passagemath-symbolics 10.6.43__cp314-cp314t-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/manifolds/chart.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4019 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Coordinate Charts
+
+The class :class:`Chart` implements coordinate charts on a topological
+manifold over a topological field `K`. The subclass :class:`RealChart`
+is devoted to the case `K=\RR`, for which the concept of coordinate
+range is meaningful.
+Moreover, :class:`RealChart` is endowed with some plotting
+capabilities (cf. method :meth:`~sage.manifolds.chart.RealChart.plot`).
+
+Transition maps between charts are implemented via the class
+:class:`CoordChange`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2013-2015) : initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2015): review tweaks
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2019): periodic coordinates,
+  add :meth:`~Chart.calculus_method`
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- Chap. 2 of [Lee2011]_
+- Chap. 1 of [Lee2013]_
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.ext.fast_callable import fast_callable
+from sage.manifolds.calculus_method import CalculusMethod
+from sage.manifolds.chart_func import ChartFunctionRing
+from sage.misc.decorators import options
+from sage.misc.latex import latex
+from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
+from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.symbolic.expression import Expression
+from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+
+
+class Chart(UniqueRepresentation, SageObject):
+    r"""
+    Chart on a topological manifold.
+
+    Given a topological manifold `M` of dimension `n` over a topological
+    field `K`, a *chart* on `M` is a pair `(U, \varphi)`, where `U` is an
+    open subset of `M` and `\varphi : U \rightarrow V \subset K^n` is a
+    homeomorphism from `U` to an open subset `V` of `K^n`.
+
+    The components `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)` of `\varphi`, defined by
+    `\varphi(p) = (x^1(p), \ldots, x^n(p)) \in K^n` for any point
+    `p \in U`, are called the *coordinates* of the chart `(U, \varphi)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``domain`` -- open subset `U` on which the chart is defined (must be
+      an instance of :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`)
+    - ``coordinates`` -- (default: '' (empty string)) single string defining
+      the coordinate symbols, with ``' '`` (whitespace) as a separator; each
+      item has at most three fields, separated by a colon (``:``):
+
+      1. the coordinate symbol (a letter or a few letters)
+      2. (optional) the period of the coordinate if the coordinate is
+         periodic; the period field must be written as ``period=T``, where
+         ``T`` is the period (see examples below)
+      3. (optional) the LaTeX spelling of the coordinate; if not provided the
+         coordinate symbol given in the first field will be used
+
+      The order of fields 2 and 3 does not matter and each of them can be
+      omitted. If it contains any LaTeX expression, the string ``coordinates``
+      must be declared with the prefix 'r' (for "raw") to allow for a proper
+      treatment of LaTeX's backslash character (see examples below).
+      If no period and no LaTeX spelling are to be set for any coordinate, the
+      argument ``coordinates`` can be omitted when the shortcut operator
+      ``<,>`` is used to declare the chart (see examples below).
+    - ``calc_method`` -- (default: ``None``) string defining the calculus
+      method for computations involving coordinates of the chart; must be
+      one of
+
+      - ``'SR'``: Sage's default symbolic engine (Symbolic Ring)
+      - ``'sympy'``: SymPy
+      - ``None``: the default of
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.calculus_method.CalculusMethod` will be
+        used
+    - ``names`` -- (default: ``None``) unused argument, except if
+      ``coordinates`` is not provided; it must then be a tuple containing
+      the coordinate symbols (this is guaranteed if the shortcut operator
+      ``<,>`` is used)
+    - ``coord_restrictions`` -- additional restrictions on the coordinates.
+      A restriction can be any symbolic equality or inequality involving
+      the coordinates, such as ``x > y`` or ``x^2 + y^2 != 0``. The items
+      of the list (or set or frozenset) ``coord_restrictions`` are combined
+      with the ``and`` operator; if some restrictions are to be combined with
+      the ``or`` operator instead, they have to be passed as a tuple in some
+      single item of the list (or set or frozenset) ``coord_restrictions``.
+      For example::
+
+        coord_restrictions=[x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x]
+
+      means ``(x > y) and ((x != 0) or (y != 0)) and (z^2 < x)``.
+      If the list ``coord_restrictions`` contains only one item, this
+      item can be passed as such, i.e. writing ``x > y`` instead
+      of the single element list ``[x > y]``.  If the chart variables have
+      not been declared as variables yet, ``coord_restrictions`` must
+      be ``lambda``-quoted.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    A chart on a complex 2-dimensional topological manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+        sage: X = M.chart('x y'); X
+        Chart (M, (x, y))
+        sage: latex(X)
+        \left(M,(x, y)\right)
+        sage: type(X)
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.chart.Chart'>
+
+    To manipulate the coordinates `(x,y)` as global variables,
+    one has to set::
+
+        sage: x,y = X[:]
+
+    However, a shortcut is to use the declarator ``<x,y>`` in the left-hand
+    side of the chart declaration (there is then no need to pass the string
+    ``'x y'`` to ``chart()``)::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+        sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart(); X
+        Chart (M, (x, y))
+
+    The coordinates are then immediately accessible::
+
+        sage: y
+        y
+        sage: x is X[0] and y is X[1]
+        True
+
+    Note that ``x`` and ``y`` declared in ``<x,y>`` are mere Python variable
+    names and do not have to coincide with the coordinate symbols;
+    for instance, one may write::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+        sage: X.<x1,y1> = M.chart('x y'); X
+        Chart (M, (x, y))
+
+    Then ``y`` is not known as a global Python variable and the
+    coordinate `y` is accessible only through the global variable ``y1``::
+
+        sage: y1
+        y
+        sage: latex(y1)
+        y
+        sage: y1 is X[1]
+        True
+
+    However, having the name of the Python variable coincide with the
+    coordinate symbol is quite convenient; so it is recommended to declare::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+        sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+
+    In the above example, the chart X covers entirely the manifold ``M``::
+
+        sage: X.domain()
+        Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+    Of course, one may declare a chart only on an open subset of ``M``::
+
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+        sage: Y.<z1, z2> = U.chart(r'z1:\zeta_1 z2:\zeta_2'); Y
+        Chart (U, (z1, z2))
+        sage: Y.domain()
+        Open subset U of the Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+    In the above declaration, we have also specified some LaTeX writing
+    of the coordinates different from the text one::
+
+        sage: latex(z1)
+        {\zeta_1}
+
+    Note the prefix ``r`` in front of the string ``r'z1:\zeta_1 z2:\zeta_2'``;
+    it makes sure that the backslash character is treated as an ordinary
+    character, to be passed to the LaTeX interpreter.
+
+    Periodic coordinates are declared through the keyword ``period=`` in the
+    coordinate field::
+
+        sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', field='complex', structure='topological')
+        sage: XN.<Z1,Z2> = N.chart('Z1:period=1+2*I Z2')
+        sage: XN.periods()
+        (2*I + 1, None)
+
+    Coordinates are Sage symbolic variables (see
+    :mod:`sage.symbolic.expression`)::
+
+        sage: type(z1)
+        <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+    In addition to the Python variable name provided in the operator ``<.,.>``,
+    the coordinates are accessible by their indices::
+
+        sage: Y[0], Y[1]
+        (z1, z2)
+
+    The index range is that declared during the creation of the manifold. By
+    default, it starts at 0, but this can be changed via the parameter
+    ``start_index``::
+
+        sage: M1 = Manifold(2, 'M_1', field='complex', structure='topological',
+        ....:               start_index=1)
+        sage: Z.<u,v> = M1.chart()
+        sage: Z[1], Z[2]
+        (u, v)
+
+    The full set of coordinates is obtained by means of the slice
+    operator ``[:]``::
+
+        sage: Y[:]
+        (z1, z2)
+
+    Some partial sets of coordinates::
+
+        sage: Y[:1]
+        (z1,)
+        sage: Y[1:]
+        (z2,)
+
+    Each constructed chart is automatically added to the manifold's user
+    atlas::
+
+        sage: M.atlas()
+        [Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (U, (z1, z2))]
+
+    and to the atlas of the chart's domain::
+
+        sage: U.atlas()
+        [Chart (U, (z1, z2))]
+
+    Manifold subsets have a *default chart*, which, unless changed via the
+    method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold.set_default_chart`,
+    is the first defined chart on the subset (or on a open subset of it)::
+
+        sage: M.default_chart()
+        Chart (M, (x, y))
+        sage: U.default_chart()
+        Chart (U, (z1, z2))
+
+    The default charts are not privileged charts on the manifold, but rather
+    charts whose name can be skipped in the argument list of functions having
+    an optional ``chart=`` argument.
+
+    The chart map `\varphi` acting on a point is obtained by passing
+    it as an input to the map::
+
+        sage: p = M.point((1+i, 2), chart=X); p
+        Point on the Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        sage: X(p)
+        (I + 1, 2)
+        sage: X(p) == p.coord(X)
+        True
+
+    Setting additional coordinate restrictions::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+        sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart(coord_restrictions=lambda x,y: abs(x) > 1)
+        sage: X.valid_coordinates(2+i, 1)
+        True
+        sage: X.valid_coordinates(i, 1)
+        False
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :class:`sage.manifolds.chart.RealChart` for charts on topological
+        manifolds over `\RR`.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(
+        cls,
+        domain,
+        coordinates='',
+        calc_method=None,
+        names=None,
+        coord_restrictions=None,
+        **coordinate_options,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Normalize init args and implement unique representation behavior.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.chart import Chart
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: var("u v")
+            (u, v)
+            sage: Chart(M, (u, v)) is Chart(M, "u v")
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(coordinates, str):
+            if coordinates == '':
+                for x in names:
+                    coordinates += x + ' '
+                coordinates = coordinates[:-1]
+            coordinates, parsed_options = cls._parse_coordinates(domain, coordinates)
+            if not coordinate_options:
+                coordinate_options = parsed_options
+
+        coord_string = ' '.join(str(x) for x in coordinates)
+
+        try:
+            return domain._charts_by_coord[coord_string]
+        except KeyError:
+            # Make coord_restrictions hashable
+            coord_restrictions = cls._normalize_coord_restrictions(
+                coordinates, coord_restrictions
+            )
+            self = super().__classcall__(
+                cls,
+                domain,
+                coordinates,
+                calc_method,
+                coord_restrictions=coord_restrictions,
+                **coordinate_options,
+            )
+            domain._charts_by_coord[coord_string] = self
+            return self
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        domain,
+        coordinates,
+        calc_method=None,
+        periods=None,
+        coord_restrictions=None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a chart.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X
+            Chart (M, (x, y))
+            sage: type(X)
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart.Chart'>
+            sage: assumptions() # no assumptions on x,y set
+            []
+            sage: TestSuite(X).run()
+
+        Check that :issue:`32112` has been fixed::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: XU = U.chart('x y')
+            sage: XV = V.chart('x y')
+            sage: M.top_charts()
+            [Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (V, (x, y))]
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.manifold import TopologicalManifold
+
+        if not isinstance(domain, TopologicalManifold):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "the first argument must be an open subset of "
+                + "a topological manifold"
+            )
+        self._manifold = domain.manifold()
+        self._domain = domain
+        self._sindex = self._manifold.start_index()
+        # Handling of calculus methods available on this chart:
+        self._calc_method = CalculusMethod(
+            current=calc_method, base_field_type=self.manifold().base_field_type()
+        )
+        self.simplify = self._calc_method.simplify
+
+        # Treatment of the coordinates:
+        self._periods = periods
+
+        if len(coordinates) != self._manifold.dim():
+            raise ValueError(
+                "the list of coordinates must contain "
+                + "{} elements".format(self._manifold.dim())
+            )
+        self._xx = coordinates
+        #
+        # Additional restrictions on the coordinates.
+        self._restrictions = sorted(coord_restrictions, key=str)
+        #
+        # The chart is added to the domain's atlas, as well as to all the
+        # atlases of the domain's supersets; moreover the first defined chart
+        # is considered as the default chart
+        for sd in domain.open_supersets():
+            # the chart is added in the top charts iff its coordinates have
+            # not been used on a domain including the chart's domain:
+            for chart in sd._atlas:
+                if domain.is_subset(chart._domain) and self._xx == chart._xx:
+                    break
+            else:
+                sd._top_charts.append(self)
+            sd._atlas.append(self)
+            if sd._def_chart is None:
+                sd._def_chart = self
+        # The chart is added to the list of the domain's covering charts:
+        domain._covering_charts.append(self)
+        # Initialization of the set of charts that are restrictions of the
+        # current chart to subsets of the chart domain:
+        self._subcharts = set([self])
+        # Initialization of the set of charts which the current chart is a
+        # restriction of:
+        self._supercharts = set([self])
+
+        # dict. of the restrictions of self to
+        # subsets of self._domain, with the
+        # subsets as keys
+        self._dom_restrict = {}
+        # The null and one functions of the coordinates:
+        # Expression in self of the zero and one scalar fields of open sets
+        # containing the domain of self:
+        for dom in domain.open_supersets():
+            dom._zero_scalar_field._express[self] = self.function_ring().zero()
+            dom._one_scalar_field._express[self] = self.function_ring().one()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_coordinates(cls, domain, coordinates):
+        r"""
+        Initialization of the coordinates as symbolic variables.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coord_list`` -- list (or space-separated concatenation) of
+          coordinate fields.  Each field is a string of at most 3 items,
+          separated by ":". These items are: the coordinate symbol, the
+          (optional) indicator of the periodic character of the
+          coordinate, and the (optional) coordinate LaTeX symbol
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a tuple of variables (as elements of ``SR``)
+        - a dictionary with possible keys:
+
+          - ``'periods'`` -- a tuple of periods
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.chart import Chart
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: Chart._parse_coordinates(M, ['z1', 'z2'])
+            ((z1, z2), {'periods': (None, None)})
+            sage: Chart._parse_coordinates(M, 'z1 z2')
+            ((z1, z2), {'periods': (None, None)})
+            sage: Chart._parse_coordinates(M, [r'z1:\zeta_1', r'z2:\zeta_2'])
+            ((z1, z2), {'periods': (None, None)})
+        """
+        if isinstance(coordinates, str):
+            coord_list = coordinates.split()
+        else:
+            coord_list = coordinates
+        xx_list = []  # will contain the coordinates as Sage symbolic variables
+        period_list = []
+        for coord_index, coord_field in enumerate(coord_list):
+            coord_properties = coord_field.split(':')
+            coord_symb = coord_properties[0].strip()  # the coordinate symbol
+            coord_latex = None  # possibly redefined below
+            period = None  # possibly redefined below
+            # scan of the properties other than the symbol:
+            for prop in coord_properties[1:]:
+                prop1 = prop.strip()
+                if prop1[0:6] == 'period':
+                    if domain.base_field_type() in ['real', 'complex']:
+                        period = SR(prop1[7:])
+                    else:
+                        period = domain.base_field()(prop1[7:])
+                else:
+                    # prop1 is the coordinate's LaTeX symbol
+                    coord_latex = prop1
+            # Construction of the coordinate as a Sage symbolic variable:
+            coord_var = SR.var(coord_symb, latex_name=coord_latex)
+            xx_list.append(coord_var)
+            period_list.append(period)
+        return tuple(xx_list), dict(periods=tuple(period_list))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_coord_restrictions(coordinates, coord_restrictions):
+        r"""
+        Rewrite ``coord_restrictions`` as a ``frozenset``, representing a logical "and", of other clauses.
+
+        Also replace ``list`` by ``frozenset`` , making the result hashable.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.chart import Chart
+            sage: coordinates = var("x y z")
+            sage: Chart._normalize_coord_restrictions(coordinates, None)
+            frozenset()
+            sage: Chart._normalize_coord_restrictions(coordinates, x > y)
+            frozenset({x > y})
+            sage: Chart._normalize_coord_restrictions(coordinates, (x != 0, y != 0))
+            frozenset({(x != 0, y != 0)})
+            sage: Chart._normalize_coord_restrictions(coordinates, [x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x])
+            frozenset({(x != 0, y != 0), x > y, z^2 < x})
+        """
+
+        def normalize(r):
+            if isinstance(r, tuple):  # or
+                return tuple(normalize(x) for x in r)
+            elif isinstance(r, (list, set, frozenset)):  # and
+                return frozenset(normalize(x) for x in r)
+            else:
+                return r
+
+        if coord_restrictions is None:
+            return frozenset()
+
+        if callable(coord_restrictions) and not isinstance(
+            coord_restrictions, Expression
+        ):
+            # lambda-quoted
+            coord_restrictions = coord_restrictions(*coordinates)
+
+        if not isinstance(coord_restrictions, (list, set, frozenset)):
+            # case of a single condition or conditions to be combined by "or"
+            coord_restrictions = [coord_restrictions]
+
+        return normalize(coord_restrictions)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X
+            Chart (M, (x, y))
+        """
+        return 'Chart ({}, {})'.format(self.domain()._name, self._xx)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X._latex_()
+            '\\left(M,(x, y)\\right)'
+            sage: Y.<z1, z2> = M.chart(r'z1:\zeta_1 z2:\zeta2')
+            sage: Y._latex_()
+            '\\left(M,({\\zeta_1}, {\\zeta2})\\right)'
+            sage: latex(Y)
+            \left(M,({\zeta_1}, {\zeta2})\right)
+        """
+        description = r'\left(' + latex(self.domain()).strip() + ',('
+        n = len(self._xx)
+        for i in range(n - 1):
+            description += latex(self._xx[i]).strip() + ', '
+        description += latex(self._xx[n - 1]).strip() + r')\right)'
+        return description
+
+    def _first_ngens(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of coordinates.
+
+        This is useful only for the use of Sage preparser::
+
+            sage: preparse("c_cart.<x,y,z> = M.chart()")
+            "c_cart = M.chart(names=('x', 'y', 'z',)); (x, y, z,) = c_cart._first_ngens(3)"
+        """
+        return self[:]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Access to the coordinates.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- index of the coordinate; if the slice ``[:]``, then all
+            the coordinates are returned
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the coordinate of index ``i`` or all the coordinates (as a tuple)
+          if ``i`` is the slice ``[:]``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X[0]
+            x
+            sage: X[1]
+            y
+            sage: X[:]
+            (x, y)
+
+        The index range is controlled by the parameter ``start_index``::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological',
+            ....:              start_index=1)
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X[1]
+            x
+            sage: X[2]
+            y
+            sage: X[:]
+            (x, y)
+
+        We check that slices are properly shifted as well::
+
+            sage: X[2:]
+            (y,)
+            sage: X[:2]
+            (x,)
+        """
+        if isinstance(i, slice):
+            start, stop = i.start, i.stop
+            if start is not None:
+                start -= self._sindex
+            if stop is not None:
+                stop -= self._sindex
+            return self._xx[start : stop : i.step]
+        return self._xx[i - self._sindex]
+
+    def __call__(self, point):
+        r"""
+        Return the coordinates of a given point.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- point in the domain of the chart
+
+        OUTPUT: tuple of the coordinates of the point
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((1+i, 2-i), chart=X)
+            sage: X(p)
+            (I + 1, -I + 2)
+            sage: X(M.an_element())
+            (0, 0)
+        """
+        return point.coord(self)
+
+    def domain(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the open subset on which the chart is defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.domain()
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = U.chart()
+            sage: Y.domain()
+            Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return self._domain
+
+    def manifold(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the manifold on which the chart is defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = U.chart()
+            sage: X.manifold()
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: X.domain()
+            Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return self._manifold
+
+    def periods(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the coordinate periods.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a tuple containing the period of each coordinate, with the
+          value ``None`` if the coordinate is not periodic
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A chart without any periodic coordinate::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.periods()
+            (None, None)
+
+        Charts with a periodic coordinate::
+
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart("u v:(0,2*pi):periodic")
+            sage: Y.periods()
+            (None, 2*pi)
+            sage: Z.<a,b> = M.chart(r"a:period=sqrt(2):\alpha b:\beta")
+            sage: Z.periods()
+            (sqrt(2), None)
+
+        Complex manifold with a periodic coordinate::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological',
+            ....:              start_index=1)
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart("x y:period=1+I")
+            sage: X.periods()
+            (None, I + 1)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field=QQ, structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<xq,yq> = M.chart(r"xq:period=3/2 yq:\zeta:period=2")
+            sage: X.periods()
+            (3/2, 2)
+        """
+        return self._periods
+
+    def add_restrictions(self, restrictions):
+        r"""
+        Add some restrictions on the coordinates.
+
+        This is deprecated; provide the restrictions at the time of creating
+        the chart.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``restrictions`` -- list of restrictions on the
+          coordinates, in addition to the ranges declared by the intervals
+          specified in the chart constructor
+
+        A restriction can be any symbolic equality or inequality involving
+        the coordinates, such as ``x > y`` or ``x^2 + y^2 != 0``. The items
+        of the list ``restrictions`` are combined with the ``and`` operator;
+        if some restrictions are to be combined with the ``or`` operator
+        instead, they have to be passed as a tuple in some single item
+        of the list ``restrictions``. For example::
+
+          restrictions = [x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x]
+
+        means ``(x > y) and ((x != 0) or (y != 0)) and (z^2 < x)``.
+        If the list ``restrictions`` contains only one item, this
+        item can be passed as such, i.e. writing ``x > y`` instead
+        of the single element list ``[x > y]``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.add_restrictions(abs(x) > 1)
+            doctest:warning...
+            DeprecationWarning: Chart.add_restrictions is deprecated; provide the
+            restrictions at the time of creating the chart
+            See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/32102 for details.
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(2+i, 1)
+            True
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(i, 1)
+            False
+        """
+        from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+
+        deprecation(
+            32102,
+            "Chart.add_restrictions is deprecated; provide the restrictions at the time of creating the chart",
+        )
+        self._restrictions.extend(
+            self._normalize_coord_restrictions(self._xx, restrictions)
+        )
+
+    def restrict(self, subset, restrictions=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of ``self`` to some open subset of its domain.
+
+        If the current chart is `(U,\varphi)`, a *restriction* (or *subchart*)
+        is a chart `(V,\psi)` such that `V\subset U` and `\psi = \varphi |_V`.
+
+        If such subchart has not been defined yet, it is constructed here.
+
+        The coordinates of the subchart bare the same names as the coordinates
+        of the current chart.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subset`` -- open subset `V` of the chart domain `U` (must be an
+          instance of :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`)
+        - ``restrictions`` -- (default: ``None``) list of coordinate
+          restrictions defining the subset `V`
+
+        A restriction can be any symbolic equality or inequality involving
+        the coordinates, such as ``x > y`` or ``x^2 + y^2 != 0``. The items
+        of the list ``restrictions`` are combined with the ``and`` operator;
+        if some restrictions are to be combined with the ``or`` operator
+        instead, they have to be passed as a tuple in some single item
+        of the list ``restrictions``. For example::
+
+          restrictions = [x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x]
+
+        means ``(x > y) and ((x != 0) or (y != 0)) and (z^2 < x)``.
+        If the list ``restrictions`` contains only one item, this
+        item can be passed as such, i.e. writing ``x > y`` instead
+        of the single element list ``[x > y]``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - chart `(V, \psi)` as a :class:`Chart`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Coordinates on the unit open ball of  `\CC^2` as a subchart
+        of the global coordinates of `\CC^2`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'C^2', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<z1, z2> = M.chart()
+            sage: B = M.open_subset('B')
+            sage: X_B = X.restrict(B, abs(z1)^2 + abs(z2)^2 < 1); X_B
+            Chart (B, (z1, z2))
+        """
+        if subset == self.domain():
+            return self
+        if subset not in self._dom_restrict:
+            if not subset.is_subset(self.domain()):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "the specified subset is not a subset "
+                    + "of the domain of definition of the chart"
+                )
+            coordinates = ""
+            for coord in self._xx:
+                coordinates += repr(coord) + ' '
+            res_coord_restrictions = set(self._restrictions)
+            res_coord_restrictions.update(
+                self._normalize_coord_restrictions(self._xx, restrictions)
+            )
+            res = type(self)(
+                subset,
+                coordinates,
+                calc_method=self._calc_method._current,
+                periods=self._periods,
+                # The coordinate restrictions are added
+                # to the result chart
+                coord_restrictions=res_coord_restrictions,
+            )
+            # Update of supercharts and subcharts:
+            res._supercharts.update(self._supercharts)
+            for schart in self._supercharts:
+                schart._subcharts.add(res)
+                schart._dom_restrict[subset] = res
+            # Update of domain restrictions:
+            self._dom_restrict[subset] = res
+        return self._dom_restrict[subset]
+
+    def valid_coordinates(self, *coordinates, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Check whether a tuple of coordinates can be the coordinates of a
+        point in the chart domain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``*coordinates`` -- coordinate values
+        - ``**kwds`` -- options:
+
+          - ``parameters=None``, dictionary to set numerical values to
+            some parameters (see example below)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``True`` if the coordinate values are admissible in the chart
+          image, ``False`` otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart(coord_restrictions=lambda x,y: [abs(x)<1, y!=0])
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(0, i)
+            True
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(i, 1)
+            False
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(i/2, 1)
+            True
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(i/2, 0)
+            False
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(2, 0)
+            False
+
+        Example of use with the keyword ``parameters`` to set a specific value
+        to a parameter appearing in the coordinate restrictions::
+
+            sage: var('a')  # the parameter is a symbolic variable
+            a
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart(coord_restrictions=lambda u,v: abs(v)<a)
+            sage: Y.valid_coordinates(1, i, parameters={a: 2})  # setting a=2
+            True
+            sage: Y.valid_coordinates(1, 2*i, parameters={a: 2})
+            False
+        """
+        if len(coordinates) != self.domain()._dim:
+            return False
+        if 'parameters' in kwds:
+            parameters = kwds['parameters']
+        else:
+            parameters = None
+        # Check of restrictions:
+        if self._restrictions:
+            substitutions = dict(zip(self._xx, coordinates))
+            if parameters:
+                substitutions.update(parameters)
+            return self._check_restrictions(self._restrictions, substitutions)
+        return True
+
+    def _check_restrictions(self, restrict, substitutions):
+        r"""
+        Recursive helper function to check the validity of coordinates
+        given some restrictions
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``restrict`` -- a tuple of conditions (combined with 'or'), a list of
+          conditions (combined with 'and') or a single coordinate condition
+        - ``substitutions`` -- dictionary (keys: coordinates of ``self``) giving the
+          value of each coordinate
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean stating whether the conditions are fulfilled by the
+        coordinate values
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X._check_restrictions(x>0, {x: pi, y: 0})
+            True
+            sage: X._check_restrictions(x>0, {x: -sqrt(2), y: 0})
+            False
+            sage: X._check_restrictions((x>0, [x<y, y<0]), {x: 1, y: 2})
+            True
+            sage: X._check_restrictions((x>0, [x<y, y<0]), {x: -1, y: 2})
+            False
+            sage: X._check_restrictions((x>0, [x<y, y<0]), {x: -1, y: -1/2})
+            True
+            sage: X._check_restrictions([(x<y, y<0), x>0], {x: 1, y: 2})
+            True
+            sage: X._check_restrictions([(x<y, y<0), x>0], {x: -1, y: 2})
+            False
+            sage: X._check_restrictions([(x<y, y<0), x>0], {x: 1, y: -2})
+            True
+            sage: X._check_restrictions([(x<y, y<0), x>0], {x: 2, y: 1})
+            False
+        """
+        if isinstance(restrict, tuple):  # case of 'or' conditions
+            return any(
+                self._check_restrictions(cond, substitutions) for cond in restrict
+            )
+        elif isinstance(restrict, (list, set, frozenset)):  # case of 'and' conditions
+            return all(
+                self._check_restrictions(cond, substitutions) for cond in restrict
+            )
+        # Case of a single condition:
+        return bool(restrict.subs(substitutions))
+
+    def codomain(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the codomain of ``self`` as a set.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', field='complex', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.codomain()
+            Vector space of dimension 2 over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        from sage.modules.free_module import VectorSpace
+
+        ambient = VectorSpace(self.manifold().base_field(), self.manifold().dimension())
+        if self._restrictions:
+            return self._restrict_set(ambient, self._restrictions)
+        else:
+            return ambient
+
+    def _restrict_set(self, universe, coord_restrictions):
+        """
+        Return a set corresponding to coordinate restrictions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: universe = RR^2
+            sage: X._restrict_set(universe, x>0)
+            { (x, y) ∈ Vector space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision : x > 0 }
+            sage: X._restrict_set(universe, x>0)
+            { (x, y) ∈ Vector space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision : x > 0 }
+            sage: X._restrict_set(universe, (x>0, [x<y, y<0]))
+            Set-theoretic union of
+             { (x, y) ∈ Vector space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision : x > 0 } and
+             { (x, y) ∈ Vector space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision : x < y, y < 0 }
+            sage: X._restrict_set(universe, [(x<y, y<0), x>0])
+            Set-theoretic intersection of
+             Set-theoretic union of
+              { (x, y) ∈ Vector space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision : x < y } and
+              { (x, y) ∈ Vector space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision : y < 0 } and
+             { (x, y) ∈ Vector space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision : x > 0 }
+        """
+        if isinstance(coord_restrictions, tuple):  # case of 'or' conditions
+            A = self._restrict_set(universe, coord_restrictions[0])
+            if len(coord_restrictions) == 1:
+                return A
+            else:
+                return A.union(self._restrict_set(universe, coord_restrictions[1:]))
+        elif isinstance(
+            coord_restrictions, (list, set, frozenset)
+        ):  # case of 'and' conditions
+            A = self._restrict_set(universe, coord_restrictions[0])
+            if len(coord_restrictions) == 1:
+                return A
+            else:
+                return A.intersection(
+                    self._restrict_set(universe, coord_restrictions[1:])
+                )
+        # Case of a single condition:
+        from sage.sets.condition_set import ConditionSet
+
+        return ConditionSet(universe, coord_restrictions, vars=self._xx)
+
+    def transition_map(
+        self,
+        other,
+        transformations,
+        intersection_name=None,
+        restrictions1=None,
+        restrictions2=None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct the transition map between the current chart,
+        `(U, \varphi)` say, and another one, `(V, \psi)` say.
+
+        If `n` is the manifold's dimension, the *transition map*
+        is the map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \psi\circ\varphi^{-1}: \varphi(U\cap V) \subset K^n
+            \rightarrow \psi(U\cap V) \subset K^n,
+
+        where `K` is the manifold's base field. In other words, the
+        transition map expresses the coordinates `(y^1, \ldots, y^n)` of
+        `(V, \psi)` in terms of the coordinates `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)` of
+        `(U, \varphi)` on the open subset where the two charts intersect,
+        i.e. on `U \cap V`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- the chart `(V, \psi)`
+        - ``transformations`` -- tuple (or list) `(Y_1, \ldots, Y_n)`, where
+          `Y_i` is the symbolic expression of the coordinate `y^i` in terms
+          of the coordinates `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)`
+        - ``intersection_name`` -- (default: ``None``) name to be given to the
+          subset `U \cap V` if the latter differs from `U` or `V`
+        - ``restrictions1`` -- (default: ``None``) list of conditions on the
+          coordinates of the current chart that define `U \cap V` if the
+          latter differs from `U`
+        - ``restrictions2`` -- (default: ``None``) list of conditions on the
+          coordinates of the chart `(V,\psi)` that define `U \cap V` if the
+          latter differs from `V`
+
+        A restriction can be any symbolic equality or inequality involving
+        the coordinates, such as ``x > y`` or ``x^2 + y^2 != 0``. The items
+        of the list ``restrictions`` are combined with the ``and`` operator;
+        if some restrictions are to be combined with the ``or`` operator
+        instead, they have to be passed as a tuple in some single item
+        of the list ``restrictions``. For example::
+
+          restrictions = [x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x]
+
+        means ``(x > y) and ((x != 0) or (y != 0)) and (z^2 < x)``.
+        If the list ``restrictions`` contains only one item, this
+        item can be passed as such, i.e. writing ``x > y`` instead
+        of the single element list ``[x > y]``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the transition map `\psi \circ \varphi^{-1}` defined on
+          `U \cap V` as a :class:`CoordChange`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Transition map between two stereographic charts on the circle `S^1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(1, 'S^1', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # Complement of the North pole
+            sage: cU.<x> = U.chart() # Stereographic chart from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # Complement of the South pole
+            sage: cV.<y> = V.chart() # Stereographic chart from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^1 is the union of U and V
+            sage: trans = cU.transition_map(cV, 1/x, intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                           restrictions1= x!=0, restrictions2 = y!=0)
+            sage: trans
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (W, (x,)) to Chart (W, (y,))
+            sage: trans.display()
+            y = 1/x
+
+        The subset `W`, intersection of `U` and `V`, has been created by
+        ``transition_map()``::
+
+            sage: F = M.subset_family(); F
+            Set {S^1, U, V, W} of open subsets of the 1-dimensional topological manifold S^1
+            sage: W = F['W']
+            sage: W is U.intersection(V)
+            True
+            sage: M.atlas()
+            [Chart (U, (x,)), Chart (V, (y,)), Chart (W, (x,)), Chart (W, (y,))]
+
+        Transition map between the spherical chart and the Cartesian
+        one on `\RR^2`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # the complement of the half line {y=0, x >= 0}
+            sage: c_spher.<r,phi> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) phi:(0,2*pi):\phi')
+            sage: trans = c_spher.transition_map(c_cart, (r*cos(phi), r*sin(phi)),
+            ....:                                restrictions2=(y!=0, x<0))
+            sage: trans
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (U, (r, phi)) to Chart (U, (x, y))
+            sage: trans.display()
+            x = r*cos(phi)
+            y = r*sin(phi)
+
+        In this case, no new subset has been created since `U \cap M = U`::
+
+            sage: M.subset_family()
+            Set {R^2, U} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+
+        but a new chart has been created: `(U, (x, y))`::
+
+            sage: M.atlas()
+            [Chart (R^2, (x, y)), Chart (U, (r, phi)), Chart (U, (x, y))]
+        """
+        dom1 = self.domain()
+        dom2 = other.domain()
+        dom = dom1.intersection(dom2, name=intersection_name)
+        if dom is dom1:
+            chart1 = self
+        else:
+            chart1 = self.restrict(dom, restrictions1)
+        if dom is dom2:
+            chart2 = other
+        else:
+            chart2 = other.restrict(dom, restrictions2)
+        if not isinstance(transformations, (tuple, list)):
+            transformations = [transformations]
+        return CoordChange(chart1, chart2, *transformations)
+
+    def preimage(self, codomain_subset, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        """
+        Return the preimage (pullback) of ``codomain_subset`` under ``self``.
+
+        It is the subset of the domain of ``self`` formed by the points
+        whose coordinate vectors lie in ``codomain_subset``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``codomain_subset`` -- an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.geometry.convex_set.ConvexSet_base` or another
+          object with a ``__contains__`` method that accepts coordinate
+          vectors
+        - ``name`` -- string; name (symbol) given to the subset
+        - ``latex_name`` -- string (default: ``None``); LaTeX symbol to
+          denote the subset; if none are provided, it is set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - either a :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold` or
+          a :class:`~sage.manifolds.subsets.pullback.ManifoldSubsetPullback`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+
+        Pulling back a polytope under a chart::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0, 0], [1, 2], [2, 1]]); P
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
+            sage: McP = c_cart.preimage(P); McP
+            Subset x_y_inv_P of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: M((1, 2)) in McP
+            True
+            sage: M((2, 0)) in McP
+            False
+
+        Pulling back the interior of a polytope under a chart::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            sage: int_P = P.interior(); int_P
+            Relative interior of
+             a 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
+            sage: McInt_P = c_cart.preimage(int_P, name='McInt_P'); McInt_P
+            Open subset McInt_P of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: M((0, 0)) in McInt_P
+            False
+            sage: M((1, 1)) in McInt_P
+            True
+
+        Pulling back a point lattice::
+
+            sage: W = span([[1, 0], [3, 5]], ZZ); W
+            Free module of degree 2 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [1 0]
+            [0 5]
+            sage: McW = c_cart.pullback(W, name='McW'); McW
+            Subset McW of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: M((4, 5)) in McW
+            True
+            sage: M((4, 4)) in McW
+            False
+
+        Pulling back a real vector subspaces::
+
+            sage: V = span([[1, 2]], RR); V
+            Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            Basis matrix:
+            [1.00000000000000 2.00000000000000]
+            sage: McV = c_cart.pullback(V, name='McV'); McV
+            Subset McV of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: M((2, 4)) in McV
+            True
+            sage: M((1, 0)) in McV
+            False
+
+        Pulling back a finite set of points::
+
+            sage: F = Family([vector(QQ, [1, 2], immutable=True),
+            ....:             vector(QQ, [2, 3], immutable=True)])
+            sage: McF = c_cart.pullback(F, name='McF'); McF
+            Subset McF of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: M((2, 3)) in McF
+            True
+            sage: M((0, 0)) in McF
+            False
+
+        Pulling back the integers::
+
+            sage: R = manifolds.RealLine(); R
+            Real number line ℝ
+            sage: McZ = R.canonical_chart().pullback(ZZ, name='ℤ'); McZ
+            Subset ℤ of the Real number line ℝ
+            sage: R((3/2,)) in McZ
+            False
+            sage: R((-2,)) in McZ
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.subsets.pullback import ManifoldSubsetPullback
+
+        return ManifoldSubsetPullback(
+            self, codomain_subset, name=name, latex_name=latex_name
+        )
+
+    pullback = preimage
+
+    def function_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the ring of coordinate functions on ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.function_ring()
+            Ring of chart functions on Chart (M, (x, y))
+        """
+
+        return ChartFunctionRing(self)
+
+    def function(self, expression, calc_method=None, expansion_symbol=None, order=None):
+        r"""
+        Define a coordinate function to the base field.
+
+        If the current chart belongs to the atlas of a `n`-dimensional manifold
+        over a topological field `K`, a *coordinate function* is a map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{array}{cccc}
+                f:&  V\subset K^n & \longrightarrow & K \\
+                  &  (x^1,\ldots, x^n) & \longmapsto & f(x^1,\ldots, x^n),
+            \end{array}
+
+        where `V` is the chart codomain and `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)` are the
+        chart coordinates.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``expression`` -- a symbolic expression involving the chart
+          coordinates, to represent `f(x^1,\ldots, x^n)`
+
+        - ``calc_method`` -- string (default: ``None``); the calculus method
+          with respect to which the internal expression of the function must be
+          initialized from ``expression``; one of
+
+          - ``'SR'``: Sage's default symbolic engine (Symbolic Ring)
+          - ``'sympy'``: SymPy
+          - ``None``: the chart current calculus method is assumed
+
+        - ``expansion_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) symbolic variable (the
+          "small parameter") with respect to which the coordinate expression is
+          expanded in power series (around the zero value of this variable)
+
+        - ``order`` -- integer (default: ``None``); the order of the expansion
+          if ``expansion_symbol`` is not ``None``; the *order* is defined as
+          the degree of the polynomial representing the truncated power series
+          in ``expansion_symbol``.
+
+          .. WARNING::
+
+             The value of ``order`` is `n-1`, where `n` is the order of the
+             big `O` in the power series expansion
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction`
+          representing the coordinate function `f`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A symbolic coordinate function::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = X.function(sin(x*y))
+            sage: f
+            sin(x*y)
+            sage: type(f)
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunctionRing_with_category.element_class'>
+            sage: f.display()
+            (x, y) ↦ sin(x*y)
+            sage: f(2,3)
+            sin(6)
+
+        Using SymPy for the internal representation of the function (dictionary
+        ``_express``)::
+
+            sage: g = X.function(x^2 + x*cos(y), calc_method='sympy')
+            sage: g._express
+            {'sympy': x**2 + x*cos(y)}
+
+        On the contrary, for ``f``, only the ``SR`` part has been initialized::
+
+            sage: f._express
+            {'SR': sin(x*y)}
+
+        See :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction` for more examples.
+        """
+        parent = self.function_ring()
+        return parent.element_class(
+            parent,
+            expression,
+            calc_method=calc_method,
+            expansion_symbol=expansion_symbol,
+            order=order,
+        )
+
+    def zero_function(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the zero function of the coordinates.
+
+        If the current chart belongs to the atlas of a `n`-dimensional manifold
+        over a topological field `K`, the zero coordinate function is the map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{array}{cccc}
+                f:&  V\subset K^n & \longrightarrow & K \\
+                  &  (x^1,\ldots, x^n) & \longmapsto & 0,
+            \end{array}
+
+        where `V` is the chart codomain.
+
+        See class :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction`
+        for a complete documentation.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction`
+          representing the zero coordinate function `f`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.zero_function()
+            0
+            sage: X.zero_function().display()
+            (x, y) ↦ 0
+            sage: type(X.zero_function())
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunctionRing_with_category.element_class'>
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: X.zero_function() is X.zero_function()
+            True
+
+        Zero function on a `p`-adic manifold::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological', field=Qp(5)); M
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M over the 5-adic Field with
+             capped relative precision 20
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.zero_function()
+            0
+            sage: X.zero_function().display()
+            (x, y) ↦ 0
+        """
+        return self.function_ring().zero()
+
+    def one_function(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the constant function of the coordinates equal to one.
+
+        If the current chart belongs to the atlas of a `n`-dimensional manifold
+        over a topological field `K`, the "one" coordinate function is the map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{array}{cccc}
+                f:&  V\subset K^n & \longrightarrow & K \\
+                  &  (x^1,\ldots, x^n) & \longmapsto & 1,
+            \end{array}
+
+        where `V` is the chart codomain.
+
+        See class :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction`
+        for a complete documentation.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction`
+          representing the one coordinate function `f`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.one_function()
+            1
+            sage: X.one_function().display()
+            (x, y) ↦ 1
+            sage: type(X.one_function())
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunctionRing_with_category.element_class'>
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: X.one_function() is X.one_function()
+            True
+
+        One function on a `p`-adic manifold::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological', field=Qp(5)); M
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M over the 5-adic Field with
+             capped relative precision 20
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.one_function()
+            1 + O(5^20)
+            sage: X.one_function().display()
+            (x, y) ↦ 1 + O(5^20)
+        """
+        return self.function_ring().one()
+
+    def calculus_method(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the interface governing the calculus engine for expressions
+        involving coordinates of this chart.
+
+        The calculus engine can be one of the following:
+
+        - Sage's symbolic engine (Pynac + Maxima), implemented via the
+          Symbolic Ring ``SR``
+        - SymPy
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.calculus_method.CalculusMethod` for a
+            complete documentation.
+
+        OUTPUT: an instance of :class:`~sage.manifolds.calculus_method.CalculusMethod`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The default calculus method relies on Sage's Symbolic Ring::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.calculus_method()
+            Available calculus methods (* = current):
+             - SR (default) (*)
+             - sympy
+
+        Accordingly the method
+        :meth:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction.expr` of a function
+        ``f`` defined on the chart ``X`` returns a Sage symbolic expression::
+
+            sage: f = X.function(x^2 + cos(y)*sin(x))
+            sage: f.expr()
+            x^2 + cos(y)*sin(x)
+            sage: type(f.expr())
+            <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+            sage: parent(f.expr())
+            Symbolic Ring
+            sage: f.display()
+            (x, y) ↦ x^2 + cos(y)*sin(x)
+
+        Changing to SymPy::
+
+            sage: X.calculus_method().set('sympy')
+            sage: f.expr()
+            x**2 + sin(x)*cos(y)
+            sage: type(f.expr())
+            <class 'sympy.core.add.Add'>
+            sage: parent(f.expr())
+            <class 'sympy.core.add.Add'>
+            sage: f.display()
+            (x, y) ↦ x**2 + sin(x)*cos(y)
+
+        Back to the Symbolic Ring::
+
+            sage: X.calculus_method().set('SR')
+            sage: f.display()
+            (x, y) ↦ x^2 + cos(y)*sin(x)
+        """
+        return self._calc_method
+
+    def multifunction(self, *expressions):
+        r"""
+        Define a coordinate function to some Cartesian power of the base field.
+
+        If `n` and `m` are two positive integers and `(U, \varphi)` is a
+        chart on a topological manifold `M` of dimension `n` over a
+        topological field `K`, a *multi-coordinate function* associated
+        to `(U,\varphi)` is a map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{array}{llcl}
+            f:& V \subset K^n & \longrightarrow & K^m \\
+              & (x^1, \ldots, x^n) & \longmapsto & (f_1(x^1, \ldots, x^n),
+                \ldots, f_m(x^1, \ldots, x^n)),
+            \end{array}
+
+        where `V` is the codomain of `\varphi`. In other words, `f` is a
+        `K^m`-valued function of the coordinates associated to the chart
+        `(U, \varphi)`.
+
+        See :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.MultiCoordFunction` for a
+        complete documentation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``expressions`` -- list (or tuple) of `m` elements to construct the
+          coordinate functions `f_i` (`1\leq i \leq m`); for
+          symbolic coordinate functions, this must be symbolic expressions
+          involving the chart coordinates, while for numerical coordinate
+          functions, this must be data file names
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.MultiCoordFunction`
+          representing `f`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Function of two coordinates with values in `\RR^3`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = X.multifunction(x+y, sin(x*y), x^2 + 3*y); f
+            Coordinate functions (x + y, sin(x*y), x^2 + 3*y) on the Chart (M, (x, y))
+            sage: f(2,3)
+            (5, sin(6), 13)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: type(f)
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.MultiCoordFunction'>
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.chart_func import MultiCoordFunction
+
+        return MultiCoordFunction(self, expressions)
+
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+
+class RealChart(Chart):
+    r"""
+    Chart on a topological manifold over `\RR`.
+
+    Given a topological manifold `M` of dimension `n` over `\RR`, a *chart*
+    on `M` is a pair `(U,\varphi)`, where `U` is an open subset of `M` and
+    `\varphi : U \to V \subset \RR^n` is a homeomorphism from `U` to
+    an open subset `V` of `\RR^n`.
+
+    The components `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)` of `\varphi`, defined by
+    `\varphi(p) = (x^1(p), \ldots, x^n(p))\in \RR^n` for any point
+    `p \in U`, are called the *coordinates* of the chart `(U, \varphi)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``domain`` -- open subset `U` on which the chart is defined
+    - ``coordinates`` -- (default: '' (empty string)) single string defining
+      the coordinate symbols, with ``' '`` (whitespace) as a separator; each
+      item has at most four fields, separated by a colon (``:``):
+
+      1. the coordinate symbol (a letter or a few letters)
+      2. (optional) the interval `I` defining the coordinate range: if not
+         provided, the coordinate is assumed to span all `\RR`; otherwise
+         `I` must be provided in the form ``(a,b)`` (or equivalently
+         ``]a,b[``); the bounds ``a`` and ``b`` can be ``+/-Infinity``,
+         ``Inf``, ``infinity``, ``inf`` or ``oo``; for *singular*
+         coordinates, non-open intervals such as ``[a,b]`` and ``(a,b]``
+         (or equivalently ``]a,b]``) are allowed; note that the interval
+         declaration must not contain any whitespace
+      3. (optional) indicator of the periodic character of the coordinate,
+         either as ``period=T``, where ``T`` is the period, or as the keyword
+         ``periodic`` (the value of the period is then deduced from the
+         interval `I` declared in field 2; see examples below)
+      4. (optional) the LaTeX spelling of the coordinate; if not provided the
+         coordinate symbol given in the first field will be used
+
+      The order of fields 2 to 4 does not matter and each of them can be
+      omitted. If it contains any LaTeX expression, the string ``coordinates``
+      must be declared with the prefix 'r' (for "raw") to allow for a proper
+      treatment of LaTeX's backslash character (see examples below).
+      If interval range, no period and no LaTeX spelling are to be set for any
+      coordinate, the argument ``coordinates`` can be omitted when the shortcut
+      operator ``<,>`` is used to declare the chart (see examples below).
+    - ``calc_method`` -- (default: ``None``) string defining the calculus
+      method for computations involving coordinates of the chart; must be
+      one of
+
+      - ``'SR'``: Sage's default symbolic engine (Symbolic Ring)
+      - ``'sympy'``: SymPy
+      - ``None``: the default of
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.calculus_method.CalculusMethod` will be
+        used
+    - ``names`` -- (default: ``None``) unused argument, except if
+      ``coordinates`` is not provided; it must then be a tuple containing
+      the coordinate symbols (this is guaranteed if the shortcut operator
+      ``<,>`` is used)
+    - ``coord_restrictions`` -- additional restrictions on the coordinates.
+      A restriction can be any symbolic equality or inequality involving
+      the coordinates, such as ``x > y`` or ``x^2 + y^2 != 0``. The items
+      of the list (or set or frozenset) ``coord_restrictions`` are combined
+      with the ``and`` operator; if some restrictions are to be combined with
+      the ``or`` operator instead, they have to be passed as a tuple in some
+      single item of the list (or set or frozenset) ``coord_restrictions``.
+      For example::
+
+        coord_restrictions=[x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x]
+
+      means ``(x > y) and ((x != 0) or (y != 0)) and (z^2 < x)``.
+      If the list ``coord_restrictions`` contains only one item, this
+      item can be passed as such, i.e. writing ``x > y`` instead
+      of the single element list ``[x > y]``.  If the chart variables have
+      not been declared as variables yet, ``coord_restrictions`` must
+      be ``lambda``-quoted.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Cartesian coordinates on `\RR^3`::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3', structure='topological',
+        ....:              start_index=1)
+        sage: c_cart = M.chart('x y z'); c_cart
+        Chart (R^3, (x, y, z))
+        sage: type(c_cart)
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.chart.RealChart'>
+
+    To have the coordinates accessible as global variables, one has to set::
+
+        sage: (x,y,z) = c_cart[:]
+
+    However, a shortcut is to use the declarator ``<x,y,z>`` in the left-hand
+    side of the chart declaration (there is then no need to pass the string
+    ``'x y z'`` to  ``chart()``)::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3', structure='topological',
+        ....:              start_index=1)
+        sage: c_cart.<x,y,z> = M.chart(); c_cart
+        Chart (R^3, (x, y, z))
+
+    The coordinates are then immediately accessible::
+
+        sage: y
+        y
+        sage: y is c_cart[2]
+        True
+
+    Note that ``x, y, z`` declared in ``<x,y,z>`` are mere Python variable
+    names and do not have to coincide with the coordinate symbols; for
+    instance, one may write::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3', structure='topological',
+        ....:              start_index=1)
+        sage: c_cart.<x1,y1,z1> = M.chart('x y z'); c_cart
+        Chart (R^3, (x, y, z))
+
+    Then ``y`` is not known as a global variable and the coordinate `y`
+    is accessible only through the global variable ``y1``::
+
+        sage: y1
+        y
+        sage: y1 is c_cart[2]
+        True
+
+    However, having the name of the Python variable coincide with the
+    coordinate symbol is quite convenient; so it is recommended to declare::
+
+        sage: forget()   # for doctests only
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3', structure='topological', start_index=1)
+        sage: c_cart.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+
+    Spherical coordinates on the subset `U` of `\RR^3` that is the
+    complement of the half-plane `\{y=0, x \geq 0\}`::
+
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+        sage: c_spher.<r,th,ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
+        sage: c_spher
+        Chart (U, (r, th, ph))
+
+    Note the prefix 'r' for the string defining the coordinates in the
+    arguments of ``chart``.
+
+    Coordinates are Sage symbolic variables (see
+    :mod:`sage.symbolic.expression`)::
+
+        sage: type(th)
+        <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+        sage: latex(th)
+        {\theta}
+        sage: assumptions(th)
+        [th is real, th > 0, th < pi]
+
+    Coordinate are also accessible by their indices::
+
+        sage: x1 = c_spher[1]; x2 = c_spher[2]; x3 = c_spher[3]
+        sage: [x1, x2, x3]
+        [r, th, ph]
+        sage: (x1, x2, x3) == (r, th, ph)
+        True
+
+    The full set of coordinates is obtained by means of the slice ``[:]``::
+
+        sage: c_cart[:]
+        (x, y, z)
+        sage: c_spher[:]
+        (r, th, ph)
+
+    Let us check that the declared coordinate ranges have been taken into
+    account::
+
+        sage: c_cart.coord_range()
+        x: (-oo, +oo); y: (-oo, +oo); z: (-oo, +oo)
+        sage: c_spher.coord_range()
+        r: (0, +oo); th: (0, pi); ph: (0, 2*pi)
+        sage: bool(th>0 and th<pi)
+        True
+        sage: assumptions()  # list all current symbolic assumptions
+        [x is real, y is real, z is real, r is real, r > 0, th is real,
+         th > 0, th < pi, ph is real, ph > 0, ph < 2*pi]
+
+    The coordinate ranges are used for simplifications::
+
+        sage: simplify(abs(r)) # r has been declared to lie in the interval (0,+oo)
+        r
+        sage: simplify(abs(x)) # no positive range has been declared for x
+        abs(x)
+
+    A coordinate can be declared periodic by adding the keyword ``periodic``
+    to its range::
+
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+        sage: c_spher1.<r,th,ph1> = \
+        ....: V.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph1:(0,2*pi):periodic:\phi_1')
+        sage: c_spher1.periods()
+        (None, None, 2*pi)
+        sage: c_spher1.coord_range()
+        r: (0, +oo); th: (0, pi); ph1: [0, 2*pi] (periodic)
+
+    It is equivalent to give the period as ``period=2*pi``, skipping the
+    coordinate range::
+
+        sage: c_spher2.<r,th,ph2> = \
+        ....: V.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph2:period=2*pi:\phi_2')
+        sage: c_spher2.periods()
+        (None, None, 2*pi)
+        sage: c_spher2.coord_range()
+        r: (0, +oo); th: (0, pi); ph2: [0, 2*pi] (periodic)
+
+    Each constructed chart is automatically added to the manifold's
+    user atlas::
+
+        sage: M.atlas()
+        [Chart (R^3, (x, y, z)), Chart (U, (r, th, ph)),
+         Chart (V, (r, th, ph1)), Chart (V, (r, th, ph2))]
+
+    and to the atlas of its domain::
+
+        sage: U.atlas()
+        [Chart (U, (r, th, ph))]
+
+    Manifold subsets have a *default chart*, which, unless changed
+    via the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold.set_default_chart`,
+    is the first defined chart on the subset (or on a open subset of it)::
+
+        sage: M.default_chart()
+        Chart (R^3, (x, y, z))
+        sage: U.default_chart()
+        Chart (U, (r, th, ph))
+
+    The default charts are not privileged charts on the manifold, but rather
+    charts whose name can be skipped in the argument list of functions having
+    an optional ``chart=`` argument.
+
+    The chart map `\varphi` acting on a point is obtained by means of the
+    call operator, i.e. the operator ``()``::
+
+        sage: p = M.point((1,0,-2)); p
+        Point on the 3-dimensional topological manifold R^3
+        sage: c_cart(p)
+        (1, 0, -2)
+        sage: c_cart(p) == p.coord(c_cart)
+        True
+        sage: q = M.point((2,pi/2,pi/3), chart=c_spher) # point defined by its spherical coordinates
+        sage: c_spher(q)
+        (2, 1/2*pi, 1/3*pi)
+        sage: c_spher(q) == q.coord(c_spher)
+        True
+        sage: a = U.point((1,pi/2,pi)) # the default coordinates on U are the spherical ones
+        sage: c_spher(a)
+        (1, 1/2*pi, pi)
+        sage: c_spher(a) == a.coord(c_spher)
+        True
+
+    Cartesian coordinates on `U` as an example of chart construction with
+    coordinate restrictions: since `U` is the complement of the half-plane
+    `\{y = 0, x \geq 0\}`, we must have `y \neq 0` or `x < 0` on U.
+    Accordingly, we set::
+
+        sage: c_cartU.<x,y,z> = U.chart(coord_restrictions=lambda x,y,z: (y!=0, x<0))
+        sage: U.atlas()
+        [Chart (U, (r, th, ph)), Chart (U, (x, y, z))]
+        sage: M.atlas()
+        [Chart (R^3, (x, y, z)), Chart (U, (r, th, ph)),
+         Chart (V, (r, th, ph1)), Chart (V, (r, th, ph2)),
+         Chart (U, (x, y, z))]
+        sage: c_cartU.valid_coordinates(-1,0,2)
+        True
+        sage: c_cartU.valid_coordinates(1,0,2)
+        False
+        sage: c_cart.valid_coordinates(1,0,2)
+        True
+
+    Note that, as an example, the following would have meant `y \neq 0`
+    *and* `x < 0`::
+
+        c_cartU.<x,y,z> = U.chart(coord_restrictions=lambda x,y,z: [y!=0, x<0])
+
+    Chart grids can be drawn in 2D or 3D graphics thanks to the method
+    :meth:`plot`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        domain,
+        coordinates,
+        calc_method=None,
+        bounds=None,
+        periods=None,
+        coord_restrictions=None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a chart on a real topological manifold.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: forget()  # for doctests only
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X
+            Chart (M, (x, y))
+            sage: type(X)
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart.RealChart'>
+            sage: assumptions()  # assumptions set in X._init_coordinates
+            [x is real, y is real]
+            sage: TestSuite(X).run()
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            domain,
+            coordinates,
+            calc_method=calc_method,
+            periods=periods,
+            coord_restrictions=coord_restrictions,
+        )
+        self._bounds = bounds
+        self._tighten_bounds()
+        self._fast_valid_coordinates = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_coordinates(cls, domain, coordinates):
+        r"""
+        Initialization of the coordinates as symbolic variables.
+
+        This method must be redefined by derived classes in order to take
+        into account specificities (e.g. enforcing real coordinates).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coord_list`` -- list (or space-separated concatenation) of
+          coordinate fields.  Each field is a string of at most 3 items,
+          separated by ":". These items are: the coordinate symbol, the
+          (optional) coordinate range or indicator of the periodic
+          character of the coordinate, and the (optional) coordinate
+          LaTeX symbol
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a tuple of variables (as elements of ``SR``)
+        - a dictionary with possible keys:
+
+          - ``'periods'`` -- a tuple of periods
+          - ``'bounds'`` -- a tuple of coordinate ranges
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.chart import RealChart
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: RealChart._parse_coordinates(M, ['x', 'y'])
+            ((x, y),
+            {'bounds': (((-Infinity, False), (+Infinity, False)),
+            ((-Infinity, False), (+Infinity, False))),
+            'periods': (None, None)})
+            sage: RealChart._parse_coordinates(M, [r'x1:\xi:(0,1)', r'y1:\eta'])
+            ((x1, y1),
+            {'bounds': (((0, False), (1, False)),
+            ((-Infinity, False), (+Infinity, False))),
+            'periods': (None, None)})
+        """
+        from sage.symbolic.assumptions import assume
+
+        if isinstance(coordinates, str):
+            coord_list = coordinates.split()
+        else:
+            coord_list = coordinates
+        xx_list = []  # will contain the coordinates as Sage symbolic variables
+        bounds_list = []  # will contain the coordinate bounds
+        period_list = []
+        for coord_index, coord_field in enumerate(coord_list):
+            coord_properties = coord_field.split(':')
+            coord_symb = coord_properties[0].strip()  # the coordinate symbol
+            # default values, possibly redefined below:
+            coord_latex = None
+            xmin = -Infinity
+            xmin_included = False
+            xmax = +Infinity
+            xmax_included = False
+            period = None
+            # scan of the properties other than the symbol:
+            is_periodic = False
+            for prop in coord_properties[1:]:
+                prop1 = prop.strip()
+                delim_min = prop1[0]
+                if delim_min in ['[', ']', '(']:
+                    # prop1 is the coordinate's range
+                    xmin_str, xmax_str = prop1[1 : len(prop1) - 1].split(',')
+                    if xmin_str not in [
+                        '-inf',
+                        '-Inf',
+                        '-infinity',
+                        '-Infinity',
+                        '-oo',
+                    ]:
+                        xmin = SR(xmin_str)
+                        xmin_included = delim_min == '['
+                    if xmax_str not in [
+                        'inf',
+                        '+inf',
+                        'Inf',
+                        '+Inf',
+                        'infinity',
+                        '+infinity',
+                        'Infinity',
+                        '+Infinity',
+                        'oo',
+                        '+oo',
+                    ]:
+                        xmax = SR(xmax_str)
+                        xmax_included = prop1[-1] == ']'
+                elif prop1[0:6] == 'period':
+                    # prop1 indicates a periodic coordinate
+                    is_periodic = True
+                    if prop1[6:8] != 'ic':
+                        # case prop1 = 'period=value'
+                        xmin = 0
+                        xmax = SR(prop1[7:])
+                else:
+                    # prop1 is the coordinate's LaTeX symbol
+                    coord_latex = prop1
+            # Construction of the coordinate as a Sage symbolic variable:
+            coord_var = SR.var(coord_symb, domain='real', latex_name=coord_latex)
+            assume(coord_var, 'real')
+            if is_periodic:
+                period = xmax - xmin
+                xmin_included = 'periodic'
+                xmax_included = 'periodic'
+            else:
+                if not (xmin == -Infinity):
+                    if xmin_included:
+                        assume(coord_var >= xmin)
+                    else:
+                        assume(coord_var > xmin)
+                if not (xmax == Infinity):
+                    if xmax_included:
+                        assume(coord_var <= xmax)
+                    else:
+                        assume(coord_var < xmax)
+            xx_list.append(coord_var)
+            bounds_list.append(((xmin, xmin_included), (xmax, xmax_included)))
+            period_list.append(period)
+        return tuple(xx_list), dict(
+            bounds=tuple(bounds_list), periods=tuple(period_list)
+        )
+
+    def coord_bounds(self, i=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the lower and upper bounds of the range of a coordinate.
+
+        For a nicely formatted output, use :meth:`coord_range` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- (default: ``None``)  index of the coordinate; if ``None``,
+          the bounds of all the coordinates are returned
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the coordinate bounds as the tuple
+          ``((xmin, min_included), (xmax, max_included))`` where
+
+          - ``xmin`` is the coordinate lower bound
+          - ``min_included`` is a boolean, indicating whether the coordinate
+            can take the value ``xmin``, i.e. ``xmin`` is a strict lower
+            bound iff ``min_included`` is ``False``
+          - ``xmin`` is the coordinate upper bound
+          - ``max_included`` is a boolean, indicating whether the coordinate
+            can take the value ``xmax``, i.e. ``xmax`` is a strict upper
+            bound iff ``max_included`` is ``False``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Some coordinate bounds on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: forget()  # for doctests only
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart('x y:[0,1)')
+            sage: c_xy.coord_bounds(0)  # x in (-oo,+oo) (the default)
+            ((-Infinity, False), (+Infinity, False))
+            sage: c_xy.coord_bounds(1)  # y in [0,1)
+            ((0, True), (1, False))
+            sage: c_xy.coord_bounds()
+            (((-Infinity, False), (+Infinity, False)), ((0, True), (1, False)))
+            sage: c_xy.coord_bounds() == (c_xy.coord_bounds(0), c_xy.coord_bounds(1))
+            True
+
+        The coordinate bounds can also be recovered via the method
+        :meth:`coord_range`::
+
+            sage: c_xy.coord_range()
+            x: (-oo, +oo); y: [0, 1)
+            sage: c_xy.coord_range(y)
+            y: [0, 1)
+
+        or via Sage's function
+        :func:`sage.symbolic.assumptions.assumptions`::
+
+            sage: assumptions(x)
+            [x is real]
+            sage: assumptions(y)
+            [y is real, y >= 0, y < 1]
+        """
+        if i is None:
+            return self._bounds
+        else:
+            return self._bounds[i - self._sindex]
+
+    def codomain(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the codomain of ``self`` as a set.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # the complement of the half line {y=0, x >= 0}
+            sage: c_spher.<r,phi> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) phi:(0,2*pi):\phi')
+            sage: c_spher.codomain()
+            The Cartesian product of ((0, +oo), (0, 2*pi))
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3', structure='topological', start_index=1)
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: c_cart.codomain()
+            Vector space of dimension 3 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+
+        In the current implementation, the codomain of periodic coordinates are represented
+        by a fundamental domain::
+
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_spher1.<r,th,ph1> = \
+            ....: V.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph1:(0,2*pi):periodic:\phi_1')
+            sage: c_spher1.codomain()
+            The Cartesian product of ((0, +oo), (0, pi), [0, 2*pi))
+        """
+        from sage.categories.cartesian_product import cartesian_product
+        from sage.modules.free_module import VectorSpace
+        from sage.sets.real_set import RealSet
+
+        intervals = tuple(
+            RealSet.interval(
+                xmin,
+                xmax,
+                lower_closed=(min_included == 'periodic' or min_included),
+                upper_closed=(max_included != 'periodic' and max_included),
+            )
+            for ((xmin, min_included), (xmax, max_included)) in self._bounds
+        )
+        if all(interval.is_universe() for interval in intervals):
+            ambient = VectorSpace(
+                self.manifold().base_field(), self.manifold().dimension()
+            )
+        else:
+            ambient = cartesian_product(intervals)
+        if self._restrictions:
+            return self._restrict_set(ambient, self._restrictions)
+        else:
+            return ambient
+
+    def coord_range(self, xx=None):
+        r"""
+        Display the range of a coordinate (or all coordinates), as an
+        interval.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``xx`` -- (default: ``None``) symbolic expression corresponding
+          to a coordinate of the current chart; if ``None``, the ranges of
+          all coordinates are displayed
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Ranges of coordinates on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.coord_range()
+            x: (-oo, +oo); y: (-oo, +oo)
+            sage: X.coord_range(x)
+            x: (-oo, +oo)
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: [x>1, y<pi]})
+            sage: XU = X.restrict(U)  # restriction of chart X to U
+            sage: XU.coord_range()
+            x: (1, +oo); y: (-oo, pi)
+            sage: XU.coord_range(x)
+            x: (1, +oo)
+            sage: XU.coord_range(y)
+            y: (-oo, pi)
+
+        The output is LaTeX-formatted for the notebook::
+
+            sage: latex(XU.coord_range(y))
+            y :\ \left( -\infty, \pi \right)
+        """
+        from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import FormattedExpansion
+
+        def _display_coord_range(self, xx, rtxt, rlatex):
+            ind = self._xx.index(xx)
+            bounds = self._bounds[ind]
+            rtxt += "{}: ".format(xx)
+            rlatex += latex(xx) + r":\ "
+            if bounds[0][1]:
+                rtxt += "["
+                rlatex += r"\left["
+            else:
+                rtxt += "("
+                rlatex += r"\left("
+            xmin = bounds[0][0]
+            if xmin == -Infinity:
+                rtxt += "-oo, "
+                rlatex += r"-\infty,"
+            else:
+                rtxt += "{}, ".format(xmin)
+                rlatex += latex(xmin) + ","
+            xmax = bounds[1][0]
+            if xmax == Infinity:
+                rtxt += "+oo"
+                rlatex += r"+\infty"
+            else:
+                rtxt += "{}".format(xmax)
+                rlatex += latex(xmax)
+            if bounds[1][1]:
+                rtxt += "]"
+                rlatex += r"\right]"
+                if bounds[1][1] == 'periodic':
+                    rtxt += " (periodic)"
+                    rlatex += r"\text{(periodic)}"
+            else:
+                rtxt += ")"
+                rlatex += r"\right)"
+            return rtxt, rlatex
+
+        resu_txt = ""
+        resu_latex = ""
+        if xx is None:
+            for x in self._xx:
+                if resu_txt != "":
+                    resu_txt += "; "
+                    resu_latex += r";\quad "
+                resu_txt, resu_latex = _display_coord_range(
+                    self, x, resu_txt, resu_latex
+                )
+        else:
+            resu_txt, resu_latex = _display_coord_range(self, xx, resu_txt, resu_latex)
+        return FormattedExpansion(resu_txt, resu_latex)
+
+    def add_restrictions(self, restrictions):
+        r"""
+        Add some restrictions on the coordinates.
+
+        This is deprecated; provide the restrictions at the time of creating
+        the chart.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``restrictions`` -- list of restrictions on the
+          coordinates, in addition to the ranges declared by the intervals
+          specified in the chart constructor
+
+        A restriction can be any symbolic equality or inequality involving
+        the coordinates, such as ``x > y`` or ``x^2 + y^2 != 0``. The items
+        of the list ``restrictions`` are combined with the ``and`` operator;
+        if some restrictions are to be combined with the ``or`` operator
+        instead, they have to be passed as a tuple in some single item
+        of the list ``restrictions``. For example::
+
+          restrictions = [x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x]
+
+        means ``(x > y) and ((x != 0) or (y != 0)) and (z^2 < x)``.
+        If the list ``restrictions`` contains only one item, this
+        item can be passed as such, i.e. writing ``x > y`` instead
+        of the single element list ``[x > y]``.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Cartesian coordinates on the open unit disc in `\RR^2`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') # the open unit disc
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X.add_restrictions(x^2+y^2<1)
+            doctest:warning...
+            DeprecationWarning: Chart.add_restrictions is deprecated; provide the
+            restrictions at the time of creating the chart
+            See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/32102 for details.
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(0,2)
+            False
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(0,1/3)
+            True
+
+        The restrictions are transmitted to subcharts::
+
+            sage: A = M.open_subset('A') # annulus 1/2 < r < 1
+            sage: X_A = X.restrict(A, x^2+y^2 > 1/4)
+            sage: X_A._restrictions
+            [x^2 + y^2 < 1, x^2 + y^2 > (1/4)]
+            sage: X_A.valid_coordinates(0,1/3)
+            False
+            sage: X_A.valid_coordinates(2/3,1/3)
+            True
+
+        If appropriate, the restrictions are transformed into bounds on
+        the coordinate ranges::
+
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: X_U = X.restrict(U)
+            sage: X_U.coord_range()
+            x: (-oo, +oo); y: (-oo, +oo)
+            sage: X_U.add_restrictions([x<0, y>1/2])
+            sage: X_U.coord_range()
+            x: (-oo, 0); y: (1/2, +oo)
+        """
+        super().add_restrictions(restrictions)
+        self._tighten_bounds()
+
+    def _tighten_bounds(self):
+        """
+        Update coordinate bounds from the coordinate restrictions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') # the open unit disc
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: X_U = X.restrict(U, restrictions=[x<0, y>1/2])
+            sage: X_U.coord_range()
+            x: (-oo, 0); y: (1/2, +oo)
+        """
+        import operator
+
+        bounds = list(self._bounds)  # convert to a list for modifications
+        new_restrictions = []
+        for restrict in self._restrictions:
+            restrict_used = False  # determines whether restrict is used to set some coordinate bound
+            if not isinstance(
+                restrict, (tuple, list, set, frozenset)
+            ):
+                # case of combined
+                # conditions excluded
+                operands = restrict.operands()
+                left = operands[0]
+                right = operands[1]
+                right_var = right.variables()
+                if left in self._xx:
+                    # the l.h.s. of the restriction is a single
+                    # coordinate
+                    right_coord = [coord for coord in self._xx if coord in right_var]
+                    if not right_coord:
+                        # there is no other coordinate in the r.h.s.
+                        ind = self._xx.index(left)
+                        left_bounds = list(bounds[ind])
+                        oper = restrict.operator()
+                        oinf = left_bounds[0][0]  # old coord inf
+                        osup = left_bounds[1][0]  # old coord sup
+                        if oper == operator.lt:
+                            if osup == Infinity or right <= osup:
+                                left_bounds[1] = (right, False)
+                                restrict_used = True
+                        elif oper == operator.le:
+                            if osup == Infinity or right < osup:
+                                left_bounds[1] = (right, True)
+                                restrict_used = True
+                        elif oper == operator.gt:
+                            if oinf == -Infinity or right >= oinf:
+                                left_bounds[0] = (right, False)
+                                restrict_used = True
+                        elif oper == operator.ge:
+                            if oinf == -Infinity or right > oinf:
+                                left_bounds[0] = (right, True)
+                                restrict_used = True
+                        bounds[ind] = tuple(left_bounds)
+            if not restrict_used:
+                # if restrict has not been used to set a coordinate bound
+                # it is maintained in the list of restrictions:
+                new_restrictions.append(restrict)
+        self._bounds = tuple(bounds)
+        self._restrictions = new_restrictions
+        self._fast_valid_coordinates = None
+
+    def restrict(self, subset, restrictions=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of the chart to some open subset of its domain.
+
+        If the current chart is `(U, \varphi)`, a *restriction* (or *subchart*)
+        is a chart `(V, \psi)` such that `V \subset U` and `\psi = \varphi|_V`.
+
+        If such subchart has not been defined yet, it is constructed here.
+
+        The coordinates of the subchart bare the same names as the coordinates
+        of the current chart.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subset`` -- open subset `V` of the chart domain `U` (must be an
+          instance of :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`)
+        - ``restrictions`` -- (default: ``None``) list of coordinate
+          restrictions defining the subset `V`
+
+        A restriction can be any symbolic equality or inequality involving
+        the coordinates, such as ``x > y`` or ``x^2 + y^2 != 0``. The items
+        of the list ``restrictions`` are combined with the ``and`` operator;
+        if some restrictions are to be combined with the ``or`` operator
+        instead, they have to be passed as a tuple in some single item
+        of the list ``restrictions``. For example::
+
+          restrictions = [x > y, (x != 0, y != 0), z^2 < x]
+
+        means ``(x > y) and ((x != 0) or (y != 0)) and (z^2 < x)``.
+        If the list ``restrictions`` contains only one item, this
+        item can be passed as such, i.e. writing ``x > y`` instead
+        of the single element list ``[x > y]``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the chart `(V, \psi)` as a :class:`RealChart`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Cartesian coordinates on the unit open disc in `\RR^2` as a subchart
+        of the global Cartesian coordinates::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: D = M.open_subset('D') # the unit open disc
+            sage: c_cart_D = c_cart.restrict(D, x^2+y^2<1)
+            sage: p = M.point((1/2, 0))
+            sage: p in D
+            True
+            sage: q = M.point((1, 2))
+            sage: q in D
+            False
+
+        Cartesian coordinates on the annulus `1 < \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} < 2`::
+
+            sage: A = M.open_subset('A')
+            sage: c_cart_A = c_cart.restrict(A, [x^2+y^2>1, x^2+y^2<4])
+            sage: p in A, q in A
+            (False, False)
+            sage: a = M.point((3/2,0))
+            sage: a in A
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`32929` is fixed::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart(r"x:(0,+oo) y:(0,2):periodic")
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x<1})
+            sage: XU = X.restrict(U)
+            sage: XU.coord_range()
+            x: (0, 1); y: [0, 2] (periodic)
+            sage: XU.periods()
+            (None, 2)
+        """
+        if subset == self.domain():
+            return self
+        if subset not in self._dom_restrict:
+            if not subset.is_subset(self.domain()):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "the specified subset is not a subset "
+                    + "of the domain of definition of the chart"
+                )
+            coordinates = ""
+            for coord in self._xx:
+                coordinates += repr(coord) + ' '
+            res_coord_restrictions = set(self._restrictions)
+            res_coord_restrictions.update(
+                self._normalize_coord_restrictions(self._xx, restrictions)
+            )
+            res = type(self)(
+                subset,
+                coordinates,
+                calc_method=self._calc_method._current,
+                bounds=self._bounds,
+                periods=self._periods,
+                # The coordinate restrictions are added
+                # to the result chart and possibly
+                # transformed into coordinate bounds:
+                coord_restrictions=res_coord_restrictions,
+            )
+            # Update of supercharts and subcharts:
+            res._supercharts.update(self._supercharts)
+            for schart in self._supercharts:
+                schart._subcharts.add(res)
+                schart._dom_restrict[subset] = res
+            # Update of domain restrictions:
+            self._dom_restrict[subset] = res
+        return self._dom_restrict[subset]
+
+    def valid_coordinates(self, *coordinates, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Check whether a tuple of coordinates can be the coordinates of a
+        point in the chart domain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``*coordinates`` -- coordinate values
+        - ``**kwds`` -- options:
+
+          - ``tolerance=0``, to set the absolute tolerance in the test of
+            coordinate ranges
+          - ``parameters=None``, to set some numerical values to parameters
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``True`` if the coordinate values are admissible in the chart range
+          and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Cartesian coordinates on a square interior::
+
+            sage: forget()  # for doctest only
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')  # the square interior
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart('x:(-2,2) y:(-2,2)')
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(0,1)
+            True
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(-3/2,5/4)
+            True
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates(0,3)
+            False
+
+        The unit open disk inside the square::
+
+            sage: D = M.open_subset('D', coord_def={X: x^2+y^2<1})
+            sage: XD = X.restrict(D)
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates(0,1)
+            False
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates(-3/2,5/4)
+            False
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates(-1/2,1/2)
+            True
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates(0,0)
+            True
+
+        Another open subset of the square, defined by `x^2+y^2<1` or
+        (`x>0` and `|y|<1`)::
+
+            sage: B = M.open_subset('B',
+            ....:                   coord_def={X: (x^2+y^2<1,
+            ....:                                  [x>0, abs(y)<1])})
+            sage: XB = X.restrict(B)
+            sage: XB.valid_coordinates(-1/2, 0)
+            True
+            sage: XB.valid_coordinates(-1/2, 3/2)
+            False
+            sage: XB.valid_coordinates(3/2, 1/2)
+            True
+        """
+        n = len(coordinates)
+        if n != self._manifold._dim:
+            return False
+        if 'tolerance' in kwds:
+            tolerance = kwds['tolerance']
+        else:
+            tolerance = 0
+        if 'parameters' in kwds:
+            parameters = kwds['parameters']
+        else:
+            parameters = None
+        # Check of the coordinate ranges:
+        for x, bounds in zip(coordinates, self._bounds):
+            xmin = bounds[0][0] - tolerance
+            min_included = bounds[0][1]
+            if min_included == 'periodic':
+                continue  # no range to check for a periodic coordinate
+            xmax = bounds[1][0] + tolerance
+            max_included = bounds[1][1]
+            if parameters:
+                xmin = xmin.subs(parameters)
+                xmax = xmax.subs(parameters)
+            if min_included:
+                if x < xmin:
+                    return False
+            elif x <= xmin:
+                return False
+            if max_included:
+                if x > xmax:
+                    return False
+            elif x >= xmax:
+                return False
+        # Check of additional restrictions:
+        if self._restrictions:
+            substitutions = dict(zip(self._xx, coordinates))
+            if parameters:
+                substitutions.update(parameters)
+            return self._check_restrictions(self._restrictions, substitutions)
+        return True
+
+    def valid_coordinates_numerical(self, *coordinates):
+        r"""
+        Check whether a tuple of float coordinates can be the coordinates
+        of a point in the chart domain.
+
+        This version is optimized for float numbers, and cannot accept
+        parameters nor tolerance. The chart restriction must also be
+        specified in CNF (i.e. a list of tuples).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``*coordinates`` -- coordinate values
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``True`` if the coordinate values are admissible in the chart
+          range and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Cartesian coordinates on a square interior::
+
+            sage: forget()  # for doctest only
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')  # the square interior
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart('x:(-2,2) y:(-2,2)')
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates_numerical(0,1)
+            True
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates_numerical(-3/2,5/4)
+            True
+            sage: X.valid_coordinates_numerical(0,3)
+            False
+
+        The unit open disk inside the square::
+
+            sage: D = M.open_subset('D', coord_def={X: x^2+y^2<1})
+            sage: XD = X.restrict(D)
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates_numerical(0,1)
+            False
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates_numerical(-3/2,5/4)
+            False
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates_numerical(-1/2,1/2)
+            True
+            sage: XD.valid_coordinates_numerical(0,0)
+            True
+
+        Another open subset of the square, defined by `x^2 + y^2 < 1` or
+        (`x > 0` and `|y| < 1`)::
+
+            sage: B = M.open_subset('B',coord_def={X: [(x^2+y^2<1, x>0),
+            ....:                   (x^2+y^2<1,  abs(y)<1)]})
+            sage: XB = X.restrict(B)
+            sage: XB.valid_coordinates_numerical(-1/2, 0)
+            True
+            sage: XB.valid_coordinates_numerical(-1/2, 3/2)
+            False
+            sage: XB.valid_coordinates_numerical(3/2, 1/2)
+            True
+        """
+        # case fast callable already computed
+        if self._fast_valid_coordinates is not None:
+            return self._fast_valid_coordinates(*coordinates)
+
+        # case fast callable has to be computed
+        from operator import gt, lt
+
+        if not isinstance(self._restrictions, (list, set, frozenset)):
+            if isinstance(self._restrictions, tuple):
+                self._restrictions = [self._restrictions]
+            elif isinstance(self._restrictions, Expression):
+                self._restrictions = [(self._restrictions,)]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("restrictions must be in CNF (list of tuples)")
+
+        list_of_clause = []
+        for clause in self._restrictions:
+            if not isinstance(clause, tuple):
+                if isinstance(clause, Expression):
+                    clause = (clause,)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("restrictions must be in CNF (list of tuples)")
+            list_of_fast_callable = []
+            for literal in clause:
+                if not isinstance(literal, Expression):
+                    raise ValueError("Restrictions must be in CNF (list of tuples)")
+                # End of checks
+
+                fl = fast_callable(literal.lhs(), vars=self[:], domain=float)
+                fr = fast_callable(literal.rhs(), vars=self[:], domain=float)
+                op = literal.operator()
+                list_of_fast_callable.append((fl, fr, op))
+            list_of_clause.append(list_of_fast_callable)
+
+        # adding bounds as restrictions
+        for x, bounds in zip(self[:], self._bounds):
+            if bounds[0][1] == 'periodic':
+                continue  # no range to check for a periodic coordinate
+            xmin = bounds[0][0]
+            xmax = bounds[1][0]
+
+            if x <= xmin:
+                return False
+            if x >= xmax:
+                return False
+
+            if xmin is not -Infinity:
+                fl = fast_callable(x, vars=self[:], domain=float)
+                fr = fast_callable(SR(xmin), vars=self[:], domain=float)
+                list_of_clause.append(((fl, fr, gt),))
+            if xmax is not Infinity:
+                fl = fast_callable(x, vars=self[:], domain=float)
+                fr = fast_callable(SR(xmax), vars=self[:], domain=float)
+                list_of_clause.append(((fl, fr, lt),))
+
+        # final call
+        def evaluate_fast_callable(*coordinates):
+            for clause in list_of_clause:
+                temp = False
+                for fl, fr, op in clause:
+                    temp = temp or op(fl(*coordinates), fr(*coordinates))
+                if not temp:
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        self._fast_valid_coordinates = evaluate_fast_callable
+        return self._fast_valid_coordinates(*coordinates)
+
+    @options(
+        max_range=8,
+        color='red',
+        style='-',
+        thickness=1,
+        plot_points=75,
+        label_axes=True,
+    )
+    def plot(
+        self,
+        chart=None,
+        ambient_coords=None,
+        mapping=None,
+        fixed_coords=None,
+        ranges=None,
+        number_values=None,
+        steps=None,
+        parameters=None,
+        **kwds,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Plot ``self`` as a grid in a Cartesian graph based on
+        the coordinates of some ambient chart.
+
+        The grid is formed by curves along which a chart coordinate
+        varies, the other coordinates being kept fixed. It is drawn in
+        terms of two (2D graphics) or three (3D graphics) coordinates
+        of another chart, called hereafter the *ambient chart*.
+
+        The ambient chart is related to the current chart either by
+        a transition map if both charts are defined on the same manifold,
+        or by the coordinate expression of some continuous map (typically an
+        immersion). In the latter case, the two charts may be defined on two
+        different manifolds.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) the ambient chart (see above); if
+          ``None``, the ambient chart is set to the current chart
+        - ``ambient_coords`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple containing the 2
+          or 3 coordinates of the ambient chart in terms of which the plot
+          is performed; if ``None``, all the coordinates of the ambient
+          chart are considered
+        - ``mapping`` -- (default: ``None``)
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap`; continuous
+          manifold map providing the link between the current chart and the
+          ambient chart (cf. above); if ``None``, both charts are supposed
+          to be defined on the same manifold and related by some transition
+          map (see :meth:`~sage.manifolds.chart.Chart.transition_map`)
+        - ``fixed_coords`` -- (default: ``None``) dictionary with keys the
+          chart coordinates that are not drawn and with values the fixed
+          value of these coordinates; if ``None``, all the coordinates of the
+          current chart are drawn
+        - ``ranges`` -- (default: ``None``) dictionary with keys the
+          coordinates to be drawn and values tuples ``(x_min, x_max)``
+          specifying the coordinate range for the plot; if ``None``, the
+          entire coordinate range declared during the chart construction
+          is considered (with ``-Infinity`` replaced by ``-max_range``
+          and ``+Infinity`` by ``max_range``)
+        - ``number_values`` -- (default: ``None``) either an integer or a
+          dictionary with keys the coordinates to be drawn and values the
+          number of constant values of the coordinate to be considered; if
+          ``number_values`` is a single integer, it represents the number of
+          constant values for all coordinates; if ``number_values`` is ``None``,
+          it is set to 9 for a 2D plot and to 5 for a 3D plot
+        - ``steps`` -- (default: ``None``) dictionary with keys the coordinates
+          to be drawn and values the step between each constant value of
+          the coordinate; if ``None``, the step is computed from the coordinate
+          range (specified in ``ranges``) and ``number_values``. On the contrary
+          if the step is provided for some coordinate, the corresponding
+          number of constant values is deduced from it and the coordinate range.
+        - ``parameters`` -- (default: ``None``) dictionary giving the numerical
+          values of the parameters that may appear in the relation between
+          the two coordinate systems
+        - ``max_range`` -- (default: 8) numerical value substituted to
+          +Infinity if the latter is the upper bound of the range of a
+          coordinate for which the plot is performed over the entire coordinate
+          range (i.e. for which no specific plot range has been set in
+          ``ranges``); similarly ``-max_range`` is the numerical valued
+          substituted for ``-Infinity``
+        - ``color`` -- (default: ``'red'``) either a single color or a
+          dictionary of colors, with keys the coordinates to be drawn,
+          representing the colors of the lines along which the coordinate
+          varies, the other being kept constant; if ``color`` is a single
+          color, it is used for all coordinate lines
+        - ``style`` -- (default: ``'-'``) either a single line style or
+          a dictionary of line styles, with keys the coordinates to be
+          drawn, representing the style of the lines along which the
+          coordinate varies, the other being kept constant; if ``style``
+          is a single style, it is used for all coordinate lines;
+          NB: ``style`` is effective only for 2D plots
+        - ``thickness`` -- (default: 1) either a single line thickness or a
+          dictionary of line thicknesses, with keys the coordinates to be drawn,
+          representing the thickness of the lines along which the coordinate
+          varies, the other being kept constant; if ``thickness`` is a single
+          value, it is used for all coordinate lines
+        - ``plot_points`` -- (default: 75) either a single number of points or
+          a dictionary of integers, with keys the coordinates to be drawn,
+          representing the number of points to plot the lines along which the
+          coordinate varies, the other being kept constant; if ``plot_points``
+          is a single integer, it is used for all coordinate lines
+        - ``label_axes`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); determining whether the
+          labels of the ambient coordinate axes shall be added to the graph;
+          can be set to ``False`` if the graph is 3D and must be superposed
+          with another graph
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a graphic object, either a :class:`~sage.plot.graphics.Graphics`
+          for a 2D plot (i.e. based on 2 coordinates of the ambient chart)
+          or a :class:`~sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d` for a 3D plot
+          (i.e. based on 3 coordinates of the ambient chart)
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A 2-dimensional chart plotted in terms of itself results in a
+        rectangular grid::
+
+            sage: R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')  # the Euclidean plane
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = R2.chart()  # Cartesian coordinates
+            sage: g = c_cart.plot(); g  # equivalent to c_cart.plot(c_cart)             # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 18 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R2.chart('x y')
+            g = c_cart.plot()
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        Grid of polar coordinates in terms of Cartesian coordinates in the
+        Euclidean plane::
+
+            sage: U = R2.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: (y!=0, x<0)})  # the complement of the segment y=0 and x>0
+            sage: c_pol.<r,ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')  # polar coordinates on U
+            sage: pol_to_cart = c_pol.transition_map(c_cart, [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            sage: g = c_pol.plot(c_cart); g                                             # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 18 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R2.chart('x y'); x, y = c_cart[:]
+            U = R2.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: (y!=0, x<0)})
+            c_pol = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi'); r, ph = c_pol[:]
+            pol_to_cart = c_pol.transition_map(c_cart, [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            g = c_pol.plot(c_cart)
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        Call with non-default values::
+
+            sage: g = c_pol.plot(c_cart, ranges={ph:(pi/4,pi)},                         # needs sage.plot
+            ....:                number_values={r:7, ph:17},
+            ....:                color={r:'red', ph:'green'},
+            ....:                style={r:'-', ph:'--'})
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R2.chart('x y'); x, y = c_cart[:]
+            U = R2.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: (y!=0, x<0)})
+            c_pol = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi'); r, ph = c_pol[:]
+            pol_to_cart = c_pol.transition_map(c_cart, [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            g = c_pol.plot(c_cart, ranges={ph:(pi/4,pi)}, number_values={r:7, ph:17},
+                           color={r:'red', ph:'green'}, style={r:'-', ph:'--'})
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        A single coordinate line can be drawn::
+
+            sage: g = c_pol.plot(c_cart,    # draw a circle of radius r=2               # needs sage.plot
+            ....:                fixed_coords={r: 2})
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R2.chart('x y'); x, y = c_cart[:]
+            U = R2.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: (y!=0, x<0)})
+            c_pol = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi'); r, ph = c_pol[:]
+            pol_to_cart = c_pol.transition_map(c_cart, [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            g = c_pol.plot(c_cart, fixed_coords={r: 2})
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: g = c_pol.plot(c_cart,    # draw a segment at phi=pi/4                # needs sage.plot
+            ....:                fixed_coords={ph: pi/4})
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R2.chart('x y'); x, y = c_cart[:]
+            U = R2.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: (y!=0, x<0)})
+            c_pol = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi'); r, ph = c_pol[:]
+            pol_to_cart = c_pol.transition_map(c_cart, [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            g = c_pol.plot(c_cart, fixed_coords={ph: pi/4})
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        An example with the ambient chart lying in an another manifold (the
+        plot is then performed via some manifold map passed as the
+        argument ``mapping``): 3D plot of the stereographic charts on the
+        2-sphere::
+
+            sage: S2 = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological')  # the 2-sphere
+            sage: U = S2.open_subset('U'); V = S2.open_subset('V')  # complement of the North and South pole, respectively
+            sage: S2.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart()  # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()  # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                 intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                 restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: R3 = Manifold(3, 'R^3', structure='topological')  # the Euclidean space R^3
+            sage: c_cart.<X,Y,Z> = R3.chart()  # Cartesian coordinates on R^3
+            sage: Phi = S2.continuous_map(R3, {(c_xy, c_cart): [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2),
+            ....:                          2*y/(1+x^2+y^2), (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+            ....:                          (c_uv, c_cart): [2*u/(1+u^2+v^2),
+            ....:                          2*v/(1+u^2+v^2), (1-u^2-v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)]},
+            ....:                         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')  # Embedding of S^2 in R^3
+            sage: g = c_xy.plot(c_cart, mapping=Phi); g                                 # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            S2 = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological')
+            U = S2.open_subset('U') ; V = S2.open_subset('V')
+            S2.declare_union(U,V)
+            c_xy = U.chart('x y'); x, y = c_xy[:]
+            c_uv = V.chart('u v'); u, v = c_uv[:]
+            xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x**2+y**2), y/(x**2+y**2)),
+                             intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x**2+y**2!=0,
+                             restrictions2= u**2+v**2!=0)
+            uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            R3 = Manifold(3, 'R^3', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R3.chart('X Y Z')
+            Phi = S2.continuous_map(R3, {(c_xy, c_cart): [2*x/(1+x**2+y**2),
+                              2*y/(1+x**2+y**2), (x**2+y**2-1)/(1+x**2+y**2)],
+                              (c_uv, c_cart): [2*u/(1+u**2+v**2),
+                              2*v/(1+u**2+v**2), (1-u**2-v**2)/(1+u**2+v**2)]},
+                              name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sphinx_plot(c_xy.plot(c_cart, mapping=Phi))
+
+        NB: to get a better coverage of the whole sphere, one should increase
+        the coordinate sampling via the argument ``number_values`` or the
+        argument ``steps`` (only the default value, ``number_values = 5``, is
+        used here, which is pretty low).
+
+        The same plot without the ``(X,Y,Z)`` axes labels::
+
+            sage: g = c_xy.plot(c_cart, mapping=Phi, label_axes=False)                  # needs sage.plot
+
+        The North and South stereographic charts on the same plot::
+
+            sage: g2 = c_uv.plot(c_cart, mapping=Phi, color='green')                    # needs sage.plot
+            sage: g + g2                                                                # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            S2 = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological')
+            U = S2.open_subset('U') ; V = S2.open_subset('V')
+            S2.declare_union(U,V)
+            c_xy = U.chart('x y'); x, y = c_xy[:]
+            c_uv = V.chart('u v'); u, v = c_uv[:]
+            xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x**2+y**2), y/(x**2+y**2)),
+                             intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x**2+y**2!=0,
+                             restrictions2= u**2+v**2!=0)
+            uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            R3 = Manifold(3, 'R^3', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R3.chart('X Y Z')
+            Phi = S2.continuous_map(R3, {(c_xy, c_cart): [2*x/(1+x**2+y**2),
+                              2*y/(1+x**2+y**2), (x**2+y**2-1)/(1+x**2+y**2)],
+                              (c_uv, c_cart): [2*u/(1+u**2+v**2),
+                              2*v/(1+u**2+v**2), (1-u**2-v**2)/(1+u**2+v**2)]},
+                              name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            g = c_xy.plot(c_cart, mapping=Phi, label_axes=False)
+            g2 = c_uv.plot(c_cart, mapping=Phi, color='green')
+            sphinx_plot(g+g2)
+
+        South stereographic chart drawn in terms of the North one (we split
+        the plot in four parts to avoid the singularity at `(u,v)=(0,0)`)::
+
+            sage: # long time, needs sage.plot
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V) # the subset common to both charts
+            sage: c_uvW = c_uv.restrict(W) # chart (W,(u,v))
+            sage: gSN1 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[-6.,-0.02], v:[-6.,-0.02]})
+            sage: gSN2 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[-6.,-0.02], v:[0.02,6.]})
+            sage: gSN3 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[0.02,6.], v:[-6.,-0.02]})
+            sage: gSN4 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[0.02,6.], v:[0.02,6.]})
+            sage: show(gSN1+gSN2+gSN3+gSN4, xmin=-1.5, xmax=1.5, ymin=-1.5, ymax=1.5)
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            S2 = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological')
+            U = S2.open_subset('U'); V = S2.open_subset('V'); S2.declare_union(U,V)
+            c_xy = U.chart('x y'); x, y = c_xy[:]
+            c_uv = V.chart('u v'); u, v = c_uv[:]
+            xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x**2+y**2), y/(x**2+y**2)),
+                              intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x**2+y**2!=0,
+                              restrictions2= u**2+v**2!=0)
+            uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            c_uvW = c_uv.restrict(U.intersection(V))
+            gSN1 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[-6.,-0.02], v:[-6.,-0.02]})
+            gSN2 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[-6.,-0.02], v:[0.02,6.]})
+            gSN3 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[0.02,6.], v:[-6.,-0.02]})
+            gSN4 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, ranges={u:[0.02,6.], v:[0.02,6.]})
+            g = gSN1+gSN2+gSN3+gSN4; g.set_axes_range(-1.5, 1.5, -1.5, 1.5)
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        The coordinate line `u = 1` (red) and the coordinate line `v = 1`
+        (green) on the same plot::
+
+            sage: # long time, needs sage.plot
+            sage: gu1 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, fixed_coords={u: 1}, max_range=20,
+            ....:                  plot_points=300)
+            sage: gv1 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, fixed_coords={v: 1}, max_range=20,
+            ....:                  plot_points=300, color='green')
+            sage: gu1 + gv1
+            Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            S2 = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological')
+            U = S2.open_subset('U'); V = S2.open_subset('V'); S2.declare_union(U,V)
+            c_xy = U.chart('x y'); x, y = c_xy[:]
+            c_uv = V.chart('u v'); u, v = c_uv[:]
+            xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x**2+y**2), y/(x**2+y**2)),
+                              intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x**2+y**2!=0,
+                              restrictions2= u**2+v**2!=0)
+            uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            c_uvW = c_uv.restrict(U.intersection(V))
+            gu1 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, fixed_coords={u: 1}, max_range=20, plot_points=300)
+            gv1 = c_uvW.plot(c_xy, fixed_coords={v: 1}, max_range=20, plot_points=300,
+                             color='green')
+            sphinx_plot(gu1+gv1)
+
+        Note that we have set ``max_range=20`` to have a wider range for
+        the coordinates `u` and `v`, i.e. to have `[-20, 20]` instead of
+        the default `[-8, 8]`.
+
+        A 3-dimensional chart plotted in terms of itself results in a 3D
+        rectangular grid::
+
+            sage: # long time, needs sage.plot
+            sage: g = c_cart.plot()  # equivalent to c_cart.plot(c_cart)
+            sage: g
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            R3 = Manifold(3, 'R^3', structure='topological')
+            c_cart = R3.chart('X Y Z')
+            sphinx_plot(c_cart.plot())
+
+        A 4-dimensional chart plotted in terms of itself (the plot is
+        performed for at most 3 coordinates, which must be specified via
+        the argument ``ambient_coords``)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.plot
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: g = X.plot(ambient_coords=(t,x,y))  # the coordinate z is not depicted  # long time
+            sage: g                                                                       # long time
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological')
+            X = M.chart('t x y z'); t,x,y,z = X[:]
+            g = X.plot(ambient_coords=(t,x,y))
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.plot
+            sage: g = X.plot(ambient_coords=(t,y))  # the coordinates x and z are not depicted
+            sage: g
+            Graphics object consisting of 18 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological')
+            X = M.chart('t x y z'); t,x,y,z = X[:]
+            g = X.plot(ambient_coords=(t,y))
+            sphinx_plot(g)
+
+        Note that the default values of some arguments of the method ``plot``
+        are stored in the dictionary ``plot.options``::
+
+            sage: X.plot.options  # random (dictionary output)                          # needs sage.plot
+            {'color': 'red', 'label_axes': True, 'max_range': 8,
+             'plot_points': 75, 'style': '-', 'thickness': 1}
+
+        so that they can be adjusted by the user::
+
+            sage: X.plot.options['color'] = 'blue'                                      # needs sage.plot
+
+        From now on, all chart plots will use blue as the default color.
+        To restore the original default options, it suffices to type::
+
+            sage: X.plot.reset()                                                        # needs sage.plot
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.continuous_map import ContinuousMap
+        from sage.manifolds.utilities import set_axes_labels
+        from sage.misc.functional import numerical_approx
+        from sage.plot.graphics import Graphics
+        from sage.plot.line import line
+
+        # Extract the kwds options
+        max_range = kwds['max_range']
+        color = kwds['color']
+        style = kwds['style']
+        thickness = kwds['thickness']
+        plot_points = kwds['plot_points']
+        label_axes = kwds['label_axes']
+
+        def _plot_xx_list(xx_list, rem_coords, ranges, steps, number_values):
+            r"""
+            Helper function to plot the coordinate grid.
+            """
+            coord = rem_coords[0]
+            xmin = ranges[coord][0]
+            sx = steps[coord]
+            resu = []
+            for xx in xx_list:
+                xc = xmin
+                for i in range(number_values[coord]):
+                    nxx = list(xx)
+                    nxx[self._xx.index(coord)] = xc
+                    resu.append(nxx)
+                    xc += sx
+            if len(rem_coords) == 1:
+                return resu
+            else:
+                rem_coords.remove(coord)
+                return _plot_xx_list(resu, rem_coords, ranges, steps, number_values)
+
+        if chart is None:
+            chart = self
+        elif not isinstance(chart, Chart):
+            raise TypeError("the argument 'chart' must be a coordinate chart")
+        #
+        # 1/ Determination of the relation between self and chart
+        #    ------------------------------------------------------------
+        nc = self._manifold.dimension()
+        if chart is self:
+            transf = self.multifunction(*(self._xx))
+            if nc > 3:
+                if ambient_coords is None:
+                    raise TypeError("the argument 'ambient_coords' must be provided")
+                if len(ambient_coords) > 3:
+                    raise ValueError("too many ambient coordinates")
+                fixed_coords = {}
+                for coord in self._xx:
+                    if coord not in ambient_coords:
+                        fixed_coords[coord] = 0
+        else:
+            transf = None  # to be the MultiCoordFunction object relating self
+            # to the ambient chart
+            if mapping is None:
+                if not self.domain().is_subset(chart.domain()):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "the domain of {} is not ".format(self)
+                        + "included in that of {}".format(chart)
+                    )
+                coord_changes = chart.domain()._coord_changes
+                for chart_pair in coord_changes:
+                    if chart_pair == (self, chart):
+                        transf = coord_changes[chart_pair]._transf
+                        break
+                else:
+                    # Search for a subchart
+                    for chart_pair in coord_changes:
+                        for schart in chart._subcharts:
+                            if chart_pair == (self, schart):
+                                transf = coord_changes[chart_pair]._transf
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(mapping, ContinuousMap):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "the argument 'mapping' must be a continuous manifold map"
+                    )
+                if not self.domain().is_subset(mapping.domain()):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "the domain of {} is not ".format(self)
+                        + "included in that of {}".format(mapping)
+                    )
+                if not chart.domain().is_subset(mapping._codomain):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "the domain of {} is not ".format(chart)
+                        + "included in the codomain of {}".format(mapping)
+                    )
+                try:
+                    transf = mapping.coord_functions(chart1=self, chart2=chart)
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+            if transf is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "no relation has been found between "
+                    + "{} and {}".format(self, chart)
+                )
+        #
+        # 2/ Treatment of input parameters
+        #    -----------------------------
+        if fixed_coords is None:
+            coords = self._xx
+        else:
+            fixed_coord_list = fixed_coords.keys()
+            coords = []
+            for coord in self._xx:
+                if coord not in fixed_coord_list:
+                    coords.append(coord)
+            coords = tuple(coords)
+        if ambient_coords is None:
+            ambient_coords = chart._xx
+        elif not isinstance(ambient_coords, tuple):
+            ambient_coords = tuple(ambient_coords)
+        nca = len(ambient_coords)
+        if nca != 2 and nca != 3:
+            raise ValueError("bad number of ambient coordinates: {}".format(nca))
+        if ranges is None:
+            ranges = {}
+        ranges0 = {}
+        for coord in coords:
+            if coord in ranges:
+                ranges0[coord] = (
+                    numerical_approx(ranges[coord][0]),
+                    numerical_approx(ranges[coord][1]),
+                )
+            else:
+                bounds = self._bounds[self._xx.index(coord)]
+                if bounds[0][0] == -Infinity:
+                    xmin = numerical_approx(-max_range)
+                elif bounds[0][1]:
+                    xmin = numerical_approx(bounds[0][0])
+                else:
+                    xmin = numerical_approx(bounds[0][0] + 1.0e-3)
+                if bounds[1][0] == Infinity:
+                    xmax = numerical_approx(max_range)
+                elif bounds[1][1]:
+                    xmax = numerical_approx(bounds[1][0])
+                else:
+                    xmax = numerical_approx(bounds[1][0] - 1.0e-3)
+                ranges0[coord] = (xmin, xmax)
+        ranges = ranges0
+        if number_values is None:
+            if nca == 2:  # 2D plot
+                number_values = 9
+            else:  # 3D plot
+                number_values = 5
+        if not isinstance(number_values, dict):
+            number_values0 = {}
+            for coord in coords:
+                number_values0[coord] = number_values
+            number_values = number_values0
+        if steps is None:
+            steps = {}
+        for coord in coords:
+            if coord not in steps:
+                steps[coord] = (ranges[coord][1] - ranges[coord][0]) / (
+                    number_values[coord] - 1
+                )
+            else:
+                from sage.functions.other import floor
+
+                number_values[coord] = 1 + floor(
+                    (ranges[coord][1] - ranges[coord][0]) / steps[coord]
+                )
+        if not isinstance(color, dict):
+            color0 = {}
+            for coord in coords:
+                color0[coord] = color
+            color = color0
+        if not isinstance(style, dict):
+            style0 = {}
+            for coord in coords:
+                style0[coord] = style
+            style = style0
+        if not isinstance(thickness, dict):
+            thickness0 = {}
+            for coord in coords:
+                thickness0[coord] = thickness
+            thickness = thickness0
+        if not isinstance(plot_points, dict):
+            plot_points0 = {}
+            for coord in coords:
+                plot_points0[coord] = plot_points
+            plot_points = plot_points0
+        #
+        # 3/ Plots
+        #    -----
+        xx0 = [0] * nc
+        if fixed_coords is not None:
+            if len(fixed_coords) != nc - len(coords):
+                raise ValueError("bad number of fixed coordinates")
+            for fc, val in fixed_coords.items():
+                xx0[self._xx.index(fc)] = val
+        ind_a = [chart._xx.index(ac) for ac in ambient_coords]
+        resu = Graphics()
+        for coord in coords:
+            color_c, style_c = color[coord], style[coord]
+            thickness_c = thickness[coord]
+            rem_coords = list(coords)
+            rem_coords.remove(coord)
+            xx_list = [xx0]
+            if len(rem_coords) >= 1:
+                xx_list = _plot_xx_list(
+                    xx_list, rem_coords, ranges, steps, number_values
+                )
+            xmin, xmax = ranges[coord]
+            nbp = plot_points[coord]
+            dx = (xmax - xmin) / (nbp - 1)
+            ind_coord = self._xx.index(coord)
+            for xx in xx_list:
+                curve = []
+                first_invalid = False  # initialization
+                xc = xmin
+                xp = list(xx)
+                if parameters is None:
+                    for i in range(nbp):
+                        xp[ind_coord] = xc
+                        if self.valid_coordinates(*xp, tolerance=1e-13):
+                            yp = transf(*xp, simplify=False)
+                            curve.append([numerical_approx(yp[j]) for j in ind_a])
+                            first_invalid = True  # next invalid point will be
+                        # the first one
+                        else:
+                            if first_invalid:
+                                # the curve is stopped at previous point and
+                                # added to the graph:
+                                resu += line(
+                                    curve,
+                                    color=color_c,
+                                    linestyle=style_c,
+                                    thickness=thickness_c,
+                                )
+                                curve = []  # a new curve will start at the
+                                # next valid point
+                            first_invalid = False  # next invalid point will not
+                            # be the first one
+                        xc += dx
+                else:
+                    for i in range(nbp):
+                        xp[ind_coord] = xc
+                        if self.valid_coordinates(
+                            *xp, tolerance=1e-13, parameters=parameters
+                        ):
+                            yp = transf(*xp, simplify=False)
+                            curve.append(
+                                [
+                                    numerical_approx(yp[j].substitute(parameters))
+                                    for j in ind_a
+                                ]
+                            )
+                            first_invalid = True  # next invalid point will be
+                        # the first one
+                        else:
+                            if first_invalid:
+                                # the curve is stopped at previous point and
+                                # added to the graph:
+                                resu += line(
+                                    curve,
+                                    color=color_c,
+                                    linestyle=style_c,
+                                    thickness=thickness_c,
+                                )
+                                curve = []  # a new curve will start at the
+                                # next valid point
+                            first_invalid = False  # next invalid point will not
+                            # be the first one
+                        xc += dx
+                if curve:
+                    resu += line(
+                        curve, color=color_c, linestyle=style_c, thickness=thickness_c
+                    )
+        if nca == 2:  # 2D graphic
+            resu.set_aspect_ratio(1)
+            if label_axes:
+                # We update the dictionary _extra_kwds (options to be passed
+                # to show()), instead of using the method
+                # Graphics.axes_labels() since the latter is not robust w.r.t.
+                # graph addition
+                resu._extra_kwds['axes_labels'] = [
+                    r'$' + latex(ac) + r'$' for ac in ambient_coords
+                ]
+        else:  # 3D graphic
+            resu.aspect_ratio(1)
+            if label_axes:
+                labels = [str(ac) for ac in ambient_coords]
+                resu = set_axes_labels(resu, *labels)
+        return resu
+
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+
+class CoordChange(SageObject):
+    r"""
+    Transition map between two charts of a topological manifold.
+
+    Giving two coordinate charts `(U, \varphi)` and `(V, \psi)` on a
+    topological manifold `M` of dimension `n` over a topological field `K`,
+    the *transition map from* `(U, \varphi)` *to* `(V, \psi)` is the map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \psi\circ\varphi^{-1}: \varphi(U\cap V) \subset K^n
+        \rightarrow \psi(U\cap V) \subset K^n.
+
+    In other words, the transition map `\psi \circ \varphi^{-1}` expresses
+    the coordinates `(y^1, \ldots, y^n)` of `(V, \psi)` in terms of the
+    coordinates `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)` of `(U, \varphi)` on the open subset
+    where the two charts intersect, i.e. on `U \cap V`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``chart1`` -- chart `(U, \varphi)`
+    - ``chart2`` -- chart `(V, \psi)`
+    - ``transformations`` -- tuple (or list) `(Y_1, \ldots, Y_2)`, where
+      `Y_i` is the symbolic expression of the coordinate `y^i` in terms
+      of the coordinates `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Transition map on a 2-dimensional topological manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+        sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+        sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+        sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+        sage: X_to_Y
+        Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))
+        sage: type(X_to_Y)
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.chart.CoordChange'>
+        sage: X_to_Y.display()
+        u = x + y
+        v = x - y
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, chart1, chart2, *transformations):
+        r"""
+        Construct a transition map.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))
+            sage: type(X_to_Y)
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart.CoordChange'>
+            sage: TestSuite(X_to_Y).run()
+        """
+        self._n1 = len(chart1._xx)
+        self._n2 = len(chart2._xx)
+        if len(transformations) != self._n2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "{} coordinate transformations ".format(self._n2) + "must be provided"
+            )
+        self._chart1 = chart1
+        self._chart2 = chart2
+        # The coordinate transformations are implemented via the class
+        # MultiCoordFunction:
+        self._transf = chart1.multifunction(*transformations)
+        self._inverse = None
+        # If the two charts are on the same open subset, the coordinate change
+        # is added to the subset (and supersets) dictionary:
+        if chart1.domain() == chart2.domain():
+            domain = chart1.domain()
+            for sdom in domain.open_supersets():
+                sdom._coord_changes[(chart1, chart2)] = self
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of the transition map.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y._repr_()
+            'Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))'
+            sage: repr(X_to_Y)  # indirect doctest
+            'Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))'
+            sage: X_to_Y  # indirect doctest
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))
+        """
+        return "Change of coordinates from {} to {}".format(self._chart1, self._chart2)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of the transition map.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y._latex_()
+            \left(M,(x, y)\right) \rightarrow \left(M,(u, v)\right)
+            sage: latex(X_to_Y)  # indirect doctest
+            \left(M,(x, y)\right) \rightarrow \left(M,(u, v)\right)
+        """
+        return latex(self._chart1) + r' \rightarrow ' + latex(self._chart2)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Equality operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y == X_to_Y
+            True
+            sage: X_to_Y1 = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y == X_to_Y1
+            True
+            sage: X_to_Y2 = X.transition_map(Y, [2*y, -x])
+            sage: X_to_Y == X_to_Y2
+            False
+            sage: Z.<w,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Z = X.transition_map(Z, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y == X_to_Z
+            False
+        """
+        if other is self:
+            return True
+        if not isinstance(other, CoordChange):
+            return False
+        return (
+            (self._chart1 == other._chart1)
+            and (self._chart2 == other._chart2)
+            and (self._transf == other._transf)
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Non-equality operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y2 = X.transition_map(Y, [2*y, -x])
+            sage: X_to_Y != X_to_Y2
+            True
+        """
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __call__(self, *coords):
+        r"""
+        Compute the new coordinates from old ones.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coords`` -- values of coordinates of ``chart1``
+
+        OUTPUT: tuple of values of coordinates of ``chart2``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X_to_Y(1,2)
+            (3, -1)
+        """
+        return self._transf(*coords)
+
+    def inverse(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse coordinate transformation.
+
+        If the inverse is not already known, it is computed here. If the
+        computation fails, the inverse can be set by hand via the method
+        :meth:`set_inverse`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - an instance of :class:`CoordChange` representing the inverse of
+          the current coordinate transformation
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Inverse of a coordinate transformation corresponding to a rotation
+        in the Cartesian plane::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: phi = var('phi', domain='real')
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv,
+            ....:                                [cos(phi)*x + sin(phi)*y,
+            ....:                                 -sin(phi)*x + cos(phi)*y])
+            sage: M.coord_changes()
+            {(Chart (M, (x, y)),
+              Chart (M, (u, v))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))}
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse(); uv_to_xy
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (x, y))
+            sage: uv_to_xy.display()
+            x = u*cos(phi) - v*sin(phi)
+            y = v*cos(phi) + u*sin(phi)
+            sage: M.coord_changes()  # random (dictionary output)
+            {(Chart (M, (u, v)),
+              Chart (M, (x, y))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (x, y)),
+             (Chart (M, (x, y)),
+              Chart (M, (u, v))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))}
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: xy_to_uv.inverse() is uv_to_xy
+            True
+
+        We have as well::
+
+            sage: uv_to_xy.inverse() is xy_to_uv
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.symbolic.relation import solve
+
+        if self._inverse is not None:
+            return self._inverse
+        # The computation is necessary:
+        x1 = self._chart1._xx  # list of coordinates in chart1
+        x2 = self._chart2._xx  # list of coordinates in chart2
+        n1 = self._n1
+        n2 = self._n2
+        if n1 != n2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "the change of coordinates is not invertible "
+                + "(different number of coordinates in the two "
+                + "charts)"
+            )
+        # New symbolic variables (different from x2 to allow for a
+        #  correct solution even when chart2 = chart1):
+        base_field = self._chart1.domain().base_field_type()
+        if base_field == 'real':
+            coord_domain = ['real' for i in range(n2)]
+        elif base_field == 'complex':
+            coord_domain = ['complex' for i in range(n2)]
+        else:
+            coord_domain = [None for i in range(n2)]
+        for i in range(n2):
+            if x2[i].is_positive():
+                coord_domain[i] = 'positive'
+        xp2 = [SR.temp_var(domain=coord_domain[i]) for i in range(n2)]
+        xx2 = self._transf.expr()
+        equations = [xp2[i] == xx2[i] for i in range(n2)]
+        try:
+            solutions = solve(equations, *x1, solution_dict=True)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "the system could not be solved; use "
+                + "set_inverse() to set the inverse manually"
+            )
+        substitutions = dict(zip(xp2, x2))
+        if len(solutions) == 1:
+            x2_to_x1 = [solutions[0][x1[i]].subs(substitutions) for i in range(n1)]
+            x2_to_x1_simpl = []  # to store simplified transformations
+            for transf in x2_to_x1:
+                try:
+                    transf = self._chart2.simplify(transf)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+                x2_to_x1_simpl.append(transf)
+            x2_to_x1 = x2_to_x1_simpl
+        else:
+            list_x2_to_x1 = []
+            for sol in solutions:
+                if x2[0] in sol:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "the system could not be solved; use "
+                        + "set_inverse() to set the inverse "
+                        + "manually"
+                    )
+                try:
+                    x2_to_x1 = [sol[x1[i]].subs(substitutions) for i in range(n1)]
+                except KeyError:  # sol is not a valid solution
+                    continue
+                x2_to_x1_simpl = []  # to store simplified transformations
+                for transf in x2_to_x1:
+                    try:
+                        transf = self._chart2.simplify(transf)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        pass
+                    x2_to_x1_simpl.append(transf)
+                x2_to_x1 = x2_to_x1_simpl
+                if self._chart1.valid_coordinates(*x2_to_x1):
+                    list_x2_to_x1.append(x2_to_x1)
+            if len(list_x2_to_x1) == 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "no solution found; use set_inverse() to "
+                    + "set the inverse manually"
+                )
+            if len(list_x2_to_x1) > 1:
+                print("Multiple solutions found: ")
+                print(list_x2_to_x1)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "non-unique solution to the inverse coordinate "
+                    + "transformation; use set_inverse() to set the inverse "
+                    + "manually"
+                )
+            x2_to_x1 = list_x2_to_x1[0]
+        self._inverse = type(self)(self._chart2, self._chart1, *x2_to_x1)
+        self._inverse._inverse = self
+        SR.cleanup_var(xp2)
+        return self._inverse
+
+    def set_inverse(self, *transformations, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Set the inverse of the coordinate transformation.
+
+        This is useful when the automatic computation via :meth:`inverse()`
+        fails.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``transformations`` -- the inverse transformations expressed as a
+          list of the expressions of the "old" coordinates in terms of the
+          "new" ones
+        - ``kwds`` -- optional arguments; valid keywords are
+
+          - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether the
+            provided transformations are checked to be indeed the inverse
+            coordinate transformations
+          - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether
+            some details of the check are printed out; if ``False``, no
+            output is printed if the check is passed (see example below)
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        From spherical coordinates to Cartesian ones in the plane::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the half line {y=0, x>= 0}
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = U.chart()
+            sage: c_spher.<r,ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
+            sage: spher_to_cart = c_spher.transition_map(c_cart,
+            ....:                                        [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            sage: spher_to_cart.set_inverse(sqrt(x^2+y^2), atan2(y,x))
+            Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
+              r == r  *passed*
+              ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph), r*cos(ph))  **failed**
+              x == x  *passed*
+              y == y  *passed*
+            NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
+
+        As indicated, the failure for ``ph`` is due to a lack of simplification
+        of the ``arctan2`` term, not to any error in the provided inverse
+        formulas.
+
+        We have now::
+
+            sage: spher_to_cart.inverse()
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (U, (x, y)) to Chart (U, (r, ph))
+            sage: spher_to_cart.inverse().display()
+            r = sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
+            ph = arctan2(y, x)
+            sage: M.coord_changes()  # random (dictionary output)
+            {(Chart (U, (r, ph)),
+              Chart (U, (x, y))): Change of coordinates from Chart (U, (r, ph))
+               to Chart (U, (x, y)),
+             (Chart (U, (x, y)),
+              Chart (U, (r, ph))): Change of coordinates from Chart (U, (x, y))
+               to Chart (U, (r, ph))}
+
+        One can suppress the check of the provided formulas by means of the
+        optional argument ``check=False``::
+
+            sage: spher_to_cart.set_inverse(sqrt(x^2+y^2), atan2(y,x),
+            ....:                           check=False)
+
+        However, it is not recommended to do so, the check being (obviously)
+        useful to avoid some mistake. For instance, if the term
+        ``sqrt(x^2+y^2)`` contains a typo (``x^3`` instead of ``x^2``),
+        we get::
+
+            sage: spher_to_cart.set_inverse(sqrt(x^3+y^2), atan2(y,x))
+            Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
+              r == sqrt(r*cos(ph)^3 + sin(ph)^2)*r  **failed**
+              ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph), r*cos(ph))  **failed**
+              x == sqrt(x^3 + y^2)*x/sqrt(x^2 + y^2)  **failed**
+              y == sqrt(x^3 + y^2)*y/sqrt(x^2 + y^2)  **failed**
+            NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
+
+        If the check is passed, no output is printed out::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X1.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: X2.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X1_to_X2 = X1.transition_map(X2, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: X1_to_X2.set_inverse((u+v)/2, (u-v)/2)
+
+        unless the option ``verbose`` is set to ``True``::
+
+            sage: X1_to_X2.set_inverse((u+v)/2, (u-v)/2, verbose=True)
+            Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
+              x == x  *passed*
+              y == y  *passed*
+              u == u  *passed*
+              v == v  *passed*
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`31923` is fixed::
+
+            sage: X1_to_X2.inverse().inverse() is X1_to_X2
+            True
+
+        Check of keyword arguments::
+
+            sage: X1_to_X2.set_inverse((u+v)/2, (u-v)/2, bla=3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: bla is not a valid keyword argument
+        """
+        check = kwds.pop('check', True)
+        verbose = kwds.pop('verbose', False)
+        for unknown_key in kwds:
+            raise TypeError("{} is not a valid keyword argument".format(unknown_key))
+        self._inverse = type(self)(self._chart2, self._chart1, *transformations)
+        self._inverse._inverse = self
+        if check:
+            infos = ["Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:"]
+            x1 = self._chart1._xx
+            x2 = self._chart2._xx
+            x1_to_x1 = self._inverse(*(self(*x1)))
+            x2_to_x2 = self(*(self._inverse(*x2)))
+            any_failure = False  # a priori
+            for x, xc in zip(x1, x1_to_x1):
+                eq = x == self._chart1.simplify(xc)
+                if bool(eq):
+                    resu = '*passed*'
+                else:
+                    resu = '**failed**'
+                    any_failure = True
+                infos.append("  {}  {}".format(eq, resu))
+            for x, xc in zip(x2, x2_to_x2):
+                eq = x == self._chart2.simplify(xc)
+                if bool(eq):
+                    resu = '*passed*'
+                else:
+                    resu = '**failed**'
+                    any_failure = True
+                infos.append("  {}  {}".format(eq, resu))
+            if any_failure:
+                infos.append(
+                    "NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification."
+                )
+            if verbose or any_failure:
+                for li in infos:
+                    print(li)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Composition with another change of coordinates.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- another change of coordinate, the final chart of
+          it is the initial chart of ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the change of coordinates `X_1 \to X_3`, where `X_1` is the initial
+          chart of ``other`` and `X_3` is the final chart of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: U.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_U = X.transition_map(U, (x+y, x-y))
+            sage: W.<w,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: U_to_W = U.transition_map(W, (u+cos(u)/2, v-sin(v)/2))
+            sage: X_to_W = U_to_W * X_to_U; X_to_W
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (w, z))
+            sage: X_to_W.display()
+            w = 1/2*cos(x)*cos(y) - 1/2*sin(x)*sin(y) + x + y
+            z = -1/2*cos(y)*sin(x) + 1/2*cos(x)*sin(y) + x - y
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, CoordChange):
+            raise TypeError("{} is not a change of coordinate".format(other))
+        if other._chart2 != self._chart1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "composition not possible: "
+                + "{} is different from {}".format(other._chart2, other._chart1)
+            )
+        transf = self._transf(*(other._transf.expr()))
+        return type(self)(other._chart1, self._chart2, *transf)
+
+    def restrict(self, dom1, dom2=None):
+        r"""
+        Restriction to subsets.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dom1`` -- open subset of the domain of ``chart1``
+        - ``dom2`` -- (default: ``None``) open subset of the domain of
+          ``chart2``; if ``None``, ``dom1`` is assumed
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the transition map between the charts restricted to the
+          specified subsets
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_Y = X.transition_map(Y, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x>0, Y: u+v>0})
+            sage: X_to_Y_U = X_to_Y.restrict(U); X_to_Y_U
+            Change of coordinates from Chart (U, (x, y)) to Chart (U, (u, v))
+            sage: X_to_Y_U.display()
+            u = x + y
+            v = x - y
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: X_to_Y.restrict(U) is X_to_Y_U
+            True
+        """
+        if dom2 is None:
+            dom2 = dom1
+        ch1 = self._chart1.restrict(dom1)
+        ch2 = self._chart2.restrict(dom2)
+        if (ch1, ch2) in dom1.coord_changes():
+            return dom1.coord_changes()[(ch1, ch2)]
+        return type(self)(
+            self._chart1.restrict(dom1),
+            self._chart2.restrict(dom2),
+            *(self._transf.expr()),
+        )
+
+    def display(self):
+        r"""
+        Display of the coordinate transformation.
+
+        The output is either text-formatted (console mode) or LaTeX-formatted
+        (notebook mode).
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        From spherical coordinates to Cartesian ones in the plane::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # the complement of the half line {y=0, x>= 0}
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = U.chart()
+            sage: c_spher.<r,ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
+            sage: spher_to_cart = c_spher.transition_map(c_cart, [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            sage: spher_to_cart.display()
+            x = r*cos(ph)
+            y = r*sin(ph)
+            sage: latex(spher_to_cart.display())
+            \left\{\begin{array}{lcl} x & = & r \cos\left({\phi}\right) \\
+             y & = & r \sin\left({\phi}\right) \end{array}\right.
+
+        A shortcut is ``disp()``::
+
+            sage: spher_to_cart.disp()
+            x = r*cos(ph)
+            y = r*sin(ph)
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import FormattedExpansion
+
+        coords2 = self._chart2[:]
+        n2 = len(coords2)
+        expr = self._transf.expr('SR')
+        rtxt = ""
+        if n2 == 1:
+            rlatex = r"\begin{array}{lcl}"
+        else:
+            rlatex = r"\left\{\begin{array}{lcl}"
+        for i in range(n2):
+            x2 = coords2[i]
+            x2f = expr[i]
+            rtxt += repr(x2) + " = " + repr(x2f) + "\n"
+            rlatex += latex(x2) + r" & = & " + latex(x2f) + r"\\"
+        rtxt = rtxt[:-1]  # remove the last new line
+        rlatex = rlatex[:-2] + r"\end{array}"
+        if n2 > 1:
+            rlatex += r"\right."
+        return FormattedExpansion(rtxt, rlatex)
+
+    disp = display