pennylane-qrack 0.24.1__py3-none-win_amd64.whl

pennylane_qrack/qrack_device.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+#include <regex>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <QuantumDevice.hpp>
+
+#define CL_HPP_TARGET_OPENCL_VERSION 300
+#include "qrack/qfactory.hpp"
+
+#define QSIM_CONFIG(numQubits) Qrack::CreateArrangedLayersFull(nw, md, sd, sh, bdt, pg, tn, hy, oc, numQubits, Qrack::ZERO_BCI, nullptr, Qrack::CMPLX_DEFAULT_ARG, false, true, hp, sp)
+
+std::string trim(std::string s)
+{
+    // Cut leading, trailing, and extra spaces
+    // (See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1798112/removing-leading-and-trailing-spaces-from-a-string#answer-1798170)
+    return std::regex_replace(s, std::regex("^ +| +$|( ) +"), "$1");
+}
+
+struct QrackObservable {
+    std::vector<Qrack::Pauli> obs;
+    std::vector<bitLenInt> wires;
+    QrackObservable()
+    {
+        // Intentionally left blank
+    }
+    QrackObservable(std::vector<Qrack::Pauli> o, std::vector<bitLenInt> w)
+        : obs(o)
+        , wires(w)
+    {
+        // Intentionally left blank
+    }
+};
+
+struct QrackDevice final : public Catalyst::Runtime::QuantumDevice {
+    bool tapeRecording;
+    bool sh;
+    bool tn;
+    bool sd;
+    bool md;
+    bool bdt;
+    bool oc;
+    bool pg;
+    bool hy;
+    bool hp;
+    bool sp;
+    bool nw;
+    size_t shots;
+    Qrack::real1_f noise_param;
+    Qrack::QInterfacePtr qsim;
+    std::map<QubitIdType, bitLenInt> qubit_map;
+    std::vector<QrackObservable> obs_cache;
+    std::vector<Qrack::QInterfaceEngine> simulatorType;
+
+    // static constants for RESULT values
+    static constexpr bool QRACK_RESULT_TRUE_CONST = true;
+    static constexpr bool QRACK_RESULT_FALSE_CONST = false;
+
+    inline void reverseWires()
+    {
+        const bitLenInt end = qsim->GetQubitCount() - 1U;
+        const bitLenInt mid = qsim->GetQubitCount() >> 1U;
+        for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < mid; ++i) {
+            qsim->Swap(i, end - i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    inline auto getDeviceWires(const std::vector<QubitIdType> &wires) -> std::vector<bitLenInt>
+    {
+        std::vector<bitLenInt> res;
+        res.reserve(wires.size());
+        std::transform(wires.begin(), wires.end(), std::back_inserter(res), [this](auto w) {
+            const auto& it = qubit_map.find(w);
+            if (it == qubit_map.end()) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Qubit ID not in wire map: " + std::to_string(w));
+            }
+            return it->second;
+        });
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    inline auto wiresToMask(const std::vector<bitLenInt> &wires) -> bitCapInt
+    {
+        bitCapInt mask = Qrack::ZERO_BCI;
+        for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+            mask = mask | Qrack::pow2(target);
+        }
+
+        return mask;
+    }
+
+    void applyNamedOperation(const std::string &name, const std::vector<bitLenInt> &wires,
+                             const bool& inverse, const std::vector<double> &params)
+    {
+        if (name == "PauliX") {
+            // Self-adjoint, so ignore "inverse"
+            if (wires.size() > 1U) {
+                qsim->XMask(wiresToMask(wires));
+            } else {
+                qsim->X(wires[0U]);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "PauliY") {
+            // Self-adjoint, so ignore "inverse"
+            if (wires.size() > 1U) {
+                qsim->YMask(wiresToMask(wires));
+            } else {
+                qsim->Y(wires[0U]);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "PauliZ") {
+            // Self-adjoint, so ignore "inverse"
+            if (wires.size() > 1U) {
+                qsim->ZMask(wiresToMask(wires));
+            } else {
+                qsim->Z(wires[0U]);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "SX") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                if (inverse) {
+                    qsim->ISqrtX(target);
+                } else {
+                    qsim->SqrtX(target);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (name == "MultiRZ") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->RZ(inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U], target);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "Hadamard") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->H(target);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "S") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                if (inverse) {
+                    qsim->IS(target);
+                } else {
+                    qsim->S(target);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (name == "T") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                if (inverse) {
+                    qsim->IT(target);
+                } else {
+                    qsim->T(target);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (name == "SWAP") {
+            if (wires.size() != 2U) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("SWAP must have exactly two target qubits!");
+            }
+            qsim->Swap(wires[0U], wires[1U]);
+        } else if (name == "ISWAP") {
+            if (wires.size() != 2U) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("ISWAP must have exactly two target qubits!");
+            }
+            if (inverse) {
+                qsim->ISwap(wires[0U], wires[1U]);
+            } else {
+                qsim->IISwap(wires[0U], wires[1U]);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "PSWAP") {
+            if (wires.size() != 2U) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("PSWAP must have exactly two target qubits!");
+            }
+            const std::vector<bitLenInt> c { wires[0U] };
+            qsim->CU(c, wires[1U], ZERO_R1, ZERO_R1, inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]);
+            qsim->Swap(wires[0U], wires[1U]);
+            qsim->CU(c, wires[1U], ZERO_R1, ZERO_R1, inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]);
+        } else if (name == "PhaseShift") {
+            const Qrack::complex bottomRight = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (Qrack::real1)(inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]));
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->Phase(Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, bottomRight, target);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "RX") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->RX(inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U], target);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "RY") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->RY(inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U], target);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "RZ") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->RZ(inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U], target);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "Rot") {
+            const Qrack::real1 phi = inverse ? -params[2U] : params[0U];
+            const Qrack::real1 theta = inverse ? -params[1U] : params[1U];
+            const Qrack::real1 omega = inverse ? -params[0U] : params[2U];
+            const Qrack::real1 cos0 = (Qrack::real1)cos(theta / 2);
+            const Qrack::real1 sin0 = (Qrack::real1)sin(theta / 2);
+            const Qrack::complex expP = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (phi + omega) * HALF_R1);
+            const Qrack::complex expM = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (phi - omega) * HALF_R1);
+            const Qrack::complex mtrx[4U]{
+                cos0 / expP, -sin0 * expM,
+                sin0 / expM, cos0 * expP
+            };
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->Mtrx(mtrx, target);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "U3") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                if (inverse) {
+                    qsim->U(target, -params[0U], -params[2U], -params[1U]);
+                } else {
+                    qsim->U(target, params[0U], params[1U], params[2U]);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (name != "Identity") {
+            throw std::domain_error("Unrecognized gate name: " + name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void applyNamedOperation(const std::string &name, const std::vector<bitLenInt> &control_wires,
+                             const std::vector<bool> &control_values,
+                             const std::vector<bitLenInt> &wires, const bool& inverse,
+                             const std::vector<double> &params)
+    {
+        bitCapInt controlPerm = Qrack::ZERO_BCI;
+        for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < control_values.size(); ++i) {
+            if (control_values[i]) {
+                controlPerm = controlPerm | Qrack::pow2(i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex NEG_1_CMPLX(-ONE_R1, ZERO_R1);
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex NEG_I_CMPLX(ZERO_R1, ONE_R1);
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex SQRT1_2_CMPLX(Qrack::SQRT1_2_R1, ZERO_R1);
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex NEG_SQRT1_2_CMPLX(-Qrack::SQRT1_2_R1, ZERO_R1);
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex SQRTI_2_CMPLX(ZERO_R1, Qrack::SQRT1_2_R1);
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex NEG_SQRTI_2_CMPLX(ZERO_R1, -Qrack::SQRT1_2_R1);
+        const Qrack::complex QBRTI_2_CMPLX(ZERO_R1, sqrt(Qrack::SQRT1_2_R1));
+        const Qrack::complex NEG_QBRTI_2_CMPLX(ZERO_R1, sqrt(-Qrack::SQRT1_2_R1));
+
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex pauliX[4U] = { Qrack::ZERO_CMPLX, Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, Qrack::ZERO_CMPLX };
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex pauliY[4U] = { Qrack::ZERO_CMPLX, NEG_I_CMPLX, Qrack::I_CMPLX, Qrack::ZERO_CMPLX };
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex pauliZ[4U] = { Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, Qrack::ZERO_CMPLX, Qrack::ZERO_CMPLX, NEG_1_CMPLX };
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex sqrtX[4U]{ Qrack::HALF_I_HALF_CMPLX, Qrack::HALF_NEG_I_HALF_CMPLX, Qrack::HALF_NEG_I_HALF_CMPLX, Qrack::HALF_I_HALF_CMPLX };
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex iSqrtX[4U]{ Qrack::HALF_NEG_I_HALF_CMPLX, Qrack::HALF_I_HALF_CMPLX, Qrack::HALF_I_HALF_CMPLX, Qrack::HALF_NEG_I_HALF_CMPLX };
+        QRACK_CONST Qrack::complex hadamard[4U]{ SQRT1_2_CMPLX, SQRT1_2_CMPLX, SQRT1_2_CMPLX, NEG_SQRT1_2_CMPLX };
+
+        if ((name == "PauliX") || (name == "CNOT") || (name == "Toffoli") || (name == "MultiControlledX")) {
+            // Self-adjoint, so ignore "inverse"
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, pauliX, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if ((name == "PauliY") || (name == "CY")) {
+            // Self-adjoint, so ignore "inverse"
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, pauliY, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if ((name == "PauliZ") || (name == "CZ")) {
+            // Self-adjoint, so ignore "inverse"
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, pauliZ, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "SX") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, inverse ? iSqrtX : sqrtX, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "MultiRZ") {
+            const Qrack::complex bottomRight = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (Qrack::real1)((inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]) / 2));
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCPhase(control_wires, conj(bottomRight), bottomRight, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "Hadamard") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, hadamard, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "S") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCPhase(control_wires, Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, inverse ? NEG_SQRTI_2_CMPLX : SQRTI_2_CMPLX, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "T") {
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCPhase(control_wires, Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, inverse ? NEG_QBRTI_2_CMPLX : QBRTI_2_CMPLX, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if ((name == "SWAP") || (name == "CSWAP")) {
+            if (wires.size() != 2U) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("SWAP and CSWAP must have exactly two target qubits!");
+            }
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < control_wires.size(); ++i) {
+                if (!control_values[i]) {
+                    qsim->X(control_wires[i]);
+                }
+            }
+            qsim->CSwap(control_wires, wires[0U], wires[1U]);
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < control_wires.size(); ++i) {
+                if (!control_values[i]) {
+                    qsim->X(control_wires[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (name == "ISWAP") {
+            if (wires.size() != 2U) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("ISWAP must have exactly two target qubits!");
+            }
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < control_wires.size(); ++i) {
+                if (!control_values[i]) {
+                    qsim->X(control_wires[i]);
+                }
+            }
+            std::vector<bitLenInt> mcp_wires(control_wires);
+            mcp_wires.push_back(wires[0U]);
+            qsim->MCPhase(mcp_wires, inverse ? -Qrack::I_CMPLX : Qrack::I_CMPLX, Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, wires[1U]);
+            qsim->CSwap(control_wires, wires[0U], wires[1U]);
+            qsim->MCPhase(mcp_wires, inverse ? -Qrack::I_CMPLX : Qrack::I_CMPLX, Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, wires[1U]);
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < control_wires.size(); ++i) {
+                if (!control_values[i]) {
+                    qsim->X(control_wires[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if ((name == "PhaseShift") || (name == "ControlledPhaseShift") || (name == "CPhase")) {
+            const Qrack::complex bottomRight = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (Qrack::real1)(inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]));
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCPhase(control_wires, Qrack::ONE_CMPLX, bottomRight, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "PSWAP") {
+            std::vector<bitLenInt> c(control_wires);
+            c.push_back(wires[0U]);
+            qsim->CU(c, wires[1U], ZERO_R1, ZERO_R1, inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]);
+            qsim->CSwap(control_wires, wires[0U], wires[1U]);
+            qsim->CU(c, wires[1U], ZERO_R1, ZERO_R1, inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]);
+        } else if ((name == "RX") || (name == "CRX")) {
+            const Qrack::real1 cosine = (Qrack::real1)cos((inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]) / 2);
+            const Qrack::real1 sine = (Qrack::real1)sin((inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]) / 2);
+            const Qrack::complex mtrx[4U] = {
+                Qrack::complex(cosine, ZERO_R1), Qrack::complex(ZERO_R1, -sine),
+                Qrack::complex(ZERO_R1, -sine), Qrack::complex(cosine, ZERO_R1)
+            };
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, mtrx, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if ((name == "RY") || (name == "CRY")) {
+            const Qrack::real1 cosine = (Qrack::real1)cos((inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]) / 2);
+            const Qrack::real1 sine = (Qrack::real1)sin((inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]) / 2);
+            const Qrack::complex mtrx[4U] = {
+                Qrack::complex(cosine, ZERO_R1), Qrack::complex(-sine, ZERO_R1),
+                Qrack::complex(sine, ZERO_R1), Qrack::complex(cosine, ZERO_R1)
+            };
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, mtrx, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if ((name == "RZ") || (name == "CRZ")) {
+            const Qrack::complex bottomRight = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (Qrack::real1)((inverse ? -params[0U] : params[0U]) / 2));
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCPhase(control_wires, conj(bottomRight), bottomRight, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if ((name == "Rot") || (name == "CRot")) {
+            const Qrack::real1 phi = inverse ? -params[2U] : params[0U];
+            const Qrack::real1 theta = inverse ? -params[1U] : params[1U];
+            const Qrack::real1 omega = inverse ? -params[0U] : params[2U];
+            const Qrack::real1 cos0 = (Qrack::real1)cos(theta / 2);
+            const Qrack::real1 sin0 = (Qrack::real1)sin(theta / 2);
+            const Qrack::complex expP = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (phi + omega) * HALF_R1);
+            const Qrack::complex expM = exp(Qrack::I_CMPLX * (phi - omega) * HALF_R1);
+            const Qrack::complex mtrx[4U]{
+                cos0 / expP, -sin0 * expM,
+                sin0 / expM, cos0 * expP
+            };
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, mtrx, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name == "U3") {
+            const Qrack::real1 th = params[0U];
+            const Qrack::real1 ph = params[1U];
+            const Qrack::real1 lm = params[2U];
+            const Qrack::real1 cos0 = (Qrack::real1)cos(th / 2);
+            const Qrack::real1 sin0 = (Qrack::real1)sin(th / 2);
+            const Qrack::complex mtrx[4U]{
+                Qrack::complex(cos0, ZERO_R1), sin0 * Qrack::complex((Qrack::real1)(-cos(lm)),
+                (Qrack::real1)(-sin(lm))),
+                sin0 * Qrack::complex((Qrack::real1)cos(ph), (Qrack::real1)sin(ph)),
+                cos0 * Qrack::complex((Qrack::real1)cos(ph + lm), (Qrack::real1)sin(ph + lm))
+            };
+            Qrack::complex iMtrx[4U];
+            Qrack::inv2x2(mtrx, iMtrx);
+            for (const bitLenInt& target : wires) {
+                qsim->UCMtrx(control_wires, inverse ? iMtrx : mtrx, target, controlPerm);
+            }
+        } else if (name != "Identity") {
+            throw std::domain_error("Unrecognized gate name: " + name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    QrackDevice([[maybe_unused]] std::string kwargs = "{}")
+        : tapeRecording(false)
+        , sh(true)
+        , tn(true)
+        , sd(true)
+        , md(true)
+        , bdt(false)
+        , oc(true)
+        , pg(false)
+        , hy(false)
+        , hp(false)
+        , sp(false)
+        , nw(false)
+        , shots(1U)
+        , noise_param(ZERO_R1_F)
+        , qsim(nullptr)
+    {
+        // Cut leading '{' and trailing '}'
+        kwargs.erase(0U, 1U);
+        kwargs.erase(kwargs.size() - 1U);
+        // Cut leading, trailing, and extra spaces
+        kwargs = trim(kwargs);
+
+        std::map<std::string, int> keyMap;
+        keyMap["'is_hybrid_stabilizer'"] = 1;
+        keyMap["'is_tensor_network'"] = 2;
+        keyMap["'is_schmidt_decomposed'"] = 3;
+        keyMap["'is_schmidt_decomposition_parallel'"] = 4;
+        keyMap["'is_qbdd'"] = 5;
+        keyMap["'is_gpu'"] = 6;
+        keyMap["'is_paged'"] = 7;
+        keyMap["'is_hybrid_cpu_gpu'"] = 8;
+        keyMap["'is_host_pointer'"] =9;
+        keyMap["'is_sparse'"] =10;
+        keyMap["'noise'"] = 11;
+
+        size_t pos;
+        while ((pos = kwargs.find(":")) != std::string::npos) {
+            std::string key = trim(kwargs.substr(0, pos));
+            kwargs.erase(0, pos + 1U);
+            pos = kwargs.find(",");
+            std::string value = trim(kwargs.substr(0, pos));
+            kwargs.erase(0, pos + 1U);
+            const bool val = (value == "True");
+            switch (keyMap[key]) {
+                case 1:
+                    sh = val;
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    tn = val;
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    sd = val;
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    md = val;
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    bdt = val;
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    oc =  val;
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    pg =  val;
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    hy =  val;
+                    break;
+                case 9:
+                    hp = val;
+                    break;
+                case 10:
+                    sp = val;
+                    break;
+                case 11:
+                    noise_param = std::stof(value);
+                    nw = noise_param > ZERO_R1;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        qsim = QSIM_CONFIG(0U);
+        if (noise_param > ZERO_R1) {
+            qsim->SetNoiseParameter(noise_param);
+        }
+    }
+
+    QrackDevice &operator=(const QuantumDevice &) = delete;
+    QrackDevice(const QrackDevice &) = delete;
+    QrackDevice(QrackDevice &&) = delete;
+    QrackDevice &operator=(QuantumDevice &&) = delete;
+
+    auto AllocateQubit() -> QubitIdType override {
+        const QubitIdType label = qsim->GetQubitCount();
+        qsim->Allocate(1U);
+        qubit_map[label] = (bitLenInt)label;
+        return label;
+    }
+    auto AllocateQubits(size_t num_qubits) -> std::vector<QubitIdType> override {
+        std::vector<QubitIdType> ids(num_qubits);
+        for (size_t i = 0U; i < num_qubits; ++i) {
+            ids[i] = AllocateQubit();
+        }
+        return ids;
+    }
+    auto Observable(ObsId id, const std::vector<std::complex<double>> &matrix,
+                    const std::vector<QubitIdType> &wires) -> ObsIdType override
+    {
+        RT_FAIL_IF(wires.size() != 1U, "Cannot have observables besides tensor products of Pauli observables");
+        auto &&dev_wires = getDeviceWires(wires);
+
+        Qrack::Pauli basis = Qrack::PauliI;
+        switch (id) {
+            case ObsId::PauliX:
+                basis = Qrack::PauliX;
+                break;
+            case ObsId::PauliY:
+                basis = Qrack::PauliY;
+                break;
+            case ObsId::PauliZ:
+                basis = Qrack::PauliZ;
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+        std::vector<Qrack::Pauli> bases;
+        bases.reserve(dev_wires.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0U; i < dev_wires.size(); ++i) {
+            bases.emplace_back(basis);
+        }
+        obs_cache.push_back(QrackObservable(bases, dev_wires));
+
+        return obs_cache.size() - 1U;
+    }
+    auto TensorObservable(const std::vector<ObsIdType> &obs) -> ObsIdType override
+    {
+        if (!obs.size()) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        QrackObservable o;
+        for (const ObsIdType& id : obs) {
+            if (id >= obs_cache.size()) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("Observable ID not in device cache: " + std::to_string(id));
+            }
+            const QrackObservable& i = obs_cache[id];
+            o.obs.insert(o.obs.end(), i.obs.begin(), i.obs.end());
+            o.wires.insert(o.wires.end(), i.wires.begin(), i.wires.end());
+        }
+        obs_cache.push_back(o);
+
+        return obs_cache.size() - 1U;
+    }
+    auto HamiltonianObservable(const std::vector<double> &coeffs, const std::vector<ObsIdType> &obs)
+        -> ObsIdType override
+    {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    auto Measure(QubitIdType id, std::optional<int> postselect) -> Result override {
+        bool *ret = (bool *)malloc(sizeof(bool));
+        if (postselect.has_value()) {
+            *ret = qsim->ForceM(id, postselect.value());
+        } else {
+            *ret = qsim->M(id);
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    void ReleaseQubit(QubitIdType label) override
+    {
+        // Measure to prevent denormalization
+        const bitLenInt id = qubit_map[label];
+        qsim->M(id);
+        // Deallocate
+        qsim->Dispose(id, 1U);
+    }
+    void ReleaseQubits(const std::vector<QubitIdType> &qubits) override
+    {
+        for (const QubitIdType& q : qubits) {
+            ReleaseQubit(q);
+        }
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto GetNumQubits() const -> size_t override
+    {
+        return qsim->GetQubitCount();
+    }
+    void SetDeviceShots(size_t s) override {
+        if ((s > 1U) && (noise_param > ZERO_R1_F)) {
+            throw std::domain_error("Shots > 1 can't be simulated with noise on the Qrack back end! (Likely, you want to set mcm_method=\"one-shot\" on your qnode, with multiple shots.)");
+        }
+        shots = s;
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto GetDeviceShots() const -> size_t override { return shots; }
+    void StartTapeRecording() override { tapeRecording = true; }
+    void StopTapeRecording() override { tapeRecording = false; }
+    void NamedOperation(const std::string &name, const std::vector<double> &params,
+                        const std::vector<QubitIdType> &wires, bool inverse,
+                        const std::vector<QubitIdType> &controlled_wires,
+                        const std::vector<bool> &controlled_values) override
+    {
+        // Check the validity of number of qubits and parameters
+        RT_FAIL_IF(controlled_wires.size() != controlled_values.size(), "Controlled wires/values size mismatch");
+
+        // Convert wires to device wires
+        auto &&dev_wires = getDeviceWires(wires);
+        auto &&dev_controlled_wires = getDeviceWires(controlled_wires);
+        std::vector<bool> dev_controlled_values(controlled_values);
+        if ((name == "MultiControlledX")
+            || (name == "CNOT")
+            || (name == "CY")
+            || (name == "CZ")
+            || (name == "ControlledPhaseShift")
+            || (name == "CPhase")
+            || (name == "CRX")
+            || (name == "CRY")
+            || (name == "CRZ")
+            || (name == "CRot")
+            || (name == "Toffoli")) {
+            const size_t end = dev_wires.size() - 1U;
+            dev_controlled_wires.insert(dev_controlled_wires.end(), dev_wires.begin(), dev_wires.begin() + end);
+            dev_wires.erase(dev_wires.begin(), dev_wires.begin() + end);
+            const std::vector<bool> t(end, true);
+            dev_controlled_values.insert(dev_controlled_values.end(), t.begin(), t.end());
+        } else if (name == "CSWAP") {
+            const size_t end = dev_wires.size() - 2U;
+            dev_controlled_wires.insert(dev_controlled_wires.end(), dev_wires.begin(), dev_wires.begin() + end);
+            dev_wires.erase(dev_wires.begin(), dev_wires.begin() + end);
+            const std::vector<bool> t(end, true);
+            dev_controlled_values.insert(dev_controlled_values.end(), t.begin(), t.end());
+        }
+
+        // Update the state-vector
+        if (dev_controlled_wires.empty()) {
+            applyNamedOperation(name, dev_wires, inverse, params);
+        } else {
+            applyNamedOperation(name, dev_controlled_wires, dev_controlled_values, dev_wires, inverse, params);
+        }
+    }
+    void MatrixOperation(const std::vector<std::complex<double>> &matrix,
+                         const std::vector<QubitIdType> &wires, bool inverse,
+                         const std::vector<QubitIdType> &controlled_wires,
+                         const std::vector<bool> &controlled_values) override
+    {
+        RT_FAIL_IF(controlled_wires.size() != controlled_values.size(), "Controlled wires/values size mismatch");
+        RT_FAIL_IF(wires.size() != 1U, "Matrix operation can only have one target qubit!");
+
+        // Convert wires to device wires
+        // with checking validity of wires
+        auto &&dev_wires = getDeviceWires(wires);
+        auto &&dev_controlled_wires = getDeviceWires(controlled_wires);
+        const Qrack::complex mtrx[4U] = {
+            (Qrack::complex)matrix[0U], (Qrack::complex)matrix[1U],
+            (Qrack::complex)matrix[2U], (Qrack::complex)matrix[3U]
+        };
+        Qrack::complex inv[4U];
+        Qrack::inv2x2(mtrx, inv);
+
+        // Update the state-vector
+        if (dev_controlled_wires.empty()) {
+            qsim->Mtrx(inverse ? inv : mtrx, dev_wires[0U]);
+        } else {
+            bitCapInt controlPerm = Qrack::ZERO_BCI;
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < controlled_values.size(); ++i) {
+                if (controlled_values[i]) {
+                    controlPerm = controlPerm | Qrack::pow2(i);
+                }
+            }
+            qsim->UCMtrx(dev_controlled_wires, inverse ? inv : mtrx, dev_wires[0U], controlPerm);
+        }
+    }
+    auto Expval(ObsIdType id) -> double override
+    {
+        if (id >= obs_cache.size()) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Observable ID not in device cache: " + std::to_string(id));
+        }
+        const QrackObservable& obs = obs_cache[id];
+        return qsim->ExpectationPauliAll(obs.wires, obs.obs);
+    }
+    auto Var(ObsIdType id) -> double override
+    {
+        if (id >= obs_cache.size()) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument("Observable ID not in device cache: " + std::to_string(id));
+        }
+        const QrackObservable& obs = obs_cache[id];
+        return qsim->VariancePauliAll(obs.wires, obs.obs);
+    }
+    void State(DataView<std::complex<double>, 1>& sv) override
+    {
+        RT_FAIL_IF(sv.size() != (size_t)((uint64_t)qsim->GetMaxQPower()), "Invalid size for the pre-allocated state vector");
+        reverseWires();
+#if FPPOW == 6
+        qsim->GetQuantumState(&(*(sv.begin())));
+#else
+        std::unique_ptr<Qrack::complex> _sv(new Qrack::complex[sv.size()]);
+        qsim->GetQuantumState(_sv.get());
+        std::copy(_sv.get(), _sv.get() + sv.size(), sv.begin());
+#endif
+        reverseWires();
+    }
+    void Probs(DataView<double, 1>& p) override
+    {
+        RT_FAIL_IF(p.size() != (size_t)((uint64_t)qsim->GetMaxQPower()), "Invalid size for the pre-allocated probabilities vector");
+        reverseWires();
+#if FPPOW == 6
+        qsim->GetProbs(&(*(p.begin())));
+#else
+        std::unique_ptr<Qrack::real1> _p(new Qrack::real1[p.size()]);
+        qsim->GetProbs(_p.get());
+        std::copy(_p.get(), _p.get() + p.size(), p.begin());
+#endif
+        reverseWires();
+    }
+    void PartialProbs(DataView<double, 1> &p, const std::vector<QubitIdType> &wires) override
+    {
+        RT_FAIL_IF((size_t)((uint64_t)Qrack::pow2(wires.size())) != p.size(), "Invalid size for the pre-allocated probabilities vector");
+        auto &&dev_wires = getDeviceWires(wires);
+        std::reverse(dev_wires.begin(), dev_wires.end());
+#if FPPOW == 6
+        qsim->ProbBitsAll(dev_wires, &(*(p.begin())));
+#else
+        std::unique_ptr<Qrack::real1> _p(new Qrack::real1[p.size()]);
+        qsim->ProbBitsAll(dev_wires, _p.get());
+        std::copy(_p.get(), _p.get() + p.size(), p.begin());
+#endif
+    }
+    void _SampleBody(const size_t numQubits, const std::map<bitCapInt, int>& q_samples, DataView<double, 2> &samples)
+    {
+        auto samplesIter = samples.begin();
+        auto q_samplesIter = q_samples.begin();
+        for (auto q_samplesIter = q_samples.begin(); q_samplesIter != q_samples.end(); ++q_samplesIter) {
+            const bitCapInt sample = q_samplesIter->first;
+            int shots = q_samplesIter->second;
+            for (; shots > 0; --shots) {
+                for (size_t wire = 0U; wire < numQubits; ++wire) {
+                    *(samplesIter++) = bi_compare_0((sample >> wire) & 1U) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    void Sample(DataView<double, 2> &samples) override
+    {
+        RT_FAIL_IF(samples.size() != shots * qsim->GetQubitCount(), "Invalid size for the pre-allocated samples");
+
+        if ((shots > 1U) && (noise_param > ZERO_R1_F)) {
+            throw std::domain_error("Shots > 1 can't be simulated with noise on the Qrack back end! (Likely, you want to set mcm_method=\"one-shot\" on your qnode, with multiple shots.)");
+        }
+
+        if (shots == 1U) {
+            const bitCapInt rev_sample = qsim->MAll();
+            const bitLenInt numQubits = qsim->GetQubitCount();
+            bitCapInt sample = Qrack::ZERO_BCI;
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < numQubits; ++i) {
+                if (bi_compare_0(rev_sample & Qrack::pow2(i)) != 0) {
+                    sample = sample | Qrack::pow2(numQubits - (i + 1U));
+                }
+            }
+            const std::map<bitCapInt, int> q_samples{{sample, 1}};
+            _SampleBody(numQubits, q_samples, samples);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<bitCapInt> qPowers(qsim->GetQubitCount());
+        for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < qPowers.size(); ++i) {
+            qPowers[i] = Qrack::pow2(i);
+        }
+        const std::map<bitCapInt, int> q_samples = qsim->MultiShotMeasureMask(qPowers, shots);
+        _SampleBody(qPowers.size(), q_samples, samples);
+    }
+    void PartialSample(DataView<double, 2> &samples, const std::vector<QubitIdType> &wires) override
+    {
+        RT_FAIL_IF(samples.size() != shots * wires.size(), "Invalid size for the pre-allocated samples");
+
+        if ((shots > 1U) && (noise_param > ZERO_R1_F)) {
+            throw std::domain_error("Shots > 1 can't be simulated with noise on the Qrack back end! (Likely, you want to set mcm_method=\"one-shot\" on your qnode, with multiple shots.)");
+        }
+
+        auto &&dev_wires = getDeviceWires(wires);
+
+        if (shots == 1U) {
+            const bitCapInt rev_sample = qsim->MAll();
+            const bitLenInt numQubits = dev_wires.size();
+            bitCapInt sample = Qrack::ZERO_BCI;
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < numQubits; ++i) {
+                if (bi_compare_0(rev_sample & Qrack::pow2(dev_wires[i])) != 0) {
+                    sample = sample | Qrack::pow2(numQubits - (i + 1U));
+                }
+            }
+            const std::map<bitCapInt, int> q_samples{{sample, 1}};
+            _SampleBody(numQubits, q_samples, samples);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<bitCapInt> qPowers(dev_wires.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0U; i < qPowers.size(); ++i) {
+            qPowers[i] = Qrack::pow2(dev_wires[i]);
+        }
+        const std::map<bitCapInt, int> q_samples = qsim->MultiShotMeasureMask(qPowers, shots);
+        _SampleBody(qPowers.size(), q_samples, samples);
+    }
+    void _CountsBody(const size_t numQubits, const std::map<bitCapInt, int>& q_samples, DataView<int64_t, 1> &counts)
+    {
+        for (auto q_samplesIter = q_samples.begin(); q_samplesIter != q_samples.end(); ++q_samplesIter) {
+            const bitCapInt sample = q_samplesIter->first;
+            int shots = q_samplesIter->second;
+            std::bitset<1U << QBCAPPOW> basisState;
+            for (size_t wire = 0; wire < numQubits; wire++) {
+                basisState[wire] = bi_compare_0((sample >> wire) & 1U);
+            }
+            for (; shots > 0; --shots) {
+                ++counts(static_cast<size_t>(basisState.to_ulong()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    void Counts(DataView<double, 1> &eigvals, DataView<int64_t, 1> &counts) override
+    {
+        const size_t numQubits = qsim->GetQubitCount();
+        const size_t numElements = 1U << numQubits;
+
+        RT_FAIL_IF(eigvals.size() != numElements || counts.size() != numElements,
+                   "Invalid size for the pre-allocated counts");
+
+        std::map<bitCapInt, int> q_samples;
+        if (shots == 1U) {
+            const bitCapInt rev_sample = qsim->MAll();
+            const bitLenInt numQubits = qsim->GetQubitCount();
+            bitCapInt sample = Qrack::ZERO_BCI;
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < numQubits; ++i) {
+                if (bi_compare_0(rev_sample & Qrack::pow2(i)) != 0) {
+                    sample = sample | Qrack::pow2(numQubits - (i + 1U));
+                }
+            }
+            q_samples[sample] = 1;
+        } else {
+            std::vector<bitCapInt> qPowers(numQubits);
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < qPowers.size(); ++i) {
+                qPowers[i] = Qrack::pow2(i);
+            }
+            q_samples = qsim->MultiShotMeasureMask(qPowers, shots);
+        }
+
+        std::iota(eigvals.begin(), eigvals.end(), 0);
+        std::fill(counts.begin(), counts.end(), 0);
+
+        _CountsBody(numQubits, q_samples, counts);
+    }
+
+    void PartialCounts(DataView<double, 1> &eigvals, DataView<int64_t, 1> &counts,
+                       const std::vector<QubitIdType> &wires) override
+    {
+        const size_t numQubits = wires.size();
+        const size_t numElements = 1U << numQubits;
+
+        RT_FAIL_IF(eigvals.size() != numElements || counts.size() != numElements,
+                   "Invalid size for the pre-allocated counts");
+
+        if ((shots > 1U) && (noise_param > ZERO_R1_F)) {
+            throw std::domain_error("Shots > 1 can't be simulated with noise on the Qrack back end! (Likely, you want to set mcm_method=\"one-shot\" on your qnode, with multiple shots.)");
+        }
+
+        auto &&dev_wires = getDeviceWires(wires);
+
+        std::map<bitCapInt, int> q_samples;
+        if (shots == 1U) {
+            const bitCapInt rev_sample = qsim->MAll();
+            const bitLenInt numQubits = dev_wires.size();
+            bitCapInt sample = Qrack::ZERO_BCI;
+            for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < numQubits; ++i) {
+                if (bi_compare_0(rev_sample & Qrack::pow2(dev_wires[i])) != 0) {
+                    sample = sample | Qrack::pow2(numQubits - (i + 1U));
+                }
+            }
+            q_samples[sample] = 1;
+        } else {
+            std::vector<bitCapInt> qPowers(dev_wires.size());
+            for (size_t i = 0U; i < qPowers.size(); ++i) {
+                qPowers[i] = Qrack::pow2(dev_wires[qPowers.size() - (i + 1U)]);
+            }
+            q_samples = qsim->MultiShotMeasureMask(qPowers, shots);
+        }
+
+        std::iota(eigvals.begin(), eigvals.end(), 0);
+        std::fill(counts.begin(), counts.end(), 0);
+
+        _CountsBody(numQubits, q_samples, counts);
+    }
+
+    void Gradient(std::vector<DataView<double, 1>> &, const std::vector<size_t> &) override {}
+};
+
+GENERATE_DEVICE_FACTORY(QrackDevice, QrackDevice);