+log(w)=logargW. The initial guess is w=logargW. Where direct
@@ -730,8 +737,7 @@ def _lambertw_v_from_i(current, photocurrent, saturation_current,
         # Eqn. 3 in Jain and Kapoor, 2004
         #  V = -I*(Rs + Rsh) + IL*Rsh - a*lambertwterm + I0*Rsh
         # Recast in terms of Gsh=1/Rsh for better numerical stability.
-        V[idx_p] = (IL[idx_p] + I0[idx_p] - I[idx_p]) / Gsh[idx_p] - \
-            I[idx_p] * Rs[idx_p] - a[idx_p] * lambertwterm
+        V[idx_p] = (IL + I0 - I) / Gsh - I * Rs - a * lambertwterm
 
     if output_is_scalar:
         return V.item()

pvlib/solarposition.py

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ def spa_python(time, latitude, longitude,
     Calculate the solar position using a python implementation of the
     NREL SPA algorithm.
 
-    The details of the NREL SPA algorithm are described in [1]_.
+    The details of the NREL SPA algorithm are described in [1]_, [2]_.
 
     If numba is installed, the functions can be compiled to
     machine code and the function can be multithreaded.
@@ -328,25 +328,26 @@ def spa_python(time, latitude, longitude,
     -------
     DataFrame
         The DataFrame will have the following columns:
-        apparent_zenith (degrees),
-        zenith (degrees),
-        apparent_elevation (degrees),
-        elevation (degrees),
-        azimuth (degrees),
-        equation_of_time (minutes).
 
+        - apparent_zenith (degrees),
+        - zenith (degrees),
+        - apparent_elevation (degrees),
+        - elevation (degrees),
+        - azimuth (degrees),
+        - equation_of_time (minutes).
 
     References
     ----------
     .. [1] I. Reda and A. Andreas, Solar position algorithm for solar
        radiation applications. Solar Energy, vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 577-589, 2004.
+       :doi:`10.1016/j.solener.2003.12.003`.
 
     .. [2] I. Reda and A. Andreas, Corrigendum to Solar position algorithm for
        solar radiation applications. Solar Energy, vol. 81, no. 6, p. 838,
-       2007.
+       2007. :doi:`10.1016/j.solener.2007.01.003`.
 
-    .. [3] USNO delta T:
-       https://maia.usno.navy.mil/products/deltaT
+    .. [3] `U.S. Naval Observatory, delta T
+       <https://maia.usno.navy.mil/products/deltaT>`_
 
     See also
     --------

pvlib/spectrum/mismatch.py

@@ -239,27 +239,15 @@ def spectral_factor_firstsolar(precipitable_water, airmass_absolute,
     """
     pw = np.atleast_1d(precipitable_water)
     pw = pw.astype('float64')
-    if np.min(pw) < min_precipitable_water:
-        pw = np.maximum(pw, min_precipitable_water)
-        warn('Low precipitable water values replaced with '
-             f'{min_precipitable_water} cm in the calculation of spectral '
-             'mismatch.')
-
-    if np.max(pw) > max_precipitable_water:
-        pw[pw > max_precipitable_water] = np.nan
-        warn('High precipitable water values replaced with np.nan in '
-             'the calculation of spectral mismatch.')
+    pw = np.maximum(pw, min_precipitable_water)
+    pw[pw > max_precipitable_water] = np.nan
 
     airmass_absolute = np.minimum(airmass_absolute, max_airmass_absolute)
-
-    if np.min(airmass_absolute) < min_airmass_absolute:
-        airmass_absolute = np.maximum(airmass_absolute, min_airmass_absolute)
-        warn('Low airmass values replaced with 'f'{min_airmass_absolute} in '
-             'the calculation of spectral mismatch.')
-        # pvlib.atmosphere.get_absolute_airmass(1,
-        # pvlib.atmosphere.alt2pres(4340)) = 0.58 Elevation of
-        # Mina Pirquita, Argentian = 4340 m. Highest elevation city with
-        # population over 50,000.
+    # pvlib.atmosphere.get_absolute_airmass(1,
+    # pvlib.atmosphere.alt2pres(4340)) = 0.58 Elevation of
+    # Mina Pirquita, Argentian = 4340 m. Highest elevation city with
+    # population over 50,000.
+    airmass_absolute = np.maximum(airmass_absolute, min_airmass_absolute)
 
     _coefficients = {}
     _coefficients['cdte'] = (

pvlib/temperature.py

@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ def faiman_rad(poa_global, temp_air, wind_speed=1.0, ir_down=None,
     return temp_air + temp_difference
 
 
-def ross(poa_global, temp_air, noct):
+def ross(poa_global, temp_air, noct=None, k=None):
     r'''
     Calculate cell temperature using the Ross model.
 
@@ -630,14 +630,19 @@ def ross(poa_global, temp_air, noct):
     Parameters
     ----------
     poa_global : numeric
-        Total incident irradiance. [W/m^2]
+        Total incident irradiance. [W/m⁻²]
 
     temp_air : numeric
         Ambient dry bulb temperature. [C]
 
-    noct : numeric
+    noct : numeric, optional
         Nominal operating cell temperature [C], determined at conditions of
-        800 W/m^2 irradiance, 20 C ambient air temperature and 1 m/s wind.
+        800 W/m⁻² irradiance, 20 C ambient air temperature and 1 m/s wind.
+        If ``noct`` is not provided, ``k`` is required.
+    k: numeric, optional
+        Ross coefficient [Km²W⁻¹], which is an alternative to employing
+        NOCT in Ross's equation. If ``k`` is not provided, ``noct`` is
+        required.
 
     Returns
     -------
@@ -650,19 +655,62 @@ def ross(poa_global, temp_air, noct):
 
     .. math::
 
-        T_{C} = T_{a} + \frac{NOCT - 20}{80} S
-
-    where :math:`S` is the plane of array irradiance in :math:`mW/{cm}^2`.
-    This function expects irradiance in :math:`W/m^2`.
+        T_{C} = T_{a} + \frac{NOCT - 20}{80} S = T_{a} + k × S
+
+    where :math:`S` is the plane of array irradiance in mWcm⁻².
+    This function expects irradiance in Wm⁻².
+
+    Representative values for k are provided in [2]_, covering different types
+    of mounting and degrees of back ventialtion. The naming designations,
+    however, are adapted from [3]_ to enhance clarity and usability.
+
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+    | Mounting                             | :math:`k` |
+    +======================================+===========+
+    | Sloped roof, well ventilated         | 0.02      |
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+    | Free-standing system                 | 0.0208    |
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+    | Flat roof, well ventilated           | 0.026     |
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+    | Sloped roof, poorly ventilated       | 0.0342    |
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+    | Facade integrated, semi-ventilated   | 0.0455    |
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+    | Facade integrated, poorly ventilated | 0.0538    |
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+    | Sloped roof, non-ventilated          | 0.0563    |
+    +--------------------------------------+-----------+
+
+    It is also worth noting that the semi-ventilated facade case refers to
+    partly transparent compound glass insulation modules, while the non-
+    ventilated case corresponds to opaque, insulated PV-cladding elements.
+    However, the emphasis in [3]_ appears to be on ventilation conditions
+    rather than module construction.
 
     References
     ----------
     .. [1] Ross, R. G. Jr., (1981). "Design Techniques for Flat-Plate
        Photovoltaic Arrays". 15th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference,
        Orlando, FL.
+    .. [2] E. Skoplaki and J. A. Palyvos, "Operating temperature of
+       photovoltaic modules: A survey of pertinent correlations," Renewable
+       Energy, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 23–29, Jan. 2009,
+       :doi:`10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.009`
+    .. [3] T. Nordmann and L. Clavadetscher, "Understanding temperature
+       effects on PV system performance," Proceedings of 3rd World Conference
+       on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, May 2003.
     '''
-    # factor of 0.1 converts irradiance from W/m2 to mW/cm2
-    return temp_air + (noct - 20.) / 80. * poa_global * 0.1
+    if (noct is None) & (k is None):
+        raise ValueError("Either noct or k is required.")
+    elif (noct is not None) & (k is not None):
+        raise ValueError("Provide only one of noct or k, not both.")
+    elif k is None:
+        # factor of 0.1 converts irradiance from W/m2 to mW/cm2
+        return temp_air + (noct - 20.) / 80. * poa_global * 0.1
+    elif noct is None:
+        # k assumes irradiance in W.m-2, dismissing 0.1 factor
+        return temp_air + k * poa_global
 
 
 def _fuentes_hconv(tave, windmod, tinoct, temp_delta, xlen, tilt,

pvlib/tools.py

@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ def normalize_max2one(a):
     return res
 
 
-def _file_context_manager(filename_or_object, mode='r'):
+def _file_context_manager(filename_or_object, mode='r', encoding=None):
     """
     Open a filename/path for reading, or pass a file-like object
     through unchanged.
@@ -584,5 +584,5 @@ def _file_context_manager(filename_or_object, mode='r'):
         context = contextlib.nullcontext(filename_or_object)
     else:
         # otherwise, assume a filename or path
-        context = open(str(filename_or_object), mode=mode)
+        context = open(str(filename_or_object), mode=mode, encoding=encoding)
     return context

pvlib/tracking.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@ import pandas as pd
 from pvlib.tools import cosd, sind, tand, acosd, asind
 from pvlib import irradiance
 from pvlib import shading
+from pvlib._deprecation import renamed_kwarg_warning
 
 
-def singleaxis(apparent_zenith, apparent_azimuth,
+@renamed_kwarg_warning(
+    since='0.13.1',
+    old_param_name='apparent_azimuth',
+    new_param_name='solar_azimuth')
+def singleaxis(apparent_zenith, solar_azimuth,
                axis_tilt=0, axis_azimuth=0, max_angle=90,
                backtrack=True, gcr=2.0/7.0, cross_axis_tilt=0):
     """
@@ -33,7 +38,7 @@ def singleaxis(apparent_zenith, apparent_azimuth,
     apparent_zenith : float, 1d array, or Series
         Solar apparent zenith angles in decimal degrees.
 
-    apparent_azimuth : float, 1d array, or Series
+    solar_azimuth : float, 1d array, or Series
         Solar apparent azimuth angles in decimal degrees.
 
     axis_tilt : float, default 0
@@ -123,10 +128,10 @@ def singleaxis(apparent_zenith, apparent_azimuth,
         index = None
 
     # convert scalars to arrays
-    apparent_azimuth = np.atleast_1d(apparent_azimuth)
+    solar_azimuth = np.atleast_1d(solar_azimuth)
     apparent_zenith = np.atleast_1d(apparent_zenith)
 
-    if apparent_azimuth.ndim > 1 or apparent_zenith.ndim > 1:
+    if solar_azimuth.ndim > 1 or apparent_zenith.ndim > 1:
         raise ValueError('Input dimensions must not exceed 1')
 
     # The ideal tracking angle, omega_ideal, is the rotation to place the sun
@@ -142,7 +147,7 @@ def singleaxis(apparent_zenith, apparent_azimuth,
         axis_tilt=axis_tilt,
         axis_azimuth=axis_azimuth,
         solar_zenith=apparent_zenith,
-        solar_azimuth=apparent_azimuth,
+        solar_azimuth=solar_azimuth,
     )
 
     # filter for sun above panel horizon
@@ -191,7 +196,7 @@ def singleaxis(apparent_zenith, apparent_azimuth,
     surface_tilt = surface['surface_tilt']
     surface_azimuth = surface['surface_azimuth']
     aoi = irradiance.aoi(surface_tilt, surface_azimuth,
-                         apparent_zenith, apparent_azimuth)
+                         apparent_zenith, solar_azimuth)
 
     # Bundle DataFrame for return values and filter for sun below horizon.
     out = {'tracker_theta': tracker_theta, 'aoi': aoi,