passagemath-objects 10.8.1a3__cp314-cp314-win_amd64.whl

sage/misc/decorators.py

@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-objects
+"""
+Decorators
+
+Python decorators for use in Sage.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Tim Dumol (5 Dec 2009) -- initial version.
+- Johan S. R. Nielsen (2010) -- collect decorators from various modules.
+- Johan S. R. Nielsen (8 apr 2011) -- improve introspection on decorators.
+- Simon King (2011-05-26) -- improve introspection of sage_wraps. Put this
+  file into the reference manual.
+- Julian Rueth (2014-03-19): added ``decorator_keywords`` decorator
+"""
+# *****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2009 Tim Dumol
+#                     2010,2011 Johan S. R. Nielsen
+#                     2011 Simon King <simon.king@uni-jena.de>
+#                     2014 Julian Rueth <julian.rueth@fsfe.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from copy import copy
+from functools import WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, WRAPPER_UPDATES, partial, update_wrapper
+from inspect import FullArgSpec
+
+from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getargspec, sage_getsource, sage_getsourcelines
+
+
+def sage_wraps(wrapped, assigned=WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, updated=WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+    r"""
+    Decorator factory which should be used in decorators for making sure that
+    meta-information on the decorated callables are retained through the
+    decorator, such that the introspection functions of
+    ``sage.misc.sageinspect`` retrieves them correctly. This includes
+    documentation string, source, and argument specification. This is an
+    extension of the Python standard library decorator functools.wraps.
+
+    That the argument specification is retained from the decorated functions
+    implies, that if one uses ``sage_wraps`` in a decorator which intentionally
+    changes the argument specification, one should add this information to
+    the special attribute ``_sage_argspec_`` of the wrapping function (for an
+    example, see e.g. ``@options`` decorator in this module)::
+
+        sage: import cython
+        sage: def square(f):
+        ....:     @sage_wraps(f)
+        ....:     def new_f(x):
+        ....:         return f(x)*f(x)
+        ....:     return new_f
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Demonstrate that documentation string and source are retained from the
+    decorated function::
+
+        sage: def square(f):
+        ....:     @sage_wraps(f)
+        ....:     def new_f(x):
+        ....:         return f(x)*f(x)
+        ....:     return new_f
+        sage: @square
+        ....: def g(x):
+        ....:     "My little function"
+        ....:     return x
+        sage: g(2)
+        4
+        sage: g(x)                                                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+        x^2
+        sage: g.__doc__
+        'My little function'
+        sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsource, sage_getsourcelines, sage_getfile
+        sage: sage_getsource(g)
+        '@square...def g(x)...'
+
+    Demonstrate that the argument description are retained from the
+    decorated function through the special method (when left
+    unchanged) (see :issue:`9976`)::
+
+        sage: def diff_arg_dec(f):
+        ....:     @sage_wraps(f)
+        ....:     def new_f(y, some_def_arg=2):
+        ....:         return f(y+some_def_arg)
+        ....:     return new_f
+        sage: @diff_arg_dec
+        ....: def g(x):
+        ....:     return x
+        sage: g(1)
+        3
+        sage: g(1, some_def_arg=4)
+        5
+        sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getargspec
+        sage: sage_getargspec(g)
+        FullArgSpec(args=['x'], varargs=None, varkw=None, defaults=None,
+                    kwonlyargs=[], kwonlydefaults=None, annotations={})
+
+    Demonstrate that it correctly gets the source lines and the source
+    file, which is essential for interactive code edition; note that we
+    do not test the line numbers, as they may easily change::
+
+        sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
+        sage: I = P*[x,y]
+        sage: sage_getfile(I.interreduced_basis)       # known bug
+        '.../sage/rings/polynomial/multi_polynomial_ideal.py'
+        sage: sage_getsourcelines(I.interreduced_basis)                                 # needs sage.libs.singular
+        (['    @handle_AA_and_QQbar\n',
+          '    @singular_gb_standard_options\n',
+          '    @libsingular_gb_standard_options\n',
+          '    def interreduced_basis(self):\n',
+          ...
+          '        return self.basis.reduced()\n'], ...)
+
+    The ``f`` attribute of the decorated function refers to the
+    original function::
+
+        sage: foo = object()
+        sage: @sage_wraps(foo)
+        ....: def func():
+        ....:     pass
+        sage: wrapped = sage_wraps(foo)(func)
+        sage: wrapped.f is foo
+        True
+
+    Demonstrate that sage_wraps works for non-function callables
+    (:issue:`9919`)::
+
+        sage: def square_for_met(f):
+        ....:   @sage_wraps(f)
+        ....:   def new_f(self, x):
+        ....:       return f(self,x)*f(self,x)
+        ....:   return new_f
+        sage: class T:
+        ....:   @square_for_met
+        ....:   def g(self, x):
+        ....:       "My little method"
+        ....:       return x
+        sage: t = T()
+        sage: t.g(2)
+        4
+        sage: t.g.__doc__
+        'My little method'
+
+    The bug described in :issue:`11734` is fixed::
+
+        sage: def square(f):
+        ....:     @sage_wraps(f)
+        ....:     def new_f(x):
+        ....:         return f(x)*f(x)
+        ....:     return new_f
+        sage: f = lambda x:x^2
+        sage: g = square(f)
+        sage: g(3)  # this line used to fail for some people if these command were manually entered on the sage prompt
+        81
+    """
+    # TRAC 9919: Workaround for bug in @update_wrapper when used with
+    # non-function callables.
+    assigned = set(assigned).intersection(set(dir(wrapped)))
+    # end workaround
+
+    def f(wrapper, assigned=assigned, updated=updated):
+        update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, assigned=assigned, updated=updated)
+        # For backwards-compatibility with old versions of sage_wraps
+        wrapper.f = wrapped
+        # For forwards-compatibility with functools.wraps on Python 3
+        wrapper.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+        wrapper._sage_src_ = lambda: sage_getsource(wrapped)
+        wrapper._sage_src_lines_ = lambda: sage_getsourcelines(wrapped)
+        # Getting the signature right in documentation by Sphinx (Issue 9976)
+        # The attribute _sage_argspec_() is read by Sphinx if present and used
+        # as the argspec of the function instead of using reflection.
+        wrapper._sage_argspec_ = lambda: sage_getargspec(wrapped)
+        return wrapper
+    return f
+
+
+# Infix operator decorator
+class infix_operator:
+    """
+    A decorator for functions which allows for a hack that makes
+    the function behave like an infix operator.
+
+    This decorator exists as a convenience for interactive use.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    An infix dot product operator::
+
+        sage: @infix_operator('multiply')
+        ....: def dot(a, b):
+        ....:     '''Dot product.'''
+        ....:     return a.dot_product(b)
+        sage: u = vector([1, 2, 3])                                                     # needs sage.modules
+        sage: v = vector([5, 4, 3])                                                     # needs sage.modules
+        sage: u *dot* v                                                                 # needs sage.modules
+        22
+
+    An infix element-wise addition operator::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: @infix_operator('add')
+        ....: def eadd(a, b):
+        ....:   return a.parent([i + j for i, j in zip(a, b)])
+        sage: u = vector([1, 2, 3])
+        sage: v = vector([5, 4, 3])
+        sage: u +eadd+ v
+        (6, 6, 6)
+        sage: 2*u +eadd+ v
+        (7, 8, 9)
+
+    A hack to simulate a postfix operator::
+
+        sage: @infix_operator('or')
+        ....: def thendo(a, b):
+        ....:     return b(a)
+        sage: x |thendo| cos |thendo| (lambda x: x^2)                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+        cos(x)^2
+    """
+
+    operators = {
+        'add': {'left': '__add__', 'right': '__radd__'},
+        'multiply': {'left': '__mul__', 'right': '__rmul__'},
+        'or': {'left': '__or__', 'right': '__ror__'},
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, precedence):
+        """
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``precedence`` -- one of ``'add'``, ``'multiply'``, or ``'or'``
+          indicating the new operator's precedence in the order of operations
+        """
+        self.precedence = precedence
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        """Returns a function which acts as an inline operator."""
+
+        left_meth = self.operators[self.precedence]['left']
+        right_meth = self.operators[self.precedence]['right']
+        wrapper_name = func.__name__
+        wrapper_members = {
+            'function': staticmethod(func),
+            left_meth: _infix_wrapper._left,
+            right_meth: _infix_wrapper._right,
+            '_sage_src_': lambda: sage_getsource(func)
+        }
+        for attr in WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS:
+            try:
+                wrapper_members[attr] = getattr(func, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+        wrapper = type(wrapper_name, (_infix_wrapper,), wrapper_members)
+
+        wrapper_inst = wrapper()
+        wrapper_inst.__dict__.update(getattr(func, '__dict__', {}))
+        return wrapper_inst
+
+
+class _infix_wrapper:
+    function = None
+
+    def __init__(self, left=None, right=None):
+        """
+        Initialize the actual infix object, with possibly a specified left
+        and/or right operand.
+        """
+        self.left = left
+        self.right = right
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Call the passed function."""
+        return self.function(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def _left(self, right):
+        """The function for the operation on the left (e.g., __add__)."""
+        if self.left is None:
+            if self.right is None:
+                new = copy(self)
+                new.right = right
+                return new
+            else:
+                raise SyntaxError("Infix operator already has its "
+                                  "right argument")
+        else:
+            return self.function(self.left, right)
+
+    def _right(self, left):
+        """The function for the operation on the right (e.g., __radd__)."""
+        if self.right is None:
+            if self.left is None:
+                new = copy(self)
+                new.left = left
+                return new
+            else:
+                raise SyntaxError("Infix operator already has its "
+                                  "left argument")
+        else:
+            return self.function(left, self.right)
+
+
+def decorator_defaults(func):
+    """
+    This function allows a decorator to have default arguments.
+
+    Normally, a decorator can be called with or without arguments.
+    However, the two cases call for different types of return values.
+    If a decorator is called with no parentheses, it should be run
+    directly on the function.  However, if a decorator is called with
+    parentheses (i.e., arguments), then it should return a function
+    that is then in turn called with the defined function as an
+    argument.
+
+    This decorator allows us to have these default arguments without
+    worrying about the return type.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.decorators import decorator_defaults
+        sage: @decorator_defaults
+        ....: def my_decorator(f, *args, **kwds):
+        ....:   print(kwds)
+        ....:   print(args)
+        ....:   print(f.__name__)
+
+        sage: @my_decorator
+        ....: def my_fun(a, b):
+        ....:   return a,b
+        {}
+        ()
+        my_fun
+        sage: @my_decorator(3,4,c=1,d=2)
+        ....: def my_fun(a, b):
+        ....:   return a,b
+        {'c': 1, 'd': 2}
+        (3, 4)
+        my_fun
+    """
+    @sage_wraps(func)
+    def my_wrap(*args, **kwds):
+        if len(kwds) == 0 and len(args) == 1:
+            # call without parentheses
+            return func(*args)
+        else:
+            return lambda f: func(f, *args, **kwds)
+    return my_wrap
+
+
+class suboptions:
+    def __init__(self, name, **options):
+        """
+        A decorator for functions which collects all keywords
+        starting with ``name+'_'`` and collects them into a dictionary
+        which will be passed on to the wrapped function as a
+        dictionary called ``name_options``.
+
+        The keyword arguments passed into the constructor are taken
+        to be default for the ``name_options`` dictionary.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.decorators import suboptions
+            sage: s = suboptions('arrow', size=2)
+            sage: s.name
+            'arrow_'
+            sage: s.options
+            {'size': 2}
+        """
+        self.name = name + "_"
+        self.options = options
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        """
+        Return a wrapper around ``func``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.decorators import suboptions
+            sage: def f(*args, **kwds): print(sorted(kwds.items()))
+            sage: f = suboptions('arrow', size=2)(f)
+            sage: f(size=2)
+            [('arrow_options', {'size': 2}), ('size', 2)]
+            sage: f(arrow_size=3)
+            [('arrow_options', {'size': 3})]
+            sage: f(arrow_options={'size':4})
+            [('arrow_options', {'size': 4})]
+            sage: f(arrow_options={'size':4}, arrow_size=5)
+            [('arrow_options', {'size': 5})]
+
+         Demonstrate that the introspected argument specification of the
+         wrapped function is updated (see :issue:`9976`)::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getargspec
+            sage: sage_getargspec(f)
+            FullArgSpec(args=['arrow_size'], varargs='args', varkw='kwds', defaults=(2,),
+                        kwonlyargs=[], kwonlydefaults=None, annotations={})
+        """
+        @sage_wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+            suboptions = copy(self.options)
+            suboptions.update(kwds.pop(self.name+"options", {}))
+
+            # Collect all the relevant keywords in kwds
+            # and put them in suboptions
+            for key, value in list(kwds.items()):
+                if key.startswith(self.name):
+                    suboptions[key[len(self.name):]] = value
+                    del kwds[key]
+
+            kwds[self.name + "options"] = suboptions
+
+            return func(*args, **kwds)
+
+        # Add the options specified by @options to the signature of the wrapped
+        # function in the Sphinx-generated documentation (Issue 9976), using the
+        # special attribute _sage_argspec_ (see e.g. sage.misc.sageinspect)
+        def argspec():
+            argspec = sage_getargspec(func)
+
+            def listForNone(l):
+                return l if l is not None else []
+            newArgs = [self.name + opt for opt in self.options.keys()]
+            args = (argspec.args if argspec.args is not None else []) + newArgs
+            defaults = (argspec.defaults if argspec.defaults is not None else ()) \
+                + tuple(self.options.values())
+            # Note: argspec.defaults is not always a tuple for some reason
+            return FullArgSpec(args, argspec.varargs, argspec.varkw, defaults,
+                               kwonlyargs=[], kwonlydefaults=None, annotations={})
+        wrapper._sage_argspec_ = argspec
+
+        return wrapper
+
+
+class options:
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        """
+        A decorator for functions which allows for default options to be
+        set and reset by the end user.  Additionally, if one needs to, one
+        can get at the original keyword arguments passed into the
+        decorator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.decorators import options
+            sage: o = options(rgbcolor=(0,0,1))
+            sage: o.options
+            {'rgbcolor': (0, 0, 1)}
+            sage: o = options(rgbcolor=(0,0,1), __original_opts=True)
+            sage: o.original_opts
+            True
+            sage: loads(dumps(o)).options
+            {'rgbcolor': (0, 0, 1)}
+
+        Demonstrate that the introspected argument specification of the wrapped
+        function is updated (see :issue:`9976`)::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.decorators import options
+            sage: o = options(rgbcolor=(0,0,1))
+            sage: def f(*args, **kwds):
+            ....:     print("{} {}".format(args, sorted(kwds.items())))
+            sage: f1 = o(f)
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getargspec
+            sage: sage_getargspec(f1)
+            FullArgSpec(args=['rgbcolor'], varargs='args', varkw='kwds', defaults=((0, 0, 1),),
+                        kwonlyargs=[], kwonlydefaults=None, annotations={})
+        """
+        self.options = options
+        self.original_opts = options.pop('__original_opts', False)
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.decorators import options
+            sage: o = options(rgbcolor=(0,0,1))
+            sage: def f(*args, **kwds):
+            ....:     print("{} {}".format(args, sorted(kwds.items())))
+            sage: f1 = o(f)
+            sage: f1()
+            () [('rgbcolor', (0, 0, 1))]
+            sage: f1(rgbcolor=1)
+            () [('rgbcolor', 1)]
+            sage: o = options(rgbcolor=(0,0,1), __original_opts=True)
+            sage: f2 = o(f)
+            sage: f2(alpha=1)
+            () [('__original_opts', {'alpha': 1}), ('alpha', 1), ('rgbcolor', (0, 0, 1))]
+        """
+        @sage_wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+            options = copy(wrapper.options)
+            if self.original_opts:
+                options['__original_opts'] = kwds
+            options.update(kwds)
+            return func(*args, **options)
+
+        # Add the options specified by @options to the signature of the wrapped
+        # function in the Sphinx-generated documentation (Issue 9976), using the
+        # special attribute _sage_argspec_ (see e.g. sage.misc.sageinspect)
+        def argspec():
+            argspec = sage_getargspec(func)
+            args = ((argspec.args if argspec.args is not None else []) +
+                    list(self.options))
+            defaults = (argspec.defaults or ()) + tuple(self.options.values())
+            # Note: argspec.defaults is not always a tuple for some reason
+            return FullArgSpec(args, argspec.varargs, argspec.varkw, defaults,
+                               kwonlyargs=[], kwonlydefaults=None, annotations={})
+
+        wrapper._sage_argspec_ = argspec
+
+        def defaults():
+            """
+            Return the default options.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: from sage.misc.decorators import options
+                sage: o = options(rgbcolor=(0,0,1))
+                sage: def f(*args, **kwds):
+                ....:     print("{} {}".format(args, sorted(kwds.items())))
+                sage: f = o(f)
+                sage: f.options['rgbcolor']=(1,1,1)
+                sage: f.defaults()
+                {'rgbcolor': (0, 0, 1)}
+            """
+            return copy(self.options)
+
+        def reset():
+            """
+            Reset the options to the defaults.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: from sage.misc.decorators import options
+                sage: o = options(rgbcolor=(0,0,1))
+                sage: def f(*args, **kwds):
+                ....:     print("{} {}".format(args, sorted(kwds.items())))
+                sage: f = o(f)
+                sage: f.options
+                {'rgbcolor': (0, 0, 1)}
+                sage: f.options['rgbcolor']=(1,1,1)
+                sage: f.options
+                {'rgbcolor': (1, 1, 1)}
+                sage: f()
+                () [('rgbcolor', (1, 1, 1))]
+                sage: f.reset()
+                sage: f.options
+                {'rgbcolor': (0, 0, 1)}
+                sage: f()
+                () [('rgbcolor', (0, 0, 1))]
+            """
+            wrapper.options = copy(self.options)
+
+        wrapper.options = copy(self.options)
+        wrapper.reset = reset
+        wrapper.reset.__doc__ = """
+        Reset the options to the defaults.
+
+        Defaults:
+        %s
+        """ % self.options
+
+        wrapper.defaults = defaults
+        wrapper.defaults.__doc__ = """
+        Return the default options.
+
+        Defaults:
+        %s
+        """ % self.options
+
+        return wrapper
+
+
+class rename_keyword:
+    def __init__(self, deprecated=None, deprecation=None, **renames):
+        """
+        A decorator which renames keyword arguments and optionally
+        deprecates the new keyword.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``deprecation`` -- integer; the github issue number where the
+          deprecation was introduced
+
+        - the rest of the arguments is a list of keyword arguments in the
+          form ``renamed_option='existing_option'``.  This will have the
+          effect of renaming ``renamed_option`` so that the function only
+          sees ``existing_option``.  If both ``renamed_option`` and
+          ``existing_option`` are passed to the function, ``existing_option``
+          will override the ``renamed_option`` value.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.decorators import rename_keyword
+            sage: r = rename_keyword(color='rgbcolor')
+            sage: r.renames
+            {'color': 'rgbcolor'}
+            sage: loads(dumps(r)).renames
+            {'color': 'rgbcolor'}
+
+        To deprecate an old keyword::
+
+            sage: r = rename_keyword(deprecation=13109, color='rgbcolor')
+        """
+        assert deprecated is None, 'Use @rename_keyword(deprecation=<issue_number>, ...)'
+        self.renames = renames
+        self.deprecation = deprecation
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        """
+        Rename keywords.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.decorators import rename_keyword
+            sage: r = rename_keyword(color='rgbcolor')
+            sage: def f(*args, **kwds):
+            ....:     print("{} {}".format(args, kwds))
+            sage: f = r(f)
+            sage: f()
+            () {}
+            sage: f(alpha=1)
+            () {'alpha': 1}
+            sage: f(rgbcolor=1)
+            () {'rgbcolor': 1}
+            sage: f(color=1)
+            () {'rgbcolor': 1}
+
+        We can also deprecate the renamed keyword::
+
+            sage: r = rename_keyword(deprecation=13109, deprecated_option='new_option')
+            sage: def f(*args, **kwds):
+            ....:     print("{} {}".format(args, kwds))
+            sage: f = r(f)
+            sage: f()
+            () {}
+            sage: f(alpha=1)
+            () {'alpha': 1}
+            sage: f(new_option=1)
+            () {'new_option': 1}
+            sage: f(deprecated_option=1)
+            doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: use the option 'new_option' instead of 'deprecated_option'
+            See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/13109 for details.
+            () {'new_option': 1}
+        """
+        @sage_wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+            for old_name, new_name in self.renames.items():
+                if old_name in kwds and new_name not in kwds:
+                    if self.deprecation is not None:
+                        from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+                        deprecation(self.deprecation, "use the option "
+                                    "%r instead of %r" % (new_name, old_name))
+                    kwds[new_name] = kwds[old_name]
+                    del kwds[old_name]
+            return func(*args, **kwds)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+
+class specialize:
+    r"""
+    A decorator generator that returns a decorator that in turn
+    returns a specialized function for function ``f``. In other words,
+    it returns a function that acts like ``f`` with arguments
+    ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` supplied.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``*args``, ``**kwargs`` -- arguments to specialize the function for
+
+    OUTPUT: a decorator that accepts a function ``f`` and specializes it
+    with ``*args`` and ``**kwargs``
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: f = specialize(5)(lambda x, y: x+y)
+        sage: f(10)
+        15
+        sage: f(5)
+        10
+        sage: @specialize("Bon Voyage")
+        ....: def greet(greeting, name):
+        ....:     print("{0}, {1}!".format(greeting, name))
+        sage: greet("Monsieur Jean Valjean")
+        Bon Voyage, Monsieur Jean Valjean!
+        sage: greet(name = 'Javert')
+        Bon Voyage, Javert!
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def __call__(self, f):
+        return sage_wraps(f)(partial(f, *self.args, **self.kwargs))
+
+
+def decorator_keywords(func):
+    r"""
+    A decorator for decorators with optional keyword arguments.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.decorators import decorator_keywords
+        sage: @decorator_keywords
+        ....: def preprocess(f=None, processor=None):
+        ....:     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        ....:         if processor is not None:
+        ....:             args, kwargs = processor(*args, **kwargs)
+        ....:         return f(*args, **kwargs)
+        ....:     return wrapper
+
+    This decorator can be called with and without arguments::
+
+        sage: @preprocess
+        ....: def foo(x): return x
+        sage: foo(None)
+        sage: foo(1)
+        1
+
+        sage: def normalize(x): return ((0,),{}) if x is None else ((x,),{})
+        sage: @preprocess(processor=normalize)
+        ....: def foo(x): return x
+        sage: foo(None)
+        0
+        sage: foo(1)
+        1
+    """
+    @sage_wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(f=None, **kwargs):
+        if f is None:
+            return sage_wraps(func)(lambda f: func(f, **kwargs))
+        else:
+            return func(f, **kwargs)
+    return wrapped