passagemath-objects 10.6.41__cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl

sage/categories/sets_cat.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3228 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-objects
+r"""
+Sets
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2005      David Kohel <kohel@maths.usyd.edu>
+#                          William Stein <wstein@math.ucsd.edu>
+#                2008      Teresa Gomez-Diaz (CNRS) <Teresa.Gomez-Diaz@univ-mlv.fr>
+#                2008-2017 Nicolas M. Thiery <nthiery at users.sf.net>
+#                2009      Mike Hansen
+#                2010      Florent Hivert
+#                2010      William Laffin
+#                2012      Franco Saliola
+#                2013      Sara Billey
+#                2013      Simon King
+#                2013-2016 Julian Rüth
+#                2014      Darij Grinberg
+#                2014      Peter Bruin
+#                2014-2021 Frédéric Chapoton
+#                2014-2021 Travis Scrimshaw
+#                2015      Daniel Krenn
+#                2015      Vincent Delecroix
+#                2015-2016 Jori Mäntysalo
+#                2016      Kwankyu Lee
+#                2018      Vincent Klein
+#                2019      Markus Wageringel
+#                2020-2021 Matthias Koeppe
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.sage_unittest import TestSuite
+from sage.misc.abstract_method import abstract_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import, LazyImport
+from sage.misc.lazy_format import LazyFormat
+from sage.categories.category import Category
+from sage.categories.category_singleton import Category_singleton
+# Do not use sage.categories.all here to avoid initialization loop
+from sage.categories.sets_with_partial_maps import SetsWithPartialMaps
+from sage.categories.subquotients import SubquotientsCategory
+from sage.categories.quotients import QuotientsCategory
+from sage.categories.subobjects import SubobjectsCategory
+from sage.categories.isomorphic_objects import IsomorphicObjectsCategory
+from sage.categories.algebra_functor import AlgebrasCategory
+from sage.categories.cartesian_product import CartesianProductsCategory, CartesianProductFunctor
+from sage.categories.realizations import RealizationsCategory, Category_realization_of_parent
+from sage.categories.with_realizations import WithRealizationsCategory
+from sage.categories.category_with_axiom import CategoryWithAxiom
+lazy_import('sage.sets.cartesian_product', 'CartesianProduct')
+
+
+def print_compare(x, y):
+    """
+    Helper method used in
+    :meth:`Sets.ParentMethods._test_elements_eq_symmetric`,
+    :meth:`Sets.ParentMethods._test_elements_eq_tranisitive`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``x`` -- an element
+
+    - ``y`` -- an element
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.categories.sets_cat import print_compare
+        sage: print_compare(1,2)
+        1 != 2
+        sage: print_compare(1,1)
+        1 == 1
+    """
+    if x == y:
+        return LazyFormat("%s == %s") % (x, y)
+    else:
+        return LazyFormat("%s != %s") % (x, y)
+
+
+class EmptySetError(ValueError):
+    """
+    Exception raised when some operation can't be performed on the empty set.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: def first_element(st):
+        ....:  if not st: raise EmptySetError("no elements")
+        ....:  else: return st[0]
+        sage: first_element(Set((1,2,3)))
+        1
+        sage: first_element(Set([]))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        EmptySetError: no elements
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class Sets(Category_singleton):
+    r"""
+    The category of sets.
+
+    The base category for collections of elements with = (equality).
+
+    This is also the category whose objects are all parents.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Sets()
+        Category of sets
+        sage: Sets().super_categories()
+        [Category of sets with partial maps]
+        sage: Sets().all_super_categories()
+        [Category of sets, Category of sets with partial maps, Category of objects]
+
+    Let us consider an example of set::
+
+        sage: P = Sets().example("inherits")
+        sage: P
+        Set of prime numbers
+
+    See ``P??`` for the code.
+
+
+    P is in the category of sets::
+
+        sage: P.category()
+        Category of sets
+
+    and therefore gets its methods from the following classes::
+
+        sage: for cl in P.__class__.mro(): print(cl)
+        <class 'sage.categories.examples.sets_cat.PrimeNumbers_Inherits_with_category'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.examples.sets_cat.PrimeNumbers_Inherits'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.examples.sets_cat.PrimeNumbers_Abstract'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation'>
+        <class 'sage.misc.fast_methods.WithEqualityById'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.unique_representation.CachedRepresentation'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.unique_representation.WithPicklingByInitArgs'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.parent.Parent'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.category_object.CategoryObject'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.sets_cat.Sets.parent_class'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.sets_with_partial_maps.SetsWithPartialMaps.parent_class'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.objects.Objects.parent_class'>
+        <class 'object'>
+
+    We run some generic checks on P::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(P).run(verbose=True)                                            # needs sage.libs.pari
+        running ._test_an_element() . . . pass
+        running ._test_cardinality() . . . pass
+        running ._test_category() . . . pass
+        running ._test_construction() . . . pass
+        running ._test_elements() . . .
+          Running the test suite of self.an_element()
+          running ._test_category() . . . pass
+          running ._test_eq() . . . pass
+          running ._test_new() . . . pass
+          running ._test_not_implemented_methods() . . . pass
+          running ._test_pickling() . . . pass
+          pass
+        running ._test_elements_eq_reflexive() . . . pass
+        running ._test_elements_eq_symmetric() . . . pass
+        running ._test_elements_eq_transitive() . . . pass
+        running ._test_elements_neq() . . . pass
+        running ._test_eq() . . . pass
+        running ._test_new() . . . pass
+        running ._test_not_implemented_methods() . . . pass
+        running ._test_pickling() . . . pass
+        running ._test_some_elements() . . . pass
+
+    Now, we manipulate some elements of P::
+
+        sage: P.an_element()
+        47
+        sage: x = P(3)
+        sage: x.parent()
+        Set of prime numbers
+        sage: x in P, 4 in P
+        (True, False)
+        sage: x.is_prime()
+        True
+
+    They get their methods from the following classes::
+
+        sage: for cl in x.__class__.mro(): print(cl)
+        <class 'sage.categories.examples.sets_cat.PrimeNumbers_Inherits_with_category.element_class'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.examples.sets_cat.PrimeNumbers_Inherits.Element'>
+        <class 'sage.rings.integer.IntegerWrapper'>
+        <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.EuclideanDomainElement'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.PrincipalIdealDomainElement'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.DedekindDomainElement'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.IntegralDomainElement'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.CommutativeRingElement'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.RingElement'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.ModuleElement'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.examples.sets_cat.PrimeNumbers_Abstract.Element'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.element.Element'>
+        <class 'sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.sets_cat.Sets.element_class'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.sets_with_partial_maps.SetsWithPartialMaps.element_class'>
+        <class 'sage.categories.objects.Objects.element_class'>
+        <... 'object'>
+
+    FIXME: Objects.element_class is not very meaningful ...
+
+
+    TESTS::
+
+          sage: TestSuite(Sets()).run()
+    """
+
+    def super_categories(self):
+        r"""
+        We include SetsWithPartialMaps between Sets and Objects so that we
+        can define morphisms between sets that are only partially defined.
+        This is also to have the Homset constructor not complain that
+        SetsWithPartialMaps is not a supercategory of Fields, for example.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sets().super_categories()
+            [Category of sets with partial maps]
+        """
+        return [SetsWithPartialMaps()]
+
+    def _call_(self, X, enumerated_set=False):
+        r"""
+        Construct an object in this category from the data ``X``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``X`` -- an object to be converted into a set
+
+        - ``enumerated_set`` -- if set to ``True`` and the input is either a
+          Python tuple or a Python list then the output will be a finite
+          enumerated set.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sets()(ZZ)
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: Sets()([1, 2, 3])
+            {1, 2, 3}
+
+            sage: S = Sets()([1, 2, 3]); S.category()
+            Category of finite enumerated sets
+            sage: S = Sets()([1, 2, 3], enumerated_set=True); S.category()
+            Category of facade finite enumerated sets
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           Using ``Sets()(A)`` used to implement some sort of forgetful functor
+           into the ``Sets()`` category. This feature has been removed, because
+           it was not consistent with the semantic of :meth:`Category.__call__`.
+           Proper forgetful functors will eventually be implemented, with
+           another syntax.
+        """
+        if enumerated_set and type(X) in (tuple, list, range):
+            from sage.categories.enumerated_sets import EnumeratedSets
+            return EnumeratedSets()(X)
+        from sage.sets.set import Set
+        return Set(X)
+
+    def example(self, choice=None):
+        """
+        Return examples of objects of ``Sets()``, as per
+        :meth:`Category.example()
+        <sage.categories.category.Category.example>`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sets().example()
+            Set of prime numbers (basic implementation)
+
+            sage: Sets().example("inherits")
+            Set of prime numbers
+
+            sage: Sets().example("facade")
+            Set of prime numbers (facade implementation)
+
+            sage: Sets().example("wrapper")
+            Set of prime numbers (wrapper implementation)
+        """
+        if choice is None:
+            from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import PrimeNumbers
+            return PrimeNumbers()
+        elif choice == "inherits":
+            from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import PrimeNumbers_Inherits
+            return PrimeNumbers_Inherits()
+        elif choice == "facade":
+            from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import PrimeNumbers_Facade
+            return PrimeNumbers_Facade()
+        elif choice == "wrapper":
+            from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import PrimeNumbers_Wrapper
+            return PrimeNumbers_Wrapper()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unknown choice")
+
+    class SubcategoryMethods:
+
+        @cached_method
+        def CartesianProducts(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the full subcategory of the objects of ``self``
+            constructed as Cartesian products.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :class:`.cartesian_product.CartesianProductFunctor`
+                - :class:`~.covariant_functorial_construction.RegressiveCovariantFunctorialConstruction`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().CartesianProducts()
+                Category of Cartesian products of sets
+                sage: Semigroups().CartesianProducts()
+                Category of Cartesian products of semigroups
+                sage: EuclideanDomains().CartesianProducts()
+                Category of Cartesian products of commutative rings
+            """
+            return CartesianProductsCategory.category_of(self)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Subquotients(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the full subcategory of the objects of ``self``
+            constructed as subquotients.
+
+            Given a concrete category ``self == As()`` (i.e. a subcategory
+            of ``Sets()``), ``As().Subquotients()`` returns the category
+            of objects of ``As()`` endowed with a distinguished
+            description as subquotient of some other object of ``As()``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Monoids().Subquotients()
+                Category of subquotients of monoids
+
+            A parent `A` in ``As()`` is further in
+            ``As().Subquotients()`` if there is a distinguished parent
+            `B` in ``As()``, called the *ambient set*, a subobject
+            `B'` of `B`, and a pair of maps:
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                l: A \to B'  \text{ and }  r: B' \to A
+
+            called respectively the *lifting map* and *retract map*
+            such that `r \circ l` is the identity of `A` and `r` is a
+            morphism in ``As()``.
+
+            .. TODO:: Draw the typical commutative diagram.
+
+            It follows that, for each operation `op` of the category,
+            we have some property like:
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                op_A(e) = r(op_B(l(e))), \text{ for all } e\in A
+
+            This allows for implementing the operations on `A` from
+            those on `B`.
+
+            The two most common use cases are:
+
+             - *homomorphic images* (or *quotients*), when `B'=B`,
+               `r` is an homomorphism from `B` to `A` (typically a
+               canonical quotient map), and `l` a section of it (not
+               necessarily a homomorphism); see :meth:`Quotients`;
+
+             - *subobjects* (up to an isomorphism), when `l` is an
+               embedding from `A` into `B`; in this case, `B'` is
+               typically isomorphic to `A` through the inverse
+               isomorphisms `r` and `l`; see :meth:`Subobjects`;
+
+            .. NOTE::
+
+                - The usual definition of "subquotient"
+                  (:wikipedia:`Subquotient`) does not involve the
+                  lifting map `l`. This map is required in Sage's
+                  context to make the definition constructive. It is
+                  only used in computations and does not affect their
+                  results. This is relatively harmless since the
+                  category is a concrete category (i.e., its objects
+                  are sets and its morphisms are set maps).
+
+                - In mathematics, especially in the context of
+                  quotients, the retract map `r` is often referred to
+                  as a *projection map* instead.
+
+                - Since `B'` is not specified explicitly, it is
+                  possible to abuse the framework with situations
+                  where `B'` is not quite a subobject and `r` not
+                  quite a morphism, as long as the lifting and retract
+                  maps can be used as above to compute all the
+                  operations in `A`. Use at your own risk!
+
+            Assumptions:
+
+            - For any category ``As()``, ``As().Subquotients()`` is a
+              subcategory of ``As()``.
+
+              Example: a subquotient of a group is a group (e.g., a left
+              or right quotient of a group by a non-normal subgroup is
+              not in this category).
+
+            - This construction is covariant: if ``As()`` is a
+              subcategory of ``Bs()``, then ``As().Subquotients()`` is a
+              subcategory of ``Bs().Subquotients()``.
+
+              Example: if `A` is a subquotient of `B` in the category of
+              groups, then it is also a subquotient of `B` in the category
+              of monoids.
+
+            - If the user (or a program) calls ``As().Subquotients()``,
+              then it is assumed that subquotients are well defined in
+              this category. This is not checked, and probably never will
+              be. Note that, if a category ``As()`` does not specify
+              anything about its subquotients, then its subquotient
+              category looks like this::
+
+                 sage: EuclideanDomains().Subquotients()
+                 Join of Category of euclidean domains
+                     and Category of subquotients of monoids
+
+            Interface: the ambient set `B` of `A` is given by
+            ``A.ambient()``. The subset `B'` needs not be specified, so
+            the retract map is handled as a partial map from `B` to `A`.
+
+            The lifting and retract map are implemented
+            respectively as methods ``A.lift(a)`` and ``A.retract(b)``.
+            As a shorthand for the former, one can use alternatively
+            ``a.lift()``::
+
+                sage: S = Semigroups().Subquotients().example(); S
+                An example of a (sub)quotient semigroup: a quotient of the left zero semigroup
+                sage: S.ambient()
+                An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup
+                sage: S(3).lift().parent()
+                An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup
+                sage: S(3) * S(1) == S.retract( S(3).lift() * S(1).lift() )
+                True
+
+            See ``S?`` for more.
+
+            .. TODO:: use a more interesting example, like `\ZZ/n\ZZ`.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`Quotients`, :meth:`Subobjects`, :meth:`IsomorphicObjects`
+                - :class:`.subquotients.SubquotientsCategory`
+                - :class:`~.covariant_functorial_construction.RegressiveCovariantFunctorialConstruction`
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Sets().Subquotients()).run()
+            """
+            return SubquotientsCategory.category_of(self)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Quotients(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the full subcategory of the objects of ``self``
+            constructed as quotients.
+
+            Given a concrete category ``As()`` (i.e. a subcategory of
+            ``Sets()``), ``As().Quotients()`` returns the category of
+            objects of ``As()`` endowed with a distinguished
+            description as quotient (in fact homomorphic image) of
+            some other object of ``As()``.
+
+            Implementing an object of ``As().Quotients()`` is done in
+            the same way as for ``As().Subquotients()``; namely by
+            providing an ambient space and a lift and a retract
+            map. See :meth:`Subquotients` for detailed instructions.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`Subquotients` for background
+                - :class:`.quotients.QuotientsCategory`
+                - :class:`~.covariant_functorial_construction.RegressiveCovariantFunctorialConstruction`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Semigroups().Quotients(); C
+                Category of quotients of semigroups
+                sage: C.super_categories()
+                [Category of subquotients of semigroups, Category of quotients of sets]
+                sage: C.all_super_categories()
+                [Category of quotients of semigroups,
+                 Category of subquotients of semigroups,
+                 Category of semigroups,
+                 Category of subquotients of magmas,
+                 Category of magmas,
+                 Category of quotients of sets,
+                 Category of subquotients of sets,
+                 Category of sets,
+                 Category of sets with partial maps,
+                 Category of objects]
+
+            The caller is responsible for checking that the given category
+            admits a well defined category of quotients::
+
+                sage: EuclideanDomains().Quotients()
+                Join of Category of euclidean domains
+                    and Category of subquotients of monoids
+                    and Category of quotients of semigroups
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(C).run()
+            """
+            return QuotientsCategory.category_of(self)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Subobjects(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the full subcategory of the objects of ``self``
+            constructed as subobjects.
+
+            Given a concrete category ``As()`` (i.e. a subcategory of
+            ``Sets()``), ``As().Subobjects()`` returns the category of
+            objects of ``As()`` endowed with a distinguished embedding
+            into some other object of ``As()``.
+
+            Implementing an object of ``As().Subobjects()`` is done in
+            the same way as for ``As().Subquotients()``; namely by
+            providing an ambient space and a lift and a retract
+            map. In the case of a trivial embedding, the two maps will
+            typically be identity maps that just change the parent of
+            their argument. See :meth:`Subquotients` for detailed
+            instructions.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`Subquotients` for background
+                - :class:`.subobjects.SubobjectsCategory`
+                - :class:`~.covariant_functorial_construction.RegressiveCovariantFunctorialConstruction`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().Subobjects(); C
+                Category of subobjects of sets
+
+                sage: C.super_categories()
+                [Category of subquotients of sets]
+
+                sage: C.all_super_categories()
+                [Category of subobjects of sets,
+                 Category of subquotients of sets,
+                 Category of sets,
+                 Category of sets with partial maps,
+                 Category of objects]
+
+            Unless something specific about subobjects is implemented for this
+            category, one actually gets an optimized super category::
+
+                sage: C = Semigroups().Subobjects(); C
+                Join of Category of subquotients of semigroups
+                    and Category of subobjects of sets
+
+            The caller is responsible for checking that the given category
+            admits a well defined category of subobjects.
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: Semigroups().Subobjects().is_subcategory(Semigroups().Subquotients())
+                True
+                sage: TestSuite(C).run()
+            """
+            return SubobjectsCategory.category_of(self)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def IsomorphicObjects(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the full subcategory of the objects of ``self``
+            constructed by isomorphism.
+
+            Given a concrete category ``As()`` (i.e. a subcategory of
+            ``Sets()``), ``As().IsomorphicObjects()`` returns the category of
+            objects of ``As()`` endowed with a distinguished description as
+            the image of some other object of ``As()`` by an isomorphism in
+            this category.
+
+            See :meth:`Subquotients` for background.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            In the following example, `A` is defined as the image by `x\mapsto
+            x^2` of the finite set `B = \{1,2,3\}`::
+
+                sage: A = FiniteEnumeratedSets().IsomorphicObjects().example(); A
+                The image by some isomorphism of An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3}
+
+            Since `B` is a finite enumerated set, so is `A`::
+
+                sage: A in FiniteEnumeratedSets()
+                True
+                sage: A.cardinality()
+                3
+                sage: A.list()
+                [1, 4, 9]
+
+            The isomorphism from `B` to `A` is available as::
+
+                sage: A.retract(3)
+                9
+
+            and its inverse as::
+
+                sage: A.lift(9)
+                3
+
+            It often is natural to declare those morphisms as coercions so
+            that one can do ``A(b)`` and ``B(a)`` to go back and forth between
+            `A` and `B` (TODO: refer to a category example where the maps are
+            declared as a coercion). This is not done by default. Indeed, in
+            many cases one only wants to transport part of the structure of
+            `B` to `A`. Assume for example, that one wants to construct the
+            set of integers `B=ZZ`, endowed with ``max`` as addition, and
+            ``+`` as multiplication instead of the usual ``+`` and ``*``. One
+            can construct `A` as isomorphic to `B` as an infinite enumerated
+            set. However `A` is *not* isomorphic to `B` as a ring; for
+            example, for `a\in A` and `a\in B`, the expressions `a+A(b)` and
+            `B(a)+b` give completely different results; hence we would not want
+            the expression `a+b` to be implicitly resolved to any one of above
+            two, as the coercion mechanism would do.
+
+            Coercions also cannot be used with facade parents (see
+            :class:`Sets.Facade`) like in the example above.
+
+
+            We now look at a category of isomorphic objects::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().IsomorphicObjects(); C
+                Category of isomorphic objects of sets
+
+                sage: C.super_categories()
+                [Category of subobjects of sets, Category of quotients of sets]
+
+                sage: C.all_super_categories()
+                [Category of isomorphic objects of sets,
+                 Category of subobjects of sets,
+                 Category of quotients of sets,
+                 Category of subquotients of sets,
+                 Category of sets,
+                 Category of sets with partial maps,
+                 Category of objects]
+
+            Unless something specific about isomorphic objects is implemented
+            for this category, one actually get an optimized super category::
+
+                sage: C = Semigroups().IsomorphicObjects(); C
+                Join of Category of quotients of semigroups
+                    and Category of isomorphic objects of sets
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`Subquotients` for background
+                - :class:`.isomorphic_objects.IsomorphicObjectsCategory`
+                - :class:`~.covariant_functorial_construction.RegressiveCovariantFunctorialConstruction`
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Sets().IsomorphicObjects()).run()
+            """
+            return IsomorphicObjectsCategory.category_of(self)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Topological(self):
+            """
+            Return the subcategory of the topological objects of ``self``.
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Sets().Topological()).run()
+            """
+            from sage.categories.topological_spaces import TopologicalSpacesCategory
+            return TopologicalSpacesCategory.category_of(self)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Metric(self):
+            """
+            Return the subcategory of the metric objects of ``self``.
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Sets().Metric()).run()
+            """
+            from sage.categories.metric_spaces import MetricSpacesCategory
+            return MetricSpacesCategory.category_of(self)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Algebras(self, base_ring):
+            """
+            Return the category of objects constructed as algebras of
+            objects of ``self`` over ``base_ring``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``base_ring`` -- a ring
+
+            See :meth:`Sets.ParentMethods.algebra` for the precise
+            meaning in Sage of the *algebra of an object*.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Monoids().Algebras(QQ)
+                Category of monoid algebras over Rational Field
+
+                sage: Groups().Algebras(QQ)
+                Category of group algebras over Rational Field
+
+                sage: AdditiveMagmas().AdditiveAssociative().Algebras(QQ)
+                Category of additive semigroup algebras over Rational Field
+
+                sage: Monoids().Algebras(Rings())
+                Category of monoid algebras over Category of rings
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :class:`.algebra_functor.AlgebrasCategory`
+                - :class:`~.covariant_functorial_construction.CovariantFunctorialConstruction`
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Groups().Finite().Algebras(QQ)).run()
+            """
+            from sage.categories.rings import Rings
+            assert base_ring in Rings() or (isinstance(base_ring, Category)
+                                            and base_ring.is_subcategory(Rings()))
+            return AlgebrasCategory.category_of(self, base_ring)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Finite(self):
+            """
+            Return the full subcategory of the finite objects of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().Finite()
+                Category of finite sets
+                sage: Rings().Finite()
+                Category of finite rings
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Sets().Finite()).run()
+                sage: Rings().Finite.__module__
+                'sage.categories.sets_cat'
+            """
+            return self._with_axiom('Finite')
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Infinite(self):
+            """
+            Return the full subcategory of the infinite objects of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().Infinite()
+                Category of infinite sets
+                sage: Rings().Infinite()
+                Category of infinite rings
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Sets().Infinite()).run()
+                sage: Rings().Infinite.__module__
+                'sage.categories.sets_cat'
+            """
+            return self._with_axiom('Infinite')
+
+        @cached_method
+        def Enumerated(self):
+            """
+            Return the full subcategory of the enumerated objects of ``self``.
+
+            An enumerated object can be iterated to get its elements.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().Enumerated()
+                Category of enumerated sets
+                sage: Rings().Finite().Enumerated()
+                Category of finite enumerated rings
+                sage: Rings().Infinite().Enumerated()
+                Category of infinite enumerated rings
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(Sets().Enumerated()).run()
+                sage: Rings().Enumerated.__module__
+                'sage.categories.sets_cat'
+            """
+            return self._with_axiom('Enumerated')
+
+        def Facade(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the full subcategory of the facade objects of ``self``.
+
+            .. _facade-sets:
+
+            .. RUBRIC:: What is a facade set?
+
+            Recall that, in Sage, :ref:`sets are modelled by *parents*
+            <category-primer-parents-elements-categories>`, and their
+            elements know which distinguished set they belong to. For
+            example, the ring of integers `\ZZ` is modelled by the
+            parent :obj:`ZZ`, and integers know that they belong to
+            this set::
+
+                sage: ZZ
+                Integer Ring
+                sage: 42.parent()
+                Integer Ring
+
+            Sometimes, it is convenient to represent the elements of a
+            parent ``P`` by elements of some other parent. For
+            example, the elements of the set of prime numbers are
+            represented by plain integers::
+
+                sage: Primes()
+                Set of all prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, ...
+                sage: p = Primes().an_element(); p
+                43
+                sage: p.parent()
+                Integer Ring
+
+            In this case, ``P`` is called a *facade set*.
+
+            This feature is advertised through the category of `P`::
+
+                sage: Primes().category()
+                Category of facade infinite enumerated sets
+                sage: Sets().Facade()
+                Category of facade sets
+
+            Typical use cases include modeling a subset of an existing
+            parent::
+
+                sage: Set([4,6,9])                    # random
+                {4, 6, 9}
+                sage: Sets().Facade().example()
+                An example of facade set: the monoid of positive integers
+
+            or the union of several parents::
+
+                sage: Sets().Facade().example("union")
+                An example of a facade set: the integers completed by +-infinity
+
+            or endowing an existing parent with more (or less!)
+            structure::
+
+                sage: Posets().example("facade")
+                An example of a facade poset: the positive integers ordered by divisibility
+
+            Let us investigate in detail a close variant of this last
+            example: let `P` be set of divisors of `12` partially
+            ordered by divisibility. There are two options for
+            representing its elements:
+
+            1. as plain integers::
+
+                sage: P = Poset((divisors(12), attrcall("divides")), facade=True)       # needs sage.graphs
+
+            2. as integers, modified to be aware that their parent is `P`::
+
+                sage: Q = Poset((divisors(12), attrcall("divides")), facade=False)      # needs sage.graphs
+
+            The advantage of option 1. is that one needs not do
+            conversions back and forth between `P` and `\ZZ`. The
+            disadvantage is that this introduces an ambiguity when
+            writing `2 < 3`: does this compare `2` and `3` w.r.t. the
+            natural order on integers or w.r.t. divisibility?::
+
+                sage: 2 < 3
+                True
+
+            To raise this ambiguity, one needs to explicitly specify
+            the underlying poset as in `2 <_P 3`::
+
+                sage: P = Posets().example("facade")
+                sage: P.lt(2,3)
+                False
+
+            On the other hand, with option 2. and once constructed,
+            the elements know unambiguously how to compare
+            themselves::
+
+                sage: Q(2) < Q(3)                                                       # needs sage.graphs
+                False
+                sage: Q(2) < Q(6)                                                       # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+
+            Beware that ``P(2)`` is still the integer `2`. Therefore
+            ``P(2) < P(3)`` still compares `2` and `3` as integers!::
+
+                sage: P(2) < P(3)
+                True
+
+            In short `P` being a facade parent is one of the programmatic
+            counterparts (with e.g. coercions) of the usual mathematical idiom:
+            "for ease of notation, we identify an element of `P` with the
+            corresponding integer". Too many identifications lead to
+            confusion; the lack thereof leads to heavy, if not obfuscated,
+            notations. Finding the right balance is an art, and even though
+            there are common guidelines, it is ultimately up to the writer to
+            choose which identifications to do. This is no different in code.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+               The following examples illustrate various ways to
+               implement subsets like the set of prime numbers; look
+               at their code for details::
+
+                   sage: Sets().example("facade")
+                   Set of prime numbers (facade implementation)
+                   sage: Sets().example("inherits")
+                   Set of prime numbers
+                   sage: Sets().example("wrapper")
+                   Set of prime numbers (wrapper implementation)
+
+            .. RUBRIC:: Specifications
+
+            A parent which is a facade must either:
+
+            - call :meth:`Parent.__init__` using the ``facade`` parameter to
+              specify a parent, or tuple thereof.
+            - overload the method :meth:`~Sets.Facade.ParentMethods.facade_for`.
+
+            .. NOTE::
+
+                The concept of facade parents was originally introduced
+                in the computer algebra system MuPAD.
+
+            TESTS:
+
+            Check that multiple categories initialisation
+            works (:issue:`13801`)::
+
+                sage: class A(Parent):
+                ....:   def __init__(self):
+                ....:       Parent.__init__(self, category=(FiniteEnumeratedSets(),Monoids()), facade=True)
+                sage: a = A()
+
+                sage: Posets().Facade()
+                Category of facade posets
+                sage: Posets().Facade().Finite() is  Posets().Finite().Facade()
+                True
+            """
+            return self._with_axiom('Facade')
+
+    class ParentMethods:
+        # TODO: simplify the _element_constructor_ definition logic
+        # TODO: find a nicer mantra for conditionally defined methods
+        @lazy_attribute
+        def _element_constructor_(self):
+            r"""
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: S = Sets().example()
+                sage: S._element_constructor_(17)
+                17
+                sage: S(17) # indirect doctest
+                17
+
+                sage: A = FreeModule(QQ, 3)                                             # needs sage.modules
+                sage: A.element_class                                                   # needs sage.modules
+                <class 'sage.modules.vector_rational_dense.Vector_rational_dense'>
+                sage: A._element_constructor_                                           # needs sage.modules
+                <bound method FreeModule_ambient_field._element_constructor_
+                 of Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field>
+
+                sage: B = SymmetricGroup(3).algebra(ZZ)                                 # needs sage.combinat sage.groups sage.modules
+                sage: B.element_class                                                   # needs sage.combinat sage.groups sage.modules
+                <...SymmetricGroupAlgebra_n_with_category.element_class'>
+                sage: B._element_constructor_                                           # needs sage.combinat sage.groups sage.modules
+                <bound method SymmetricGroupAlgebra_n._element_constructor_
+                 of Symmetric group algebra of order 3 over Integer Ring>
+            """
+            if hasattr(self, "element_class"):
+                return self._element_constructor_from_element_class
+            else:
+                return NotImplemented
+
+        def _element_constructor_from_element_class(self, *args, **keywords):
+            """
+            The default constructor for elements of this parent ``self``.
+
+            Among other things, it is called upon ``self(data)`` when
+            the coercion model did not find a way to coerce ``data`` into
+            this parent.
+
+            This default implementation for
+            :meth:`_element_constructor_` calls the constructor of the
+            element class, passing ``self`` as first argument.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: S = Sets().example("inherits")
+                sage: s = S._element_constructor_from_element_class(17); s
+                17
+                sage: type(s)
+                <class 'sage.categories.examples.sets_cat.PrimeNumbers_Inherits_with_category.element_class'>
+            """
+            return self.element_class(self, *args, **keywords)
+
+        def is_parent_of(self, element):
+            """
+            Return whether ``self`` is the parent of ``element``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``element`` -- any object
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: S = ZZ
+                sage: S.is_parent_of(1)
+                True
+                sage: S.is_parent_of(2/1)
+                False
+
+            This method differs from :meth:`__contains__` because it
+            does not attempt any coercion::
+
+                sage: 2/1 in S, S.is_parent_of(2/1)
+                (True, False)
+                sage: int(1) in S, S.is_parent_of(int(1))
+                (True, False)
+            """
+            from sage.structure.element import parent
+            return parent(element) == self
+
+        @abstract_method
+        def __contains__(self, x):
+            """
+            Test whether the set ``self`` contains the object ``x``.
+
+            All parents in the category ``Sets()`` should implement this method.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: P = Sets().example(); P
+                Set of prime numbers (basic implementation)
+                sage: 12 in P
+                False
+                sage: P(5) in P
+                True
+            """
+
+        @cached_method
+        def an_element(self):
+            r"""
+            Return a (preferably typical) element of this parent.
+
+            This is used both for illustration and testing purposes. If the
+            set ``self`` is empty, :meth:`an_element` should raise the exception
+            :exc:`EmptySetError`.
+
+            This default implementation calls :meth:`_an_element_` and
+            caches the result. Any parent should implement either
+            :meth:`an_element` or :meth:`_an_element_`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+               sage: CDF.an_element()                                                   # needs sage.rings.complex_double
+               1.0*I
+               sage: ZZ[['t']].an_element()
+               t
+            """
+            return self._an_element_()
+
+        def _test_an_element(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run generic tests on the method :meth:`.an_element`.
+
+            See also: :class:`TestSuite`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_an_element()
+
+            Let us now write a broken :meth:`.an_element` method::
+
+                sage: from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import PrimeNumbers
+                sage: class CCls(PrimeNumbers):
+                ....:     def an_element(self):
+                ....:         return 18
+                sage: CC = CCls()
+                sage: CC._test_an_element()
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: self.an_element() is not in self
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: FiniteEnumeratedSet([])._test_an_element()
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            try:
+                an_element = self.an_element()
+            except EmptySetError:
+                return
+            tester.assertIn(an_element, self, "self.an_element() is not in self")
+#            tester.assertTrue(self.is_parent_of(an_element), "self is not the parent of self.an_element()")
+#            tester.assertEqual(self(an_element), an_element, "element construction is not idempotent")
+            if self.is_parent_of(an_element):
+                tester.assertEqual(self(an_element), an_element, "element construction is not idempotent")
+            else: # Allows self(an_element) to fails for facade parent.
+                try:
+                    rebuilt_element = self(an_element)
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    tester.info("\n  The set doesn't seems to implement __call__; skipping test of construction idempotency")
+                else:
+                    tester.assertEqual(rebuilt_element, an_element, "element construction is not idempotent")
+
+        def _test_elements(self, tester=None, **options):
+            """
+            Run generic tests on element(s) of ``self``.
+
+            See also: :class:`TestSuite`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_elements(verbose = True)
+                <BLANKLINE>
+                  Running the test suite of self.an_element()
+                  running ._test_category() . . . pass
+                  running ._test_eq() . . . pass
+                  running ._test_new() . . . pass
+                  running ._test_nonzero_equal() . . . pass
+                  running ._test_not_implemented_methods() . . . pass
+                  running ._test_pickling() . . . pass
+                <BLANKLINE>
+
+            Debugging tip: in case of failure of this test, run instead::
+
+                sage: TestSuite(C.an_element()).run()
+
+            Let us now implement a parent whose elements cannot be pickled::
+
+                sage: from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import PrimeNumbers
+                sage: class Bla(SageObject): pass
+                sage: class CCls(PrimeNumbers):
+                ....:     def an_element(self):
+                ....:         return Bla()
+                sage: CC = CCls()
+                sage: CC._test_elements()
+                Failure in _test_pickling:
+                ...
+                The following tests failed: _test_pickling
+            """
+            # TODO: add native support for nested test suites to TestSuite
+
+            # The intention is to raise an exception only if this is
+            # run as a sub-testsuite of a larger testsuite.
+            is_sub_testsuite = (tester is not None)
+            tester = self._tester(tester=tester, **options)
+            # Or do we want to run the test on some_elements?
+            try:
+                an_element = self.an_element()
+            except EmptySetError:
+                return
+            tester.info("\n  Running the test suite of self.an_element()")
+            TestSuite(an_element).run(verbose=tester._verbose,
+                                      prefix=tester._prefix + "  ",
+                                      raise_on_failure=is_sub_testsuite)
+            tester.info(tester._prefix + " ", newline=False)
+
+        def _test_elements_eq_reflexive(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run generic tests on the equality of elements.
+
+            Test that ``==`` is reflexive.
+
+            See also: :class:`TestSuite`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_elements_eq_reflexive()
+
+            We try a non-reflexive equality::
+
+                sage: P = Sets().example("wrapper")
+                sage: P._test_elements_eq_reflexive()                                   # needs sage.libs.pari
+                sage: eq = P.element_class.__eq__
+
+                sage: P.element_class.__eq__ = (lambda x, y:
+                ....:      False if eq(x, P(47)) and eq(y, P(47)) else eq(x, y))
+                sage: P._test_elements_eq_reflexive()                                   # needs sage.libs.pari
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: 47 != 47
+
+            We restore ``P.element_class`` in a proper state for further tests::
+
+                sage: P.element_class.__eq__ = eq
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            S = list(tester.some_elements()) + [None, 0]
+            for x in S:
+                tester.assertEqual(x, x)
+
+        def _test_elements_eq_symmetric(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run generic tests on the equality of elements.
+
+            This tests that ``==`` is symmetric.
+
+            See also: :class:`TestSuite`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_elements_eq_symmetric()
+
+            We test a non symmetric equality::
+
+                sage: P = Sets().example("wrapper")
+                sage: P._test_elements_eq_symmetric()                                   # needs sage.libs.pari
+                sage: eq = P.element_class.__eq__
+
+                sage: def non_sym_eq(x, y):
+                ....:    if not y in P:                      return False
+                ....:    elif eq(x, P(47)) and eq(y, P(53)): return True
+                ....:    else:                               return eq(x, y)
+                sage: P.element_class.__eq__ = non_sym_eq
+                sage: P._test_elements_eq_symmetric()                                   # needs sage.libs.pari
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: non symmetric equality: 47 == 53 but 53 != 47
+
+            We restore ``P.element_class`` in a proper state for further tests::
+
+                sage: P.element_class.__eq__ = eq
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            S = list(tester.some_elements()) + [None, 0]
+            from sage.misc.misc import some_tuples
+            for x, y in some_tuples(S, 2, tester._max_runs):
+                tester.assertEqual(x == y, y == x,
+                    LazyFormat("non symmetric equality: %s but %s") % (
+                        print_compare(x, y), print_compare(y, x)))
+
+        def _test_elements_eq_transitive(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run generic tests on the equality of elements.
+
+            Test that ``==`` is transitive.
+
+            See also: :class:`TestSuite`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_elements_eq_transitive()
+
+            We test a non transitive equality::
+
+                sage: R = Zp(3)                                                                     # needs sage.rings.padics
+                sage: test = raw_getattr(Sets().ParentMethods, "_test_elements_eq_transitive")
+                sage: test(R, elements=[R(3,2), R(3,1), R(0)])                                      # needs sage.rings.padics
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: non transitive equality:
+                3 + O(3^2) == O(3) and O(3) == 0 but 3 + O(3^2) != 0
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            S = list(tester.some_elements())
+            n = max(tester._max_runs, 8)
+            if (len(S)+2)**3 <= n:
+                S = list(S) + [None, 0]
+            else:
+                from random import sample
+                from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+                S = sample(S, Integer(n).nth_root(3,truncate_mode=1)[0] - 2) + [None, 0]
+
+            for x in S:
+                for y in S:
+                    if not x == y:
+                        continue
+                    for z in S:
+                        if not y == z:
+                            continue
+                        tester.assertEqual(x, z,
+                            LazyFormat("non transitive equality:\n"
+                                       "%s and %s but %s") % (
+                                print_compare(x, y),
+                                print_compare(y, z),
+                                print_compare(x, z)))
+
+        def _test_elements_neq(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run generic tests on the equality of elements.
+
+            Test that ``==`` and ``!=`` are consistent.
+
+            See also: :class:`TestSuite`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_elements_neq()
+
+            We try a broken inequality::
+
+                sage: P = Sets().example("wrapper")
+                sage: P._test_elements_neq()                                            # needs sage.libs.pari
+                sage: ne = P.element_class.__ne__
+                sage: eq = P.element_class.__eq__
+
+                sage: P.element_class.__ne__ = lambda x, y: False
+                sage: P._test_elements_neq()                                            # needs sage.libs.pari
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: __eq__ and __ne__ inconsistency:
+                  47 == 53 returns False  but  47 != 53 returns False
+
+                sage: P.element_class.__ne__ = lambda x, y: not(x == y)
+
+            We restore ``P.element_class`` in a proper state for further tests::
+
+                sage: P.element_class.__ne__ = ne
+                sage: P.element_class.__eq__ = eq
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            S = list(tester.some_elements()) + [None, 0]
+
+            from sage.misc.misc import some_tuples
+            for x,y in some_tuples(S, 2, tester._max_runs):
+                tester.assertNotEqual(x == y, x != y,
+                    LazyFormat("__eq__ and __ne__ inconsistency:\n"
+                        "  %s == %s returns %s  but  %s != %s returns %s") % (
+                            x, y, (x == y), x, y, (x != y)))
+
+        def some_elements(self):
+            """
+            Return a list (or iterable) of elements of ``self``.
+
+            This is typically used for running generic tests
+            (see :class:`TestSuite`).
+
+            This default implementation calls :meth:`.an_element`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: S = Sets().example(); S
+                Set of prime numbers (basic implementation)
+                sage: S.an_element()
+                47
+                sage: S.some_elements()
+                [47]
+                sage: S = Set([])
+                sage: list(S.some_elements())
+                []
+
+            This method should return an iterable, *not* an iterator.
+            """
+            try:
+                return [self.an_element()]
+            except EmptySetError:
+                return []
+
+        def _test_some_elements(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run generic tests on the method :meth:`.some_elements`.
+
+            .. SEEALSO:: :class:`TestSuite`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_some_elements()
+
+            Let us now write a broken :meth:`.some_elements` method::
+
+                sage: from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import *
+                sage: class CCls(PrimeNumbers):
+                ....:     def some_elements(self):
+                ....:         return [self(17), 32]
+                sage: CC = CCls()
+                sage: CC._test_some_elements()
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: the object 32 in self.some_elements() is not in self
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            elements = self.some_elements()
+            # Todo: enable this once
+            #tester.assertTrue(elements != iter(elements),
+            #               "self.some_elements() should return an iterable, not an iterator")
+            for x in elements:
+                tester.assertIn(x, self, LazyFormat(
+                    "the object %s in self.some_elements() is not in self") % (x,))
+
+        #Note: the four methods 'cardinality', 'is_finite_, 'is_empty' and
+        # 'random_element' might or might not be implemented in the parent
+        # objects. Most of the time a default implementation will be provided by
+        # a subcategory of Sets. We do not declare them as optional abstract
+        # methods to not pollute the namespace.
+
+        # def cardinality(self)
+        # def is_finite(self)
+        # def is_empty(self)
+        # def random_element(self):
+
+        def _test_cardinality(self, **options):
+            r"""
+            Run generic test on the method :meth:`.cardinality`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = Sets().example()
+                sage: C._test_cardinality()
+
+            Let us now write a broken :meth:`cardinality` method::
+
+                sage: from sage.categories.examples.sets_cat import *
+                sage: class CCls(PrimeNumbers):
+                ....:     def cardinality(self):
+                ....:         return int(5)
+                sage: CC = CCls()
+                sage: CC._test_cardinality()
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: the output of the method cardinality must either
+                be a Sage integer or infinity. Not <... 'int'>.
+            """
+            try:
+                cardinality = self.cardinality()
+            except (AttributeError,NotImplementedError):
+                return
+            from sage.structure.element import parent
+            from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            tester.assertTrue(cardinality is Infinity or parent(cardinality) is ZZ,
+                    "the output of the method cardinality must either be a Sage integer or infinity. Not {}.".format(type(cardinality)))
+
+        # Functorial constructions
+
+        def construction(self):
+            """
+            Return a pair ``(functor, parent)`` such that
+            ``functor(parent)`` returns ``self``. If ``self`` does
+            not have a functorial construction, return ``None``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: QQ.construction()
+                (FractionField, Integer Ring)
+                sage: f, R = QQ['x'].construction()
+                sage: f
+                Poly[x]
+                sage: R
+                Rational Field
+                sage: f(R)
+                Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            """
+            return None
+
+        def _test_construction(self, **options):
+            """
+            Test that the construction returned by ``self`` really yields ``self``.
+
+            :meth:`construction` either returns None or a pair ``(F, O)``,
+            and if it returns the latter, then it is supposed that ``F(O) == self``.
+            The test verifies this assumption.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            We create a parent that returns a wrong construction (its construction
+            returns the rational field rather than the parent itself)::
+
+                sage: class P(Parent):
+                ....:     Element = ElementWrapper
+                ....:     def __init__(self):
+                ....:         Parent.__init__(self, category=Sets())
+                ....:     def __eq__(self, P):
+                ....:         return type(self) == type(P)
+                ....:     def __hash__(self):
+                ....:         return hash(type(self))
+                ....:     def construction(self):
+                ....:         return sage.categories.pushout.FractionField(), ZZ
+                ....:
+                sage: import __main__
+                sage: __main__.P = P   # this is to enable pickling in doctests
+                sage: p = P()
+                sage: F,R = p.construction()
+                sage: F(R)
+                Rational Field
+                sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+                Failure in _test_construction:
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                AssertionError: the object's construction does not recreate this object
+                ...
+                The following tests failed: _test_construction
+
+            If the parent returns the empty construction, the test will not complain::
+
+                sage: ZZ.construction() is None
+                True
+                sage: TestSuite(ZZ).run()   # indirect doctest
+
+            If the construction works as expected, the test will not complain
+            either::
+
+                sage: F,R = QQ.construction()
+                sage: F(R) == QQ
+                True
+                sage: TestSuite(QQ).run()   # indirect doctest
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            FO = self.construction()
+            if FO is None:
+                return
+            tester.assertEqual(FO[0](FO[1]), self, "the object's construction does not recreate this object")
+
+        CartesianProduct = CartesianProduct
+
+        def cartesian_product(*parents, **kwargs):
+            """
+            Return the Cartesian product of the parents.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``parents`` -- list (or other iterable) of parents
+
+            - ``category`` -- (default: ``None``) the category the
+              Cartesian product belongs to. If ``None`` is passed,
+              then
+              :meth:`~sage.categories.covariant_functorial_construction.CovariantFactorialConstruction.category_from_parents`
+              is used to determine the category.
+
+            - ``extra_category`` -- (default: ``None``) a category
+              that is added to the Cartesian product in addition
+              to the categories obtained from the parents.
+
+            - other keyword arguments will passed on to the class used
+              for this Cartesian product (see also
+              :class:`~sage.sets.cartesian_product.CartesianProduct`).
+
+            OUTPUT: the Cartesian product
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = AlgebrasWithBasis(QQ)
+                sage: A = C.example(); A.rename('A')                                    # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                sage: A.cartesian_product(A, A)                                         # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                A (+) A (+) A
+                sage: ZZ.cartesian_product(GF(2), FiniteEnumeratedSet([1,2,3]))
+                The Cartesian product of (Integer Ring,
+                                          Finite Field of size 2, {1, 2, 3})
+
+                sage: C = ZZ.cartesian_product(A); C                                    # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                The Cartesian product of (Integer Ring, A)
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: type(C)                                                           # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                <class 'sage.sets.cartesian_product.CartesianProduct_with_category'>
+                sage: C.category()                                                      # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                Join of Category of rings and ...
+                    and Category of Cartesian products of commutative additive groups
+
+            ::
+
+                sage: cartesian_product([ZZ, ZZ], category=Sets()).category()
+                Category of sets
+                sage: cartesian_product([ZZ, ZZ]).category()
+                Join of
+                Category of Cartesian products of commutative rings and
+                Category of Cartesian products of metric spaces and
+                Category of Cartesian products of enumerated sets
+                sage: cartesian_product([ZZ, ZZ], extra_category=Posets()).category()
+                Join of
+                Category of Cartesian products of commutative rings and
+                Category of posets and
+                Category of Cartesian products of metric spaces and
+                Category of Cartesian products of enumerated sets
+            """
+            category = kwargs.pop('category', None)
+            extra_category = kwargs.pop('extra_category', None)
+
+            category = category or cartesian_product.category_from_parents(parents)
+            if extra_category:
+                if isinstance(category, (list, tuple)):
+                    category = tuple(category) + (extra_category,)
+                else:
+                    category = category & extra_category
+            return parents[0].CartesianProduct(parents, category=category, **kwargs)
+
+        def algebra(self, base_ring, category=None, **kwds):
+            """
+            Return the algebra of ``self`` over ``base_ring``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- a parent `S`
+            - ``base_ring`` -- a ring `K`
+            - ``category`` -- a super category of the category
+              of `S`, or ``None``
+
+            This returns the space of formal linear combinations of
+            elements of `S` with coefficients in `K`, endowed with
+            whatever structure can be induced from that of `S`.
+            See the documentation of
+            :mod:`sage.categories.algebra_functor` for details.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            If `S` is a :class:`group <Groups>`, the result is its
+            group algebra `KS`::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.groups sage.modules
+                sage: S = DihedralGroup(4); S
+                Dihedral group of order 8 as a permutation group
+                sage: A = S.algebra(QQ); A
+                Algebra of Dihedral group of order 8 as a permutation group
+                 over Rational Field
+                sage: A.category()
+                Category of finite group algebras over Rational Field
+                sage: a = A.an_element(); a
+                () + (1,3) + 2*(1,3)(2,4) + 3*(1,4,3,2)
+
+            This space is endowed with an algebra structure, obtained
+            by extending by bilinearity the multiplication of `G` to a
+            multiplication on `RG`::
+
+                sage: a * a                                                             # needs sage.groups sage.modules
+                6*() + 4*(2,4) + 3*(1,2)(3,4) + 12*(1,2,3,4) + 2*(1,3)
+                 + 13*(1,3)(2,4) + 6*(1,4,3,2) + 3*(1,4)(2,3)
+
+            If `S` is a :class:`monoid <Monoids>`, the result is its
+            monoid algebra `KS`::
+
+                sage: S = Monoids().example(); S
+                An example of a monoid:
+                 the free monoid generated by ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')
+                sage: A = S.algebra(QQ); A                                              # needs sage.modules
+                Algebra of
+                 An example of a monoid: the free monoid generated by ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')
+                 over Rational Field
+                sage: A.category()                                                      # needs sage.modules
+                Category of monoid algebras over Rational Field
+
+            Similarly, we can construct algebras for additive magmas,
+            monoids, and groups.
+
+            One may specify for which category one takes the algebra;
+            here we build the algebra of the additive group `GF_3`::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.modules
+                sage: from sage.categories.additive_groups import AdditiveGroups
+                sage: S = GF(7)
+                sage: A = S.algebra(QQ, category=AdditiveGroups()); A
+                Algebra of Finite Field of size 7 over Rational Field
+                sage: A.category()
+                Category of finite dimensional additive group algebras
+                         over Rational Field
+                sage: a = A(S(1))
+                sage: a
+                1
+                sage: 1 + a * a * a
+                0 + 3
+
+            Note that the ``category`` keyword needs to be fed with
+            the structure on `S` to be used, not the induced structure
+            on the result.
+            """
+            if category is None:
+                category = self.category()
+            from sage.categories.semigroups import Semigroups
+            from sage.categories.commutative_additive_semigroups import CommutativeAdditiveSemigroups
+            if category.is_subcategory(Semigroups()) and category.is_subcategory(CommutativeAdditiveSemigroups()):
+                raise TypeError(
+""" `S = {}` is both an additive and a multiplicative semigroup.
+Constructing its algebra is ambiguous.
+Please use, e.g., S.algebra(QQ, category=Semigroups())""".format(self))
+            from sage.categories.groups import Groups
+            from sage.categories.additive_groups import AdditiveGroups
+            from sage.algebras.group_algebra import GroupAlgebra_class
+            algebra_category = category.Algebras(base_ring)
+            if (category.is_subcategory(Groups())
+                or category.is_subcategory(AdditiveGroups())):
+                # Somewhat dirty hack to wrap non-atomic objects
+                from sage.categories.modules_with_basis import ModulesWithBasis
+                if self not in ModulesWithBasis:
+                    if 'prefix' not in kwds:
+                        kwds['prefix'] = ''
+                    if 'bracket' not in kwds:
+                        kwds['bracket'] = False
+            result = GroupAlgebra_class(base_ring, self,
+                                        category=algebra_category, **kwds)
+            result.__doc__ = Sets.ParentMethods.algebra.__doc__
+            return result
+
+        def _sympy_(self):
+            """
+            Return an instance of a subclass of SymPy ``Set`` corresponding to ``self``.
+
+            The default implementation creates an instance of
+            :class:`~sage.interfaces.sympy_wrapper`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sympy
+                sage: F = FiniteEnumeratedSets().example(); F
+                An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3}
+                sage: sF = F._sympy_(); sF
+                SageSet(An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3})
+                sage: sF.is_finite_set
+                True
+                sage: bool(sF)
+                True
+                sage: len(sF)
+                3
+                sage: list(sF)
+                [1, 2, 3]
+                sage: from sympy import FiniteSet
+                sage: FiniteSet.fromiter(sF)  # random - this output is sympy >= 1.9
+                FiniteSet(1, 2, 3)
+
+                sage: RR._sympy_().is_finite_set                                        # needs sympy
+                False
+
+                sage: F = Family([1, 2])
+                sage: F is Family([1, 2])
+                False
+                sage: sF = F._sympy_(); sF                                              # needs sympy
+                SageSet(Family (1, 2))
+                sage: sF._sage_() is F                                                  # needs sympy
+                True
+            """
+            from sage.interfaces.sympy_wrapper import SageSet
+            from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+            sympy_init()
+            return SageSet(self)
+
+    class ElementMethods:
+        ## Should eventually contain the basic operations which are no math
+        ## latex, hash, ...
+        ##def equal(x, y):
+        ##def =(x, y):
+
+        # Used by Element._test_category
+        _dummy_attribute = None
+
+        def cartesian_product(*elements):
+            """
+            Return the Cartesian product of its arguments, as an element of
+            the Cartesian product of the parents of those elements.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C = AlgebrasWithBasis(QQ)
+                sage: A = C.example()                                                   # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                sage: a, b, c = A.algebra_generators()                                  # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                sage: a.cartesian_product(b, c)                                         # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                B[(0, word: a)] + B[(1, word: b)] + B[(2, word: c)]
+
+            FIXME: is this a policy that we want to enforce on all parents?
+            """
+            from sage.structure.element import parent, Element
+            assert all(isinstance(element, Element) for element in elements)
+            parents = [parent(element) for element in elements]
+            return cartesian_product(parents)._cartesian_product_of_elements(elements) # good name???
+
+    class MorphismMethods:
+        @abstract_method(optional=True)
+        def __invert__(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the inverse morphism, or raise an error.
+
+            The error may either state that the morphism is not
+            invertible, or that Sage cannot invert it.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: i = End(QQ).identity(); i
+                Identity endomorphism of Rational Field
+                sage: i.__invert__()
+                Identity endomorphism of Rational Field
+
+            This method is meant to be used with the Python inversion
+            operator `~`::
+
+                sage: ~i
+                Identity endomorphism of Rational Field
+
+            We now try to inverse a couple of morphisms defined by a matrix::
+
+                sage: H = End(QQ^2)                                                     # needs sage.modules
+                sage: phi = H(matrix([[1,1], [0,1]])); phi                              # needs sage.modules
+                Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+                [1 1]
+                [0 1]
+                Domain: Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+                Codomain: Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+                sage: ~phi                                                              # needs sage.modules
+                Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+                [ 1 -1]
+                [ 0  1]
+                Domain: Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+                Codomain: Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+
+                sage: phi = H(matrix([[1,1], [1,1]]))                                   # needs sage.modules
+                sage: ~phi                                                              # needs sage.modules
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ZeroDivisionError: matrix morphism not invertible
+
+            .. NOTE::
+
+                This is an optional method. A default implementation
+                raising :exc:`NotImplementedError` could be provided instead.
+            """
+
+        def is_injective(self):
+            r"""
+            Return whether this map is injective.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: f = ZZ.hom(GF(3)); f
+                Natural morphism:
+                  From: Integer Ring
+                  To:   Finite Field of size 3
+                sage: f.is_injective()
+                False
+            """
+            if self.domain().cardinality() <= 1:
+                return True
+            if self.domain().cardinality() > self.codomain().cardinality():
+                return False
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        def image(self, domain_subset=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the image of the domain or of ``domain_subset``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: P = Partitions(6)
+                sage: H = Hom(P, ZZ)
+                sage: f = H(ZZ.sum)
+                sage: X = f.image()                                                     # needs sage.libs.flint
+                sage: list(X)                                                           # needs sage.libs.flint
+                [6]
+            """
+            D = self.domain()
+            if D is None:
+                raise ValueError("this map became defunct by garbage collection")
+            if domain_subset is None or domain_subset == D:
+                try:
+                    if self.is_surjective():
+                        return D
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+                domain_subset = D
+            from sage.sets.set import Set_base
+            from sage.sets.image_set import ImageSubobject, ImageSet
+            if isinstance(domain_subset, Set_base):
+                # Most of our parents are sets, but the mixin class Set_base
+                # provides the full kit of operators.  The image should get them too.
+                cls = ImageSet
+            else:
+                cls = ImageSubobject
+            return cls(self, domain_subset)
+
+    # Lazy imports to avoid circularity issues.
+    Enumerated = LazyImport('sage.categories.enumerated_sets', 'EnumeratedSets', at_startup=True)
+    Finite = LazyImport('sage.categories.finite_sets', 'FiniteSets', at_startup=True)
+    Topological = LazyImport('sage.categories.topological_spaces',
+                             'TopologicalSpaces', 'Topological', at_startup=True)
+    Metric = LazyImport('sage.categories.metric_spaces', 'MetricSpaces',
+                        'Metric', at_startup=True)
+    from sage.categories.facade_sets import FacadeSets as Facade
+
+    class Infinite(CategoryWithAxiom):
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+
+            def is_finite(self):
+                """
+                Return whether this set is finite.
+
+                Since this set is infinite this always returns ``False``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: C = InfiniteEnumeratedSets().example()
+                    sage: C.is_finite()
+                    False
+
+                TESTS::
+
+                    sage: C.is_finite.__func__ is sage.categories.sets_cat.Sets.Infinite.ParentMethods.is_finite
+                    True
+                """
+                return False
+
+            def is_empty(self):
+                r"""
+                Return whether this set is empty.
+
+                Since this set is infinite this always returns ``False``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: C = InfiniteEnumeratedSets().example()
+                    sage: C.is_empty()
+                    False
+                """
+                return False
+
+            def cardinality(self):
+                """
+                Count the elements of the enumerated set.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: NN = InfiniteEnumeratedSets().example()
+                    sage: NN.cardinality()
+                    +Infinity
+                """
+                from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+                return infinity
+
+    class Subquotients(SubquotientsCategory):
+        """
+        A category for subquotients of sets.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`Sets().Subquotients`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sets().Subquotients()
+            Category of subquotients of sets
+            sage: Sets().Subquotients().all_super_categories()
+            [Category of subquotients of sets, Category of sets,
+             Category of sets with partial maps,
+             Category of objects]
+        """
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+
+            def _repr_(self):
+                """
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: from sage.categories.examples.semigroups import IncompleteSubquotientSemigroup
+                    sage: S = IncompleteSubquotientSemigroup()
+                    sage: S._repr_()
+                    'A subquotient of An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup'
+                """
+                return "A subquotient of %s" % (self.ambient())
+
+            @abstract_method
+            def ambient(self):
+                """
+                Return the ambient space for ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: Semigroups().Subquotients().example().ambient()
+                    An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup
+
+                .. SEEALSO::
+
+                    :meth:`Sets.SubcategoryMethods.Subquotients` for the
+                    specifications and :meth:`.lift` and :meth:`.retract`.
+                """
+
+            # Should lift and retract be declared as conversions to the coercion mechanism ?
+            # Compatibility issue: in IntegerModRing, lift is a method returning the actual
+            # lifting morphism::
+            #
+            #   sage: F = IntegerModRing(3)
+            #   sage: F.lift()
+            #   Set-theoretic ring morphism:
+            #   From: Ring of integers modulo 3
+            #   To:   Integer Ring
+            #   Defn: Choice of lifting map
+            @abstract_method
+            def lift(self, x):
+                """
+                Lift `x` to the ambient space for ``self``.
+
+                INPUT:
+
+                - ``x`` -- an element of ``self``
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: S = Semigroups().Subquotients().example()
+                    sage: s = S.an_element()
+                    sage: s, s.parent()
+                    (42, An example of a (sub)quotient semigroup:
+                          a quotient of the left zero semigroup)
+                    sage: S.lift(s), S.lift(s).parent()
+                    (42, An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup)
+                    sage: s.lift(), s.lift().parent()
+                    (42, An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup)
+
+                .. SEEALSO::
+
+                    :class:`Sets.SubcategoryMethods.Subquotients` for
+                    the specifications, :meth:`.ambient`, :meth:`.retract`,
+                    and also :meth:`Sets.Subquotients.ElementMethods.lift`.
+                """
+
+            @abstract_method
+            def retract(self, x):
+                """
+                Retract ``x`` to ``self``.
+
+                INPUT:
+
+                - ``x`` -- an element of the ambient space for ``self``
+
+                .. SEEALSO::
+
+                    :class:`Sets.SubcategoryMethods.Subquotients` for
+                    the specifications, :meth:`.ambient`, :meth:`.retract`,
+                    and also :meth:`Sets.Subquotients.ElementMethods.retract`.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: S = Semigroups().Subquotients().example()
+                    sage: s = S.ambient().an_element()
+                    sage: s, s.parent()
+                    (42, An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup)
+                    sage: S.retract(s), S.retract(s).parent()
+                    (42, An example of a (sub)quotient semigroup:
+                          a quotient of the left zero semigroup)
+                """
+
+        class ElementMethods:
+
+            def lift(self):
+                """
+                Lift ``self`` to the ambient space for its parent.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: S = Semigroups().Subquotients().example()
+                    sage: s = S.an_element()
+                    sage: s, s.parent()
+                    (42, An example of a (sub)quotient semigroup:
+                          a quotient of the left zero semigroup)
+                    sage: S.lift(s), S.lift(s).parent()
+                    (42, An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup)
+                    sage: s.lift(), s.lift().parent()
+                    (42, An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup)
+                """
+                return self.parent().lift(self)
+
+    class Quotients(QuotientsCategory):
+        """
+        A category for quotients of sets.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`Sets().Quotients`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sets().Quotients()
+            Category of quotients of sets
+            sage: Sets().Quotients().all_super_categories()
+            [Category of quotients of sets,
+             Category of subquotients of sets,
+             Category of sets,
+             Category of sets with partial maps,
+             Category of objects]
+        """
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+
+            def _repr_(self):
+                """
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: from sage.categories.examples.semigroups import IncompleteSubquotientSemigroup
+                    sage: S = IncompleteSubquotientSemigroup(category=Semigroups().Quotients())
+                    sage: S._repr_()
+                    'A quotient of An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup'
+                """
+                return "A quotient of {}".format(self.ambient())
+
+            def _an_element_(self):
+                """
+                Return an element of ``self``, as per
+                :meth:`Sets.ParentMethods.an_element`
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: S = FiniteEnumeratedSets().IsomorphicObjects().example()
+                    sage: S.an_element()  # indirect doctest
+                    1
+                """
+                return self.retract(self.ambient().an_element())
+
+    class Subobjects(SubobjectsCategory):
+        """
+        A category for subobjects of sets.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`Sets().Subobjects`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sets().Subobjects()
+            Category of subobjects of sets
+            sage: Sets().Subobjects().all_super_categories()
+            [Category of subobjects of sets,
+             Category of subquotients of sets,
+             Category of sets,
+             Category of sets with partial maps,
+             Category of objects]
+        """
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+
+            def _repr_(self):
+                """
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: from sage.categories.examples.semigroups import IncompleteSubquotientSemigroup
+                    sage: S = IncompleteSubquotientSemigroup(category=Semigroups().Subobjects())
+                    sage: S._repr_()
+                    'A subobject of An example of a semigroup: the left zero semigroup'
+                """
+                return "A subobject of {}".format(self.ambient())
+
+    class IsomorphicObjects(IsomorphicObjectsCategory):
+        """
+        A category for isomorphic objects of sets.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sets().IsomorphicObjects()
+            Category of isomorphic objects of sets
+            sage: Sets().IsomorphicObjects().all_super_categories()
+            [Category of isomorphic objects of sets,
+             Category of subobjects of sets, Category of quotients of sets,
+             Category of subquotients of sets,
+             Category of sets,
+             Category of sets with partial maps,
+             Category of objects]
+        """
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+
+            def _repr_(self):
+                """
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: S = FiniteEnumeratedSets().IsomorphicObjects().example()
+                    sage: S._repr_()
+                    'The image by some isomorphism of An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3}'
+                """
+                return "The image by some isomorphism of %s" % (self.ambient())
+
+    class CartesianProducts(CartesianProductsCategory):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = Sets().CartesianProducts().example()
+            sage: C
+            The Cartesian product of (Set of prime numbers (basic implementation),
+             An example of an infinite enumerated set: the nonnegative integers,
+             An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3})
+            sage: C.category()
+            Category of Cartesian products of sets
+            sage: C.categories()
+            [Category of Cartesian products of sets, Category of sets,
+             Category of sets with partial maps,
+             Category of objects]
+            sage: TestSuite(C).run()
+        """
+
+        def extra_super_categories(self):
+            """
+            A Cartesian product of sets is a set.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().CartesianProducts().extra_super_categories()
+                [Category of sets]
+                sage: Sets().CartesianProducts().super_categories()
+                [Category of sets]
+            """
+            return [Sets()]
+
+        def example(self):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().CartesianProducts().example()
+                The Cartesian product of (Set of prime numbers (basic implementation),
+                 An example of an infinite enumerated set: the nonnegative integers,
+                 An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3})
+            """
+            from .finite_enumerated_sets import FiniteEnumeratedSets
+            from .infinite_enumerated_sets import InfiniteEnumeratedSets
+            from .cartesian_product import cartesian_product
+            S1 = Sets().example()
+            S2 = InfiniteEnumeratedSets().example()
+            S3 = FiniteEnumeratedSets().example()
+            return cartesian_product([S1, S2, S3])
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+            def __iter__(self):
+                r"""
+                Return an iterator for the elements of this Cartesian product.
+
+                If all factors (except possibly the first factor) are known to be finite,
+                it uses the lexicographic order.
+
+                Otherwise, the iterator enumerates the elements in increasing
+                order of sum-of-ranks, refined by the reverse lexicographic order
+                (see :func:`~sage.misc.mrange.cantor_product`).
+
+                EXAMPLES:
+
+                Sets are intrinsically unordered::
+
+                    sage: for x,y in cartesian_product([Set([1,2]), Set(['a','b'])]):  # random
+                    ....:     print((x, y))
+                    (1, 'b')
+                    (1, 'a')
+                    (2, 'b')
+                    (2, 'a')
+
+                    sage: A = FiniteEnumeratedSets()(["a", "b"])
+                    sage: B = FiniteEnumeratedSets().example(); B
+                    An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3}
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([A, B, A]); C
+                    The Cartesian product of ({'a', 'b'}, An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3}, {'a', 'b'})
+                    sage: C in FiniteEnumeratedSets()
+                    True
+                    sage: list(C)
+                    [('a', 1, 'a'), ('a', 1, 'b'), ('a', 2, 'a'), ('a', 2, 'b'), ('a', 3, 'a'), ('a', 3, 'b'),
+                     ('b', 1, 'a'), ('b', 1, 'b'), ('b', 2, 'a'), ('b', 2, 'b'), ('b', 3, 'a'), ('b', 3, 'b')]
+                    sage: C.__iter__.__module__
+                    'sage.categories.sets_cat'
+
+                    sage: F22 = GF(2).cartesian_product(GF(2))
+                    sage: list(F22)
+                    [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.combinat
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([Permutations(10)]*4)
+                    sage: it = iter(C)
+                    sage: next(it)
+                    ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+                     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+                     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+                     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
+                    sage: next(it)
+                    ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+                     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+                     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+                     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 9])
+
+                When all factors (except possibly the first factor) are known to be finite, it
+                uses the lexicographic order::
+
+                    sage: it = iter(cartesian_product([ZZ, GF(2)]))
+                    sage: [next(it) for _ in range(10)]
+                    [(0, 0), (0, 1),
+                     (1, 0), (1, 1),
+                     (-1, 0), (-1, 1),
+                     (2, 0), (2, 1),
+                     (-2, 0), (-2, 1)]
+
+                When other factors are infinite (or not known to be finite), it enumerates
+                the elements in increasing order of sum-of-ranks::
+
+                    sage: NN = NonNegativeIntegers()
+                    sage: it = iter(cartesian_product([NN, NN]))
+                    sage: [next(it) for _ in range(10)]
+                    [(0, 0),
+                     (1, 0), (0, 1),
+                     (2, 0), (1, 1), (0, 2),
+                     (3, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (0, 3)]
+
+                An example with the first factor finite, the second infinite::
+
+                    sage: it = iter(cartesian_product([GF(2), ZZ]))
+                    sage: [next(it) for _ in range(11)]
+                    [(0, 0),
+                     (1, 0), (0, 1),
+                     (1, 1), (0, -1),
+                     (1, -1), (0, 2),
+                     (1, 2), (0, -2),
+                     (1, -2), (0, 3)]
+
+                .. NOTE::
+
+                    Here it would be faster to use :func:`itertools.product` for sets
+                    of small size. But the latter expands all factor in memory!
+                    So we can not reasonably use it in general.
+
+                ALGORITHM:
+
+                The lexicographic enumeration follows Recipe 19.9 in the Python Cookbook
+                by Alex Martelli and David Ascher.
+                """
+                factors = list(self.cartesian_factors())
+                if any(f not in Sets().Finite() for f in factors[1:]):
+                    from sage.misc.mrange import cantor_product
+                    for t in cantor_product(*factors):
+                        yield self._cartesian_product_of_elements(t)
+                    return
+
+                # Lexicographic enumeration:
+                # visualize an odometer, with "wheels" displaying "digits"...:
+                wheels = [iter(f) for f in factors]
+                try:
+                    digits = [next(it) for it in wheels]
+                except StopIteration:
+                    return
+                while True:
+                    yield self._cartesian_product_of_elements(digits)
+                    for i in range(len(digits)-1, -1, -1):
+                        try:
+                            digits[i] = next(wheels[i])
+                            break
+                        except StopIteration:
+                            wheels[i] = iter(factors[i])
+                            try:
+                                digits[i] = next(wheels[i])
+                            except StopIteration:
+                                return
+                    else:
+                        break
+
+            @cached_method
+            def an_element(self):
+                """
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: C = Sets().CartesianProducts().example(); C
+                    The Cartesian product of (Set of prime numbers (basic implementation),
+                     An example of an infinite enumerated set: the nonnegative integers,
+                     An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3})
+                    sage: C.an_element()
+                    (47, 42, 1)
+                """
+                return self._cartesian_product_of_elements(s.an_element() for s in self._sets)
+
+            def is_empty(self):
+                r"""
+                Return whether this set is empty.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+
+                    sage: S1 = FiniteEnumeratedSet([1,2,3])
+                    sage: S2 = Set([])
+                    sage: cartesian_product([S1,ZZ]).is_empty()
+                    False
+                    sage: cartesian_product([S1,S2,S1]).is_empty()
+                    True
+
+                Even when some parent did not implement ``is_empty``,
+                as long as one element is nonempty, the result can be determined::
+
+                    sage: C = ConditionSet(QQ, lambda x: x > 0)
+                    sage: C.is_empty()
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    AttributeError...
+                    sage: cartesian_product([C,[]]).is_empty()
+                    True
+                    sage: cartesian_product([C,C]).is_empty()
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    NotImplementedError...
+                """
+                last_exception = None
+                for c in self.cartesian_factors():
+                    try:
+                        if c.is_empty():
+                            return True
+                    except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError) as e:
+                        last_exception = e
+                if last_exception is not None:
+                    raise NotImplementedError from last_exception
+                return False
+
+            def is_finite(self):
+                r"""
+                Return whether this set is finite.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: E = FiniteEnumeratedSet([1,2,3])
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([E, SymmetricGroup(4)])                 # needs sage.groups
+                    sage: C.is_finite()                                                 # needs sage.groups
+                    True
+
+                    sage: cartesian_product([ZZ,ZZ]).is_finite()
+                    False
+                    sage: cartesian_product([ZZ, Set(), ZZ]).is_finite()
+                    True
+
+                TESTS:
+
+                This should still work even if some parent does not implement
+                ``is_finite``::
+
+                    sage: known_infinite_set = ZZ
+                    sage: unknown_infinite_set = Set([1]) + ConditionSet(QQ, lambda x: x > 0)
+                    sage: unknown_infinite_set.is_empty()
+                    False
+                    sage: unknown_infinite_set.is_finite()
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    AttributeError...
+                    sage: cartesian_product([unknown_infinite_set, known_infinite_set]).is_finite()
+                    False
+                    sage: unknown_empty_set = ConditionSet(QQ, lambda x: False)
+                    sage: cartesian_product([known_infinite_set, unknown_empty_set]).is_finite()
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    NotImplementedError...
+                    sage: cartesian_product([unknown_infinite_set, Set([])]).is_finite()
+                    True
+                    sage: cartesian_product([Set([1, 2, 3]), Set([4, 5])]).is_finite()
+                    True
+                    sage: cartesian_product([unknown_infinite_set, unknown_infinite_set]).is_finite()
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    NotImplementedError...
+
+                Coverage test when one factor has emptiness unknown but result is finite::
+
+                    sage: s = ConditionSet(RR, lambda x: x^2 == 2, category=Sets().Finite())
+                    sage: s.is_finite()
+                    True
+                    sage: s.is_empty()
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    AttributeError...
+                    sage: cartesian_product([s, Set([1, 2, 3])]).is_finite()
+                    True
+                """
+                try:
+                    # Note: some parent might not implement "is_empty". So we
+                    # carefully isolate this test.
+                    if self.is_empty():
+                        return True
+                except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+                    # it is unknown whether some set may be empty
+                    if all(c.is_finite() for c in self.cartesian_factors()):
+                        return True
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+
+                # in this case, all sets are definitely nonempty
+                last_exception = None
+                for c in self.cartesian_factors():
+                    try:
+                        if not c.is_finite():
+                            return False
+                    except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError) as e:
+                        last_exception = e
+                if last_exception is not None:
+                    raise NotImplementedError from last_exception
+                return True
+
+            def cardinality(self):
+                r"""
+                Return the cardinality of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: E = FiniteEnumeratedSet([1,2,3])
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([E, SymmetricGroup(4)])                 # needs sage.groups
+                    sage: C.cardinality()                                               # needs sage.groups
+                    72
+
+                    sage: E = FiniteEnumeratedSet([])
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([E, ZZ, QQ])
+                    sage: C.cardinality()
+                    0
+
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([ZZ, QQ])
+                    sage: C.cardinality()
+                    +Infinity
+
+                    sage: cartesian_product([GF(5), Permutations(10)]).cardinality()
+                    18144000
+                    sage: cartesian_product([GF(71)]*20).cardinality() == 71**20
+                    True
+                """
+                f = self.cartesian_factors()
+
+                try:
+                    # Note: some parent might not implement "is_empty". So we
+                    # carefully isolate this test.
+                    is_empty = any(c.is_empty() for c in f)
+                except (AttributeError,NotImplementedError):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if is_empty:
+                        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+                        return ZZ.zero()
+                    elif any(c in Sets().Infinite() for c in f):
+                        from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
+                        return Infinity
+
+                from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+                return prod(c.cardinality() for c in f)
+
+            def random_element(self, *args):
+                r"""
+                Return a random element of this Cartesian product.
+
+                The extra arguments are passed down to each of the
+                factors of the Cartesian product.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([Permutations(10)]*5)
+                    sage: C.random_element()           # random
+                    ([2, 9, 4, 7, 1, 8, 6, 10, 5, 3],
+                     [8, 6, 5, 7, 1, 4, 9, 3, 10, 2],
+                     [5, 10, 3, 8, 2, 9, 1, 4, 7, 6],
+                     [9, 6, 10, 3, 2, 1, 5, 8, 7, 4],
+                     [8, 5, 2, 9, 10, 3, 7, 1, 4, 6])
+
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([ZZ]*10)
+                    sage: c1 = C.random_element()
+                    sage: c1                   # random
+                    (3, 1, 4, 1, 1, -3, 0, -4, -17, 2)
+                    sage: c2 = C.random_element(4,7)
+                    sage: c2                   # random
+                    (6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5)
+                    sage: all(4 <= i <= 7 for i in c2)
+                    True
+                """
+                return self._cartesian_product_of_elements(
+                    c.random_element(*args) for c in self.cartesian_factors())
+
+            @abstract_method
+            def _sets_keys(self):
+                """
+                Return the indices of the Cartesian factors of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: cartesian_product([QQ, ZZ, ZZ])._sets_keys()
+                    {0, 1, 2}
+                """
+
+            @abstract_method
+            def cartesian_factors(self):
+                """
+                Return the Cartesian factors of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: cartesian_product([QQ, ZZ, ZZ]).cartesian_factors()
+                    (Rational Field, Integer Ring, Integer Ring)
+                """
+
+            @abstract_method
+            def cartesian_projection(self, i):
+                """
+                Return the natural projection onto the `i`-th
+                Cartesian factor of ``self``.
+
+                INPUT:
+
+                - ``i`` -- the index of a Cartesian factor of ``self``
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: C = Sets().CartesianProducts().example(); C
+                    The Cartesian product of (Set of prime numbers (basic implementation),
+                     An example of an infinite enumerated set: the nonnegative integers,
+                     An example of a finite enumerated set: {1,2,3})
+                    sage: x = C.an_element(); x
+                    (47, 42, 1)
+                    sage: pi = C.cartesian_projection(1)
+                    sage: pi(x)
+                    42
+                """
+
+            def construction(self):
+                """
+                The construction functor and the list of Cartesian factors.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product([QQ, ZZ, ZZ])
+                    sage: C.construction()
+                    (The cartesian_product functorial construction,
+                    (Rational Field, Integer Ring, Integer Ring))
+                """
+                return cartesian_product, self.cartesian_factors()
+
+            @abstract_method
+            def _cartesian_product_of_elements(self, elements):
+                """
+                Return the Cartesian product of the given ``elements``.
+
+                This method should accept any iterable.
+
+                INPUT:
+
+                - ``elements`` -- an iterable (e.g. a tuple or a list) of
+                  elements of each Cartesian factor of ``self``
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: S1 = Sets().example()
+                    sage: S2 = InfiniteEnumeratedSets().example()
+                    sage: X = [S2, S1, S2]
+                    sage: C = cartesian_product(X)
+                    sage: C._cartesian_product_of_elements([S.an_element() for S in X])
+                    (42, 47, 42)
+                    sage: C._cartesian_product_of_elements(S.an_element() for S in X)
+                    (42, 47, 42)
+                """
+
+            def _sympy_(self):
+                """
+                Return a SymPy ``ProductSet`` corresponding to ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: ZZ3 = cartesian_product([ZZ, ZZ, ZZ])
+                    sage: sZZ3 = ZZ3._sympy_(); sZZ3                                    # needs sympy
+                    ProductSet(Integers, Integers, Integers)
+                    sage: (1, 2, 3) in sZZ3                                             # needs sympy
+                    True
+                """
+                from sympy import ProductSet
+                from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+                sympy_init()
+                return ProductSet(*self.cartesian_factors())
+
+        class ElementMethods:
+
+            def cartesian_projection(self, i):
+                """
+                Return the projection of ``self`` onto the `i`-th
+                factor of the Cartesian product.
+
+                INPUT:
+
+                - ``i`` -- the index of a factor of the Cartesian product
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.modules
+                    sage: F = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [4,5]); F.rename('F')
+                    sage: G = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [4,6]); G.rename('G')
+                    sage: S = cartesian_product([F, G])
+                    sage: x = (S.monomial((0,4)) + 2 * S.monomial((0,5))
+                    ....:      + 3 * S.monomial((1,6)))
+                    sage: x.cartesian_projection(0)
+                    B[4] + 2*B[5]
+                    sage: x.cartesian_projection(1)
+                    3*B[6]
+                """
+                return self.parent().cartesian_projection(i)(self)
+
+            def cartesian_factors(self):
+                """
+                Return the Cartesian factors of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.modules
+                    sage: F = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [4,5]); F.rename('F')
+                    sage: G = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [4,6]); G.rename('G')
+                    sage: H = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [4,7]); H.rename('H')
+                    sage: S = cartesian_product([F, G, H])
+                    sage: x = (S.monomial((0,4)) + 2 * S.monomial((0,5))
+                    ....:      + 3 * S.monomial((1,6)) + 4 * S.monomial((2,4))
+                    ....:      + 5 * S.monomial((2,7)))
+                    sage: x.cartesian_factors()
+                    (B[4] + 2*B[5], 3*B[6], 4*B[4] + 5*B[7])
+                    sage: [s.parent() for s in x.cartesian_factors()]
+                    [F, G, H]
+                    sage: S.zero().cartesian_factors()
+                    (0, 0, 0)
+                    sage: [s.parent() for s in S.zero().cartesian_factors()]
+                    [F, G, H]
+                """
+                # TODO: optimize
+                return tuple(self.cartesian_projection(i)
+                             for i in self.parent()._sets_keys())
+                #return Family(self._sets.keys(), self.projection)
+
+    class Algebras(AlgebrasCategory):
+
+        def extra_super_categories(self):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().Algebras(ZZ).super_categories()
+                [Category of modules with basis over Integer Ring]
+
+                sage: Sets().Algebras(QQ).extra_super_categories()
+                [Category of vector spaces with basis over Rational Field]
+
+                sage: Sets().example().algebra(ZZ).categories()                         # needs sage.modules
+                [Category of set algebras over Integer Ring,
+                 Category of modules with basis over Integer Ring,
+                 ...
+                 Category of objects]
+            """
+            from sage.categories.modules_with_basis import ModulesWithBasis
+            return [ModulesWithBasis(self.base_ring())]
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+            def construction(self):
+                r"""
+                Return the functorial construction of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = GroupAlgebra(KleinFourGroup(), QQ)                        # needs sage.groups sage.modules
+                    sage: F, arg = A.construction(); F, arg                             # needs sage.groups sage.modules
+                    (GroupAlgebraFunctor, Rational Field)
+                    sage: F(arg) is A                                                   # needs sage.groups sage.modules
+                    True
+
+                This also works for structures such as monoid algebras (see
+                :issue:`27937`)::
+
+                    sage: A = FreeAbelianMonoid('x,y').algebra(QQ)                      # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    sage: F, arg = A.construction(); F, arg                             # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    (The algebra functorial construction,
+                     Free abelian monoid on 2 generators (x, y))
+                    sage: F(arg) is A                                                   # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    True
+                """
+                from sage.categories.algebra_functor import (
+                        GroupAlgebraFunctor, AlgebraFunctor)
+                try:
+                    group = self.group()
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return (AlgebraFunctor(self.base_ring()),
+                            self.basis().keys())
+                return GroupAlgebraFunctor(group), self.base_ring()
+
+            def _repr_(self):
+                r"""
+                Return the string representation of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.groups sage.modules
+                    sage: A = Groups().example().algebra(QQ); A
+                    Algebra of General Linear Group of degree 4 over Rational Field
+                     over Rational Field
+                    sage: A._name = "foo"
+                    sage: A
+                    foo over Rational Field
+                    sage: A = KleinFourGroup().algebra(ZZ)
+                    sage: A
+                    Algebra of The Klein 4 group of order 4, as a permutation group
+                     over Integer Ring
+                """
+                if hasattr(self, "_name"):
+                    return self._name + " over {}".format(self.base_ring())
+                else:
+                    return 'Algebra of {} over {}'.format(self.basis().keys(),
+                                                          self.base_ring())
+
+    class WithRealizations(WithRealizationsCategory):
+
+        def extra_super_categories(self):
+            """
+            A set with multiple realizations is a facade parent.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().WithRealizations().extra_super_categories()
+                [Category of facade sets]
+                sage: Sets().WithRealizations().super_categories()
+                [Category of facade sets]
+            """
+            return [Sets().Facade()]
+
+        def example(self, base_ring=None, set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return an example of set with multiple realizations, as
+            per :meth:`Category.example`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sets().WithRealizations().example()                               # needs sage.modules
+                The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+
+                sage: Sets().WithRealizations().example(ZZ, Set([1,2]))                 # needs sage.modules
+                The subset algebra of {1, 2} over Integer Ring
+            """
+            from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+            from sage.sets.set import Set
+            if base_ring is None:
+                base_ring = QQ
+            if set is None:
+                set = Set([1,2,3])
+            from sage.categories.examples.with_realizations import SubsetAlgebra
+            return SubsetAlgebra(base_ring, set)
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+
+            def _test_with_realizations(self, **options):
+                r"""
+                Test that this parent with realizations is
+                properly implemented.
+
+                INPUT:
+
+                - ``options`` -- any keyword arguments accepted
+                  by :meth:`_tester`
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example()                       # needs sage.modules
+                    sage: A._test_with_realizations()                                   # needs sage.modules
+
+                See the documentation for :class:`TestSuite`
+                for more information.
+                """
+                tester = self._tester(**options)
+                for R in self.realizations():
+                    tester.assertIn(R, self.Realizations())
+                # Could check that there are coerce maps between any two realizations
+
+            @lazy_attribute
+            def _realizations(self):
+                """
+                This lazily initializes the attribute
+                ``_realizations`` the first time it is needed.
+
+                TESTS::
+
+                    sage: class MyParent(Parent):
+                    ....:    pass
+                    sage: P = MyParent(category = Sets().WithRealizations())
+                    sage: P._realizations
+                    []
+                """
+                return []
+
+            def _register_realization(self, realization):
+                """
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(QQ['x']); A
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3}
+                     over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+                    sage: class ANewRealizationOfA(CombinatorialFreeModule):
+                    ....:     pass
+                    sage: category = A.Realizations() & Algebras(QQ['x']).WithBasis()
+                    sage: R = ANewRealizationOfA(A.base_ring(), A.F().basis().keys(),
+                    ....:                        category=category)
+                    sage: R in A.realizations()  # indirect doctest
+                    True
+
+                Note: the test above uses ``QQ[x]`` to not interfere
+                with other tests.
+                """
+                assert realization.realization_of() is self
+                self._realizations.append(realization)
+
+            def inject_shorthands(self, shorthands=None, verbose=True):
+                """
+                Import standard shorthands into the global namespace.
+
+                INPUT:
+
+                - ``shorthands`` -- list (or iterable) of strings
+                  (default: ``self._shorthands``)
+                  or ``'all'`` (for ``self._shorthands_all``)
+                - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``True``);
+                   whether to print the defined shorthands
+
+                EXAMPLES:
+
+                When computing with a set with multiple realizations,
+                like :class:`SymmetricFunctions` or
+                :class:`~sage.categories.examples.with_realizations.SubsetAlgebra`,
+                it is convenient to define shorthands for the various
+                realizations, but cumbersome to do it by hand::
+
+                    sage: S = SymmetricFunctions(ZZ); S                                 # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring
+                    sage: s = S.s(); s                                                  # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the Schur basis
+                    sage: e = S.e(); e                                                  # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the elementary basis
+
+                This method automates the process::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    sage: S.inject_shorthands()
+                    Defining e as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the elementary basis
+                    Defining f as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the forgotten basis
+                    Defining h as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the homogeneous basis
+                    Defining m as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the monomial basis
+                    Defining p as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the powersum basis
+                    Defining s as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the Schur basis
+                    sage: s[1] + e[2] * p[1,1] + 2*h[3] + m[2,1]
+                    s[1] - 2*s[1, 1, 1] + s[1, 1, 1, 1] + s[2, 1]
+                    + 2*s[2, 1, 1] + s[2, 2] + 2*s[3] + s[3, 1]
+                    sage: e
+                    Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the elementary basis
+                    sage: p
+                    Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the powersum basis
+                    sage: s
+                    Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the Schur basis
+
+                Sometimes, like for symmetric functions, one can
+                request for all shorthands to be defined, including
+                less common ones::
+
+                    sage: S.inject_shorthands("all")                                    # needs lrcalc_python sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    Defining e as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the elementary basis
+                    Defining f as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the forgotten basis
+                    Defining h as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the homogeneous basis
+                    Defining ht as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the
+                      induced trivial symmetric group character basis
+                    Defining m as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the monomial basis
+                    Defining o as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the orthogonal basis
+                    Defining p as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the powersum basis
+                    Defining s as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the Schur basis
+                    Defining sp as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the symplectic basis
+                    Defining st as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the
+                      irreducible symmetric group character basis
+                    Defining w as shorthand for
+                     Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the Witt basis
+
+                The messages can be silenced by setting ``verbose=False``::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    sage: Q = QuasiSymmetricFunctions(ZZ)
+                    sage: Q.inject_shorthands(verbose=False)
+                    sage: F[1,2,1] + 5*M[1,3] + F[2]^2
+                    5*F[1, 1, 1, 1] - 5*F[1, 1, 2] - 3*F[1, 2, 1] + 6*F[1, 3] +
+                    2*F[2, 2] + F[3, 1] + F[4]
+                    sage: F
+                    Quasisymmetric functions over the Integer Ring in the
+                     Fundamental basis
+                    sage: M
+                    Quasisymmetric functions over the Integer Ring in the
+                     Monomial basis
+
+                One can also just import a subset of the shorthands::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    sage: SQ = SymmetricFunctions(QQ)
+                    sage: SQ.inject_shorthands(['p', 's'], verbose=False)
+                    sage: p
+                    Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the powersum basis
+                    sage: s
+                    Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the Schur basis
+
+                Note that ``e`` is left unchanged::
+
+                    sage: e                                                             # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    Symmetric Functions over Integer Ring in the elementary basis
+
+                TESTS::
+
+                    sage: e == S.e(), h == S.h(), m == S.m(), p == SQ.p(), s == SQ.s()  # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    (True, True, True, True, True)
+                """
+                from sage.misc.misc import inject_variable
+                if shorthands == 'all':
+                    shorthands = getattr(self, '_shorthands_all', None)
+                if shorthands is None:
+                    shorthands = getattr(self, '_shorthands', None)
+                    if shorthands is None:
+                        raise NotImplementedError("no shorthands defined for {}".format(self))
+                for shorthand in shorthands:
+                    realization = getattr(self, shorthand)()
+                    if verbose:
+                        print('Defining {} as shorthand for {}'.format(shorthand, realization))
+                    inject_variable(shorthand, realization, warn=False)
+
+            @abstract_method(optional=True)
+            def a_realization(self):
+                """
+                Return a realization of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                    # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: A.a_realization()                                             # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                     in the Fundamental basis
+                """
+
+            def realizations(self):
+                """
+                Return all the realizations of ``self`` that ``self``
+                is aware of.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                    # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: A.realizations()                                              # needs sage.modules
+                    [The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the Fundamental basis,
+                     The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the In basis,
+                     The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the Out basis]
+
+                .. NOTE::
+
+                    Constructing a parent ``P`` in the category
+                    ``A.Realizations()`` automatically adds ``P`` to
+                    this list by calling ``A._register_realization(A)``
+                """
+                return self._realizations
+
+            def facade_for(self):
+                """
+                Return the parents ``self`` is a facade for, that is
+                the realizations of ``self``
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                    # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: A.facade_for()                                                # needs sage.modules
+                    [The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the Fundamental basis,
+                     The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the In basis,
+                     The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the Out basis]
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: f = A.F().an_element(); f
+                    F[{}] + 2*F[{1}] + 3*F[{2}] + F[{1, 2}]
+                    sage: i = A.In().an_element(); i
+                    In[{}] + 2*In[{1}] + 3*In[{2}] + In[{1, 2}]
+                    sage: o = A.Out().an_element(); o
+                    Out[{}] + 2*Out[{1}] + 3*Out[{2}] + Out[{1, 2}]
+                    sage: f in A, i in A, o in A
+                    (True, True, True)
+                """
+                return self.realizations()
+
+            # Do we really want this feature?
+            class Realizations(Category_realization_of_parent):
+
+                def super_categories(self):
+                    """
+                    EXAMPLES::
+
+                        sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                # needs sage.modules
+                        The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                        sage: A.Realizations().super_categories()                       # needs sage.modules
+                        [Category of realizations of sets]
+                    """
+                    return [Sets().Realizations()]
+
+            def _an_element_(self):
+                """
+                Return an element of some realization of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                    # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: A.an_element()        # indirect doctest                      # needs sage.modules
+                    F[{}] + 2*F[{1}] + 3*F[{2}] + F[{1, 2}]
+
+                TESTS:
+
+                Check that we are consistent no matter which basis is
+                created first::
+
+                    sage: M = posets.BooleanLattice(4).moebius_algebra(QQ)              # needs sage.graphs sage.modules
+                    sage: I = M.I()                                                     # needs sage.graphs sage.modules
+                    sage: M._an_element_()                                              # needs sage.graphs sage.modules
+                    2*E[0] + 2*E[1] + 3*E[2]
+                """
+                return self.a_realization().an_element()
+
+            # TODO: maybe this could be taken care of by Sets.Facade()?
+            def __contains__(self, x):
+                r"""
+                Test whether ``x`` is in ``self``, that is if it is an
+                element of some realization of ``self``.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: A.an_element() in A
+                    True
+                    sage: A.In().an_element() in A
+                    True
+                    sage: A.F().an_element() in A
+                    True
+                    sage: A.Out().an_element() in A
+                    True
+                    sage: 1 in A
+                    True
+                    sage: QQ['x'].an_element() in A
+                    False
+                """
+                return any(x in realization for realization in self.realizations())
+
+    class Realizations(RealizationsCategory):
+
+        class ParentMethods:
+
+            def __init_extra__(self):
+                """
+                Register ``self`` as a realization of ``self.realization_of``.
+
+                TESTS::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example()                       # needs sage.modules
+                    sage: A.realizations()    # indirect doctest                        # needs sage.modules
+                    [The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the Fundamental basis,
+                     The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the In basis,
+                     The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the Out basis]
+                """
+                self.realization_of()._register_realization(self)
+
+            @cached_method
+            def realization_of(self):
+                """
+                Return the parent this is a realization of.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                    # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: In = A.In(); In                                               # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the In basis
+                    sage: In.realization_of()                                           # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                """
+                for category in self.categories():
+                    if isinstance(category, Category_realization_of_parent):
+                        return category.base()
+
+            def _realization_name(self):
+                """
+                Return the name of this realization.
+
+                In this default implementation, this is guessed from
+                the name of its class.
+
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                    # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: In = A.In(); In                                               # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the In basis
+                    sage: In._realization_name()                                        # needs sage.modules
+                    'In'
+                """
+                # The __base__ gets rid of the with_category
+                # The split adds support for nested classes
+                return self.__class__.__base__.__name__.split('.')[-1]
+
+            def _repr_(self):
+                """
+                EXAMPLES::
+
+                    sage: A = Sets().WithRealizations().example(); A                    # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+                    sage: In = A.In(); In                                               # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the In basis
+
+                In the example above, :meth:`repr` was overridden by
+                the category ``A.Realizations()``. We now add a new
+                (fake) realization which is not in
+                ``A.Realizations()`` to actually exercise this
+                method::
+
+                    sage: from sage.categories.realizations import Realizations
+                    sage: class Blah(Parent):
+                    ....:     pass
+                    sage: C = Sets.WithRealizations.ParentMethods.Realizations(A)       # needs sage.modules
+                    sage: P = Blah(category=C)                                          # needs sage.modules
+                    sage: P     # indirect doctest                                      # needs sage.modules
+                    The subset algebra of {1, 2, 3} over Rational Field in the realization Blah
+                """
+                return "{} in the realization {}".format(self.realization_of(), self._realization_name())
+
+
+# Moved from sage.categories.cartesian_product to avoid circular import errors
+cartesian_product = CartesianProductFunctor()