pennylane-qrack 0.10.2__py3-none-macosx_15_0_arm64.whl

pennylane_qrack/qrack_device.py

@@ -0,0 +1,711 @@
+# Copyright 2020 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
+
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""
+Base device class for PennyLane-Qrack.
+"""
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from functools import reduce
+import cmath, math
+import os
+import pathlib
+import sys
+import itertools as it
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from pennylane import QubitDevice, DeviceError, QuantumFunctionError
+from pennylane.ops import (
+    QubitStateVector,
+    BasisState,
+    QubitUnitary,
+    CRZ,
+    PhaseShift,
+    Adjoint,
+)
+from pennylane.wires import Wires
+
+from pyqrack import QrackSimulator, Pauli
+
+from ._version import __version__
+from sys import platform as _platform
+
+# tolerance for numerical errors
+tolerance = 1e-10
+
+
+class QrackDevice(QubitDevice):
+    """Qrack device"""
+
+    name = "Qrack device"
+    short_name = "qrack.simulator"
+    pennylane_requires = ">=0.11.0"
+    version = __version__
+    author = "Daniel Strano, adapted from Steven Oud and Xanadu"
+
+    _capabilities = {
+        "model": "qubit",
+        "tensor_observables": True,
+        "inverse_operations": True,
+        "returns_state": True,
+    }
+
+    _observable_map = {
+        "PauliX": Pauli.PauliX,
+        "PauliY": Pauli.PauliY,
+        "PauliZ": Pauli.PauliZ,
+        "Identity": Pauli.PauliI,
+        "Prod": None,
+        # "Hadamard": None,
+        # "Hermitian": None,
+        # "Sum": None,
+        # "SProd": None,
+        # "Exp": None,
+        # "Projector": None,
+        # "Hamiltonian": None,
+        # "SparseHamiltonian": None
+    }
+
+    observables = _observable_map.keys()
+    operations = {
+        "Identity",
+        "C(Identity)",
+        "MultiRZ",
+        "C(MultiRZ)",
+        "Toffoli",
+        "C(Toffoli)",
+        "CSWAP",
+        "C(CSWAP)",
+        "CRX",
+        "C(CRX)",
+        "CRY",
+        "C(CRY)",
+        "CRZ",
+        "C(CRZ)",
+        "CRot",
+        "C(CRot)",
+        "SWAP",
+        "C(SWAP)",
+        "ISWAP",
+        "C(ISWAP)",
+        "PSWAP",
+        "C(PSWAP)",
+        "CNOT",
+        "C(CNOT)",
+        "CY",
+        "C(CY)",
+        "CZ",
+        "C(CZ)",
+        "S",
+        "C(S)",
+        "T",
+        "C(T)",
+        "RX",
+        "C(RX)",
+        "RY",
+        "C(RY)",
+        "RZ",
+        "C(RZ)",
+        "PauliX",
+        "C(PauliX)",
+        "PauliY",
+        "C(PauliY)",
+        "PauliZ",
+        "C(PauliZ)",
+        "Hadamard",
+        "C(Hadamard)",
+        "SX",
+        "C(SX)",
+        "PhaseShift",
+        "C(PhaseShift)",
+        "U3",
+        "C(U3)",
+        "Rot",
+        "C(Rot)",
+        "ControlledPhaseShift",
+        "CPhase",
+        "C(ControlledPhaseShift)",
+        "C(CPhase)",
+        "MultiControlledX",
+        "C(MultiControlledX)",
+    }
+
+    config = pathlib.Path(
+        os.path.dirname(sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + "/QrackDeviceConfig.toml"
+    )
+
+    # Use "hybrid" stabilizer optimization? (Default is "true"; non-Clifford circuits will fall back to near-Clifford or universal simulation)
+    isStabilizerHybrid = True
+    # Use "tensor network" optimization? (Default is "true"; prevents dynamic qubit de-allocation; might function sub-optimally with "hybrid" stabilizer enabled)
+    isTensorNetwork = True
+    # Use Schmidt decomposition optimizations? (Default is "true")
+    isSchmidtDecompose = True
+    # Distribute Schmidt-decomposed qubit subsystems to multiple GPUs or accelerators, if available? (Default is "true"; mismatched device capacities might hurt overall performance)
+    isSchmidtDecomposeMulti = True
+    # Use "quantum binary decision diagram" ("QBDD") methods? (Default is "false"; note that QBDD is CPU-only)
+    isBinaryDecisionTree = False
+    # Use GPU acceleration? (Default is "true")
+    isOpenCL = True
+    # Allocate GPU buffer from general host heap? (Default is "false"; "true" might improve performance or reliability in certain cases, like if using an Intel HD as accelerator)
+    isHostPointer = False
+    # Noise parameter. (Default is "0"; depolarizing noise intensity can also be controlled by "QRACK_GATE_DEPOLARIZATION" environment variable)
+    noise = 0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_c_interface():
+        shared_lib_path = os.path.dirname(sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + "/libqrack_device.so"
+        if _platform == "win32":
+            shared_lib_path = os.path.dirname(sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + "/qrack_device.dll"
+        elif _platform == "darwin":
+            shared_lib_path = (
+                os.path.dirname(sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + "/libqrack_device.dylib"
+            )
+
+        return ("QrackDevice", shared_lib_path)
+
+    def __init__(self, wires=0, shots=None, **kwargs):
+        options = dict(kwargs)
+        if "isStabilizerHybrid" in options:
+            self.isStabilizerHybrid = options["isStabilizerHybrid"]
+        if "isTensorNetwork" in options:
+            self.isTensorNetwork = options["isTensorNetwork"]
+        if "isSchmidtDecompose" in options:
+            self.isSchmidtDecompose = options["isSchmidtDecompose"]
+        if "isBinaryDecisionTree" in options:
+            self.isBinaryDecisionTree = options["isBinaryDecisionTree"]
+        if "isOpenCL" in options:
+            self.isOpenCL = options["isOpenCL"]
+        if "isHostPointer" in options:
+            self.isHostPointer = options["isHostPointer"]
+        if "noise" in options:
+            self.noise = options["noise"]
+            if (self.noise != 0) and (shots is None):
+                raise ValueError("Shots must be finite for noisy simulation (not analytical mode).")
+        super().__init__(wires=wires, shots=shots)
+        self._state = QrackSimulator(
+            self.num_wires,
+            isStabilizerHybrid=self.isStabilizerHybrid,
+            isTensorNetwork=self.isTensorNetwork,
+            isSchmidtDecompose=self.isSchmidtDecompose,
+            isBinaryDecisionTree=self.isBinaryDecisionTree,
+            isOpenCL=self.isOpenCL,
+            isHostPointer=self.isHostPointer,
+            noise=self.noise,
+        )
+        self._circuit = []
+
+    def _reverse_state(self):
+        end = self.num_wires - 1
+        mid = self.num_wires >> 1
+        for i in range(mid):
+            self._state.swap(i, end - i)
+
+    def apply(self, operations, **kwargs):
+        """Apply the circuit operations to the state.
+
+        This method serves as an auxiliary method to :meth:`~.QrackDevice.apply`.
+
+        Args:
+            operations (List[pennylane.Operation]): operations to be applied
+        """
+
+        self._circuit = self._circuit + operations
+        if self.noise == 0:
+            self._apply()
+            self._circuit = []
+        # else: Defer application until shots or expectation values are requested
+
+    def _apply(self):
+        for op in self._circuit:
+            if isinstance(op, QubitStateVector):
+                self._apply_qubit_state_vector(op)
+            elif isinstance(op, BasisState):
+                self._apply_basis_state(op)
+            elif isinstance(op, QubitUnitary):
+                if len(op.wires) > 1:
+                    raise DeviceError(
+                        f"Operation {op.name} is not supported on a {self.short_name} device, except for single wires."
+                    )
+                self._apply_qubit_unitary(op)
+            else:
+                self._apply_gate(op)
+
+    def _expand_state(self, state_vector, wires):
+        """Expands state vector to more wires"""
+        basis_states = np.array(list(it.product([0, 1], repeat=len(wires))))
+
+        # get basis states to alter on full set of qubits
+        unravelled_indices = np.zeros((2 ** len(wires), self.num_wires), dtype=int)
+        unravelled_indices[:, wires] = basis_states
+
+        # get indices for which the state is changed to input state vector elements
+        ravelled_indices = np.ravel_multi_index(unravelled_indices.T, [2] * self.num_wires)
+
+        state = np.zeros([2**self.num_wires], dtype=np.complex128)
+        state[ravelled_indices] = state_vector
+        state_vector = state.reshape([2] * self.num_wires)
+
+        return state_vector.flatten()
+
+    def _apply_qubit_state_vector(self, op):
+        """Initialize state with a state vector"""
+        wires = op.wires
+        input_state = op.parameters[0]
+
+        if len(input_state) != 2 ** len(wires):
+            raise ValueError("State vector must be of length 2**wires.")
+        if input_state.ndim != 1 or len(input_state) != 2 ** len(wires):
+            raise ValueError("State vector must be of length 2**wires.")
+        if not np.isclose(np.linalg.norm(input_state, 2), 1.0, atol=tolerance):
+            raise ValueError("Sum of amplitudes-squared does not equal one.")
+
+        self._reverse_state()
+        if len(wires) != self.num_wires or sorted(wires, reverse=True) != wires:
+            input_state = self._expand_state(input_state, wires)
+
+        # call qrack' state initialization
+        self._state.in_ket(input_state)
+        self._reverse_state()
+
+    def _apply_basis_state(self, op):
+        """Initialize a basis state"""
+        wires = self.map_wires(Wires(op.wires))
+        par = op.parameters[0]
+        wire_count = len(wires)
+        n_basis_state = len(par)
+
+        if not set(par).issubset({0, 1}):
+            raise ValueError("BasisState parameter must consist of 0 or 1 integers.")
+        if n_basis_state != wire_count:
+            raise ValueError("BasisState parameter and wires must be of equal length.")
+
+        for i in range(wire_count):
+            index = wires.labels[i]
+            if par[i] != self._state.m(index):
+                self._state.x(index)
+
+    def _apply_gate(self, op):
+        """Apply native qrack gate"""
+
+        opname = op.name
+        if isinstance(op, Adjoint):
+            op = op.base
+            opname = op.name + ".inv"
+
+        par = op.parameters
+
+        if opname == "MultiRZ":
+            device_wires = self.map_wires(op.wires)
+            for q in device_wires:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliZ, par[0], q)
+            return
+
+        if opname == "C(MultiRZ)":
+            device_wires = self.map_wires(op.wires)
+            control_wires = self.map_wires(op.control_wires)
+            for q in device_wires:
+                self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliZ, par[0], control_wires, q)
+            return
+
+        # translate op wire labels to consecutive wire labels used by the device
+        device_wires = self.map_wires(
+            (op.control_wires + op.wires) if op.control_wires else op.wires
+        )
+
+        if opname in [
+            "".join(p)
+            for p in it.product(
+                [
+                    "Toffoli",
+                    "C(Toffoli)",
+                    "CNOT",
+                    "C(CNOT)",
+                    "MultiControlledX",
+                    "C(PauliX)",
+                ],
+                ["", ".inv"],
+            )
+        ]:
+            self._state.mcx(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["C(PauliY)", "C(PauliY).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcy(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["C(PauliZ)", "C(PauliZ).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcz(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["C(Hadamard)", "C(Hadamard).inv"]:
+            self._state.mch(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in [
+            "CSWAP",
+            "CSWAP.inv",
+            "C(SWAP)",
+            "C(SWAP).inv",
+            "C(CSWAP)",
+            "C(CSWAP).inv",
+        ]:
+            self._state.cswap(
+                device_wires.labels[:-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+        elif opname in ["CRX", "C(RX)", "C(CRX)"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliX, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["CRX.inv", "C(RX).inv", "C(CRX).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcr(
+                Pauli.PauliX, -par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1]
+            )
+        elif opname in ["CRY", "C(RY)", "C(CRY)"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliY, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["CRY.inv", "C(RY).inv", "C(CRY).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcr(
+                Pauli.PauliY, -par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1]
+            )
+        elif opname in ["CRZ", "C(RZ)", "C(CRZ)"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliZ, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["CRZ.inv", "C(RZ).inv", "C(CRZ).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcr(
+                Pauli.PauliZ, -par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1]
+            )
+        elif opname in [
+            "CRot",
+            "CRot.inv",
+            "C(Rot)",
+            "C(Rot).inv",
+            "C(CRot)",
+            "C(CRot).inv",
+        ]:
+            phi = par[0]
+            theta = par[1]
+            omega = par[2]
+            if ".inv" in opname:
+                tmp = phi
+                phi = -omega
+                theta = -theta
+                omega = -phi
+            c = math.cos(theta / 2)
+            s = math.sin(theta / 2)
+            mtrx = [
+                cmath.exp(-0.5j * (phi + omega)) * c,
+                cmath.exp(0.5j * (phi - omega)) * s,
+                cmath.exp(-0.5j * (phi - omega)) * s,
+                cmath.exp(0.5j * (phi + omega)) * np.cos(theta / 2),
+            ]
+            self._state.mcmtrx(device_wires.labels[:-1], mtrx, device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["SWAP", "SWAP.inv"]:
+            self._state.swap(device_wires.labels[0], device_wires.labels[1])
+        elif opname == "ISWAP":
+            self._state.iswap(device_wires.labels[0], device_wires.labels[1])
+        elif opname == "ISWAP.inv":
+            self._state.adjiswap(device_wires.labels[0], device_wires.labels[1])
+        elif opname == "C(ISWAP)":
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, 1j)
+            self._state.cswap(
+                device_wires.labels[:-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, 1j)
+        elif opname == "C(ISWAP).inv":
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, -1j)
+            self._state.cswap(
+                device_wires.labels[:-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, -1j)
+        elif opname == "C(PSWAP)":
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, par[0])
+            self._state.cswap(
+                device_wires.labels[:-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, par[0])
+        elif opname == "C(PSWAP).inv":
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, -par[0])
+            self._state.cswap(
+                device_wires.labels[:-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-2],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+            self._state.mcu(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1], 0, 0, -par[0])
+        elif opname in ["CY", "CY.inv", "C(CY)", "C(CY).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcy(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["CZ", "CZ.inv", "C(CZ)", "C(CZ).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcz(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname == "S":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.s(label)
+        elif opname == "S.inv":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.adjs(label)
+        elif opname == "C(S)":
+            self._state.mcs(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname == "C(S).inv":
+            self._state.mcadjs(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname == "T":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.t(label)
+        elif opname == "T.inv":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.adjt(label)
+        elif opname == "C(T)":
+            self._state.mct(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname == "C(T).inv":
+            self._state.mcadjt(device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname == "RX":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliX, par[0], label)
+        elif opname == "RX.inv":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliX, -par[0], label)
+        elif opname in ["CRX", "C(RX)", "C(CRX)"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliX, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["CRX.inv", "C(RX).inv", "C(CRX).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliX, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname == "RY":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliY, par[0], label)
+        elif opname == "RY.inv":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliY, -par[0], label)
+        elif opname in ["CRY", "C(RY)", "C(CRY)"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliY, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["CRY.inv", "C(RY).inv", "C(CRY).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliY, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname == "RZ":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliZ, par[0], label)
+        elif opname == "RZ.inv":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliZ, -par[0], label)
+        elif opname in ["CRZ", "C(RZ)", "C(CRZ)"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliZ, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["CRZ.inv", "C(RZ).inv", "C(CRZ).inv"]:
+            self._state.mcr(Pauli.PauliY, par[0], device_wires.labels[:-1], device_wires.labels[-1])
+        elif opname in ["PauliX", "PauliX.inv"]:
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.x(label)
+        elif opname in ["PauliY", "PauliY.inv"]:
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.y(label)
+        elif opname in ["PauliZ", "PauliZ.inv"]:
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.z(label)
+        elif opname in ["Hadamard", "Hadamard.inv"]:
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.h(label)
+        elif opname == "SX":
+            sx_mtrx = [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2]
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.mtrx(sx_mtrx, label)
+        elif opname == "SX.inv":
+            isx_mtrx = [(1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2]
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.mtrx(isx_mtrx, label)
+        elif opname == "C(SX)":
+            self._state.mcmtrx(
+                device_wires.labels[:-1],
+                [(1 + 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 - 1j) / 2, (1 + 1j) / 2],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+        elif opname == "PhaseShift":
+            p_mtrx = [1, 0, 0, cmath.exp(1j * par[0])]
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.mtrx(p_mtrx, label)
+        elif opname == "PhaseShift.inv":
+            ip_mtrx = [1, 0, 0, cmath.exp(1j * -par[0])]
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.mtrx(ip_mtrx, label)
+        elif opname == "C(PhaseShift)":
+            self._state.mtrx(
+                device_wires.labels[:-1],
+                [1, 0, 0, cmath.exp(1j * par[0])],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+        elif opname == "C(PhaseShift).inv":
+            self._state.mtrx(
+                device_wires.labels[:-1],
+                [1, 0, 0, cmath.exp(1j * -par[0])],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+        elif opname in [
+            "ControlledPhaseShift",
+            "C(ControlledPhaseShift)",
+            "CPhase",
+            "C(CPhase)",
+        ]:
+            self._state.mcmtrx(
+                device_wires.labels[:-1],
+                [1, 0, 0, cmath.exp(1j * par[0])],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+        elif opname in [
+            "ControlledPhaseShift.inv",
+            "C(ControlledPhaseShift).inv",
+            "CPhase.inv",
+            "C(CPhase).inv",
+        ]:
+            self._state.mcmtrx(
+                device_wires.labels[:-1],
+                [1, 0, 0, cmath.exp(1j * -par[0])],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+            )
+        elif opname == "U3":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.u(label, par[0], par[1], par[2])
+        elif opname == "U3.inv":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.u(label, -par[0], -par[2], -par[1])
+        elif opname == "Rot":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliZ, par[0], label)
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliY, par[1], label)
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliZ, par[2], label)
+        elif opname == "Rot.inv":
+            for label in device_wires.labels:
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliZ, -par[2], label)
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliY, -par[1], label)
+                self._state.r(Pauli.PauliZ, -par[0], label)
+        elif opname == "C(U3)":
+            self._state.mcu(
+                device_wires.labels[:-1],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+                par[0],
+                par[1],
+                par[2],
+            )
+        elif opname == "C(U3).inv":
+            self._state.mcu(
+                device_wires.labels[:-1],
+                device_wires.labels[-1],
+                -par[0],
+                -par[2],
+                -par[1],
+            )
+        elif opname not in [
+            "Identity",
+            "Identity.inv",
+            "C(Identity)",
+            "C(Identity).inv",
+        ]:
+            raise DeviceError(f"Operation {opname} is not supported on a {self.short_name} device.")
+
+    def _apply_qubit_unitary(self, op):
+        """Apply unitary to state"""
+        # translate op wire labels to consecutive wire labels used by the device
+        device_wires = self.map_wires(op.wires)
+        par = op.parameters
+
+        if len(par[0]) != 2 ** len(device_wires):
+            raise ValueError("Unitary matrix must be of shape (2**wires, 2**wires).")
+
+        if isinstance(op, Adjoint):
+            par[0] = par[0].conj().T
+
+        matrix = par[0].flatten().tolist()
+        self._state.mtrx(matrix, device_wires.labels[0])
+
+    def analytic_probability(self, wires=None):
+        """Return the (marginal) analytic probability of each computational basis state."""
+        if self._state is None:
+            return None
+
+        all_probs = self._abs(self.state) ** 2
+        prob = self.marginal_prob(all_probs, wires)
+
+        if (not "QRACK_FPPOW" in os.environ) or (6 > int(os.environ.get("QRACK_FPPOW"))):
+            tot_prob = 0
+            for p in prob:
+                tot_prob = tot_prob + p
+
+            if tot_prob != 1.0:
+                for i in range(len(prob)):
+                    prob[i] = prob[i] / tot_prob
+
+        return prob
+
+    def expval(self, observable, **kwargs):
+        if self.shots is None:
+            if isinstance(observable.name, list):
+                b = [self._observable_map[obs] for obs in observable.name]
+            elif observable.name == "Prod":
+                b = [self._observable_map[obs.name] for obs in observable.operands]
+            else:
+                b = [self._observable_map[observable.name]]
+
+            if None not in b:
+                q = self.map_wires(observable.wires)
+                return self._state.pauli_expectation(q, b)
+
+            # exact expectation value
+            if callable(observable.eigvals):
+                eigvals = self._asarray(observable.eigvals(), dtype=self.R_DTYPE)
+            else:  # older version of pennylane
+                eigvals = self._asarray(observable.eigvals, dtype=self.R_DTYPE)
+            prob = self.probability(wires=observable.wires)
+            return self._dot(eigvals, prob)
+
+        # estimate the ev
+        return np.mean(self.sample(observable))
+
+    def _generate_sample(self):
+        rev_sample = self._state.m_all()
+        sample = 0
+        for i in range(self.num_wires):
+            if (rev_sample & (1 << i)) > 0:
+                sample |= 1 << (self.num_wires - (i + 1))
+        return sample
+
+    def generate_samples(self):
+        if self.shots is None:
+            raise QuantumFunctionError(
+                "The number of shots has to be explicitly set on the device "
+                "when using sample-based measurements."
+            )
+
+        if self.noise != 0:
+            self._samples = []
+            for _ in range(self.shots):
+                self._state.reset_all()
+                self._apply()
+                self._samples.append(self._generate_sample())
+            self._samples = QubitDevice.states_to_binary(
+                np.array([self._generate_sample()]), self.num_wires
+            )
+            self._circuit = []
+
+            return self._samples
+
+        if self.shots == 1:
+            self._samples = QubitDevice.states_to_binary(
+                np.array([self._generate_sample()]), self.num_wires
+            )
+
+            return self._samples
+
+        samples = np.array(
+            self._state.measure_shots(list(range(self.num_wires - 1, -1, -1)), self.shots)
+        )
+        self._samples = QubitDevice.states_to_binary(samples, self.num_wires)
+
+        return self._samples
+
+    @property
+    def state(self):
+        # returns the state after all operations are applied
+        self._reverse_state()
+        o = self._state.out_ket()
+        self._reverse_state()
+        return o
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._state.reset_all()