passagemath-linbox 10.6.32__cp313-cp313-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/matrix/matrix_mod2_dense.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,2789 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-linbox
+# distutils: libraries = M4RI_LIBRARIES GDLIB_LIBRARIES LIBPNG_LIBRARIES ZLIB_LIBRARIES
+# distutils: library_dirs = M4RI_LIBDIR GDLIB_LIBDIR LIBPNG_LIBDIR ZLIB_LIBDIR
+# distutils: include_dirs = M4RI_INCDIR GDLIB_INCDIR LIBPNG_INCDIR ZLIB_INCDIR
+# distutils: extra_compile_args = M4RI_CFLAGS
+"""
+Dense matrices over GF(2) using the M4RI library
+
+AUTHOR: Martin Albrecht <malb@informatik.uni-bremen.de>
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: a = matrix(GF(2),3,range(9),sparse=False); a
+    [0 1 0]
+    [1 0 1]
+    [0 1 0]
+    sage: a.rank()
+    2
+    sage: type(a)
+    <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense.Matrix_mod2_dense'>
+    sage: a[0,0] = 1
+    sage: a.rank()
+    3
+    sage: parent(a)
+    Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 2
+
+    sage: a^2
+    [0 1 1]
+    [1 0 0]
+    [1 0 1]
+    sage: a+a
+    [0 0 0]
+    [0 0 0]
+    [0 0 0]
+
+    sage: b = a.new_matrix(2,3,range(6)); b
+    [0 1 0]
+    [1 0 1]
+
+    sage: a*b
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    TypeError: unsupported operand parent(s) for *: 'Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 2' and 'Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 2'
+    sage: b*a
+    [1 0 1]
+    [1 0 0]
+
+    sage: TestSuite(a).run()
+    sage: TestSuite(b).run()
+
+    sage: a.echelonize(); a
+    [1 0 0]
+    [0 1 0]
+    [0 0 1]
+    sage: b.echelonize(); b
+    [1 0 1]
+    [0 1 0]
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: FF = FiniteField(2)
+    sage: V = VectorSpace(FF,2)
+    sage: v = V([0,1]); v
+    (0, 1)
+    sage: W = V.subspace([v])
+    sage: W
+    Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
+    Basis matrix:
+    [0 1]
+    sage: v in W
+    True
+
+    sage: M = Matrix(GF(2), [[1,1,0],[0,1,0]])
+    sage: M.row_space()
+    Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+    Basis matrix:
+    [1 0 0]
+    [0 1 0]
+
+    sage: M = Matrix(GF(2), [[1,1,0],[0,0,1]])
+    sage: M.row_space()
+    Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+    Basis matrix:
+    [1 1 0]
+    [0 0 1]
+
+.. TODO::
+
+    - make LinBox frontend and use it
+
+        - charpoly ?
+        - minpoly ?
+
+    - make Matrix_modn_frontend and use it (?)
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2004,2005,2006 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009 Martin Albrecht <M.R.Albrecht@rhul.ac.uk>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from cysignals.memory cimport check_malloc, sig_free
+from cysignals.signals cimport sig_on, sig_str, sig_off
+
+cimport sage.matrix.matrix_dense as matrix_dense
+from sage.matrix.args cimport SparseEntry, MatrixArgs_init, MA_ENTRIES_NDARRAY
+from libc.stdio cimport *
+from sage.structure.element cimport (Matrix, Vector)
+from sage.modules.free_module_element cimport FreeModuleElement
+from sage.libs.gmp.random cimport *
+from sage.misc.randstate cimport randstate, current_randstate
+from sage.misc.verbose import verbose, get_verbose
+VectorSpace = None
+from sage.modules.vector_mod2_dense cimport Vector_mod2_dense
+from sage.structure.richcmp cimport rich_to_bool
+from sage.cpython.string cimport char_to_str
+from sage.cpython.string import FS_ENCODING
+
+cdef extern from "gd.h":
+    ctypedef struct gdImagePtr "gdImagePtr":
+        pass
+
+    gdImagePtr gdImageCreateFromPng(FILE *f)
+    gdImagePtr gdImageCreateFromPngPtr(int size, void *s)
+    gdImagePtr gdImageCreate(int x, int y)
+    void gdImagePng(gdImagePtr im, FILE *out)
+    void *gdImagePngPtr(gdImagePtr im, int *size)
+    void gdImageDestroy(gdImagePtr im)
+    int gdImageSX(gdImagePtr im)
+    int gdImageSY(gdImagePtr im)
+    int gdImageGetPixel(gdImagePtr im, int x, int y)
+    void gdImageSetPixel(gdImagePtr im, int x, int y, int value)
+    int gdImageColorAllocate(gdImagePtr im, int r, int g, int b)
+    void gdImageFilledRectangle(gdImagePtr im, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int color)
+    void gdFree(void *m)
+
+
+# Construct global Gray code tables
+m4ri_build_all_codes()
+import atexit
+atexit.register(m4ri_destroy_all_codes)
+
+cdef class Matrix_mod2_dense(matrix_dense.Matrix_dense):   # dense or sparse
+    """
+    Dense matrix over GF(2).
+    """
+    def __cinit__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS:
+
+        See :issue:`10858`::
+
+            sage: matrix(GF(2),0,[]) * vector(GF(2),0,[])
+            ()
+
+        Large matrices fail gracefully::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(GF(2), 1, 2^40).zero()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            OverflowError: ...
+            sage: MatrixSpace(GF(2), 2^40, 1).zero()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            OverflowError: ...
+
+        Allocation fails if a memory limit is set (Linux only) lower
+        than is needed to construct a matrix but still high enough
+        that it doesn't crash the rest of SageMath::
+
+            sage: from platform import system
+            sage: import resource
+            sage: orig_soft, orig_hard = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS)
+            sage: if system() != "Linux":
+            ....:     raise RuntimeError("matrix allocation failed")
+            ....: else:
+            ....:     four_GiB = 4*1024^3
+            ....:     resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS, (four_GiB, orig_hard))
+            ....:     MatrixSpace(GF(2), 2^30)(1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: matrix allocation failed
+            sage: resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS, (orig_soft, orig_hard))
+            sage: (orig_soft, orig_hard) == resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS)
+            True
+        """
+        # m4ri assumes that nrows and ncols are of type rci_t:
+        # check for overflow
+        cdef rci_t rci_nrows = self._nrows
+        cdef rci_t rci_ncols = self._ncols
+        if <Py_ssize_t>(rci_nrows) != self._nrows:
+            raise OverflowError(f"matrices with {self._nrows} rows over {self._base_ring} are not supported")
+        if <Py_ssize_t>(rci_ncols) != self._ncols:
+            raise OverflowError(f"matrices with {self._ncols} columns over {self._base_ring} are not supported")
+
+        sig_str("matrix allocation failed")
+        self._entries = mzd_init(self._nrows, self._ncols)
+        sig_off()
+
+        # cache elements
+        self._zero = self._base_ring(0)
+        self._one = self._base_ring(1)
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        if self._entries:
+            mzd_free(self._entries)
+            self._entries = NULL
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, entries=None, copy=None, bint coerce=True):
+        """
+        Construct a dense matrix over GF(2).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parent`` -- a matrix space over ``GF(2)``
+
+        - ``entries`` -- see :func:`matrix`
+
+        - ``copy`` -- ignored (for backwards compatibility)
+
+        - ``coerce`` -- if ``False``, assume without checking that the
+          entries lie in the base ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: type(random_matrix(GF(2),2,2))
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense.Matrix_mod2_dense'>
+
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),3,3,1)
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),2,2,[1,1,1,0])
+            [1 1]
+            [1 0]
+
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),2,2,4)
+            [0 0]
+            [0 0]
+
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),1,1, 1/3)
+            [1]
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),1,1, [1/3])
+            [1]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            []
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),2,0)
+            []
+            sage: Matrix(GF(2),0,2)
+            []
+
+        Make sure construction from numpy array is reasonably fast::
+
+            sage: # needs numpy
+            sage: import numpy as np
+            sage: n = 5000
+            sage: M = matrix(GF(2), np.random.randint(0, 2, (n, n)))  # around 700ms
+
+        Unsupported numpy data types (slower but still works)::
+
+            sage: # needs numpy
+            sage: n = 100
+            sage: M = matrix(GF(2), np.random.randint(0, 2, (n, n)).astype(np.float32))
+        """
+        ma = MatrixArgs_init(parent, entries)
+        if ma.get_type() == MA_ENTRIES_NDARRAY:
+            from ..modules.numpy_util import set_matrix_mod2_from_numpy
+            if set_matrix_mod2_from_numpy(self, ma.entries):
+                return
+        for t in ma.iter(coerce, True):
+            se = <SparseEntry>t
+            mzd_write_bit(self._entries, se.i, se.j, se.entry)
+
+    cdef long _hash_(self) except -1:
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: B.set_immutable()
+            sage: _ = {B:0} # indirect doctest
+            sage: M = random_matrix(GF(2), 123, 321)
+            sage: M.set_immutable()
+            sage: MZ = M.change_ring(ZZ)
+            sage: MZ.set_immutable()
+            sage: hash(M) == hash(MZ)
+            True
+            sage: MS = M.sparse_matrix()
+            sage: MS.set_immutable()
+            sage: hash(M) == hash(MS)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),2,0)
+            sage: hash(A)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: mutable matrices are unhashable
+            sage: A.set_immutable()
+            sage: hash(A)
+            0
+
+        Check that there are no collisions for all matrices up to 4x4,
+        except for the zero matrix and the scalar matrix 1::
+
+            sage: L = []
+            sage: for nr in [1, 2, 3, 4]:  # long time
+            ....:     for nc in [1, 2, 3, 4]:
+            ....:         MS = MatrixSpace(GF(2), nr, nc)
+            ....:         for M in MS:
+            ....:             if (M == 0) or (M == 1): continue
+            ....:             M.set_immutable()
+            ....:             L.append(hash(M))
+            sage: len(L)  # long time
+            74934
+            sage: len(set(L))  # long time
+            74934
+        """
+        cdef long C[5]
+        self.get_hash_constants(C)
+
+        cdef long h = 0, k, l
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i, j
+        sig_on()
+        for i in range(self._nrows):
+            k = C[0] if i == 0 else C[1] + C[2] * i
+            for j in range(self._ncols):
+                if mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i, j):
+                    l = C[3] * (i - j) * (i ^ j)
+                    h += (k ^ l)
+        h *= C[4]
+        sig_off()
+
+        if h == -1:
+            return -2
+        return h
+
+    # this exists for compatibility with matrix_modn_dense
+    cdef void set_unsafe_int(self, Py_ssize_t i, Py_ssize_t j, int value) noexcept:
+        """
+        Set the (i,j) entry of ``self`` to the int value.
+        """
+        mzd_write_bit(self._entries, i, j, int(value))
+
+    cdef set_unsafe(self, Py_ssize_t i, Py_ssize_t j, value):
+        mzd_write_bit(self._entries, i, j, int(value))
+
+    cdef get_unsafe(self, Py_ssize_t i, Py_ssize_t j):
+        if mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i, j):
+            return self._one
+        else:
+            return self._zero
+
+    def str(self, rep_mapping=None, zero=None, plus_one=None, minus_one=None,
+            *, unicode=False, shape=None, character_art=False,
+            left_border=None, right_border=None,
+            top_border=None, bottom_border=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a nice string representation of the matrix.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``rep_mapping`` -- dictionary or callable used to override
+          the usual representation of elements.  For a dictionary,
+          keys should be elements of the base ring and values the
+          desired string representation.
+
+        - ``zero`` -- string (default: ``None``); if not ``None`` use
+          the value of ``zero`` as the representation of the zero
+          element.
+
+        - ``plus_one`` -- string (default: ``None``); if not ``None``
+          use the value of ``plus_one`` as the representation of the
+          one element.
+
+        - ``minus_one`` -- ignored.  Only for compatibility with
+          generic matrices.
+
+        - ``unicode`` -- boolean (default: ``False``);
+          whether to use Unicode symbols instead of ASCII symbols
+          for brackets and subdivision lines
+
+        - ``shape`` -- one of ``'square'`` or ``'round'`` (default: ``None``).
+          Switches between round and square brackets.
+          The default depends on the setting of the ``unicode`` keyword
+          argument. For Unicode symbols, the default is round brackets
+          in accordance with the TeX rendering,
+          while the ASCII rendering defaults to square brackets.
+
+        - ``character_art`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the
+          result will be of type :class:`~sage.typeset.ascii_art.AsciiArt` or
+          :class:`~sage.typeset.unicode_art.UnicodeArt` which support line
+          breaking of wide matrices that exceed the window width
+
+        - ``left_border``, ``right_border`` -- sequence (default: ``None``);
+          if not ``None``, call :func:`str` on the elements and use the
+          results as labels for the rows of the matrix. The labels appear
+          outside of the parentheses.
+
+        - ``top_border``, ``bottom_border`` -- sequence (default: ``None``);
+          if not ``None``, call :func:`str` on the elements and use the
+          results as labels for the columns of the matrix. The labels appear
+          outside of the parentheses.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = matrix(GF(2), 3, 3, [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: B  # indirect doctest
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: block_matrix([[B, 1], [0, B]])
+            [0 1 0|1 0 0]
+            [0 1 1|0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0|0 0 1]
+            [-----+-----]
+            [0 0 0|0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0|0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0|0 0 0]
+            sage: B.str(zero='.')
+            '[. 1 .]\n[. 1 1]\n[. . .]'
+
+            sage: M = matrix.identity(GF(2), 3)
+            sage: M.subdivide(None, 2)
+            sage: print(M.str(unicode=True, shape='square'))
+            ⎡1 0│0⎤
+            ⎢0 1│0⎥
+            ⎣0 0│1⎦
+            sage: print(unicode_art(M))  # indirect doctest
+            ⎛1 0│0⎞
+            ⎜0 1│0⎟
+            ⎝0 0│1⎠
+        """
+        # Set the mapping based on keyword arguments
+        # We ignore minus_one (it's only there for compatibility with Matrix)
+        if (rep_mapping is not None or zero is not None or plus_one is not None
+                or unicode or shape is not None or character_art
+                or left_border is not None or right_border is not None
+                or top_border is not None or bottom_border is not None):
+            # Shunt mappings off to the generic code since they might not be
+            # single characters
+            return matrix_dense.Matrix_dense.str(self, rep_mapping=rep_mapping,
+                                                 zero=zero, plus_one=plus_one,
+                                                 unicode=unicode, shape=shape,
+                                                 character_art=character_art,
+                                                 left_border=left_border,
+                                                 right_border=right_border,
+                                                 top_border=top_border,
+                                                 bottom_border=bottom_border)
+
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            return "[]"
+
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i,j, last_i
+        cdef list s = []
+        empty_row = b' '*(self._ncols*2-1)
+        cdef char *row_s
+        cdef char *div_s
+
+        cdef list row_div, col_div
+        if self._subdivisions is not None:
+            row_s = empty_row
+            div_s = row_divider = b'[' + (b'-' * (self._ncols*2-1)) + b']'
+            row_div, col_div = self.subdivisions()
+            last_i = 0
+            for i in col_div:
+                if i == last_i or i == self._ncols:
+                    # Adjacent column divisions messy, use generic code
+                    return matrix_dense.Matrix_dense.str(self, rep_mapping)
+                row_s[2*i-1] = c'|'
+                div_s[2*i] = c'+'
+                last_i = i
+
+        for i in range(self._nrows):
+            row_s = row = b'[' + empty_row + b']'
+            for j in range(self._ncols):
+                row_s[1+2*j] = c'0' + mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i, j)
+            s.append(row)
+
+        if self._subdivisions is not None:
+            for i in reversed(row_div):
+                s.insert(i, row_divider)
+
+        return (b"\n".join(s)).decode()
+
+    def row(self, Py_ssize_t i, from_list=False):
+        """
+        Return the ``i``-th row of this matrix as a vector.
+
+        This row is a dense vector if and only if the matrix is a dense
+        matrix.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        - ``from_list`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``,
+          returns the ``i``-th element of ``self.rows()`` (see
+          :func:`rows`), which may be faster, but requires building a
+          list of all rows the first time it is called after an entry
+          of the matrix is changed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: l = [GF(2).random_element() for _ in range(100)]
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 10, 10 , l)
+            sage: list(A.row(0)) == l[:10]
+            True
+            sage: list(A.row(-1)) == l[-10:]
+            True
+
+            sage: list(A.row(2, from_list=True)) == l[20:30]
+            True
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2),1,0)
+            sage: A.row(0)
+            ()
+        """
+        if self._nrows == 0:
+            raise IndexError("matrix has no rows")
+        if i >= self._nrows or i < -self._nrows:
+            raise IndexError("row index out of range")
+        if i < 0:
+            i = i + self._nrows
+        if from_list:
+            return self.rows(copy=False)[i]
+        cdef Vector_mod2_dense z = Vector_mod2_dense.__new__(Vector_mod2_dense)
+        global VectorSpace
+        if VectorSpace is None:
+            from sage.modules.free_module import VectorSpace
+        z._init(self._ncols, VectorSpace(self.base_ring(),self._ncols))
+        if self._ncols:
+            mzd_submatrix(z._entries, self._entries, i, 0, i+1, self._ncols)
+        return z
+
+    def columns(self, copy=True):
+        """
+        Return list of the columns of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``copy`` -- (default: ``True``) if True, return a copy so you can
+          modify it safely
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        An example with a small 3x3 matrix::
+
+            sage: M2 = Matrix(GF(2), [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1]])
+            sage: M2.columns()
+            [(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)]
+        """
+        x = self.fetch('columns')
+        if x is not None:
+            if copy: return list(x)
+            return x
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i
+
+        # Note: due to the way M4ri represents values, extracting rows
+        #       is fast, but columns are slow. Therefore we transpose
+        #       then take rows. For more information, see the issue
+        #       https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/38150
+        C = self.transpose().rows()
+
+        # Make the vectors immutable since we are caching them
+        for x in C:
+            x.set_immutable()
+
+        # cache result
+        self.cache('columns', C)
+        if copy:
+            return list(C)
+        return C
+
+    ########################################################################
+    # LEVEL 2 functionality
+    #   * def _pickle
+    #   * def _unpickle
+    #   * cdef _mul_
+    #   * cpdef _richcmp_
+    #   * _list -- list of underlying elements (need not be a copy)
+    #   * _dict -- sparse dictionary of underlying elements (need not be a copy)
+    ########################################################################
+    # def _pickle(self):
+    # def _unpickle(self, data, int version):   # use version >= 0
+
+    cpdef _add_(self, right):
+        """
+        Matrix addition.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``right`` -- matrix of dimension self.nrows() x self.ncols()
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10,10)
+            sage: A + A == Matrix(GF(2),10,10,0)
+            True
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),257,253)
+            sage: A + A == Matrix(GF(2),257,253,0) # indirect doctest
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),2,0)
+            sage: A+A
+            []
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),0,2)
+            sage: A+A
+            []
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: A+A
+            []
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A
+        A = Matrix_mod2_dense.__new__(Matrix_mod2_dense, self._parent, 0, 0, 0, alloc=False)
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            return A
+        A._entries = mzd_add(A._entries, self._entries,(<Matrix_mod2_dense>right)._entries)
+
+        return A
+
+    cpdef _sub_(self, right):
+        """
+        Matrix addition.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``right`` -- matrix of dimension self.nrows() x self.ncols()
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10,10)
+            sage: A - A == Matrix(GF(2),10,10,0)  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        return self._add_(right)
+
+    cdef _matrix_times_vector_(self, Vector v):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10^4,10^4)
+            sage: v0 = random_matrix(GF(2),10^4,1)
+            sage: v1 = v0.column(0)
+            sage: r0 = A*v0
+            sage: r1 = A*v1
+            sage: r0.column(0) == r1
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`19378` is fixed::
+
+            sage: m = matrix(GF(2), 11, 0)
+            sage: v = vector(GF(2), 0)
+            sage: m * v
+            (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        Add a test involving a nonsquare matrix::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10^4,10^3)
+            sage: v0 = random_matrix(GF(2),10^3,1)
+            sage: v1 = v0.column(0)
+            sage: r0 = A*v0
+            sage: r1 = A*v1
+            sage: r0.column(0) == r1
+            True
+
+        Check that :issue:`40167` is fixed::
+
+            sage: M = matrix(GF(2), [[1,1],[0,1]])
+            sage: v = vector(GF(2), [0, 1])
+            sage: V = span([v])             # one-dimensional subspace of GF(2)^2
+            sage: image_basis = [M * b for b in V.basis()]
+            sage: image = span(image_basis)
+            sage: image_basis[0] in image.basis()
+            True
+        """
+        cdef mzd_t *tmp
+        if (
+            self._nrows == self._ncols and
+            isinstance(v, Vector_mod2_dense) and
+            v.parent().rank() == self._ncols # check if the parent of v is full rank
+            ):
+            VS = v.parent()
+        else:
+            global VectorSpace
+            if VectorSpace is None:
+                from sage.modules.free_module import VectorSpace
+            VS = VectorSpace(self._base_ring, self._nrows)
+            if not isinstance(v, Vector_mod2_dense):
+                v = VS(v)
+        if self.ncols() != v.degree():
+            raise ArithmeticError("number of columns of matrix must equal degree of vector")
+
+        # If the vector is 0-dimensional, the result will be the 0-vector
+        if not self.ncols():
+            return VS.zero()
+        cdef Vector_mod2_dense c = Vector_mod2_dense.__new__(Vector_mod2_dense)
+        sig_str("matrix allocation failed")
+        c._init(self._nrows, VS)
+        if c._entries.nrows and c._entries.ncols:
+            tmp = mzd_init(self._nrows, 1)
+            _mzd_mul_naive(tmp, self._entries, (<Vector_mod2_dense>v)._entries, 0)
+            mzd_transpose(c._entries, tmp)
+            mzd_free(tmp)
+        sig_off()
+        return c
+
+    cdef _matrix_times_matrix_(self, Matrix right):
+        """
+        Matrix multiplication.
+
+        ALGORITHM: Uses the 'Method of the Four Russians
+        Multiplication', see :func:`_multiply_m4rm`.
+        """
+        if get_verbose() >= 2:
+            verbose('matrix multiply of %s x %s matrix by %s x %s matrix' % (
+                self._nrows, self._ncols, right._nrows, right._ncols))
+
+        return self._multiply_strassen(right, 0)
+
+    cpdef Matrix_mod2_dense _multiply_m4rm(Matrix_mod2_dense self, Matrix_mod2_dense right, int k):
+        """
+        Multiply matrices using the 'Method of the Four Russians
+        Multiplication' (M4RM) or Konrod's method.
+
+        The algorithm is based on an algorithm by Arlazarov, Dinic,
+        Kronrod, and Faradzev [ADKF1970]_ and appeared in [AHU1974]_. This
+        implementation is based on a description given in Gregory
+        Bard's 'Method of the Four Russians Inversion' paper [Bar06]_.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``right`` -- Matrix
+        - ``k`` -- parameter `k` for the Gray Code table size. If `k=0` a suitable
+          value is chosen by the function. (`0<= k <= 16`, default: 0)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+              sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), 4, 3, [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1] )
+              sage: B = Matrix(GF(2), 3, 4, [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0] )
+              sage: A
+              [0 0 0]
+              [0 1 0]
+              [0 1 1]
+              [0 0 1]
+              sage: B
+              [0 0 1 0]
+              [1 0 0 1]
+              [1 1 0 0]
+              sage: A._multiply_m4rm(B, 0)
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [1 0 0 1]
+              [0 1 0 1]
+              [1 1 0 0]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: A._multiply_m4rm(B, 0)
+            []
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: A._multiply_m4rm(B, 0)
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: A._multiply_m4rm(B, 0)
+            []
+
+        ALGORITHM: Uses the 'Method of the Four Russians'
+        multiplication as implemented in the M4RI library.
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        - [AHU1974]_
+        - [AKF1970]_
+        - [Bar2006]_
+        """
+        if self._ncols != right._nrows:
+            raise ArithmeticError("left ncols must match right nrows")
+
+        if get_verbose() >= 2:
+            verbose('m4rm multiply of %s x %s matrix by %s x %s matrix' % (
+                self._nrows, self._ncols, right._nrows, right._ncols))
+
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense ans
+
+        ans = self.new_matrix(nrows = self._nrows, ncols = right._ncols)
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0 or right._ncols == 0:
+            return ans
+        sig_on()
+        ans._entries = mzd_mul_m4rm(ans._entries, self._entries, right._entries, k)
+        sig_off()
+        return ans
+
+    def _multiply_classical(Matrix_mod2_dense self, Matrix_mod2_dense right):
+        """
+        Classical `O(n^3)` multiplication.
+
+        This can be quite fast for matrix vector multiplication but
+        the other routines fall back to this implementation in that
+        case anyway.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+              sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), 4, 3, [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1] )
+              sage: B = Matrix(GF(2), 3, 4, [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0] )
+              sage: A
+              [0 0 0]
+              [0 1 0]
+              [0 1 1]
+              [0 0 1]
+              sage: B
+              [0 0 1 0]
+              [1 0 0 1]
+              [1 1 0 0]
+              sage: A._multiply_classical(B)
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [1 0 0 1]
+              [0 1 0 1]
+              [1 1 0 0]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: A._multiply_classical(B)
+            []
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: A._multiply_classical(B)
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: A._multiply_classical(B)
+            []
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A
+        A = self.new_matrix(nrows = self._nrows, ncols = right._ncols)
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0 or right._ncols == 0:
+            return A
+        A._entries = mzd_mul_naive(A._entries, self._entries,(<Matrix_mod2_dense>right)._entries)
+        return A
+
+    cpdef Matrix_mod2_dense _multiply_strassen(Matrix_mod2_dense self, Matrix_mod2_dense right, int cutoff):
+        r"""
+        Strassen-Winograd `O(n^{2.807})` multiplication [Str1969]_.
+
+        This implementation in M4RI is inspired by Sage's generic
+        Strassen implementation [BHS2008]_ but uses a more memory
+        efficient operation schedule [DP2008]_.
+
+        The performance of this routine depends on the parameter
+        cutoff. On many modern machines 2048 should give acceptable
+        performance, a good rule of thumb for calculating the optimal
+        cutoff would that two matrices of the cutoff size should fit
+        in L2 cache, so: `cutoff = \sqrt{L2 * 8 * 1024^2 / 2}` where
+        `L2` is the size of the L2 cache in MB.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``right`` -- a matrix of matching dimensions
+        - ``cutoff`` -- matrix dimension where M4RM should be used
+          instead of Strassen (default: let M4RI decide)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+              sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), 4, 3, [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1] )
+              sage: B = Matrix(GF(2), 3, 4, [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0] )
+              sage: A
+              [0 0 0]
+              [0 1 0]
+              [0 1 1]
+              [0 0 1]
+              sage: B
+              [0 0 1 0]
+              [1 0 0 1]
+              [1 1 0 0]
+              sage: A._multiply_strassen(B, 0)
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [1 0 0 1]
+              [0 1 0 1]
+              [1 1 0 0]
+              sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),2701,3000)
+              sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),3000,3172)
+              sage: A._multiply_strassen(B, 256) == A._multiply_m4rm(B, 0)  # long time
+              True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: A._multiply_strassen(B, 0)
+            []
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: A._multiply_strassen(B, 0)
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: A._multiply_strassen(B, 0)
+            []
+
+        ALGORITHM: Uses Strassen-Winograd matrix multiplication with
+        M4RM as base case as implemented in the M4RI library.
+        """
+        if self._ncols != right._nrows:
+            raise ArithmeticError("left ncols must match right nrows")
+
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense ans
+        #ans = self.new_matrix(nrows = self._nrows, ncols = right._ncols)
+        # The following is a little faster:
+        ans = self.matrix_space(self._nrows, right._ncols, sparse=False).zero_matrix().__copy__()
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0 or right._ncols == 0:
+            return ans
+
+        sig_on()
+        ans._entries = mzd_mul(ans._entries, self._entries, right._entries, cutoff)
+        sig_off()
+        return ans
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),100,100)
+            sage: A - A == A - -A
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__copy__()
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        """
+        Invert ``self`` using the 'Method of the Four Russians'
+        inversion.
+
+        If ``self`` is not invertible a :exc:`ZeroDivisionError` is
+        raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2),3,3, [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1])
+            sage: MS = A.parent()
+            sage: A
+            [0 0 1]
+            [0 1 1]
+            [1 0 1]
+            sage: ~A
+            [1 0 1]
+            [1 1 0]
+            [1 0 0]
+            sage: A * ~A == ~A * A == MS(1)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),0,0)
+            sage: A^(-1)
+            []
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A
+
+        if self._nrows != self._ncols:
+            raise ArithmeticError("self must be a square matrix")
+
+        if self._ncols == 0:
+            return self.__copy__()
+
+        if self.rank() != self._nrows:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("Matrix does not have full rank.")
+
+        A = Matrix_mod2_dense.__new__(Matrix_mod2_dense, self._parent, 0, 0, 0, alloc = False)
+        sig_on()
+        A._entries = mzd_inv_m4ri(A._entries, self._entries, 0)
+        sig_off()
+
+        if A._entries==NULL:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("input matrix must be nonsingular")
+        else:
+            return A
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+             sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(2),3,3)
+             sage: A = MS(1)
+             sage: A.__copy__() == A
+             True
+             sage: A.__copy__() is A
+             False
+
+             sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),100,100)
+             sage: A.__copy__() == A
+             True
+             sage: A.__copy__() is A
+             False
+
+             sage: A.echelonize()
+             sage: A.__copy__() == A
+             True
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A
+        A = Matrix_mod2_dense.__new__(Matrix_mod2_dense, self._parent, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        if self._nrows and self._ncols:
+            mzd_copy(A._entries, self._entries)
+
+        if self._subdivisions is not None:
+            A.subdivide(*self.subdivisions())
+
+        return A
+
+    def _list(self):
+        """
+        Return list of the elements of ``self`` in row major
+        ordering.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2),2,2,[1,0,1,1])
+            sage: A
+            [1 0]
+            [1 1]
+            sage: A.list() #indirect doctest
+            [1, 0, 1, 1]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: A.list()
+            []
+        """
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i,j
+        l = []
+        for i from 0 <= i < self._nrows:
+            for j from 0 <= j < self._ncols:
+                if mzd_read_bit(self._entries,i,j):
+                    l.append(self._one)
+                else:
+                    l.append(self._zero)
+        return l
+
+    # def _dict(self):
+
+    ########################################################################
+    # LEVEL 3 functionality (Optional)
+    #    * __deepcopy__
+    #    * Matrix windows -- only if you need strassen for that base
+    ########################################################################
+
+    def echelonize(self, algorithm='heuristic', cutoff=0, reduced=True, **kwds):
+        """
+        Puts ``self`` in (reduced) row echelon form.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a mutable matrix
+        - ``algorithm`` -- string; one of
+
+          - ``'heuristic'`` -- uses M4RI and PLUQ (default)
+          - ``'m4ri'`` -- uses M4RI
+          - ``'pluq'`` -- uses PLUQ factorization
+          - ``'classical'`` -- uses classical Gaussian elimination
+
+        - ``k`` -- the parameter 'k' of the M4RI algorithm. It MUST be between 1
+          and 16 (inclusive). If it is not specified it will be calculated as
+          3/4 * log_2( min(nrows, ncols) ) as suggested in the M4RI paper.
+        - ``reduced`` -- return reduced row echelon form (default: ``True``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+             sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2), 10, 10)
+             sage: B = A.__copy__(); B.echelonize() # fastest
+             sage: C = A.__copy__(); C.echelonize(k=2) # force k
+             sage: E = A.__copy__(); E.echelonize(algorithm='classical') # force Gaussian elimination
+             sage: B == C == E
+             True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+             sage: VF2 = VectorSpace(GF(2),2)
+             sage: WF2 = VF2.submodule([VF2([1,1])])
+             sage: WF2
+             Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
+             Basis matrix:
+             [1 1]
+
+             sage: A2 = matrix(GF(2),2,[1,0,0,1])
+             sage: A2.kernel()
+             Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 0 over Finite Field of size 2
+             Basis matrix:
+             []
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Uses M4RI library
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        - [Bar2006]_
+        """
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            self.cache('in_echelon_form',True)
+            self.cache('rank', 0)
+            self.cache('pivots', ())
+            return self
+        cdef int k, full
+
+        full = int(reduced)
+
+        x = self.fetch('in_echelon_form')
+        if x is not None:
+            return  # already known to be in echelon form
+
+        if algorithm == 'heuristic':
+
+            self.check_mutability()
+            self.clear_cache()
+
+            sig_on()
+            r = mzd_echelonize(self._entries, full)
+            sig_off()
+
+            self.cache('in_echelon_form',True)
+            self.cache('rank', r)
+            self.cache('pivots', tuple(self._pivots()))
+
+        elif algorithm == 'm4ri':
+
+            self.check_mutability()
+            self.clear_cache()
+
+            if 'k' in kwds:
+                k = int(kwds['k'])
+
+                if k < 1 or k > 16:
+                    raise RuntimeError("k must be between 1 and 16")
+                k = round(k)
+            else:
+                k = 0
+
+            sig_on()
+            r = mzd_echelonize_m4ri(self._entries, full, k)
+            sig_off()
+
+            self.cache('in_echelon_form',True)
+            self.cache('rank', r)
+            self.cache('pivots', tuple(self._pivots()))
+
+        elif algorithm == 'pluq':
+
+            self.check_mutability()
+            self.clear_cache()
+
+            sig_on()
+            r = mzd_echelonize_pluq(self._entries, full)
+            sig_off()
+
+            self.cache('in_echelon_form',True)
+            self.cache('rank', r)
+            self.cache('pivots', tuple(self._pivots()))
+
+        elif algorithm == 'linbox':
+
+            #self._echelonize_linbox()
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        elif algorithm == 'classical':
+
+            # for debugging purposes only, it is slow
+            self._echelon_in_place_classical()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("no algorithm '%s'" % algorithm)
+
+    def _pivots(self):
+        """
+        Return the pivot columns of ``self`` if ``self`` is in
+        row echelon form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),5,5,[0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1])
+            sage: E = A.echelon_form()
+            sage: E
+            [0 1 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 1 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0]
+            sage: E._pivots()
+            [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        """
+        if not self.fetch('in_echelon_form'):
+            raise RuntimeError("self must be in reduced row echelon form first.")
+        pivots = []
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i, j, nc
+        nc = self._ncols
+        i = 0
+        while i < self._nrows:
+            for j from i <= j < nc:
+                if mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i, j):
+                    pivots.append(j)
+                    i += 1
+                    break
+            if j == nc:
+                break
+        return pivots
+
+    def randomize(self, density=1, nonzero=False):
+        """
+        Randomize ``density`` proportion of the entries of this matrix,
+        leaving the rest unchanged.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``density`` -- float; proportion (roughly) to be considered for
+          changes
+        - ``nonzero`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether the new entries
+          are forced to be nonzero
+
+        OUTPUT: None, the matrix is modified in-space
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 5, 5, 0)
+            sage: A.randomize(0.5)
+            sage: A.density() < 0.5
+            True
+            sage: expected = 0.5
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 5, 5, 0)
+            sage: A.randomize()
+            sage: density_sum = float(A.density())
+            sage: total = 1
+            sage: while abs(density_sum/total - expected) > 0.001:
+            ....:     A = matrix(GF(2), 5, 5, 0)
+            ....:     A.randomize()
+            ....:     density_sum += float(A.density())
+            ....:     total += 1
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        With the libc random number generator random(), we had problems
+        where the ranks of all of these matrices would be the same
+        (and they would all be far too low).  This verifies that the
+        problem is gone, with Mersenne Twister::
+
+            sage: MS2 = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 1000)
+            sage: from collections import defaultdict
+            sage: found = defaultdict(bool)
+            sage: while not all(found[i] for i in range(997, 1001)):
+            ....:     found[MS2.random_element().rank()] = True
+
+        Testing corner case::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,0)
+            sage: A
+            []
+        """
+        if self._ncols == 0 or self._nrows == 0:
+            return
+
+        density = float(density)
+        if density <= 0:
+            return
+        if density > 1:
+            density = float(1)
+
+        self.check_mutability()
+        self.clear_cache()
+
+        cdef randstate rstate = current_randstate()
+
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i, j
+        cdef int k
+        cdef int nc
+        cdef unsigned int low, high
+        cdef m4ri_word mask = 0
+
+        # Original code, before adding the ``nonzero`` option.
+        cdef m4ri_word *row
+        if not nonzero:
+            if density == 1:
+                assert sizeof(m4ri_word) == 8
+                mask = __M4RI_LEFT_BITMASK(self._entries.ncols % m4ri_radix)
+                for i from 0 <= i < self._nrows:
+                    row = mzd_row(self._entries, i)
+                    for j from 0 <= j < self._entries.width:
+                        # for portability we get 32-bit twice rather than 64-bit once
+                        low = gmp_urandomb_ui(rstate.gmp_state, 32)
+                        high = gmp_urandomb_ui(rstate.gmp_state, 32)
+                        row[j] = m4ri_swap_bits( ((<unsigned long long>high)<<32) | (<unsigned long long>low) )
+                    row[self._entries.width - 1] &= mask
+            else:
+                nc = self._ncols
+                num_per_row = int(density * nc)
+                sig_on()
+                for i from 0 <= i < self._nrows:
+                    for j from 0 <= j < num_per_row:
+                        k = rstate.c_random() % nc
+                        mzd_write_bit(self._entries, i, k, rstate.c_random() % 2)
+                sig_off()
+
+        # New code for the case when ``nonzero`` is ``True``.
+        else:
+            sig_on()
+            for i from 0 <= i < self._nrows:
+                for j from 0 <= j < self._ncols:
+                    if rstate.c_rand_double() <= density:
+                        mzd_write_bit(self._entries, i, j, 1)
+            sig_off()
+
+    cdef rescale_row_c(self, Py_ssize_t row, multiple, Py_ssize_t start_col):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: A.rescale_row(0,0,0)
+            sage: A.row(0)
+            (0, 0, 0)
+        """
+        if not int(multiple) % 2:
+            mzd_row_clear_offset(self._entries, row, start_col)
+
+    cdef add_multiple_of_row_c(self, Py_ssize_t row_to, Py_ssize_t row_from, multiple,
+                               Py_ssize_t start_col):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: B = copy(A)
+            sage: A.add_multiple_of_row(0,1,1,0)
+            sage: A.row(0) == B.row(0) + B.row(1)
+            True
+        """
+        if int(multiple) % 2:
+            mzd_row_add_offset(self._entries, row_to, row_from, start_col)
+
+    cdef swap_rows_c(self, Py_ssize_t row1, Py_ssize_t row2):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: B = copy(A)
+            sage: A.swap_rows(0,1)
+            sage: A.row(0) == B.row(1)
+            True
+            sage: A.row(1) == B.row(0)
+            True
+            sage: A.row(2) == B.row(2)
+            True
+        """
+        mzd_row_swap(self._entries, row1, row2)
+
+    cdef swap_columns_c(self, Py_ssize_t col1, Py_ssize_t col2):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: B = copy(A)
+            sage: A.swap_columns(0,1)
+            sage: A.column(0) == B.column(1)
+            True
+            sage: A.column(1) == B.column(0)
+            True
+            sage: A.column(2) == B.column(2)
+            True
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,65)
+
+            sage: B = A.__copy__()
+            sage: B.swap_columns(0,1)
+            sage: B.swap_columns(0,1)
+            sage: A == B
+            True
+
+            sage: A.swap_columns(0,64)
+            sage: A.column(0) == B.column(64)
+            True
+            sage: A.swap_columns(63,64)
+            sage: A.column(63) == B.column(0)
+            True
+        """
+        mzd_col_swap(self._entries, col1, col2)
+
+    def _magma_init_(self, magma):
+        """
+        Return a string of ``self`` in ``Magma`` form.
+
+        This does not return a ``Magma`` object but a string.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: A._magma_init_(magma)                             # optional - magma
+            'Matrix(GF(2),3,3,StringToIntegerSequence("..."))'
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),100,100)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),100,100)
+            sage: magma(A*B) == magma(A) * magma(B)                 # optional - magma
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: magma(A)                          # optional - magma
+            Matrix with 0 rows and 3 columns
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),2,3,[0,1,1,1,0,0])
+            sage: A._magma_init_(magma)             # optional - magma
+            'Matrix(GF(2),2,3,StringToIntegerSequence("0 1 1 1 0 0"))'
+            sage: magma(A)                          # optional - magma
+            [0 1 1]
+            [1 0 0]
+        """
+        s = self.base_ring()._magma_init_(magma)
+        return 'Matrix(%s,%s,%s,StringToIntegerSequence("%s"))' % (
+            s, self._nrows, self._ncols, self._export_as_string())
+
+    def determinant(self):
+        """
+        Return the determinant of this matrix over GF(2).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: matrix(GF(2),2,[1,1,0,1]).determinant()
+            1
+            sage: matrix(GF(2),2,[1,1,1,1]).determinant()
+            0
+        """
+        if not self.is_square():
+            raise ValueError("self must be a square matrix")
+        return self.base_ring()(1 if self.rank() == self.nrows() else 0)
+
+    def transpose(self):
+        """
+        Return transpose of ``self`` and leaves ``self`` untouched.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2),3,5,[1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0])
+            sage: A
+            [1 0 1 0 0]
+            [0 1 1 0 0]
+            [1 1 0 1 0]
+            sage: B = A.transpose(); B
+            [1 0 1]
+            [0 1 1]
+            [1 1 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: B.transpose() == A
+            True
+
+        ``.T`` is a convenient shortcut for the transpose::
+
+            sage: A.T
+            [1 0 1]
+            [0 1 1]
+            [1 1 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,40)
+            sage: A.transpose()
+            40 x 0 dense matrix over Finite Field of size 2 (use the '.str()' method to see the entries)
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), [1,0])
+            sage: B = A.transpose()
+            sage: A[0,0] = 0
+            sage: B[0,0]
+            1
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A = self.new_matrix(ncols=self._nrows,
+                                                   nrows=self._ncols)
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            return A
+
+        A._entries = mzd_transpose(A._entries, self._entries)
+        if self._subdivisions is not None:
+            A.subdivide(*self.subdivisions())
+        return A
+
+    cpdef _richcmp_(self, right, int op):
+        """
+        Compare ``self`` with ``right``.
+
+        While equality and
+        inequality are clearly defined, ``<`` and ``>`` are not.  For
+        those first the matrix dimensions of ``self`` and ``right``
+        are compared. If these match then ``<`` means that there is a
+        position smallest (i,j) in ``self`` where ``self[i,j]`` is
+        zero but ``right[i,j]`` is one. This (i,j) is smaller than the
+        (i,j) if ``self`` and ``right`` are exchanged for the
+        comparison.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = MatrixSpace(GF(2),3,3).one()
+            sage: B = copy(MatrixSpace(GF(2),3,3).one())
+            sage: B[0,1] = 1
+            sage: A < B
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),2,0)
+            sage: B = matrix(GF(2),2,0)
+            sage: A < B
+            False
+        """
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            return rich_to_bool(op, 0)
+        return rich_to_bool(op, mzd_cmp(self._entries,
+                                        (<Matrix_mod2_dense>right)._entries))
+
+    def augment(self, right, subdivide=False):
+        r"""
+        Augments ``self`` with ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: A = MS([0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1]); A
+            [0 1 0]
+            [1 1 0]
+            [1 1 1]
+            sage: B = A.augment(MS(1)); B
+            [0 1 0 1 0 0]
+            [1 1 0 0 1 0]
+            [1 1 1 0 0 1]
+            sage: B.echelonize(); B
+            [1 0 0 1 1 0]
+            [0 1 0 1 0 0]
+            [0 0 1 0 1 1]
+            sage: C = B.matrix_from_columns([3,4,5]); C
+            [1 1 0]
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 1 1]
+            sage: C == ~A
+            True
+            sage: C*A == MS(1)
+            True
+
+        A vector may be augmented to a matrix. ::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 3, 4, range(12))
+            sage: v = vector(GF(2), 3, range(3))
+            sage: A.augment(v)
+            [0 1 0 1 0]
+            [0 1 0 1 1]
+            [0 1 0 1 0]
+
+        The ``subdivide`` option will add a natural subdivision between
+        ``self`` and ``right``.  For more details about how subdivisions
+        are managed when augmenting, see
+        :meth:`sage.matrix.matrix1.Matrix.augment`.  ::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 3, 5, range(15))
+            sage: B = matrix(GF(2), 3, 3, range(9))
+            sage: A.augment(B, subdivide=True)
+            [0 1 0 1 0|0 1 0]
+            [1 0 1 0 1|1 0 1]
+            [0 1 0 1 0|0 1 0]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),2,3)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),2,0)
+            sage: A.augment(B) == A
+            True
+
+            sage: B.augment(A) == A
+            True
+
+            sage: M = Matrix(GF(2), 0, 0, 0)
+            sage: N = Matrix(GF(2), 0, 19, 0)
+            sage: W = M.augment(N)
+            sage: W.ncols()
+            19
+            sage: M = Matrix(GF(2), 0, 1, 0)
+            sage: N = Matrix(GF(2), 0, 1, 0)
+            sage: M.augment(N)
+            []
+
+        Check that :issue:`19165` is solved::
+
+            sage: m = matrix(GF(2), 2, range(4))
+            sage: m.augment(matrix(GF(2), 2, range(4), sparse=True))
+            [0 1 0 1]
+            [0 1 0 1]
+
+            sage: m.augment(1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: right must either be a matrix or a vector. Not
+            <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense other
+
+        if isinstance(right, FreeModuleElement):
+            right = right.column()
+
+        if isinstance(right, Matrix_mod2_dense):
+            other = <Matrix_mod2_dense> right
+        elif isinstance(right, Matrix):
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+            other = matrix(self.base_ring(),
+                           right.nrows(),
+                           right.ncols(),
+                           right.list(),
+                           sparse=False)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("right must either be a matrix or a vector. Not {}".format(type(right)))
+
+        if self._nrows != other._nrows:
+            raise TypeError("Both numbers of rows must match.")
+
+        if self._ncols == 0:
+            return other.__copy__()
+        if other._ncols == 0:
+            return self.__copy__()
+
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense Z
+        Z = self.new_matrix(ncols = self._ncols + other._ncols)
+        if self._nrows == 0:
+            return Z
+        Z._entries = mzd_concat(Z._entries, self._entries, other._entries)
+        if subdivide:
+            Z._subdivide_on_augment(self, other)
+        return Z
+
+    cdef _stack_impl(self, bottom):
+        r"""
+        Stack ``self`` on top of ``bottom``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),2,2,[1,0,0,1])
+            sage: B = matrix(GF(2),2,2,[0,1,1,0])
+            sage: A.stack(B)
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            [0 1]
+            [1 0]
+            sage: B.stack(A)
+            [0 1]
+            [1 0]
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+
+        A vector may be stacked below a matrix. ::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 2, 5, range(10))
+            sage: v = vector(GF(2), 5, range(5))
+            sage: A.stack(v)
+            [0 1 0 1 0]
+            [1 0 1 0 1]
+            [0 1 0 1 0]
+
+        The ``subdivide`` option will add a natural subdivision between
+        ``self`` and ``bottom``.  For more details about how subdivisions
+        are managed when stacking, see
+        :meth:`sage.matrix.matrix1.Matrix.stack`.  ::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 3, 5, range(15))
+            sage: B = matrix(GF(2), 1, 5, range(5))
+            sage: A.stack(B, subdivide=True)
+            [0 1 0 1 0]
+            [1 0 1 0 1]
+            [0 1 0 1 0]
+            [---------]
+            [0 1 0 1 0]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),0,3)
+            sage: B = random_matrix(GF(2),3,3)
+            sage: A.stack(B) == B
+            True
+
+            sage: B.stack(A) == B
+            True
+
+            sage: M = Matrix(GF(2), 0, 0, 0)
+            sage: N = Matrix(GF(2), 19, 0, 0)
+            sage: W = M.stack(N)
+            sage: W.nrows()
+            19
+            sage: M = Matrix(GF(2), 1, 0, 0)
+            sage: N = Matrix(GF(2), 1, 0, 0)
+            sage: M.stack(N)
+            []
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense other = <Matrix_mod2_dense>bottom
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense Z
+        Z = self.new_matrix(nrows=self._nrows + other._nrows, ncols=self._ncols)
+        if self._ncols > 0:
+            Z._entries = mzd_stack(Z._entries, self._entries, other._entries)
+        return Z
+
+    def submatrix(self, Py_ssize_t row=0, Py_ssize_t col=0,
+                        Py_ssize_t nrows=-1, Py_ssize_t ncols=-1):
+        """
+        Return submatrix from the index row, col (inclusive) with
+        dimension nrows x ncols.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``row`` -- index of start row
+        - ``col`` -- index of start column
+        - ``nrows`` -- number of rows of submatrix
+        - ``ncols`` -- number of columns of submatrix
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+             sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),200,200)
+             sage: A[0:2,0:2] == A.submatrix(0,0,2,2)
+             True
+             sage: A[0:100,0:100] == A.submatrix(0,0,100,100)
+             True
+             sage: A == A.submatrix(0,0,200,200)
+             True
+
+             sage: A[1:3,1:3] == A.submatrix(1,1,2,2)
+             True
+             sage: A[1:100,1:100] == A.submatrix(1,1,99,99)
+             True
+             sage: A[1:200,1:200] == A.submatrix(1,1,199,199)
+             True
+
+        TESTS for handling of default arguments (:issue:`18761`)::
+
+             sage: A.submatrix(17,15) == A.submatrix(17,15,183,185)
+             True
+             sage: A.submatrix(row=100,col=37,nrows=1,ncols=3) == A.submatrix(100,37,1,3)
+             True
+        """
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A
+
+        cdef int highr, highc
+
+        if nrows < 0:
+            nrows = self._nrows - row
+            if nrows < 0:
+                nrows = 0
+
+        if ncols < 0:
+            ncols = self._ncols - col
+            if ncols < 0:
+                ncols = 0
+
+        highr = row + nrows
+        highc = col + ncols
+
+        if row < 0:
+            raise TypeError("Expected row >= 0, but got %d instead." % row)
+
+        if col < 0:
+            raise TypeError("Expected col >= 0, but got %d instead." % col)
+
+        if highc > self._entries.ncols:
+            raise TypeError("Expected highc <= self.ncols(), but got %d > %d instead." % (highc, self._entries.ncols))
+
+        if highr > self._entries.nrows:
+            raise TypeError("Expected highr <= self.nrows(), but got %d > %d instead." % (highr, self._entries.nrows))
+
+        A = self.new_matrix(nrows = nrows, ncols = ncols)
+        if ncols == 0 or nrows == 0:
+            return A
+        A._entries = mzd_submatrix(A._entries, self._entries, row, col, highr, highc)
+        return A
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        Serialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10,10)
+            sage: f,s = A.__reduce__()
+            sage: f(*s) == A
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`24589` is fixed::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10,10)
+            sage: loads(dumps(A)).is_immutable()
+            False
+            sage: A.set_immutable()
+            sage: loads(dumps(A)).is_immutable()
+            True
+
+        Check that :issue:`39367` is achieved::
+
+            sage: l = len(dumps(random_matrix(GF(2), 2000, 2000))); l  # random   # previously ~ 785000
+            610207
+            sage: assert l < 650000
+        """
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i,j, r,c
+        cdef int size
+
+        r, c = self.nrows(), self.ncols()
+        if r == 0 or c == 0:
+            return unpickle_matrix_mod2_dense_v2, (r, c, None, 0, self._is_immutable)
+
+        sig_on()
+        cdef gdImagePtr im = gdImageCreate(c, r)
+        sig_off()
+        cdef int black = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 0, 0, 0)
+        cdef int white = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 255, 255, 255)
+        gdImageFilledRectangle(im, 0, 0, c-1, r-1, white)
+        for i from 0 <= i < r:
+            for j from 0 <= j < c:
+                if mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i, j):
+                    gdImageSetPixel(im, j, i, black )
+
+        cdef char *buf
+        try:
+            buf = <char*>gdImagePngPtr(im, &size)
+        finally:
+            gdImageDestroy(im)
+
+        cdef bytes data
+        try:
+            data = buf[:size]
+        finally:  # recommended by https://cython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/src/tutorial/strings.html
+            gdFree(buf)
+        return unpickle_matrix_mod2_dense_v2, (r,c, data, size, self._is_immutable)
+
+    cpdef _export_as_string(self):
+        """
+        Return space separated string of the entries in this matrix.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: w = matrix(GF(2),2,3,[1,0,1,1,1,0])
+            sage: w._export_as_string()
+            '1 0 1 1 1 0'
+        """
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i, j, k, n
+        cdef char *s
+
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            data = ''
+        else:
+            n = self._nrows*self._ncols*2 + 2
+            s = <char*> check_malloc(n * sizeof(char))
+            k = 0
+            sig_on()
+            for i in range(self._nrows):
+                for j in range(self._ncols):
+                    s[k] = <char>(48 + (1 if mzd_read_bit(self._entries,i,j) else 0))  # "0" or "1"
+                    k += 1
+                    s[k] = <char>32  # space
+                    k += 1
+            sig_off()
+            s[k-1] = <char>0
+            data = char_to_str(s)
+            sig_free(s)
+
+        return data
+
+    def density(self, approx=False):
+        """
+        Return the density of this matrix.
+
+        By density we understand the ratio of the number of nonzero
+        positions and the self.nrows() * self.ncols(), i.e. the number
+        of possible nonzero positions.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``approx`` -- return floating point approximation (default: ``False``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2), 1000, 1000)
+            sage: d = A.density()
+            sage: float(d) == A.density(approx=True)
+            True
+            sage: len(A.nonzero_positions())/1000^2 == d
+            True
+
+            sage: total = 1.0
+            sage: density_sum = A.density()
+            sage: while abs(density_sum/total - 0.5) > 0.001:
+            ....:     A = random_matrix(GF(2), 1000, 1000)
+            ....:     total += 1
+            ....:     density_sum += A.density()
+        """
+        if approx:
+            from sage.rings.real_mpfr import create_RealNumber
+            return create_RealNumber(mzd_density(self._entries, 1))
+        else:
+            return matrix_dense.Matrix_dense.density(self)
+
+    def rank(self, algorithm='ple'):
+        """
+        Return the rank of this matrix.
+
+        On average 'ple' should be faster than 'm4ri' and hence it is
+        the default choice. However, for small - i.e. quite few
+        thousand rows & columns - and sparse matrices 'm4ri' might be
+        a better choice.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- either "ple" or "m4ri"
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: while random_matrix(GF(2), 1000, 1000).rank() != 999:
+            ....:     pass
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2),10, 0)
+            sage: A.rank()
+            0
+        """
+        x = self.fetch('rank')
+        if x is not None:
+            return x
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            return 0
+        cdef mzd_t *A = mzd_copy(NULL, self._entries)
+        cdef mzp_t *P
+        cdef mzp_t *Q
+
+        if algorithm == 'ple':
+            P = mzp_init(self._entries.nrows)
+            Q = mzp_init(self._entries.ncols)
+            r = mzd_ple(A, P, Q, 0)
+            mzp_free(P)
+            mzp_free(Q)
+        elif algorithm == 'm4ri':
+            r = mzd_echelonize_m4ri(A, 0, 0)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Algorithm '%s' unknown." % algorithm)
+        mzd_free(A)
+        self.cache('rank', r)
+        return r
+
+    def _solve_right_general(self, B, check=True):
+        """
+        Solve the matrix equation AX = B for X using the M4RI library.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``B`` -- a matrix
+        - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether to check if the
+          matrix equation has a solution
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), [[1, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1]])
+            sage: A.solve_right(vector([1, 1, 0]))
+            (1, 1)
+            sage: A.solve_right(vector([1, 1, 1]))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: matrix equation has no solutions
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: n = 128
+            sage: m = 128
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2), n, m)
+            sage: B = A * random_vector(GF(2), m)
+            sage: A * A.solve_right(B) == B
+            True
+            sage: m = 64
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2), n, m)
+            sage: B = A * random_vector(GF(2), m)
+            sage: A * A.solve_right(B) == B
+            True
+            sage: m = 256
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2), n, m)
+            sage: B = A * random_vector(GF(2), m)
+            sage: A * A.solve_right(B) == B
+            True
+            sage: matrix(GF(2), 2, 0).solve_right(matrix(GF(2), 2, 2)) == matrix(GF(2), 0, 2)
+            True
+            sage: matrix(GF(2), 2, 0).solve_right(matrix(GF(2), 2, 2) + 1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: matrix equation has no solutions
+            sage: matrix(GF(2), 2, 0).solve_right(matrix(GF(2), 2, 2) + 1, check=False) == matrix(GF(2), 0, 2)
+            True
+            sage: matrix(GF(2), 2, 2).solve_right(matrix(GF(2), 2, 0)) == matrix(GF(2), 2, 0)
+            True
+
+        Check that it can be interrupted::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(12345)
+            sage: n, m = 20000, 19968
+            sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2), n, m)
+            sage: x = random_vector(GF(2), m)
+            sage: B = A*x
+            sage: from sage.doctest.util import ensure_interruptible_after
+            sage: with ensure_interruptible_after(0.5): sol = A.solve_right(B)
+        """
+        cdef mzd_t *B_entries = (<Matrix_mod2_dense>B)._entries
+
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense X  # the solution
+        X = self.new_matrix(nrows=self._entries.ncols, ncols=B_entries.ncols)
+        if self._entries.ncols == 0 or B_entries.ncols == 0:
+            # special case: empty matrix
+            if check and B != 0:
+                raise ValueError("matrix equation has no solutions")
+            return X
+        cdef rci_t rows = self._entries.nrows
+        if self._entries.nrows < self._entries.ncols:
+            rows = self._entries.ncols  # mzd_solve_left requires ncols <= nrows
+
+        cdef mzd_t *lhs = mzd_init(rows, self._entries.ncols)
+        mzd_copy(lhs, self._entries)
+        cdef mzd_t *rhs = mzd_init(rows, B_entries.ncols)
+        mzd_copy(rhs, B_entries)
+
+        cdef int ret
+        try:
+            sig_on()
+            # although it is called mzd_solve_left, it does the same thing as solve_right
+            ret = mzd_solve_left(lhs, rhs, 0, check)
+            sig_off()
+
+            if ret == 0:
+                # solution is placed in rhs
+                rhs.nrows = self._entries.ncols
+                mzd_copy(X._entries, rhs)
+                return X
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("matrix equation has no solutions")
+        finally:
+            mzd_free(lhs)
+            mzd_free(rhs)
+
+    def _right_kernel_matrix(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return a pair that includes a matrix of basis vectors
+        for the right kernel of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``kwds`` -- these are provided for consistency with other versions
+          of this method.  Here they are ignored as there is no optional
+          behavior available.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Returns a pair.  First item is the string 'computed-pluq'
+        that identifies the nature of the basis vectors.
+
+        Second item is a matrix whose rows are a basis for the right kernel,
+        over the integers mod 2, as computed by the M4RI library
+        using PLUQ matrix decomposition.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), [
+            ....:                    [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
+            ....:                    [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1],
+            ....:                    [1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1],
+            ....:                    [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]])
+            sage: A
+            [0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1]
+            [1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0]
+            [0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
+            [1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0]
+            [0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
+            [1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0]
+            sage: result = A._right_kernel_matrix()
+            sage: result[0]
+            'computed-pluq'
+            sage: result[1]
+            [0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0]
+            [1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0]
+            [1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
+            sage: X = result[1].transpose()
+            sage: A*X == zero_matrix(GF(2), 6, 4)
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We test the three trivial cases.  Matrices with no rows or columns will
+        cause segfaults in the M4RI code, so we protect against that instance.
+        Computing a kernel or a right kernel matrix should never pass these
+        problem matrices here. ::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 0, 2)
+            sage: A._right_kernel_matrix()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: kernels of matrices mod 2 with zero rows or zero columns cannot be computed
+            sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 2, 0)
+            sage: A._right_kernel_matrix()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: kernels of matrices mod 2 with zero rows or zero columns cannot be computed
+            sage: A = zero_matrix(GF(2), 4, 3)
+            sage: A._right_kernel_matrix()[1]
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+        """
+        tm = verbose("computing right kernel matrix over integers mod 2 for %sx%s matrix" % (self.nrows(), self.ncols()),level=1)
+        if self.nrows()==0 or self.ncols()==0:
+            raise ValueError("kernels of matrices mod 2 with zero rows or zero columns cannot be computed")
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense M
+        cdef mzd_t *A = mzd_copy(NULL, self._entries)
+        # Despite the name, this next call returns X such that M*X = 0
+        cdef mzd_t *k = mzd_kernel_left_pluq(A, 0)
+        mzd_free(A)
+        if k != NULL:
+            M = self.new_matrix(nrows = k.ncols, ncols = k.nrows)
+            mzd_transpose(M._entries, k)
+            mzd_free(k)
+        else:
+            M = self.new_matrix(nrows = 0, ncols = self._ncols)
+        verbose("done computing right kernel matrix over integers mod 2 for %sx%s matrix" % (self.nrows(), self.ncols()),level=1, t=tm)
+        return 'computed-pluq', M
+
+    def doubly_lexical_ordering(self, inplace=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a doubly lexical ordering of the matrix.
+
+        A doubly lexical ordering of a matrix is an ordering of the rows
+        and of the columns of the matrix so that both the rows and the
+        columns, as vectors, are lexically increasing. See [Lub1987]_.
+        A lexical ordering of vectors is the standard dictionary ordering,
+        except that vectors will be read from highest to lowest coordinate.
+        Thus row vectors will be compared from right to left, and column
+        vectors from bottom to top.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``inplace`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); using ``inplace=True``
+          will permute the rows and columns of the current matrix
+          according to a doubly lexical ordering; this will modify the matrix
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair ``(row_ordering, col_ordering)`` of
+        :class:`~sage.groups.perm_gps.constructor.PermutationGroupElement`
+        that represents a doubly lexical ordering of the rows or columns.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`~sage.matrix.matrix2.Matrix.permutation_normal_form`;
+            a similar matrix normal form
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        The algorithm is adapted from section 3 of [HAM1985]_. The time
+        complexity of this algorithm is `O(n \cdot m^2)` for a `n \times m`
+        matrix.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), [[0, 1],
+            ....:                    [1, 0]])
+            sage: r, c = A.doubly_lexical_ordering()
+            sage: r
+            (1,2)
+            sage: c
+            ()
+            sage: A.permute_rows_and_columns(r, c); A
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), [[0, 1],
+            ....:                    [1, 0]])
+            sage: r, c = A.doubly_lexical_ordering(inplace=True); A
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        This algorithm works correctly for the matrix in
+        Example 3.7 in [HAM1985]_::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), [[1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:                    [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:                    [1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:                    [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0]])
+            sage: r, c = A.doubly_lexical_ordering()
+            sage: B = A.with_permuted_rows_and_columns(r, c)
+            sage: for i in range(B.ncols()):
+            ....:     for j in range(i):
+            ....:         for k in reversed(range(B.nrows())):
+            ....:             assert B[k][j] <= B[k][i]
+            ....:             if B[k][j] < B[k][i]:
+            ....:                 break
+            sage: for i in range(B.nrows()):
+            ....:     for j in range(i):
+            ....:         for k in reversed(range(B.ncols())):
+            ....:             assert B[j][k] <= B[i][k]
+            ....:             if B[j][k] < B[i][k]:
+            ....:                 break
+            sage: r, c = A.doubly_lexical_ordering(inplace=True)
+            sage: A == B
+            True
+
+        An immutable matrix calling with ``inplace=True`` will raise an error::
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), [[0, 1], [1, 0]], immutable=True)
+            sage: r, c = A.doubly_lexical_ordering(inplace=True)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: this matrix is immutable;
+             use inplace=False or apply to a mutable copy.
+
+        The algorithm works collectly for a matrix with nrows=0 or ncols=0::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), 0, 2, [])
+            sage: A.doubly_lexical_ordering()
+            ((), ())
+            sage: B = Matrix(GF(2), 2, 0, [])
+            sage: B.doubly_lexical_ordering()
+            ((), ())
+        """
+        if inplace and self.is_immutable():
+            raise TypeError("this matrix is immutable;"
+                            " use inplace=False or apply to a mutable copy.")
+
+        from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named import SymmetricGroup
+        from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_element import make_permgroup_element_v2
+        symmetric_group_nrows = SymmetricGroup(self._nrows)
+        symmetric_group_ncols = SymmetricGroup(self._ncols)
+
+        if self._nrows == 0 or self._ncols == 0:
+            return symmetric_group_nrows.one(), symmetric_group_ncols.one()
+
+        cdef list partition_rows = [False for _ in range(self._nrows - 1)]
+        cdef int partition_num = 1
+        cdef list row_swapped = list(range(1, self._nrows + 1))
+        cdef list col_swapped = list(range(1, self._ncols + 1))
+
+        cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A = self if inplace else self.__copy__()
+
+        cdef int i, col, row, partition_i, partition_start, partition_end
+        cdef int largest_col, row_start, row_end
+        for i in reversed(range(1, A._ncols + 1)):
+            # count 1 for each partition and column
+            count1 = [[0]*partition_num for _ in range(i)]
+            for col in range(i):
+                parition_i = 0
+                for row in reversed(range(1, A._nrows)):
+                    count1[col][parition_i] += mzd_read_bit(A._entries, row, col)
+                    if partition_rows[row - 1]:
+                        parition_i += 1
+                count1[col][parition_i] += mzd_read_bit(A._entries, 0, col)  # special case of row == 0
+
+            # calculate largest_col = col s.t. count1[col] is lexicographically largest (0 <= col < i)
+            _, largest_col = max((c, i) for i, c in enumerate(count1))
+
+            # We refine each partition of rows according to the value of A[:][largest_col].
+            # and also move down rows that satisfy A[row][largest_col] = 1 in each partition.
+            partition_start = 0
+            for _ in range(partition_num):
+                partition_end = partition_start
+                while partition_end < A._nrows - 1 and not partition_rows[partition_end]:
+                    partition_end += 1
+                row_start = partition_start
+                row_end = partition_end
+                while row_start < row_end:
+                    while row_start < row_end and not mzd_read_bit(A._entries, row_start, largest_col):
+                        row_start += 1
+                    while row_start < row_end and mzd_read_bit(A._entries, row_end, largest_col):
+                        row_end -= 1
+                    if row_start < row_end:  # swap row
+                        A.swap_rows_c(row_start, row_end)
+                        row_swapped[row_start], row_swapped[row_end] = row_swapped[row_end], row_swapped[row_start]
+                partition_start = partition_end + 1  # for next partition
+
+            for row in range(A._nrows - 1):
+                if mzd_read_bit(A._entries, row, largest_col) != mzd_read_bit(A._entries, row + 1, largest_col):
+                    if not partition_rows[row]:
+                        partition_rows[row] = True
+                        partition_num += 1
+
+            # swap column
+            A.swap_columns_c(largest_col, i - 1)
+            col_swapped[largest_col], col_swapped[i - 1] = col_swapped[i - 1], col_swapped[largest_col]
+
+        row_ordering = make_permgroup_element_v2(symmetric_group_nrows, row_swapped, symmetric_group_nrows.domain())
+        col_ordering = make_permgroup_element_v2(symmetric_group_ncols, col_swapped, symmetric_group_ncols.domain())
+
+        return row_ordering, col_ordering
+
+    def is_Gamma_free(self, certificate=False):
+        r"""
+        Return True if the matrix is `\Gamma`-free.
+
+        A matrix is `\Gamma`-free if it does not contain a 2x2 submatrix
+        of the form:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{pmatrix}
+                1 & 1 \\
+                1 & 0
+            \end{pmatrix}
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``certificate`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to return a
+          certificate for no-answers (see OUTPUT section)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        When ``certificate`` is set to ``False`` (default) this method only
+        returns ``True`` or ``False`` answers. When ``certificate`` is set to
+        ``True``, the method either returns ``(True, None)`` or ``(False,
+        (r1, c1, r2, c2))`` where ``r1``, ``r2``-th rows and ``c1``,
+        ``c2``-th columns of the matrix constitute the `\Gamma`-submatrix.
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        For each 1 entry, the algorithm finds the next 1 in the same row and
+        the next 1 in the same column, and check the 2x2 submatrix that contains
+        these entries forms `\Gamma` submatrix. The time complexity of
+        this algorithm is `O(n \cdot m)` for a `n \times m` matrix.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), [[1, 1],
+            ....:                    [0, 0]])
+            sage: A.is_Gamma_free()
+            True
+            sage: B = Matrix(GF(2), [[1, 1],
+            ....:                    [1, 0]])
+            sage: B.is_Gamma_free(certificate=True)
+            (False, (0, 0, 1, 1))
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The algorithm works collectly for larger matrices::
+
+            sage: A = Matrix(GF(2), [[1, 0, 1],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 0],
+            ....:                    [1, 0, 0]])
+            sage: A.is_Gamma_free(certificate=True)
+            (False, (0, 0, 2, 2))
+            sage: B = Matrix(GF(2), [[1, 0, 1],
+            ....:                    [0, 0, 0],
+            ....:                    [1, 0, 1]])
+            sage: B.is_Gamma_free(certificate=True)
+            (True, None)
+        """
+        cdef int i, j, i_bottom, j_right
+
+        for i in range(self._nrows):
+            j = 0
+            while j < self._ncols:
+                if mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i, j):  # if A[i][j] == 1
+                    # find the next 1 in the row
+                    j_right = j + 1
+                    while j_right < self._ncols and not mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i, j_right):
+                        j_right += 1
+                    if j_right < self._ncols:
+                        # find the next 1 in the column
+                        i_bottom = i + 1
+                        while i_bottom < self._nrows and not mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i_bottom, j):
+                            i_bottom += 1
+                        if i_bottom < self._nrows and not mzd_read_bit(self._entries, i_bottom, j_right):
+                            # A[i_bottom][j_right] == 0
+                            if certificate:
+                                return False, (i, j, i_bottom, j_right)
+                            else:
+                                return False
+                    j = j_right
+                else:
+                    j += 1
+
+        if certificate:
+            return True, None
+        else:
+            return True
+
+# Used for hashing
+cdef int i, k
+cdef unsigned long parity_table[256]
+for i from 0 <= i < 256:
+    parity_table[i] = 1 & ((i) ^ (i>>1) ^ (i>>2) ^ (i>>3) ^
+                           (i>>4) ^ (i>>5) ^ (i>>6) ^ (i>>7))
+
+# gmp's ULONG_PARITY may use special
+# assembly instructions, could be faster
+cpdef inline unsigned long parity(m4ri_word a) noexcept:
+    """
+    Return the parity of the number of bits in a.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense import parity
+        sage: parity(1)
+        1
+        sage: parity(3)
+        0
+        sage: parity(0x10000101011)
+        1
+    """
+    if sizeof(m4ri_word) == 8:
+        a ^= a >> 32
+    a ^= a >> 16
+    a ^= a >> 8
+    return parity_table[a & 0xFF]
+
+cdef inline unsigned long parity_mask(m4ri_word a) noexcept:
+    return -parity(a)
+
+
+def unpickle_matrix_mod2_dense_v2(r, c, data, size, immutable=False):
+    r"""
+    Deserialize a matrix encoded in the string ``s``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``r`` -- number of rows of matrix
+    - ``c`` -- number of columns of matrix
+    - ``s`` -- string
+    - ``size`` -- length of the string ``s``
+    - ``immutable`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether the
+      matrix is immutable or not
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),100,101)
+        sage: _, (r,c,s,s2,i) = A.__reduce__()
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense import unpickle_matrix_mod2_dense_v2
+        sage: unpickle_matrix_mod2_dense_v2(r,c,s,s2,i) == A
+        True
+        sage: loads(dumps(A)) == A
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Check that old pickles before :issue:`24589` still work::
+
+        sage: s = (b"x\x9ck`J.NLO\xd5\xcbM,)\xca\xac\x80R\xf1\xb9\xf9)F\xf1)\xa9y"
+        ....:      b"\xc5\xa9\\\xa5y\x05\x99\xc9\xd99\xa9\xf1\x18R\xf1e\x86\\\x85"
+        ....:      b"\x8c\x1a\xdeL\xdeL\xb1\x85L\x1a^\x9d\xff\xff\xff\xf7\x0e\xf0"
+        ....:      b"\xf6\xf3v\xf7\xe6\xf5\xe6\xf2\x96\x02b\x060\xe4\xf5\xf6\xf4"
+        ....:      b"\xf6\xf0v\xf1\x0e\x82\xf2\x99\xe04\xa373\x94\xed\xe1]\xe15"
+        ....:      b"\x1fd@:T\x80\rh\x94\x8fw\x88\xb7+\x84\xef\x05\x94\xfb\x8fD,"
+        ....:      b"\x05\x117A\x04H\x97\xd7]\x90V\x88FN\xef\x02\xa0i\x91\xde\xc5"
+        ....:      b"`\x1e\x9f\xd7\x11\x98\x14\x94\xc9\xe85\x15Di{\xf3yKC\xb5\xf0"
+        ....:      b"\x00\x1d\xe8\xe2\xed\x08\xb4\x8d\xc3k&H2\x19hF\x82w\x06X\x92"
+        ....:      b"\x11(\xc5\xe0u\x10$\x9c\x0ft\x9d\xa1\xd7\x03\x84]\x0c@\x8d\xae@"
+        ....:      b"\x1f\xbbx\xad\x03\t:y'x5\x01\x19\xa9\xde9%A\x85\xccz\x000I\x88D")
+        sage: loads(s)
+        [1 0]
+        [0 1]
+
+    Check that old pickles before :issue:`39367` still work::
+
+        sage: loads(bytes.fromhex(  # hexstring produced with dumps(matrix.zero(GF(2),10,10)).hex()
+        ....:     '789c6b604a2e4e4c4fd5cb4d2c29caac8052f1b9f92946f129a979c5a95ca5'
+        ....:     '790599c9d939a9f11852f165465c850c1ade5cde5cb1858c1a5e9dfffffff7'
+        ....:     '0ef0f6f376f7e6050a4a01310318f27a7b7a7b78bb780741f95c709ad19b19'
+        ....:     'c2f6da0ed4ecf5076442acd73f100551c20634d0c73bc4db15aaec3f481982'
+        ....:     '580a226e8288f920e22e4223a77701d0ce48ef62308fcfeb084c0aca64f49a'
+        ....:     '0aa2b4bdf9bca5a15af880ce74f17604dac6e135132499ecf50344d57b3580'
+        ....:     '75789b7b330195b103fd21e85deeb51064e362908c2f441d03147a025debe7'
+        ....:     'ede2b50e24e8e49de0d50464a47ae775961432051532eb0100093b9ba3'))
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+    """
+    from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+    from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import FiniteField as GF
+
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i, j
+    cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A
+
+    A = <Matrix_mod2_dense>Matrix(GF(2),r,c)
+    if r == 0 or c == 0:
+        return A
+
+    cdef signed char *buf
+    cdef gdImagePtr im
+    if isinstance(data, bytes):
+        sig_on()
+        im = gdImageCreateFromPngPtr(size, <char *><bytes>data)
+        sig_off()
+    else:
+        buf = <signed char*>check_malloc(size)
+        for i from 0 <= i < size:
+            buf[i] = data[i]
+
+        sig_on()
+        im = gdImageCreateFromPngPtr(size, buf)
+        sig_off()
+        sig_free(buf)
+
+    if gdImageSX(im) != c or gdImageSY(im) != r:
+        raise TypeError("Pickled data dimension doesn't match.")
+
+    for i from 0 <= i < r:
+        for j from 0 <= j < c:
+            mzd_write_bit(A._entries, i, j, 1-gdImageGetPixel(im, j, i))
+    gdImageDestroy(im)
+
+    if immutable:
+        A.set_immutable()
+
+    return A
+
+
+from sage.misc.persist import register_unpickle_override
+register_unpickle_override('sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense',
+                           'unpickle_matrix_mod2_dense_v1',
+                           unpickle_matrix_mod2_dense_v2)
+
+
+def from_png(filename):
+    """
+    Return a dense matrix over GF(2) from a 1-bit PNG image read from
+    ``filename``. No attempt is made to verify that the filename string
+    actually points to a PNG image.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``filename`` -- string
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense import from_png, to_png
+        sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10,10)
+        sage: fn = tmp_filename()
+        sage: to_png(A, fn)
+        sage: B = from_png(fn)
+        sage: A == B
+        True
+    """
+    from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+    from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import FiniteField as GF
+
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i,j,r,c
+    cdef Matrix_mod2_dense A
+
+    fn = open(filename,"r") # check filename
+    fn.close()
+
+    if type(filename) is not bytes:
+        filename = filename.encode(FS_ENCODING, 'surrogateescape')
+
+    cdef FILE *f = fopen(filename, "rb")
+    sig_on()
+    cdef gdImagePtr im = gdImageCreateFromPng(f)
+    sig_off()
+
+    c, r = gdImageSX(im), gdImageSY(im)
+
+    A = <Matrix_mod2_dense>Matrix(GF(2),r,c)
+
+    for i from 0 <= i < r:
+        for j from 0 <= j < c:
+            mzd_write_bit(A._entries, i, j, 1-gdImageGetPixel(im, j, i))
+    fclose(f)
+    gdImageDestroy(im)
+    return A
+
+
+def to_png(Matrix_mod2_dense A, filename):
+    """
+    Save the matrix ``A`` to filename as a 1-bit PNG image.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``A`` -- a matrix over GF(2)
+    - ``filename`` -- string for a file in a writable position
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense import from_png, to_png
+        sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),10,10)
+        sage: fn = tmp_filename()
+        sage: to_png(A, fn)
+        sage: B = from_png(fn)
+        sage: A == B
+        True
+    """
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i,j, r,c
+    r, c = A.nrows(), A.ncols()
+    if r == 0 or c == 0:
+        raise TypeError(f"cannot write image with dimensions {c} x {r}")
+
+    fn = open(filename, "w") # check filename
+    fn.close()
+
+    if type(filename) is not bytes:
+        filename = filename.encode(FS_ENCODING, 'surrogateescape')
+
+    cdef gdImagePtr im = gdImageCreate(c, r)
+    cdef FILE * out = fopen(filename, "wb")
+    cdef int black = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 0, 0, 0)
+    cdef int white = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 255, 255, 255)
+    gdImageFilledRectangle(im, 0, 0, c-1, r-1, white)
+    for i from 0 <= i < r:
+        for j from 0 <= j < c:
+            if mzd_read_bit(A._entries, i, j):
+                gdImageSetPixel(im, j, i, black )
+
+    gdImagePng(im, out)
+    gdImageDestroy(im)
+    fclose(out)
+
+
+def pluq(Matrix_mod2_dense A, algorithm='standard', int param=0):
+    """
+    Return PLUQ factorization of A.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``A`` -- matrix
+    - ``algorithm`` -- string; one of
+
+      * ``'standard'`` asymptotically fast (default)
+      * ``'mmpf'`` M4RI inspired
+      * ``'naive'`` naive cubic
+
+    - ``param`` -- either k for 'mmpf' is chosen or matrix multiplication cutoff
+      for ``'standard'`` (default: 0)
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense import pluq
+        sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 4, 4, [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0])
+        sage: A
+        [0 1 0 1]
+        [0 1 1 1]
+        [0 0 0 1]
+        [0 1 1 0]
+        sage: LU, P, Q = pluq(A)
+        sage: LU
+        [1 0 1 0]
+        [1 1 0 0]
+        [0 0 1 0]
+        [1 1 1 0]
+
+        sage: P
+        [0, 1, 2, 3]
+
+        sage: Q
+        [1, 2, 3, 3]
+    """
+    cdef Matrix_mod2_dense B = A.__copy__()
+    cdef mzp_t *p = mzp_init(A._entries.nrows)
+    cdef mzp_t *q = mzp_init(A._entries.ncols)
+
+    if algorithm == "standard":
+        sig_on()
+        mzd_pluq(B._entries, p, q, param)
+        sig_off()
+    elif algorithm == "mmpf":
+        sig_on()
+        _mzd_pluq_russian(B._entries, p, q, param)
+        sig_off()
+    elif algorithm == "naive":
+        sig_on()
+        _mzd_pluq_naive(B._entries, p, q)
+        sig_off()
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Algorithm '%s' unknown." % algorithm)
+
+    P = [p.values[i] for i in range(A.nrows())]
+    Q = [q.values[i] for i in range(A.ncols())]
+    mzp_free(p)
+    mzp_free(q)
+    return B, P, Q
+
+
+def ple(Matrix_mod2_dense A, algorithm='standard', int param=0):
+    """
+    Return PLE factorization of A.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``A`` -- matrix
+    - ``algorithm`` -- string; one of
+
+      - ``'standard'`` asymptotically fast (default)
+      - ``'russian'`` M4RI inspired
+      - ``'naive'`` naive cubic
+
+    - ``param`` -- either k for 'mmpf' is chosen or matrix multiplication
+      cutoff for 'standard' (default: 0)
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense import ple
+
+        sage: A = matrix(GF(2), 4, 4, [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0])
+        sage: A
+        [0 1 0 1]
+        [0 1 1 1]
+        [0 0 0 1]
+        [0 1 1 0]
+
+        sage: LU, P, Q = ple(A)
+        sage: LU
+        [1 0 0 1]
+        [1 1 0 0]
+        [0 0 1 0]
+        [1 1 1 0]
+
+        sage: P
+        [0, 1, 2, 3]
+
+        sage: Q
+        [1, 2, 3, 3]
+
+        sage: A = random_matrix(GF(2),1000,1000)
+        sage: ple(A) == ple(A,'russian') == ple(A,'naive')
+        True
+    """
+    cdef Matrix_mod2_dense B = A.__copy__()
+    cdef mzp_t *p = mzp_init(A._entries.nrows)
+    cdef mzp_t *q = mzp_init(A._entries.ncols)
+
+    if algorithm == 'standard':
+        sig_on()
+        mzd_ple(B._entries, p, q, param)
+        sig_off()
+    elif algorithm == "russian":
+        sig_on()
+        _mzd_ple_russian(B._entries, p, q, param)
+        sig_off()
+    elif algorithm == "naive":
+        sig_on()
+        _mzd_ple_naive(B._entries, p, q)
+        sig_off()
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Algorithm '%s' unknown." % algorithm)
+
+    P = [p.values[i] for i in range(A.nrows())]
+    Q = [q.values[i] for i in range(A.ncols())]
+    mzp_free(p)
+    mzp_free(q)
+    return B, P, Q