polars-runtime-compat 1.34.0b2__cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.whl

polars/_utils/udfs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1251 @@
+"""Utilities related to user defined functions (such as those passed to `apply`)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import dis
+import inspect
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+from bisect import bisect_left
+from collections import defaultdict
+from dis import get_instructions
+from inspect import signature
+from itertools import count, zip_longest
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    ClassVar,
+    Literal,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from polars._utils.cache import LRUCache
+from polars._utils.various import no_default, re_escape
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator, MutableMapping
+    from collections.abc import Set as AbstractSet
+    from dis import Instruction
+
+    from polars._utils.various import NoDefault
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+        from typing import TypeAlias
+    else:
+        from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+
+class StackValue(NamedTuple):
+    operator: str
+    operator_arity: int
+    left_operand: str
+    right_operand: str
+    from_module: str | None = None
+
+
+MapTarget: TypeAlias = Literal["expr", "frame", "series"]
+StackEntry: TypeAlias = Union[str, StackValue]
+
+_MIN_PY311 = sys.version_info >= (3, 11)
+_MIN_PY312 = _MIN_PY311 and sys.version_info >= (3, 12)
+_MIN_PY314 = _MIN_PY312 and sys.version_info >= (3, 14)
+
+_BYTECODE_PARSER_CACHE_: MutableMapping[
+    tuple[Callable[[Any], Any], str], BytecodeParser
+] = LRUCache(32)
+
+
+class OpNames:
+    BINARY: ClassVar[dict[str, str]] = {
+        "BINARY_ADD": "+",
+        "BINARY_AND": "&",
+        "BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE": "//",
+        "BINARY_LSHIFT": "<<",
+        "BINARY_RSHIFT": ">>",
+        "BINARY_MODULO": "%",
+        "BINARY_MULTIPLY": "*",
+        "BINARY_OR": "|",
+        "BINARY_POWER": "**",
+        "BINARY_SUBTRACT": "-",
+        "BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE": "/",
+        "BINARY_XOR": "^",
+    }
+    CALL = frozenset({"CALL"} if _MIN_PY311 else {"CALL_FUNCTION", "CALL_METHOD"})
+    CONTROL_FLOW: ClassVar[dict[str, str]] = (
+        {
+            "POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_FALSE": "&",
+            "POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_TRUE": "|",
+            "JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP": "&",
+            "JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP": "|",
+        }
+        # note: 3.12 dropped POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_* opcodes
+        if _MIN_PY311 and not _MIN_PY312
+        else {
+            "POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE": "&",
+            "POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE": "|",
+            "JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP": "&",
+            "JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP": "|",
+        }
+    )
+    LOAD_VALUES = frozenset(("LOAD_CONST", "LOAD_DEREF", "LOAD_FAST", "LOAD_GLOBAL"))
+    LOAD_ATTR = frozenset({"LOAD_METHOD", "LOAD_ATTR"})
+    LOAD = LOAD_VALUES | LOAD_ATTR
+    SIMPLIFY_SPECIALIZED: ClassVar[dict[str, str]] = {
+        "LOAD_FAST_BORROW": "LOAD_FAST",
+        "LOAD_SMALL_INT": "LOAD_CONST",
+    }
+    SYNTHETIC: ClassVar[dict[str, int]] = {
+        "POLARS_EXPRESSION": 1,
+    }
+    UNARY: ClassVar[dict[str, str]] = {
+        "UNARY_NEGATIVE": "-",
+        "UNARY_POSITIVE": "+",
+        "UNARY_NOT": "~",
+    }
+    PARSEABLE_OPS = frozenset(
+        {"BINARY_OP", "BINARY_SUBSCR", "COMPARE_OP", "CONTAINS_OP", "IS_OP"}
+        | set(UNARY)
+        | set(CONTROL_FLOW)
+        | set(SYNTHETIC)
+        | LOAD_VALUES
+    )
+    MATCHABLE_OPS = (
+        set(SIMPLIFY_SPECIALIZED) | PARSEABLE_OPS | set(BINARY) | LOAD_ATTR | CALL
+    )
+    UNARY_VALUES = frozenset(UNARY.values())
+
+
+# math module funcs that we can map to native expressions
+_MATH_FUNCTIONS = frozenset(
+    (
+        "acos",
+        "acosh",
+        "asin",
+        "asinh",
+        "atan",
+        "atanh",
+        "cbrt",
+        "ceil",
+        "cos",
+        "cosh",
+        "degrees",
+        "exp",
+        "floor",
+        "log",
+        "log10",
+        "log1p",
+        "pow",
+        "radians",
+        "sin",
+        "sinh",
+        "sqrt",
+        "tan",
+        "tanh",
+    )
+)
+
+# numpy functions that we can map to native expressions
+_NUMPY_MODULE_ALIASES = frozenset(("np", "numpy"))
+_NUMPY_FUNCTIONS = frozenset(
+    (
+        # "abs",  # TODO: this one clashes with Python builtin abs
+        "arccos",
+        "arccosh",
+        "arcsin",
+        "arcsinh",
+        "arctan",
+        "arctanh",
+        "cbrt",
+        "ceil",
+        "cos",
+        "cosh",
+        "degrees",
+        "exp",
+        "floor",
+        "log",
+        "log10",
+        "log1p",
+        "radians",
+        "sign",
+        "sin",
+        "sinh",
+        "sqrt",
+        "tan",
+        "tanh",
+    )
+)
+
+# python attrs/funcs that map to native expressions
+_PYTHON_ATTRS_MAP = {
+    "date": "dt.date()",
+    "day": "dt.day()",
+    "hour": "dt.hour()",
+    "microsecond": "dt.microsecond()",
+    "minute": "dt.minute()",
+    "month": "dt.month()",
+    "second": "dt.second()",
+    "year": "dt.year()",
+}
+_PYTHON_CASTS_MAP = {"float": "Float64", "int": "Int64", "str": "String"}
+_PYTHON_BUILTINS = frozenset(_PYTHON_CASTS_MAP) | {"abs"}
+_PYTHON_METHODS_MAP = {
+    # string
+    "endswith": "str.ends_with",
+    "lower": "str.to_lowercase",
+    "lstrip": "str.strip_chars_start",
+    "removeprefix": "str.strip_prefix",
+    "removesuffix": "str.strip_suffix",
+    "replace": "str.replace",
+    "rstrip": "str.strip_chars_end",
+    "startswith": "str.starts_with",
+    "strip": "str.strip_chars",
+    "title": "str.to_titlecase",
+    "upper": "str.to_uppercase",
+    "zfill": "str.zfill",
+    # temporal
+    "date": "dt.date",
+    "day": "dt.day",
+    "hour": "dt.hour",
+    "isoweekday": "dt.weekday",
+    "microsecond": "dt.microsecond",
+    "month": "dt.month",
+    "second": "dt.second",
+    "strftime": "dt.strftime",
+    "time": "dt.time",
+    "year": "dt.year",
+}
+
+_MODULE_FUNCTIONS: list[dict[str, list[AbstractSet[str]]]] = [
+    # lambda x: numpy.func(x)
+    # lambda x: numpy.func(CONSTANT)
+    {
+        "argument_1_opname": [{"LOAD_FAST", "LOAD_CONST"}],
+        "argument_2_opname": [],
+        "module_opname": [OpNames.LOAD_ATTR],
+        "attribute_opname": [],
+        "module_name": [_NUMPY_MODULE_ALIASES],
+        "attribute_name": [],
+        "function_name": [_NUMPY_FUNCTIONS],
+    },
+    # lambda x: math.func(x)
+    # lambda x: math.func(CONSTANT)
+    {
+        "argument_1_opname": [{"LOAD_FAST", "LOAD_CONST"}],
+        "argument_2_opname": [],
+        "module_opname": [OpNames.LOAD_ATTR],
+        "attribute_opname": [],
+        "module_name": [{"math"}],
+        "attribute_name": [],
+        "function_name": [_MATH_FUNCTIONS],
+    },
+    # lambda x: json.loads(x)
+    {
+        "argument_1_opname": [{"LOAD_FAST"}],
+        "argument_2_opname": [],
+        "module_opname": [OpNames.LOAD_ATTR],
+        "attribute_opname": [],
+        "module_name": [{"json"}],
+        "attribute_name": [],
+        "function_name": [{"loads"}],
+    },
+    # lambda x: datetime.strptime(x, CONSTANT)
+    {
+        "argument_1_opname": [{"LOAD_FAST"}],
+        "argument_2_opname": [{"LOAD_CONST"}],
+        "module_opname": [OpNames.LOAD_ATTR],
+        "attribute_opname": [],
+        "module_name": [{"datetime"}],
+        "attribute_name": [],
+        "function_name": [{"strptime"}],
+        "check_load_global": False,  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+    },
+    # lambda x: module.attribute.func(x, CONSTANT)
+    {
+        "argument_1_opname": [{"LOAD_FAST"}],
+        "argument_2_opname": [{"LOAD_CONST"}],
+        "module_opname": [{"LOAD_ATTR"}],
+        "attribute_opname": [OpNames.LOAD_ATTR],
+        "module_name": [{"datetime", "dt"}],
+        "attribute_name": [{"datetime"}],
+        "function_name": [{"strptime"}],
+        "check_load_global": False,  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+    },
+]
+# In addition to `lambda x: func(x)`, also support cases when a unary operation
+# has been applied to `x`, like `lambda x: func(-x)` or `lambda x: func(~x)`.
+_MODULE_FUNCTIONS = [
+    {**kind, "argument_1_unary_opname": unary}  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+    for kind in _MODULE_FUNCTIONS
+    for unary in [[set(OpNames.UNARY)], []]
+]
+# Lookup for module functions that have different names as polars expressions
+_MODULE_FUNC_TO_EXPR_NAME = {
+    "math.acos": "arccos",
+    "math.acosh": "arccosh",
+    "math.asin": "arcsin",
+    "math.asinh": "arcsinh",
+    "math.atan": "arctan",
+    "math.atanh": "arctanh",
+    "json.loads": "str.json_decode",
+}
+_RE_IMPLICIT_BOOL = re.compile(r'pl\.col\("([^"]*)"\) & pl\.col\("\1"\)\.(.+)')
+_RE_SERIES_NAMES = re.compile(r"^(s|srs\d?|series)\.")
+_RE_STRIP_BOOL = re.compile(r"^bool\((.+)\)$")
+
+
+def _get_all_caller_variables() -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Get all local and global variables from caller's frame."""
+    pkg_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent
+
+    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17407119/python-inspect-stack-is-slow
+    frame = inspect.currentframe()
+    n = 0
+    try:
+        while frame:
+            fname = inspect.getfile(frame)
+            if fname.startswith(str(pkg_dir)):
+                frame = frame.f_back
+                n += 1
+            else:
+                break
+        variables: dict[str, Any]
+        if frame is None:
+            variables = {}
+        else:
+            variables = {**frame.f_locals, **frame.f_globals}
+    finally:
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html
+        # > Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames
+        # > (and local variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cycle
+        # > in a finally clause.
+        del frame
+    return variables
+
+
+def _get_target_name(col: str, expression: str, map_target: str) -> str:
+    """The name of the object against which the 'map' is being invoked."""
+    col_expr = f'pl.col("{col}")'
+    if map_target == "expr":
+        return col_expr
+    elif map_target == "series":
+        if _RE_SERIES_NAMES.match(expression):
+            return expression.split(".", 1)[0]
+
+        # note: handle overlapping name from global variables; fallback
+        # through "s", "srs", "series" and (finally) srs0 -> srsN...
+        search_expr = expression.replace(col_expr, "")
+        for name in ("s", "srs", "series"):
+            if not re.search(rf"\b{name}\b", search_expr):
+                return name
+        n = count()
+        while True:
+            name = f"srs{next(n)}"
+            if not re.search(rf"\b{name}\b", search_expr):
+                return name
+
+    msg = f"TODO: map_target = {map_target!r}"
+    raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+
+class BytecodeParser:
+    """Introspect UDF bytecode and determine if we can rewrite as native expression."""
+
+    _map_target_name: str | None = None
+    _can_attempt_rewrite: bool | None = None
+    _caller_variables: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    _col_expression: tuple[str, str] | NoDefault | None = no_default
+
+    def __init__(self, function: Callable[[Any], Any], map_target: MapTarget) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize BytecodeParser instance and prepare to introspect UDFs.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        function : callable
+            The function/lambda to disassemble and introspect.
+        map_target : {'expr','series','frame'}
+            The underlying target object type of the map operation.
+        """
+        try:
+            original_instructions = get_instructions(function)
+        except TypeError:
+            # in case we hit something that can't be disassembled (eg: code object
+            # unavailable, like a bare numpy ufunc that isn't in a lambda/function)
+            original_instructions = iter([])
+
+        self._function = function
+        self._map_target = map_target
+        self._param_name = self._get_param_name(function)
+        self._rewritten_instructions = RewrittenInstructions(
+            instructions=original_instructions,
+            caller_variables=self._caller_variables,
+            function=function,
+        )
+
+    def _omit_implicit_bool(self, expr: str) -> str:
+        """Drop extraneous/implied bool (eg: `pl.col("d") & pl.col("d").dt.date()`)."""
+        while _RE_IMPLICIT_BOOL.search(expr):
+            expr = _RE_IMPLICIT_BOOL.sub(repl=r'pl.col("\1").\2', string=expr)
+        return expr
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_param_name(function: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> str | None:
+        """Return single function parameter name."""
+        try:
+            # note: we do not parse/handle functions with > 1 params
+            sig = signature(function)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+        return (
+            next(iter(parameters.keys()))
+            if len(parameters := sig.parameters) == 1
+            else None
+        )
+
+    def _inject_nesting(
+        self,
+        expression_blocks: dict[int, str],
+        logical_instructions: list[Instruction],
+    ) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
+        """Inject nesting boundaries into expression blocks (as parentheses)."""
+        if logical_instructions:
+            # reconstruct nesting for mixed 'and'/'or' ops by associating control flow
+            # jump offsets with their target expression blocks and applying parens
+            if len({inst.opname for inst in logical_instructions}) > 1:
+                block_offsets: list[int] = list(expression_blocks.keys())
+                prev_end = -1
+                for inst in logical_instructions:
+                    start = block_offsets[bisect_left(block_offsets, inst.offset) - 1]
+                    end = block_offsets[bisect_left(block_offsets, inst.argval) - 1]
+                    if not (start == 0 and end == block_offsets[-1]):
+                        if prev_end not in (start, end):
+                            expression_blocks[start] = "(" + expression_blocks[start]
+                            expression_blocks[end] += ")"
+                            prev_end = end
+
+            for inst in logical_instructions:  # inject connecting "&" and "|" ops
+                expression_blocks[inst.offset] = OpNames.CONTROL_FLOW[inst.opname]
+
+        return sorted(expression_blocks.items())
+
+    @property
+    def map_target(self) -> MapTarget:
+        """The map target, eg: one of 'expr', 'frame', or 'series'."""
+        return self._map_target
+
+    def can_attempt_rewrite(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if we may be able to offer a native polars expression instead.
+
+        Note that `lambda x: x` is inefficient, but we ignore it because it is not
+        guaranteed that using the equivalent bare constant value will return the
+        same output. (Hopefully nobody is writing lambdas like that anyway...)
+        """
+        if self._can_attempt_rewrite is None:
+            self._can_attempt_rewrite = (
+                self._param_name is not None
+                # check minimum number of ops, ensuring all are parseable
+                and len(self._rewritten_instructions) >= 2
+                and all(
+                    inst.opname in OpNames.PARSEABLE_OPS
+                    for inst in self._rewritten_instructions
+                )
+                # exclude constructs/functions with multiple RETURN_VALUE ops
+                and sum(
+                    1
+                    for inst in self.original_instructions
+                    if inst.opname == "RETURN_VALUE"
+                )
+                == 1
+            )
+        return self._can_attempt_rewrite
+
+    def dis(self) -> None:
+        """Print disassembled function bytecode."""
+        dis.dis(self._function)
+
+    @property
+    def function(self) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
+        """The function being parsed."""
+        return self._function
+
+    @property
+    def original_instructions(self) -> list[Instruction]:
+        """The original bytecode instructions from the function we are parsing."""
+        return list(self._rewritten_instructions._original_instructions)
+
+    @property
+    def param_name(self) -> str | None:
+        """The parameter name of the function being parsed."""
+        return self._param_name
+
+    @property
+    def rewritten_instructions(self) -> list[Instruction]:
+        """The rewritten bytecode instructions from the function we are parsing."""
+        return list(self._rewritten_instructions)
+
+    def to_expression(self, col: str) -> str | None:
+        """Translate postfix bytecode instructions to polars expression/string."""
+        if self._col_expression is not no_default and self._col_expression is not None:
+            col_name, expr = self._col_expression
+            if col != col_name:
+                expr = re.sub(
+                    rf'pl\.col\("{re_escape(col_name)}"\)',
+                    f'pl.col("{re_escape(col)}")',
+                    expr,
+                )
+                self._col_expression = (col, expr)
+            return expr
+
+        self._map_target_name = None
+        if self._param_name is None:
+            self._col_expression = None
+            return None
+
+        # decompose bytecode into logical 'and'/'or' expression blocks (if present)
+        control_flow_blocks = defaultdict(list)
+        logical_instructions = []
+        jump_offset = 0
+        for idx, inst in enumerate(self._rewritten_instructions):
+            if inst.opname in OpNames.CONTROL_FLOW:
+                jump_offset = self._rewritten_instructions[idx + 1].offset
+                logical_instructions.append(inst)
+            else:
+                control_flow_blocks[jump_offset].append(inst)
+
+        # convert each block to a polars expression string
+        try:
+            expression_strings = self._inject_nesting(
+                {
+                    offset: InstructionTranslator(
+                        instructions=ops,
+                        caller_variables=self._caller_variables,
+                        map_target=self._map_target,
+                        function=self._function,
+                    ).to_expression(
+                        col=col,
+                        param_name=self._param_name,
+                        depth=int(bool(logical_instructions)),
+                    )
+                    for offset, ops in control_flow_blocks.items()
+                },
+                logical_instructions,
+            )
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self._col_expression = None
+            return None
+
+        polars_expr = " ".join(expr for _offset, expr in expression_strings)
+
+        # note: if no 'pl.col' in the expression, it likely represents a compound
+        # constant value (e.g. `lambda x: CONST + 123`), so we don't want to warn
+        if "pl.col(" not in polars_expr:
+            self._col_expression = None
+            return None
+        else:
+            polars_expr = self._omit_implicit_bool(polars_expr)
+            if self._map_target == "series":
+                if (target_name := self._map_target_name) is None:
+                    target_name = _get_target_name(col, polars_expr, self._map_target)
+                polars_expr = polars_expr.replace(f'pl.col("{col}")', target_name)
+
+            self._col_expression = (col, polars_expr)
+            return polars_expr
+
+    def warn(
+        self,
+        col: str,
+        *,
+        suggestion_override: str | None = None,
+        udf_override: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Generate warning that suggests an equivalent native polars expression."""
+        # Import these here so that udfs can be imported without polars installed.
+
+        from polars._utils.various import (
+            find_stacklevel,
+            in_terminal_that_supports_colour,
+        )
+        from polars.exceptions import PolarsInefficientMapWarning
+
+        suggested_expression = suggestion_override or self.to_expression(col)
+
+        if suggested_expression is not None:
+            if (target_name := self._map_target_name) is None:
+                target_name = _get_target_name(
+                    col, suggested_expression, self._map_target
+                )
+            func_name = udf_override or self._function.__name__ or "..."
+            if func_name == "<lambda>":
+                func_name = f"lambda {self._param_name}: ..."
+
+            addendum = (
+                'Note: in list.eval context, pl.col("") should be written as pl.element()'
+                if 'pl.col("")' in suggested_expression
+                else ""
+            )
+            apitype, clsname = (
+                ("expressions", "Expr")
+                if self._map_target == "expr"
+                else ("series", "Series")
+            )
+            before, after = (
+                (
+                    f"  \033[31m- {target_name}.map_elements({func_name})\033[0m\n",
+                    f"  \033[32m+ {suggested_expression}\033[0m\n{addendum}",
+                )
+                if in_terminal_that_supports_colour()
+                else (
+                    f"  - {target_name}.map_elements({func_name})\n",
+                    f"  + {suggested_expression}\n{addendum}",
+                )
+            )
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"\n{clsname}.map_elements is significantly slower than the native {apitype} API.\n"
+                "Only use if you absolutely CANNOT implement your logic otherwise.\n"
+                "Replace this expression...\n"
+                f"{before}"
+                "with this one instead:\n"
+                f"{after}",
+                PolarsInefficientMapWarning,
+                stacklevel=find_stacklevel(),
+            )
+
+
+class InstructionTranslator:
+    """Translates Instruction bytecode to a polars expression string."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        instructions: list[Instruction],
+        caller_variables: dict[str, Any] | None,
+        function: Callable[[Any], Any],
+        map_target: MapTarget,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._stack = self._to_intermediate_stack(instructions, map_target)
+        self._caller_variables = caller_variables
+        self._function = function
+
+    def to_expression(self, col: str, param_name: str, depth: int) -> str:
+        """Convert intermediate stack to polars expression string."""
+        return self._expr(self._stack, col, param_name, depth)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def op(inst: Instruction) -> str:
+        """Convert bytecode instruction to suitable intermediate op string."""
+        if (opname := inst.opname) in OpNames.CONTROL_FLOW:
+            return OpNames.CONTROL_FLOW[opname]
+        elif inst.argrepr:
+            return inst.argrepr
+        elif opname == "IS_OP":
+            return "is not" if inst.argval else "is"
+        elif opname == "CONTAINS_OP":
+            return "not in" if inst.argval else "in"
+        elif opname in OpNames.UNARY:
+            return OpNames.UNARY[opname]
+        elif opname == "BINARY_SUBSCR":
+            return "replace_strict"
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                f"unexpected or unrecognised op name ({opname})\n\n"
+                "Please report a bug to https://github.com/pola-rs/polars/issues "
+                "with the content of function you were passing to the `map` "
+                f"expression and the following instruction object:\n{inst!r}"
+            )
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+    def _expr(self, value: StackEntry, col: str, param_name: str, depth: int) -> str:
+        """Take stack entry value and convert to polars expression string."""
+        if isinstance(value, StackValue):
+            op = _RE_STRIP_BOOL.sub(r"\1", value.operator)
+            e1 = self._expr(value.left_operand, col, param_name, depth + 1)
+            if value.operator_arity == 1:
+                if op not in OpNames.UNARY_VALUES:
+                    if e1.startswith("pl.col("):
+                        call = "" if op.endswith(")") else "()"
+                        return f"{e1}.{op}{call}"
+                    if e1[0] in OpNames.UNARY_VALUES and e1[1:].startswith("pl.col("):
+                        call = "" if op.endswith(")") else "()"
+                        return f"({e1}).{op}{call}"
+
+                    # support use of consts as numpy/builtin params, eg:
+                    # "np.sin(3) + np.cos(x)", or "len('const_string') + len(x)"
+                    if (
+                        value.from_module in _NUMPY_MODULE_ALIASES
+                        and op in _NUMPY_FUNCTIONS
+                    ):
+                        pfx = "np."
+                    elif (
+                        value.from_module == "math"
+                        and _MODULE_FUNC_TO_EXPR_NAME.get(f"math.{op}", op)
+                        in _MATH_FUNCTIONS
+                    ):
+                        pfx = "math."
+                    else:
+                        pfx = ""
+                    return f"{pfx}{op}({e1})"
+                return f"{op}{e1}"
+            else:
+                e2 = self._expr(value.right_operand, col, param_name, depth + 1)
+                if op in ("is", "is not") and value.left_operand == "None":
+                    not_ = "" if op == "is" else "not_"
+                    return f"{e1}.is_{not_}null()"
+                elif op in ("in", "not in"):
+                    not_ = "" if op == "in" else "~"
+                    return (
+                        f"{not_}({e1}.is_in({e2}))"
+                        if " " in e1
+                        else f"{not_}{e1}.is_in({e2})"
+                    )
+                elif op == "replace_strict":
+                    if not self._caller_variables:
+                        self._caller_variables = _get_all_caller_variables()
+                    if not isinstance(self._caller_variables.get(e1, None), dict):
+                        msg = "require dict mapping"
+                        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+                    return f"{e2}.{op}({e1})"
+                elif op == "<<":
+                    # 2**e2 may be float if e2 was -ve, but if e1 << e2 was valid then
+                    # e2 must have been +ve. therefore 2**e2 can be safely cast to
+                    # i64, which may be necessary if chaining ops that assume i64.
+                    return f"({e1} * 2**{e2}).cast(pl.Int64)"
+                elif op == ">>":
+                    # (motivation for the cast is same as the '<<' case above)
+                    return f"({e1} / 2**{e2}).cast(pl.Int64)"
+                else:
+                    expr = f"{e1} {op} {e2}"
+                    return f"({expr})" if depth else expr
+
+        elif value == param_name:
+            return f'pl.col("{col}")'
+
+        return value
+
+    def _to_intermediate_stack(
+        self, instructions: list[Instruction], map_target: MapTarget
+    ) -> StackEntry:
+        """Take postfix bytecode and convert to an intermediate natural-order stack."""
+        if map_target in ("expr", "series"):
+            stack: list[StackEntry] = []
+            for inst in instructions:
+                stack.append(
+                    inst.argrepr
+                    if inst.opname in OpNames.LOAD
+                    else (
+                        StackValue(
+                            operator=self.op(inst),
+                            operator_arity=1,
+                            left_operand=stack.pop(),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                            right_operand=None,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                            from_module=getattr(inst, "_from_module", None),
+                        )
+                        if (
+                            inst.opname in OpNames.UNARY
+                            or OpNames.SYNTHETIC.get(inst.opname) == 1
+                        )
+                        else StackValue(
+                            operator=self.op(inst),
+                            operator_arity=2,
+                            left_operand=stack.pop(-2),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                            right_operand=stack.pop(-1),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                            from_module=getattr(inst, "_from_module", None),
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            return stack[0]
+
+        # TODO: dataframe.map... ?
+        msg = f"TODO: {map_target!r} map target not yet supported."
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+
+class RewrittenInstructions:
+    """
+    Standalone class that applies Instruction rewrite/filtering rules.
+
+    This significantly simplifies subsequent parsing by injecting
+    synthetic POLARS_EXPRESSION ops into the Instruction stream for
+    easy identification/translation, and separates the parsing logic
+    from the identification of expression translation opportunities.
+    """
+
+    _ignored_ops = frozenset(
+        [
+            "COPY",
+            "COPY_FREE_VARS",
+            "NOT_TAKEN",
+            "POP_TOP",
+            "PRECALL",
+            "PUSH_NULL",
+            "RESUME",
+            "RETURN_VALUE",
+            "TO_BOOL",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        instructions: Iterator[Instruction],
+        function: Callable[[Any], Any],
+        caller_variables: dict[str, Any] | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._function = function
+        self._caller_variables = caller_variables
+        self._original_instructions = list(instructions)
+
+        normalised_instructions = []
+
+        for inst in self._unpack_superinstructions(self._original_instructions):
+            if inst.opname not in self._ignored_ops:
+                if inst.opname not in OpNames.MATCHABLE_OPS:
+                    self._rewritten_instructions = []
+                    return
+                upgraded_inst = self._update_instruction(inst)
+                normalised_instructions.append(upgraded_inst)
+
+        self._rewritten_instructions = self._rewrite(normalised_instructions)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._rewritten_instructions)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Instruction]:
+        return iter(self._rewritten_instructions)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: Any) -> Instruction:
+        return self._rewritten_instructions[item]
+
+    def _matches(
+        self,
+        idx: int,
+        *,
+        opnames: list[AbstractSet[str]],
+        argvals: list[AbstractSet[Any] | dict[Any, Any] | None] | None,
+        is_attr: bool = False,
+    ) -> list[Instruction]:
+        """
+        Check if a sequence of Instructions matches the specified ops/argvals.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        idx
+            The index of the first instruction to check.
+        opnames
+            The full opname sequence that defines a match.
+        argvals
+            Associated argvals that must also match (in same position as opnames).
+        is_attr
+            Indicate if the match represents pure attribute access (cannot be called).
+        """
+        n_required_ops, argvals = len(opnames), argvals or []
+        idx_offset = idx + n_required_ops
+        if (
+            is_attr
+            and (trailing_inst := self._instructions[idx_offset : idx_offset + 1])
+            and trailing_inst[0].opname in OpNames.CALL  # not pure attr if called
+        ):
+            return []
+
+        instructions = self._instructions[idx:idx_offset]
+        if len(instructions) == n_required_ops and all(
+            inst.opname in match_opnames
+            and (match_argval is None or inst.argval in match_argval)
+            for inst, match_opnames, match_argval in zip_longest(
+                instructions, opnames, argvals
+            )
+        ):
+            return instructions
+        return []
+
+    def _rewrite(self, instructions: list[Instruction]) -> list[Instruction]:
+        """
+        Apply rewrite rules, potentially injecting synthetic operations.
+
+        Rules operate on the instruction stream and can examine/modify
+        it as needed, pushing updates into "updated_instructions" and
+        returning True/False to indicate if any changes were made.
+        """
+        self._instructions = instructions
+        updated_instructions: list[Instruction] = []
+        idx = 0
+        while idx < len(self._instructions):
+            inst, increment = self._instructions[idx], 1
+            if inst.opname not in OpNames.LOAD or not any(
+                (increment := map_rewrite(idx, updated_instructions))
+                for map_rewrite in (
+                    # add any other rewrite methods here
+                    self._rewrite_functions,
+                    self._rewrite_methods,
+                    self._rewrite_builtins,
+                    self._rewrite_attrs,
+                )
+            ):
+                updated_instructions.append(inst)
+            idx += increment or 1
+        return updated_instructions
+
+    def _rewrite_attrs(self, idx: int, updated_instructions: list[Instruction]) -> int:
+        """Replace python attribute lookup with synthetic POLARS_EXPRESSION op."""
+        if matching_instructions := self._matches(
+            idx,
+            opnames=[{"LOAD_FAST"}, {"LOAD_ATTR"}],
+            argvals=[None, _PYTHON_ATTRS_MAP],
+            is_attr=True,
+        ):
+            inst = matching_instructions[1]
+            expr_name = _PYTHON_ATTRS_MAP[inst.argval]
+            px = inst._replace(
+                opname="POLARS_EXPRESSION", argval=expr_name, argrepr=expr_name
+            )
+            updated_instructions.extend([matching_instructions[0], px])
+
+        return len(matching_instructions)
+
+    def _rewrite_builtins(
+        self, idx: int, updated_instructions: list[Instruction]
+    ) -> int:
+        """Replace builtin function calls with a synthetic POLARS_EXPRESSION op."""
+        if matching_instructions := self._matches(
+            idx,
+            opnames=[{"LOAD_GLOBAL"}, {"LOAD_FAST", "LOAD_CONST"}, OpNames.CALL],
+            argvals=[_PYTHON_BUILTINS],
+        ):
+            inst1, inst2 = matching_instructions[:2]
+            if (argval := inst1.argval) in _PYTHON_CASTS_MAP:
+                dtype = _PYTHON_CASTS_MAP[argval]
+                argval = f"cast(pl.{dtype})"
+
+            px = inst1._replace(
+                opname="POLARS_EXPRESSION",
+                argval=argval,
+                argrepr=argval,
+                offset=inst2.offset,
+            )
+            # POLARS_EXPRESSION is mapped as a unary op, so switch instruction order
+            operand = inst2._replace(offset=inst1.offset)
+            updated_instructions.extend((operand, px))
+
+        return len(matching_instructions)
+
+    def _rewrite_functions(
+        self, idx: int, updated_instructions: list[Instruction]
+    ) -> int:
+        """Replace function calls with a synthetic POLARS_EXPRESSION op."""
+        for check_globals in (False, True):
+            for function_kind in _MODULE_FUNCTIONS:
+                if check_globals and not function_kind.get("check_load_global", True):
+                    return 0
+
+                opnames: list[AbstractSet[str]] = (
+                    [
+                        {"LOAD_GLOBAL", "LOAD_DEREF"},
+                        *function_kind["argument_1_opname"],
+                        *function_kind["argument_1_unary_opname"],
+                        *function_kind["argument_2_opname"],
+                        OpNames.CALL,
+                    ]
+                    if check_globals
+                    else [
+                        {"LOAD_GLOBAL", "LOAD_DEREF"},
+                        *function_kind["module_opname"],
+                        *function_kind["attribute_opname"],
+                        *function_kind["argument_1_opname"],
+                        *function_kind["argument_1_unary_opname"],
+                        *function_kind["argument_2_opname"],
+                        OpNames.CALL,
+                    ]
+                )
+                module_aliases = function_kind["module_name"]
+                if matching_instructions := self._matches(
+                    idx,
+                    opnames=opnames,
+                    argvals=[
+                        *function_kind["function_name"],
+                    ]
+                    if check_globals
+                    else [
+                        *function_kind["module_name"],
+                        *function_kind["attribute_name"],
+                        *function_kind["function_name"],
+                    ],
+                ):
+                    attribute_count = len(function_kind["attribute_name"])
+                    inst1, inst2, inst3 = matching_instructions[
+                        attribute_count : 3 + attribute_count
+                    ]
+                    if check_globals:
+                        if not self._caller_variables:
+                            self._caller_variables = _get_all_caller_variables()
+                        if (expr_name := inst1.argval) not in self._caller_variables:
+                            continue
+                        else:
+                            module_name = self._caller_variables[expr_name].__module__
+                            if not any((module_name in m) for m in module_aliases):
+                                continue
+                            expr_name = _MODULE_FUNC_TO_EXPR_NAME.get(
+                                f"{module_name}.{expr_name}", expr_name
+                            )
+                    elif inst1.argval == "json":
+                        expr_name = "str.json_decode"
+                    elif inst1.argval == "datetime":
+                        fmt = matching_instructions[attribute_count + 3].argval
+                        expr_name = f'str.to_datetime(format="{fmt}")'
+                        if not self._is_stdlib_datetime(
+                            inst1.argval,
+                            matching_instructions[0].argval,
+                            attribute_count,
+                        ):
+                            # skip these instructions if not stdlib datetime function
+                            return len(matching_instructions)
+                    elif inst1.argval == "math":
+                        expr_name = _MODULE_FUNC_TO_EXPR_NAME.get(
+                            f"math.{inst2.argval}", inst2.argval
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        expr_name = inst2.argval
+
+                    # note: POLARS_EXPRESSION is mapped as unary op, so switch
+                    # instruction order/offsets (for later RPE-type stack walk)
+                    swap_inst = inst2 if check_globals else inst3
+                    px = inst1._replace(
+                        opname="POLARS_EXPRESSION",
+                        argval=expr_name,
+                        argrepr=expr_name,
+                        offset=swap_inst.offset,
+                    )
+                    px._from_module = None if check_globals else (inst1.argval or None)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    operand = swap_inst._replace(offset=inst1.offset)
+                    updated_instructions.extend(
+                        (
+                            operand,
+                            matching_instructions[3 + attribute_count],
+                            px,
+                        )
+                        if function_kind["argument_1_unary_opname"]
+                        else (operand, px)
+                    )
+                    return len(matching_instructions)
+
+        return 0
+
+    def _rewrite_methods(
+        self, idx: int, updated_instructions: list[Instruction]
+    ) -> int:
+        """Replace python method calls with synthetic POLARS_EXPRESSION op."""
+        LOAD_METHOD = OpNames.LOAD_ATTR if _MIN_PY312 else {"LOAD_METHOD"}
+        if matching_instructions := (
+            # method call with one arg, eg: "s.endswith('!')"
+            self._matches(
+                idx,
+                opnames=[LOAD_METHOD, {"LOAD_CONST"}, OpNames.CALL],
+                argvals=[_PYTHON_METHODS_MAP],
+            )
+            or
+            # method call with no arg, eg: "s.lower()"
+            self._matches(
+                idx,
+                opnames=[LOAD_METHOD, OpNames.CALL],
+                argvals=[_PYTHON_METHODS_MAP],
+            )
+        ):
+            inst = matching_instructions[0]
+            expr = _PYTHON_METHODS_MAP[inst.argval]
+
+            if matching_instructions[1].opname == "LOAD_CONST":
+                param_value = matching_instructions[1].argval
+                if isinstance(param_value, tuple) and expr in (
+                    "str.starts_with",
+                    "str.ends_with",
+                ):
+                    starts, ends = ("^", "") if "starts" in expr else ("", "$")
+                    rx = "|".join(re_escape(v) for v in param_value)
+                    q = '"' if "'" in param_value else "'"
+                    expr = f"str.contains(r{q}{starts}({rx}){ends}{q})"
+                else:
+                    expr += f"({param_value!r})"
+
+            px = inst._replace(opname="POLARS_EXPRESSION", argval=expr, argrepr=expr)
+            updated_instructions.append(px)
+
+        elif matching_instructions := (
+            # method call with three args, eg: "s.replace('!','?',count=2)"
+            self._matches(
+                idx,
+                opnames=[
+                    LOAD_METHOD,
+                    {"LOAD_CONST"},
+                    {"LOAD_CONST"},
+                    {"LOAD_CONST"},
+                    OpNames.CALL,
+                ],
+                argvals=[_PYTHON_METHODS_MAP],
+            )
+            or
+            # method call with two args, eg: "s.replace('!','?')"
+            self._matches(
+                idx,
+                opnames=[LOAD_METHOD, {"LOAD_CONST"}, {"LOAD_CONST"}, OpNames.CALL],
+                argvals=[_PYTHON_METHODS_MAP],
+            )
+        ):
+            inst = matching_instructions[0]
+            expr = _PYTHON_METHODS_MAP[inst.argval]
+
+            param_values = [
+                i.argval
+                for i in matching_instructions[1 : len(matching_instructions) - 1]
+            ]
+            if expr == "str.replace":
+                if len(param_values) == 3:
+                    old, new, count = param_values
+                    expr += f"({old!r},{new!r},n={count},literal=True)"
+                else:
+                    old, new = param_values
+                    expr = f"str.replace_all({old!r},{new!r},literal=True)"
+            else:
+                expr += f"({','.join(repr(v) for v in param_values)})"
+
+            px = inst._replace(opname="POLARS_EXPRESSION", argval=expr, argrepr=expr)
+            updated_instructions.append(px)
+
+        return len(matching_instructions)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _unpack_superinstructions(
+        instructions: list[Instruction],
+    ) -> Iterator[Instruction]:
+        """Expand known 'superinstructions' into their component parts."""
+        for inst in instructions:
+            if inst.opname in (
+                "LOAD_FAST_LOAD_FAST",
+                "LOAD_FAST_BORROW_LOAD_FAST_BORROW",
+            ):
+                for idx in (0, 1):
+                    yield inst._replace(
+                        opname="LOAD_FAST",
+                        argval=inst.argval[idx],
+                        argrepr=inst.argval[idx],
+                    )
+            else:
+                yield inst
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _update_instruction(inst: Instruction) -> Instruction:
+        """Update/modify specific instructions to simplify multi-version parsing."""
+        if not _MIN_PY311 and inst.opname in OpNames.BINARY:
+            # update older binary opcodes using py >= 3.11 'BINARY_OP' instead
+            inst = inst._replace(
+                argrepr=OpNames.BINARY[inst.opname],
+                opname="BINARY_OP",
+            )
+        elif _MIN_PY314:
+            if (opname := inst.opname) in OpNames.SIMPLIFY_SPECIALIZED:
+                # simplify specialised opcode variants to their more generic form
+                # (eg: 'LOAD_FAST_BORROW' -> 'LOAD_FAST', etc)
+                updated_params = {"opname": OpNames.SIMPLIFY_SPECIALIZED[inst.opname]}
+                if opname == "LOAD_SMALL_INT":
+                    updated_params["argrepr"] = str(inst.argval)
+                inst = inst._replace(**updated_params)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+            elif opname == "BINARY_OP" and inst.argrepr == "[]":
+                # special case for new 'BINARY_OP ([])'; revert to 'BINARY_SUBSCR'
+                inst = inst._replace(opname="BINARY_SUBSCR", argrepr="")
+
+        return inst
+
+    def _is_stdlib_datetime(
+        self, function_name: str, module_name: str, attribute_count: int
+    ) -> bool:
+        if not self._caller_variables:
+            self._caller_variables = _get_all_caller_variables()
+        vars = self._caller_variables
+        return (
+            attribute_count == 0 and vars.get(function_name) is datetime.datetime
+        ) or (attribute_count == 1 and vars.get(module_name) is datetime)
+
+
+def _raw_function_meta(function: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Identify translatable calls that aren't wrapped inside a lambda/function."""
+    try:
+        func_module = function.__class__.__module__
+        func_name = function.__name__
+    except AttributeError:
+        return "", ""
+
+    # numpy function calls
+    if func_module == "numpy" and func_name in _NUMPY_FUNCTIONS:
+        return "np", f"{func_name}()"
+
+    # python function calls
+    elif func_module == "builtins":
+        if func_name in _PYTHON_CASTS_MAP:
+            return "builtins", f"cast(pl.{_PYTHON_CASTS_MAP[func_name]})"
+        elif func_name in _MATH_FUNCTIONS:
+            import math
+
+            if function is getattr(math, func_name):
+                expr_name = _MODULE_FUNC_TO_EXPR_NAME.get(
+                    f"math.{func_name}", func_name
+                )
+                return "math", f"{expr_name}()"
+        elif func_name == "loads":
+            import json  # double-check since it is referenced via 'builtins'
+
+            if function is json.loads:
+                return "json", "str.json_decode()"
+
+    return "", ""
+
+
+def warn_on_inefficient_map(
+    function: Callable[[Any], Any], columns: list[str], map_target: MapTarget
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Generate `PolarsInefficientMapWarning` on poor usage of a `map` function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    function
+        The function passed to `map`.
+    columns
+        The column name(s) of the original object; in the case of an `Expr` this
+        will be a list of length 1, containing the expression's root name.
+    map_target
+        The target of the `map` call. One of `"expr"`, `"frame"`, or `"series"`.
+    """
+    if map_target == "frame":
+        msg = "TODO: 'frame' map-function parsing"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    # note: we only consider simple functions with a single col/param
+    col: str = columns and columns[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    if not col and col != "":
+        return None
+
+    # the parser introspects function bytecode to determine if we can
+    # rewrite as a (much) more optimal native polars expression instead
+    if (parser := _BYTECODE_PARSER_CACHE_.get(key := (function, map_target))) is None:
+        parser = BytecodeParser(function, map_target)
+        _BYTECODE_PARSER_CACHE_[key] = parser
+
+    if parser.can_attempt_rewrite():
+        parser.warn(col)
+    else:
+        # handle bare numpy/json functions
+        module, suggestion = _raw_function_meta(function)
+        if module and suggestion:
+            target_name = _get_target_name(col, suggestion, map_target)
+            parser._map_target_name = target_name
+            fn = function.__name__
+            parser.warn(
+                col,
+                suggestion_override=f"{target_name}.{suggestion}",
+                udf_override=fn if module == "builtins" else f"{module}.{fn}",
+            )
+
+
+__all__ = ["BytecodeParser", "warn_on_inefficient_map"]