psychopy 2024.1.3__py3-none-any.whl → 2024.2.0__py3-none-any.whl

psychopy/preferences/Windows.spec

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
     # display tips when starting PsychoPy
     showStartupTips = boolean(default='True')
     # what windows to display when PsychoPy starts
-    defaultView = option('builder', 'coder', 'runner', 'all', default='all')
+    defaultView = option('last', 'builder', 'coder', 'runner', 'all', default='last')
     # reset preferences to defaults on next restart of PsychoPy
     resetPrefs = boolean(default='False') # default must be False!
     # save any unsaved preferences before closing the window
@@ -149,8 +149,10 @@
     forceWindowed = boolean(default=True)
     # What window size to use when forced to windowed mode
     forcedWindowSize = list(default=list(800, 600))
-    # How much output to include in the log files when piloting ('error' is fewest messages, 'debug' is most)
+    # How much output to include in the log file when piloting ('error' is fewest messages, 'debug' is most)
     pilotLoggingLevel = option('error', 'warning', 'data', 'exp', 'info', 'debug', default='debug')
+    # How much output to display in the console / app when piloting ('error' is fewest messages, 'debug' is most).
+    pilotConsoleLoggingLevel = option('error', 'warning', 'data', 'exp', 'info', 'debug', default='warning')
     # Show an orange border around the window when in piloting mode
     showPilotingIndicator = boolean(default=True)
     # Prevent experiment from enabling rush mode when piloting

psychopy/preferences/baseNoArch.spec

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
     # display tips when starting PsychoPy
     showStartupTips = boolean(default='True')
     # what windows to display when PsychoPy starts
-    defaultView = option('builder', 'coder', 'runner', 'all', default='all')
+    defaultView = option('last', 'builder', 'coder', 'runner', 'all', default='last')
     # reset preferences to defaults on next restart of PsychoPy
     resetPrefs = boolean(default='False') # default must be False!
     # save any unsaved preferences before closing the window
@@ -145,8 +145,10 @@
     forceWindowed = boolean(default=True)
     # What window size to use when forced to windowed mode
     forcedWindowSize = list(default=list(800, 600))
-    # How much output to include in the log files when piloting ('error' is fewest messages, 'debug' is most)
+    # How much output to include in the log file when piloting ('error' is fewest messages, 'debug' is most)
     pilotLoggingLevel = option('error', 'warning', 'data', 'exp', 'info', 'debug', default='debug')
+    # How much output to display in the console / app when piloting ('error' is fewest messages, 'debug' is most).
+    pilotConsoleLoggingLevel = option('error', 'warning', 'data', 'exp', 'info', 'debug', default='warning')
     # Show an orange border around the window when in piloting mode
     showPilotingIndicator = boolean(default=True)
     # Prevent experiment from enabling rush mode when piloting

psychopy/preferences/preferences.py

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ import platform
 from pathlib import Path
 from .. import __version__
 
-from pkg_resources import parse_version
+from packaging.version import Version
 import shutil
 
 try:
     import configobj
     if (sys.version_info.minor >= 7 and
-            parse_version(configobj.__version__) < parse_version('5.1.0')):
+            Version(configobj.__version__) < Version('5.1.0')):
         raise ImportError('Installed configobj does not support Python 3.7+')
     _haveConfigobj = True
 except ImportError:
@@ -101,6 +101,14 @@ class Preferences:
         self.loadAll()  # reloads, now getting all from .spec
 
     def getPaths(self):
+        """Get the paths to various directories and files used by PsychoPy.
+
+        If the paths are not found, they are created. Usually, this is only
+        necessary on the first run of PsychoPy. However, if the user has
+        deleted or moved the preferences directory, this method will recreate 
+        those directories.
+
+        """
         # on mac __file__ might be a local path, so make it the full path
         thisFileAbsPath = os.path.abspath(__file__)
         prefSpecDir = os.path.split(thisFileAbsPath)[0]
@@ -119,6 +127,7 @@ class Preferences:
         self.paths['appFile'] = join(dirApp, 'PsychoPy.py')
         self.paths['demos'] = join(dirPsychoPy, 'demos')
         self.paths['resources'] = dirResources
+        self.paths['assets'] = join(dirPsychoPy, "assets")
         self.paths['tests'] = join(dirPsychoPy, 'tests')
         # path to libs/frameworks
         if 'PsychoPy.app/Contents' in exePath:
@@ -148,6 +157,7 @@ class Preferences:
             'themes',  # define theme path
             'fonts',  # find / copy fonts
             'packages',  # packages and plugins
+            'configs',  # config files for plugins
             'cache',  # cache for downloaded and other temporary files
         )
 
@@ -164,42 +174,55 @@ class Preferences:
             except OSError as err:
                 if err.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                     raise
-        
+
         # root site-packages directory for user-installed packages and add it
-        pyVer = 'Python{}{}'.format(
-            sys.version_info.major, sys.version_info.minor)
-        prefixRootDir = Path(
-            self.paths['userPrefsDir']) / 'packages' / pyVer
+        userPkgRoot = Path(self.paths['packages'])
+
+        # Package paths for custom user site-packages, these should be compliant
+        # with platform specific conventions.
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            pyDirName = "Python" + sys.winver.replace(".", "")
+            userPackages = userPkgRoot / pyDirName / "site-packages"
+            userInclude = userPkgRoot / pyDirName / "Include"
+            userScripts = userPkgRoot / pyDirName / "Scripts"
+        elif sys.platform == 'darwin' and sys._framework:  # macos + framework
+            pyVersion = sys.version_info
+            pyDirName = "python{}.{}".format(pyVersion[0], pyVersion[1])
+            userPackages = userPkgRoot / "lib" / "python" / "site-packages"
+            userInclude = userPkgRoot / "include" / pyDirName
+            userScripts = userPkgRoot / "bin"
+        else:  # posix (including linux and macos without framework)
+            pyVersion = sys.version_info
+            pyDirName = "python{}.{}".format(pyVersion[0], pyVersion[1])
+            userPackages = userPkgRoot / "lib" / pyDirName / "site-packages"
+            userInclude = userPkgRoot / "include" / pyDirName
+            userScripts = userPkgRoot / "bin"
 
         # populate directory structure for user-installed packages
-        if not prefixRootDir.is_dir():
-            prefixRootDir.mkdir()
-        
-        userSiteDir = prefixRootDir / 'site-packages'
-        if not userSiteDir.is_dir():
-            userSiteDir.mkdir()
-
-        # Scripts directory for user-installed packages
-        userScriptsDir = prefixRootDir / 'Scripts'
-        if not userScriptsDir.is_dir():
-            userScriptsDir.mkdir()
+        if not userPackages.is_dir():
+            userPackages.mkdir(parents=True)
+        if not userInclude.is_dir():
+            userInclude.mkdir(parents=True)
+        if not userScripts.is_dir():
+            userScripts.mkdir(parents=True)
 
         # add paths from plugins/packages (installed by plugins manager)
-        self.paths['userPackages'] = userSiteDir
-        self.paths['userScripts'] = userScriptsDir
-        
+        self.paths['userPackages'] = userPackages
+        self.paths['userInclude'] = userInclude
+        self.paths['userScripts'] = userScripts
+
         # Get dir for base and user themes
         baseThemeDir = Path(self.paths['appDir']) / "themes" / "spec"
         userThemeDir = Path(self.paths['themes'])
         # Check what version user themes were last updated in
         if (userThemeDir / "last.ver").is_file():
             with open(userThemeDir / "last.ver", "r") as f:
-                lastVer = parse_version(f.read())
+                lastVer = Version(f.read())
         else:
             # if no version available, assume it was the first version to have themes
-            lastVer = parse_version("2020.2.0")
+            lastVer = Version("2020.2.0")
         # If version has changed since base themes last copied, they need updating
-        updateThemes = lastVer < parse_version(__version__)
+        updateThemes = lastVer < Version(__version__)
         # Copy base themes to user themes folder if missing or need update
         for file in baseThemeDir.glob("*.json"):
             if updateThemes or not (Path(self.paths['themes']) / file.name).is_file():

psychopy/projects/pavlovia.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import subprocess
 import traceback
 
 import pandas
-from pkg_resources import parse_version
+from packaging.version import Version
 
 from psychopy import logging, prefs, exceptions
 from psychopy.tools.filetools import DictStorage, KnownProjects
@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ urlencode = parse.quote
 
 pavloviaPrefsDir = os.path.join(prefs.paths['userPrefsDir'], 'pavlovia')
 rootURL = "https://gitlab.pavlovia.org"
-client_id = '4bb79f0356a566cd7b49e3130c714d9140f1d3de4ff27c7583fb34fbfac604e0'
+client_id = '944b87ee0e6b4f510881d6f6bc082f64c7bba17d305efdb829e6e0e7ed466b34'
+code_challenge = None
+code_verifier = None
 scopes = []
 redirect_url = 'https://gitlab.pavlovia.org/'
 
@@ -78,13 +80,50 @@ OK = 1
 
 
 def getAuthURL():
+    # starting state
     state = str(uuid4())  # create a private "state" based on uuid
+    # code challenge and verifier need to be global so we can access them later
+    global code_challenge, code_verifier
+    # generate code challenge and corresponding verifier
+    code_verifier, code_challenge = generateCodeChallengePair()
+    # construct auth url
     auth_url = ('https://gitlab.pavlovia.org/oauth/authorize?client_id={}'
-                '&redirect_uri={}&response_type=token&state={}'
-                .format(client_id, redirect_url, state))
+                '&redirect_uri={}&response_type=code&state={}&code_challenge={}&code_challenge_method=S256'
+                .format(client_id, redirect_url, state, code_challenge))
+
     return auth_url, state
 
 
+def generateCodeChallengePair():
+    """
+    Create a unique random string and its corresponding encoded challenge.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    str
+        A code verifier - a random collection of characters
+    str
+        A code challenge - the code verifier transformed using a particular algorithm
+    """
+    from numpy.random import randint, choice as randchoice
+    import hashlib
+    import base64
+    # characters valid for a code verifier...
+    validChars = list("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-._~")
+    # first make the answer - pick random alphanumeric chars
+    code_verifier = ""
+    for n in range(randint(44, 127)):
+        code_verifier += randchoice(validChars)
+    # transform to make code_challenge
+    code_challenge = code_verifier
+    # SHA-256 digest
+    code_verifier_hash = hashlib.sha256(code_verifier.encode("utf-8")).digest()
+    # Base64 urlsafe encode without padding
+    code_challenge = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(code_verifier_hash).decode("utf-8").rstrip("=")
+    
+    return code_verifier, code_challenge
+
+
 def login(tokenOrUsername, rememberMe=True):
     """Sets the current user by means of a token
 
@@ -619,6 +658,10 @@ class PavloviaProject(dict):
         try:
             value = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
         except KeyError:
+            # if no project, return None
+            if self.project is None:
+                return None
+            # otherwise, get from attributes
             if key in self.project.attributes:
                 value = self.project.attributes[key]
             elif hasattr(self, "_info") and key in self._info:

psychopy/scripts/psyexpCompile.py

@@ -58,10 +58,6 @@ def generateScript(exp, outfile, target="PsychoPy"):
         # make sure we have a legacy save file
         if not Path(exp.legacyFilename).is_file():
             exp.saveToXML(filename=exp.filename)
-        # if compiling to JS, js file needs to have legacy filename
-        _stem, _ext = os.path.splitext(outfile)
-        if _ext == ".js":
-            outfile = _stem + "_legacy" + _ext
         # generate command to run compile from requested version
         cmd = [
             pythonExec, '-m', compiler, str(exp.legacyFilename), '-o', outfile

psychopy/session.py

@@ -236,21 +236,29 @@ class Session:
         file, contained somewhere within the folder supplied for `root`. Paths can be absolute or
         relative to the root folder. Leave as None for a blank dict, experiments can be added
         later on via `addExperiment()`.
+    
+    restMsg : str
+        Message to display inbetween experiments.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self,
-                 root,
-                 dataDir=None,
-                 clock="iso",
-                 win=None,
-                 experiments=None,
-                 loggingLevel="info",
-                 priorityThreshold=constants.priority.EXCLUDE+1,
-                 params=None,
-                 liaison=None):
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            root,
+            dataDir=None,
+            clock="iso",
+            win=None,
+            experiments=None,
+            loggingLevel="info",
+            priorityThreshold=constants.priority.EXCLUDE+1,
+            params=None,
+            liaison=None,
+            restMsg="Rest..."
+        ):
         # Store root and add to Python path
         self.root = Path(root)
         sys.path.insert(1, str(self.root))
+        # store rest message
+        self.restMsg = restMsg
         # Create data folder
         if dataDir is None:
             dataDir = self.root / "data" / str(core.Clock().getTime(format="%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S-%f"))
@@ -336,9 +344,7 @@ class Session:
         """
         if self.win is not None and not self.win._closed:
             # Show waiting message
-            self.win.showMessage(_translate(
-                "Waiting to start..."
-            ))
+            self.win.showMessage(self.restMsg)
             self.win.color = "grey"
             # Flip the screen
             self.win.flip()
@@ -760,9 +766,7 @@ class Session:
             # If win is None, make a Window
             from psychopy.visual import Window
             self.win = Window(**params)
-            self.win.showMessage(_translate(
-                "Waiting to start..."
-            ))
+            self.win.showMessage(self.restMsg)
         else:
             # otherwise, just set the attributes which are safe to set
             self.win.color = params.get('color', self.win.color)
@@ -1051,9 +1055,7 @@ class Session:
         # Mark ExperimentHandler as no longer current
         self.currentExperiment = None
         # Display waiting text
-        self.win.showMessage(_translate(
-            "Waiting to start..."
-        ))
+        self.win.showMessage(self.restMsg)
         self.win.color = "grey"
         # Raise any errors now
         if err is not None:
@@ -1074,6 +1076,102 @@ class Session:
 
         return True
 
+    def getAllTrials(self):
+        """
+        Returns all trials (elapsed, current and upcoming) with an index indicating which trial is 
+        the current trial.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        list[Trial]
+            List of trials, in order (oldest to newest)
+        int
+            Index of the current trial in this list
+        """
+        # return None if there's no current experiment
+        if self.currentExperiment is None:
+            return None
+        # get trials from current experiment
+        trials, i = self.currentExperiment.getAllTrials()
+        
+        return trials, i
+
+    def getCurrentTrial(self, asDict=False):
+        """
+        Returns the current trial (`.thisTrial`)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Trial
+            The current trial
+        """
+        # return None if there's no current experiment
+        if self.currentExperiment is None:
+            return None
+        # get trial from current experiment
+        trial = self.currentExperiment.getCurrentTrial()
+        # convert to dict if needed
+        if asDict and trial is not None:
+            trial = trial.getDict()
+        
+        return trial
+    
+    def getFutureTrial(self, n=1, asDict=False):
+        """
+        Returns the condition for n trials into the future, without
+        advancing the trials. Returns 'None' if attempting to go beyond
+        the last trial in the current loop, if there is no current loop 
+        or if there is no current experiment.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n : int
+            Number of places into the future to look
+        asDict : bool
+            If True, convert Trial object to a dict before returning (useful for Liaison)
+        """
+        # return None if there's no current experiment
+        if self.currentExperiment is None:
+            return None
+        # get future trial from current experiment
+        trial = self.currentExperiment.getFutureTrial(n)
+        # convert to dict if needed
+        if asDict and trial is not None:
+            trial = trial.getDict()
+        
+        return trial
+        
+    def getFutureTrials(self, n=1, start=0, asDict=False):
+        """
+        Returns Trial objects for a given range in the future. Will start looking at `start` trials 
+        in the future and will return n trials from then, so e.g. to get all trials from 2 in the 
+        future to 5 in the future you would use `start=2` and `n=3`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n : int, optional
+            How many trials into the future to look, by default 1
+        start : int, optional
+            How many trials into the future to start looking at, by default 0
+        asDict : bool
+            If True, convert Trial objects to a dict before returning (useful for Liaison)
+        
+        Returns
+        -------
+        list[Trial or dict or None]
+            List of Trial objects n long. Any trials beyond the last trial are None.
+        """
+        # blank list to store trials in
+        trials = []
+        # iterate through n trials
+        for i in range(n):
+            # add each to the list
+            trials.append(
+                self.getFutureTrial(start + i, asDict=asDict)
+            )
+        
+        return trials
+
     def pauseExperiment(self):
         """
         Pause the currently running experiment.
@@ -1137,8 +1235,42 @@ class Session:
 
         return True
 
-    # def recycleTrial(self, thisExp, trial):
-    #     pass
+    def skipTrials(self, n=1):
+        """
+        Skip ahead n trials - the trials inbetween will be marked as "skipped". If you try to
+        skip past the last trial, will log a warning and skip *to* the last trial.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n : int
+            Number of trials to skip ahead
+        """
+        # return if there's no current experiment
+        if self.currentExperiment is None:
+            return
+        # skip trials in current loop
+        self.currentExperiment.skipTrials(n)
+
+    def rewindTrials(self, n=1):
+        """
+        Skip ahead n trials - the trials inbetween will be marked as "skipped". If you try to
+        skip past the last trial, will log a warning and skip *to* the last trial.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n : int
+            Number of trials to skip ahead
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool or None
+            True if the operation completed/queued successfully
+        """
+        # return if there's no current experiment
+        if self.currentExperiment is None:
+            return
+        # rewind trials in current loop
+        self.currentExperiment.rewindTrials(n)
 
     def saveExperimentData(self, key, thisExp=None, blocking=True):
         """

psychopy/sound/__init__.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ a given time in the future.
 By default PsychoPy will try to use the following Libs, in this order, for
 sound reproduction but you can alter the order in
 preferences > hardware > audioLib:
-    ['sounddevice', 'pygame', 'pyo']
+    ['sounddevice', 'pyo', 'pygame']
 For portaudio-based backends (all except for pygame) there is also a
 choice of the underlying sound driver (e.g. ASIO, CoreAudio etc).
 
@@ -66,10 +66,11 @@ pyoSndServer = None
 Sound = None
 audioLib = None
 audioDriver = None
+backend = None
 
-# These are the names that can be used in the prefs to specifiy audio libraries. 
-# The available libraries are hard-coded at this point until we can overhaul 
-# the sound library to be more modular. 
+# These are the names that can be used in the prefs to specifiy audio libraries.
+# The available libraries are hard-coded at this point until we can overhaul
+# the sound library to be more modular.
 _audioLibs = ['PTB', 'sounddevice', 'pyo', 'pysoundcard', 'pygame']
 failed = []  # keep track of audio libs that failed to load
 
@@ -90,12 +91,12 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
     logging.info(f"Trying to load audio library: {thisLibName}")
 
     # Iterate over the list of audioLibs and try to load the first one that
-    # is supported. If none are supported, load PTB as a fallback. If PTB isn't 
+    # is supported. If none are supported, load PTB as a fallback. If PTB isn't
     # installed, raise an error.
     thisLibName = thisLibName.lower()
 
     # lowercased list of valid audio libraries for safe comparisons
-    validLibs = [libName.lower() for libName in _audioLibs]  
+    validLibs = [libName.lower() for libName in _audioLibs]
 
     # check if `thisLibName` is a valid audio library
     if thisLibName not in validLibs:
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
 
     # select the backend and set the Sound class
     if thisLibName == 'ptb':
-        # The Psychtoolbox backend is perfered, provides the best performance
+        # The Psychtoolbox backend is preferred, provides the best performance
         # and is the only one that supports low-latency scheduling. If no other
         # audio backend can be loaded, we will use PTB.
         if not bits32:
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
                 failed.append(thisLibName)
                 continue
             else:
-                break 
+                break
         else:
             logging.warning("PTB backend is not supported on 32-bit Python. "
                             "Trying another backend...")
@@ -127,6 +128,8 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
         # pyo is a wrapper around PortAudio, which is a cross-platform audio
         # library. It is the recommended backend for Windows and Linux.
         try:
+            # Caution: even import failed inside, we still get a module object.
+            # This is not the case for other backends and may not be desired.
             from . import backend_pyo as backend
             Sound = backend.SoundPyo
             pyoSndServer = backend.pyoSndServer
@@ -140,6 +143,8 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
         # sounddevice is a wrapper around PortAudio, which is a cross-platform
         # audio library. It is the recommended backend for Windows and Linux.
         try:
+            # Caution: even import failed inside, we still get a module object.
+            # This is not the case for other backends and may not be desired.
             from . import backend_sounddevice as backend
             Sound = backend.SoundDeviceSound
         except Exception:
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
             break
     elif thisLibName == 'pygame':
         # pygame is a cross-platform audio library. It is no longer supported by
-        # PsychoPy, but we keep it here for backwards compatibility until 
+        # PsychoPy, but we keep it here for backwards compatibility until
         # something breaks.
         try:
             from . import backend_pygame as backend
@@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
         # pysoundcard is a wrapper around PortAudio, which is a cross-platform
         # audio library.
         try:
-            from . import backend_pysoundcard as backend
+            from . import backend_pysound as backend
             Sound = backend.SoundPySoundCard
         except Exception:
             failed.append(thisLibName)
@@ -173,11 +178,11 @@ for thisLibName in prefs.hardware['audioLib']:
     else:
         # Catch-all for invalid audioLib prefs.
         msg = ("audioLib pref should be one of {!r}, not {!r}"
-                .format(_audioLibs, thisLibName))
+               .format(_audioLibs, thisLibName))
         raise ValueError(msg)
 else:
     # if we get here, there is no audioLib that is supported, try for PTB
-    msg = ("Failed to load any of the audioLibs: {!r}. Falling back to " 
+    msg = ("Failed to load any of the audioLibs: {!r}. Falling back to "
            "PsychToolbox ('ptb') backend for sound. Be sure to add 'ptb' to "
            "preferences to avoid seeing this message again.".format(failed))
     logging.error(msg)
@@ -200,7 +205,7 @@ else:
     # if we get here, there is no audioLib that is supported
     logging.error(
         "No audioLib could be loaded. Tried: {}\n Check whether the necessary "
-        "audioLibs are installed".format(prefs.hardware['audioLib']))
+        "audioLibs are installed.".format(prefs.hardware['audioLib']))
 
 # warn the user
 if audioLib is not None:
@@ -228,12 +233,12 @@ def setDevice(dev, kind=None):
     if dev is None:
         # if given None, do nothing
         return
-    
+
     global backend  # pull from module namespace
     if not hasattr(backend, 'defaultOutput'):
         raise IOError("Attempting to SetDevice (audio) but not supported by "
                       "the current audio library ({!r})".format(audioLib))
-    
+
     if hasattr(dev, 'name'):
         dev = dev['name']
 
@@ -247,23 +252,28 @@ def setDevice(dev, kind=None):
         if systemtools.isVM_CI():  # no audio device on CI, ignore
             return
         else:
-            raise TypeError("`kind` should be one of [None, 'output', 'input']"
+            raise TypeError("`kind` should be one of [None, 'output', 'input'] "
                             "not {!r}".format(kind))
 
 
 # Set the device according to user prefs (if current lib allows it)
 deviceNames = []
-if hasattr(backend, 'defaultOutput'):
+if backend is None:
+    raise ImportError("None of the audio library backends could be imported. "
+                      "Tried: {}\n Check whether the necessary audioLibs are "
+                      "installed and can be imported successfully."
+                      .format(prefs.hardware['audioLib']))
+elif hasattr(backend, 'defaultOutput'):
     pref = prefs.hardware['audioDevice']
     # is it a list or a simple string?
-    if type(prefs.hardware['audioDevice'])==list:
+    if isinstance(pref, list):
         # multiple options so use zeroth
-        dev = prefs.hardware['audioDevice'][0]
+        dev = pref[0]
     else:
         # a single option
-        dev = prefs.hardware['audioDevice']
+        dev = pref
     # is it simply "default" (do nothing)
-    if dev=='default' or systemtools.isVM_CI():
+    if dev == 'default' or systemtools.isVM_CI():
         pass  # do nothing
     elif dev not in backend.getDevices(kind='output'):
         deviceNames = sorted(backend.getDevices(kind='output').keys())