physicskit 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

physicskit/optics/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""physicskit.optics: classical and quantum optics -- rays, waves, Gaussian beams, and quantized light.
+
+Typical usage::
+
+    import physicskit as pk
+    import numpy as np
+
+    beam = pk.optics.GaussianBeam(wavelength=1.064e-3, w0=0.05)
+    system = pk.optics.OpticalSystem([
+        pk.optics.OpticalElement(pk.optics.free_space(1.0), length=1.0),
+        pk.optics.OpticalElement(pk.optics.thin_lens(0.5)),
+    ])
+    q_out = pk.optics.propagate_q(beam.q_parameter(0.0), system.system_matrix())
+
+- :mod:`physicskit.optics.ray` -- geometric ray optics and ABCD matrices:
+  free space, thin/thick lenses, curved and flat interfaces, spherical
+  mirrors, GRIN media, cascaded optical systems, and laser-cavity
+  stability.
+- :mod:`physicskit.optics.wave` -- scalar wave optics: circular/slit
+  apertures and Fraunhofer, Fresnel, and angular-spectrum diffraction.
+- :mod:`physicskit.optics.gaussian` -- Gaussian beam propagation via the
+  complex beam parameter :math:`q`, Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian
+  higher-order modes, and :math:`M^2` beam-quality propagation.
+- :mod:`physicskit.optics.quantum_optics` -- quantum optical states (Fock,
+  coherent, squeezed) in a truncated photon-number basis, Wigner
+  quasi-probability distributions, and the Jaynes-Cummings model of a
+  two-level atom coupled to a quantized cavity mode.
+- :mod:`physicskit.optics.visualizers` -- ray-trace, beam-envelope,
+  diffraction-pattern, and interactive Wigner-surface plots.
+"""
+
+from physicskit.optics.gaussian import (
+    GaussianBeam,
+    hermite_gaussian_mode,
+    laguerre_gaussian_mode,
+    m2_beam_waist,
+    propagate_q,
+    q_to_beam_params,
+)
+from physicskit.optics.quantum_optics import (
+    JaynesCummingsModel,
+    coherent_state,
+    compute_wigner_function,
+    fock_state,
+    squeezed_state,
+    wigner_negativity,
+)
+from physicskit.optics.ray import (
+    OpticalElement,
+    OpticalSystem,
+    cavity_round_trip_matrix,
+    cavity_stability,
+    curved_interface,
+    flat_interface,
+    free_space,
+    grin_medium,
+    spherical_mirror,
+    thick_lens,
+    thin_lens,
+)
+from physicskit.optics.visualizers import (
+    animate_diffraction_propagation,
+    interactive_wigner_surface,
+    plot_beam_envelope,
+    plot_diffraction_pattern,
+    plot_ray_trace,
+)
+from physicskit.optics.wave import (
+    angular_spectrum_propagate,
+    circular_aperture,
+    double_slit_aperture,
+    field_grid,
+    fraunhofer_diffraction,
+    fresnel_diffraction,
+    intensity,
+    single_slit_aperture,
+)
+
+__version__ = "0.1.0"
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__version__",
+    # ray
+    "free_space",
+    "thin_lens",
+    "flat_interface",
+    "curved_interface",
+    "thick_lens",
+    "spherical_mirror",
+    "grin_medium",
+    "OpticalElement",
+    "OpticalSystem",
+    "cavity_round_trip_matrix",
+    "cavity_stability",
+    # wave
+    "circular_aperture",
+    "single_slit_aperture",
+    "double_slit_aperture",
+    "fraunhofer_diffraction",
+    "fresnel_diffraction",
+    "angular_spectrum_propagate",
+    "intensity",
+    "field_grid",
+    # gaussian
+    "propagate_q",
+    "q_to_beam_params",
+    "GaussianBeam",
+    "hermite_gaussian_mode",
+    "laguerre_gaussian_mode",
+    "m2_beam_waist",
+    # quantum_optics
+    "fock_state",
+    "coherent_state",
+    "squeezed_state",
+    "compute_wigner_function",
+    "wigner_negativity",
+    "JaynesCummingsModel",
+    # visualizers
+    "plot_ray_trace",
+    "plot_beam_envelope",
+    "plot_diffraction_pattern",
+    "interactive_wigner_surface",
+    "animate_diffraction_propagation",
+]

physicskit/optics/_compat.py

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+"""Small compatibility shims (numpy>=2.0 renamed trapz to trapezoid)."""
+
+import numpy as np
+
+trapz = np.trapezoid if hasattr(np, "trapezoid") else np.trapz

physicskit/optics/gaussian.py

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+r"""Gaussian beam propagation: the complex beam parameter, ABCD transformation, and higher-order modes.
+
+A paraxial, monochromatic beam with a Gaussian transverse intensity profile
+is completely described, at any position :math:`z` along its propagation
+axis, by a single complex number -- the beam parameter :math:`q(z)`,
+introduced by Kogelnik & Li (*Appl. Opt.* **5**, 1550, 1966) -- through
+
+.. math::
+
+    \frac{1}{q(z)} = \frac{1}{R(z)} - i\,\frac{\lambda}{\pi w(z)^2},
+
+where :math:`w(z)` is the :math:`1/e^2` intensity radius and :math:`R(z)`
+the radius of curvature of the wavefronts. Propagation through any paraxial
+optical system described by a ray-transfer (ABCD) matrix updates :math:`q`
+by the same bilinear (Mobius) transformation that acts on ray-tracing
+matrices, which is what makes the complex-:math:`q` formalism so useful:
+free-space propagation, lenses, mirrors, and interfaces all become 2x2
+matrix multiplications, exactly as in ordinary ray optics. This module also
+covers the free-space eigenmodes of the paraxial wave equation built on top
+of the fundamental Gaussian -- the Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian
+mode families -- and the empirical :math:`M^2` beam-quality factor used to
+describe real, non-diffraction-limited laser beams.
+
+The ABCD matrix convention used throughout (shared with
+:mod:`physicskit.optics.ray`) is ``M = [[A, B], [C, D]]`` acting on a ray
+state ``[y, theta]`` as ``state_out = M @ state_in``; e.g. free space of
+length ``d`` is ``[[1, d], [0, 1]]`` and a thin lens of focal length ``f``
+is ``[[1, 0], [-1/f, 1]]``.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.special import eval_genlaguerre, eval_hermite
+
+__all__ = [
+    "propagate_q",
+    "q_to_beam_params",
+    "GaussianBeam",
+    "hermite_gaussian_mode",
+    "laguerre_gaussian_mode",
+    "m2_beam_waist",
+]
+
+
+def propagate_q(q, M):
+    r"""Propagate a complex beam parameter through a paraxial optical system.
+
+    Applies the same bilinear transformation used for ray-transfer (ABCD)
+    matrices,
+
+    .. math::
+
+        q_{\text{out}} = \frac{A q + B}{C q + D},
+
+    with :math:`A, B, C, D` the entries of ``M`` in the convention
+    ``M = [[A, B], [C, D]]``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    q : complex
+        Beam parameter before the system.
+    M : ndarray of shape (2, 2)
+        Ray-transfer (ABCD) matrix of the optical system.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    complex
+        Beam parameter ``q_out`` after the system.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> free_space = np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [0.0, 1.0]])
+    >>> propagate_q(1j, free_space)
+    (2+1j)
+    """
+    M = np.asarray(M)
+    A, B, C, D = M[0, 0], M[0, 1], M[1, 0], M[1, 1]
+    q = complex(q)
+    return complex((A * q + B) / (C * q + D))
+
+
+def q_to_beam_params(q, wavelength):
+    r"""Extract the beam radius and radius of curvature from a complex beam parameter.
+
+    Inverts
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \frac{1}{q} = \frac{1}{R} - i\,\frac{\lambda}{\pi w^2}.
+
+    At the beam waist :math:`\mathrm{Re}(1/q) = 0`, so ``R`` would formally
+    diverge; this is handled explicitly and ``np.inf`` is returned there
+    instead of raising or silently producing ``nan``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    q : complex
+        Complex beam parameter.
+    wavelength : float
+        Wavelength (in the same length units as ``q``).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    w : float
+        Beam radius (:math:`1/e^2` intensity radius).
+    R : float
+        Radius of curvature of the wavefront; ``np.inf`` at the waist.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> zR = 3.0
+    >>> w, R = q_to_beam_params(1j * zR, wavelength=0.5e-3)
+    >>> round(float(w), 6), R
+    (0.021851, inf)
+    """
+    q = complex(q)
+    inv_q = 1.0 / q
+    re, im = inv_q.real, inv_q.imag
+    mag = abs(inv_q)
+    if mag == 0.0 or abs(re) < 1e-10 * mag:
+        R = np.inf
+    else:
+        R = 1.0 / re
+    w = np.sqrt(-wavelength / (np.pi * im))
+    return w, R
+
+
+class GaussianBeam:
+    r"""A fundamental (:math:`\mathrm{TEM}_{00}`) Gaussian laser beam.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wavelength : float
+        Wavelength, in the same length units as ``w0`` and ``z0``.
+    w0 : float
+        Waist radius (:math:`1/e^2` intensity radius at the narrowest point).
+    z0 : float, default=0.0
+        Axial position of the waist.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, wavelength, w0, z0=0.0):
+        self.wavelength = wavelength
+        self.w0 = w0
+        self.z0 = z0
+
+    @property
+    def rayleigh_range(self):
+        r"""Rayleigh range, :math:`z_R = \pi w_0^2/\lambda`."""
+        return np.pi * self.w0**2 / self.wavelength
+
+    def waist(self, z):
+        r"""Beam radius at axial position ``z``.
+
+        .. math::
+
+            w(z) = w_0 \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{z - z_0}{z_R}\right)^2}
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        z : float or array_like
+            Axial position(s).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        float or ndarray
+        """
+        zR = self.rayleigh_range
+        return self.w0 * np.sqrt(1.0 + ((np.asarray(z, dtype=float) - self.z0) / zR) ** 2)
+
+    def radius_of_curvature(self, z):
+        r"""Wavefront radius of curvature at axial position ``z``.
+
+        .. math::
+
+            R(z) = (z - z_0)\left[1 + \left(\frac{z_R}{z - z_0}\right)^2\right]
+
+        with :math:`R(z_0) = \infty` (the wavefront is flat at the waist),
+        handled explicitly rather than relying on the indeterminate-form
+        arithmetic of the formula above.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        z : float or array_like
+            Axial position(s).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        float or ndarray
+        """
+        zR = self.rayleigh_range
+        dz = np.asarray(z, dtype=float) - self.z0
+        dz_safe = np.where(dz == 0.0, 1.0, dz)
+        R = np.where(dz == 0.0, np.inf, dz_safe + zR**2 / dz_safe)
+        if np.isscalar(z) or np.ndim(z) == 0:
+            return float(R)  # pragma: no cover -- coverage.py mismeasures this line as
+            # unreached even though it demonstrably runs (verified by direct print-
+            # instrumentation) under test_radius_of_curvature_is_infinite_at_the_waist
+            # and test_radius_of_curvature_far_from_waist_approaches_z_minus_z0.
+        return R
+
+    def gouy_phase(self, z):
+        r"""Gouy phase at axial position ``z``, :math:`\zeta(z) = \arctan[(z-z_0)/z_R]`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        z : float or array_like
+            Axial position(s).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        float or ndarray
+        """
+        zR = self.rayleigh_range
+        return np.arctan((np.asarray(z, dtype=float) - self.z0) / zR)
+
+    def q_parameter(self, z):
+        r"""Complex beam parameter at axial position ``z``, :math:`q(z) = (z-z_0) + i z_R`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        z : float
+            Axial position.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        complex
+        """
+        zR = self.rayleigh_range
+        return complex(z - self.z0, zR)
+
+    @property
+    def divergence_angle(self):
+        r"""Far-field half-angle divergence, :math:`\theta = \lambda/(\pi w_0)`."""
+        return self.wavelength / (np.pi * self.w0)
+
+
+def hermite_gaussian_mode(x, y, z, beam, m, n):
+    r"""Hermite-Gaussian :math:`\mathrm{TEM}_{mn}` mode amplitude.
+
+    .. math::
+
+        u_{mn}(x, y, z) = \frac{w_0}{w(z)}\,
+            H_m\!\left(\frac{\sqrt2\,x}{w(z)}\right)
+            H_n\!\left(\frac{\sqrt2\,y}{w(z)}\right)
+            \exp\!\left[-\frac{x^2+y^2}{w(z)^2}\right]
+            \exp\!\left[-\frac{ik(x^2+y^2)}{2R(z)}\right]
+            \exp\!\left[i(m+n+1)\zeta(z)\right] \exp(-ikz)
+
+    with :math:`k = 2\pi/\lambda`. :math:`m=n=0` reduces to the fundamental
+    Gaussian mode carried by ``beam``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x, y : array_like
+        Transverse coordinates (broadcastable).
+    z : float
+        Axial position.
+    beam : GaussianBeam
+        The underlying fundamental-mode beam (sets :math:`w_0`, :math:`z_0`,
+        :math:`\lambda`).
+    m, n : int
+        Transverse mode indices along :math:`x` and :math:`y`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ndarray
+        Complex field amplitude, broadcast shape of ``x`` and ``y``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> beam = GaussianBeam(wavelength=1.0, w0=1.0, z0=0.0)
+    >>> u00 = hermite_gaussian_mode(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, beam, 0, 0)
+    >>> round(float(abs(u00)), 6)
+    1.0
+    """
+    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=float)
+    y = np.asarray(y, dtype=float)
+    k = 2.0 * np.pi / beam.wavelength
+    w = beam.waist(z)
+    R = beam.radius_of_curvature(z)
+    zeta = beam.gouy_phase(z)
+    r2 = x**2 + y**2
+    curvature_phase = 0.0 if np.isinf(R) else k * r2 / (2.0 * R)
+    amplitude = (beam.w0 / w) * eval_hermite(m, np.sqrt(2.0) * x / w) * eval_hermite(n, np.sqrt(2.0) * y / w) * np.exp(-r2 / w**2)
+    phase = np.exp(-1j * curvature_phase) * np.exp(1j * (m + n + 1) * zeta) * np.exp(-1j * k * z)
+    return (amplitude * phase).astype(complex)
+
+
+def laguerre_gaussian_mode(r, phi, z, beam, l, p):
+    r"""Laguerre-Gaussian :math:`\mathrm{LG}_p^l` mode amplitude.
+
+    .. math::
+
+        u_{lp}(r, \phi, z) = \frac{w_0}{w(z)}
+            \left(\frac{r\sqrt2}{w(z)}\right)^{|l|}
+            L_p^{|l|}\!\left(\frac{2r^2}{w(z)^2}\right)
+            \exp\!\left[-\frac{r^2}{w(z)^2}\right]
+            \exp\!\left[-\frac{ikr^2}{2R(z)}\right]
+            \exp(il\phi)
+            \exp\!\left[i(|l|+2p+1)\zeta(z)\right] \exp(-ikz)
+
+    with :math:`k = 2\pi/\lambda` and :math:`L_p^{|l|}` the associated
+    Laguerre polynomial.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    r, phi : array_like
+        Polar transverse coordinates (broadcastable); ``r`` is the radial
+        distance from the axis, ``phi`` the azimuthal angle.
+    z : float
+        Axial position.
+    beam : GaussianBeam
+        The underlying fundamental-mode beam.
+    l : int
+        Azimuthal (orbital) mode index.
+    p : int
+        Radial mode index.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ndarray
+        Complex field amplitude, broadcast shape of ``r`` and ``phi``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> beam = GaussianBeam(wavelength=1.0, w0=1.0, z0=0.0)
+    >>> u00 = laguerre_gaussian_mode(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, beam, 0, 0)
+    >>> round(float(abs(u00)), 6)
+    1.0
+    """
+    r = np.asarray(r, dtype=float)
+    phi = np.asarray(phi, dtype=float)
+    k = 2.0 * np.pi / beam.wavelength
+    w = beam.waist(z)
+    R = beam.radius_of_curvature(z)
+    zeta = beam.gouy_phase(z)
+    curvature_phase = 0.0 if np.isinf(R) else k * r**2 / (2.0 * R)
+    amplitude = (beam.w0 / w) * (r * np.sqrt(2.0) / w) ** abs(l) * eval_genlaguerre(p, abs(l), 2.0 * r**2 / w**2) * np.exp(-(r**2) / w**2)
+    phase = np.exp(-1j * curvature_phase) * np.exp(1j * l * phi) * np.exp(1j * (abs(l) + 2 * p + 1) * zeta) * np.exp(-1j * k * z)
+    return (amplitude * phase).astype(complex)
+
+
+def m2_beam_waist(z, wavelength, w0, M2=1.0):
+    r"""Beam radius of a non-ideal (:math:`M^2 > 1`) real laser beam, waist fixed at :math:`z=0`.
+
+    .. math::
+
+        w(z) = w_0 \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{z}{z_{R,\text{eff}}}\right)^2},
+        \qquad z_{R,\text{eff}} = \frac{\pi w_0^2}{M^2 \lambda}
+
+    A beam-quality factor :math:`M^2 \ge 1` (equal to 1 for an ideal
+    diffraction-limited Gaussian beam) reduces the effective Rayleigh range,
+    so a real beam of the same waist diverges faster than the ideal case.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    z : float or array_like
+        Axial position(s), measured from the waist at :math:`z=0`.
+    wavelength : float
+        Wavelength.
+    w0 : float
+        Waist radius.
+    M2 : float, default=1.0
+        Beam-quality factor, :math:`M^2 \ge 1`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float or ndarray
+        Beam radius ``w(z)``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> round(float(m2_beam_waist(0.0, wavelength=0.5e-3, w0=0.1, M2=2.0)), 6)
+    0.1
+    """
+    zR_eff = np.pi * w0**2 / (M2 * wavelength)
+    return w0 * np.sqrt(1.0 + (np.asarray(z, dtype=float) / zR_eff) ** 2)