passagemath-groups 10.6.45__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/groups/group_semidirect_product.py

@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-groups
+r"""
+Semidirect product of groups
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Mark Shimozono (2013) initial version
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013 Mark Shimozono <mshimo at math.vt.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from sage.categories.commutative_additive_groups import CommutativeAdditiveGroups
+from sage.categories.groups import Groups
+from sage.sets.cartesian_product import CartesianProduct
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+
+
+class GroupSemidirectProductElement(CartesianProduct.Element):
+    r"""
+    Element class for :class:`GroupSemidirectProduct`.
+    """
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        A string representing the semidirect product group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: def twist(x, y):
+            ....:     return y
+            sage: GroupSemidirectProduct(WeylGroup(['A',2],prefix='s'),         # indirect doctest
+            ....:                        WeylGroup(['A',3],prefix='t'), twist)
+            Semidirect product of Weyl Group of type ['A', 2]
+            (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space) acting on
+            Weyl Group of type ['A', 3]
+            (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space)
+        """
+        def wrapper(prefix, s):
+            if prefix is None:
+                return s
+            return "%s[%s]" % (prefix, s)
+
+        par = self.parent()
+
+        g = self.cartesian_projection(0)
+        h = self.cartesian_projection(1)
+        gstr = wrapper(par._prefix0, repr(g))
+        hstr = wrapper(par._prefix1, repr(h))
+        if par._print_tuple:
+            return "(%s, %s)" % (gstr, hstr)
+
+        if self == par.one():
+            return "1"
+        if g == g.parent().one():
+            return hstr
+        if h == h.parent().one():
+            return gstr
+        return gstr + " * " + hstr
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice()
+            sage: from sage.groups.group_exp import GroupExp
+            sage: EL = GroupExp()(L)
+            sage: W = L.weyl_group(prefix='s')
+            sage: def twist(w, v):
+            ....:     return EL(w.action(v.value))
+            sage: G = GroupSemidirectProduct(W, EL, twist, prefix1='t')
+            sage: g = G.an_element(); g
+            s1*s2 * t[2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]]
+            sage: g.inverse()
+            s2*s1 * t[2*alpha[1]]
+        """
+        par = self.parent()
+        g = self.cartesian_projection(0)
+        h = self.cartesian_projection(1)
+
+        if par.act_to_right():
+            return self.__class__(par, (~g, par._twist(g, ~h)))
+        else:
+            hi = ~h
+            return self.__class__(par, (par._twist(hi, ~g), hi))
+
+    def to_opposite(self):
+        r"""
+        Send an element to its image in the opposite semidirect product.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice(); L
+            Root lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 2]
+            sage: from sage.groups.group_exp import GroupExp
+            sage: EL = GroupExp()(L)
+            sage: W = L.weyl_group(prefix='s'); W
+            Weyl Group of type ['A', 2]
+            (as a matrix group acting on the root lattice)
+            sage: def twist(w, v):
+            ....:     return EL(w.action(v.value))
+            sage: G = GroupSemidirectProduct(W, EL, twist, prefix1='t'); G
+            Semidirect product of Weyl Group of type ['A', 2] (as a matrix
+            group acting on the root lattice) acting on Multiplicative form of
+            Root lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 2]
+            sage: mu = L.an_element(); mu
+            2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]
+            sage: w = W.an_element(); w
+            s1*s2
+            sage: g = G((w,EL(mu))); g
+            s1*s2 * t[2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]]
+            sage: g.to_opposite()
+            t[-2*alpha[1]] * s1*s2
+            sage: g.to_opposite().parent()
+            Semidirect product of
+             Multiplicative form of Root lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 2]
+             acted upon by Weyl Group of type ['A', 2]
+              (as a matrix group acting on the root lattice)
+        """
+        par = self.parent()
+        Gop = par.opposite_semidirect_product()
+        g = self.cartesian_projection(0)
+        h = self.cartesian_projection(1)
+        if par.act_to_right():
+            return Gop((par._twist(g, h), g))
+        return Gop((h, par._twist(~h, g)))
+
+
+class GroupSemidirectProduct(CartesianProduct):
+    r"""
+    Return the semidirect product of the groups ``G`` and ``H`` using the
+    homomorphism ``twist``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G``, ``H`` -- multiplicative groups
+    - ``twist`` -- (default: ``None``) a function defining
+      a homomorphism (see below)
+    - ``act_to_right`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+    - ``prefix0`` -- string (default: ``None``)
+    - ``prefix1`` -- string (default: ``None``)
+    - ``print_tuple`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+    - ``category`` -- a category (default: ``Groups()``)
+
+    A semidirect product of groups `G` and `H` is a group structure on
+    the Cartesian product `G \times H` whose product agrees with that
+    of `G` on `G \times 1_H` and with that of `H` on `1_G \times H`,
+    such that either `1_G \times H` or `G \times 1_H` is a normal
+    subgroup. In the former case, the group is denoted `G \ltimes H`
+    and in the latter, `G \rtimes H`.
+
+    If ``act_to_right`` is ``True``, this indicates the group `G \ltimes H`
+    in which `G` acts on `H` by automorphisms. In this case there is a
+    group homomorphism `\phi \in \mathrm{Hom}(G, \mathrm{Aut}(H))` such that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        g h g^{-1} = \phi(g)(h).
+
+    The homomorphism `\phi` is specified by the input ``twist``, which
+    syntactically is the function `G\times H\to H` defined by
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        twist(g,h) = \phi(g)(h).
+
+    The product on `G \ltimes H` is defined by
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        (g_1,h_1)(g_2,h_2) &= g_1 h_1 g_2 h_2 \\
+        &= g_1 g_2 g_2^{-1} h_1 g_2 h_2 \\
+        &= (g_1g_2, twist(g_2^{-1}, h_1) h_2)
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    If ``act_to_right`` is ``False``, the group `G \rtimes H` is specified by
+    a homomorphism `\psi\in \mathrm{Hom}(H,\mathrm{Aut}(G))` such that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        h g h^{-1} = \psi(h)(g)
+
+    Then ``twist`` is the function `H\times G\to G` defined by
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+       twist(h,g) = \psi(h)(g).
+
+    so that the product in `G \rtimes H` is defined by
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        (g_1,h_1)(g_2,h_2) &= g_1 h_1 g_2 h_2 \\
+        &= g_1 h_1 g_2 h_1^{-1} h_1 h_2 \\
+        &= (g_1 twist(h_1,g_2), h_1 h_2)
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    If ``prefix0`` (resp. ``prefixl``) is not ``None`` then it is used
+    as a wrapper for printing elements of ``G`` (resp. ``H``). If
+    ``print_tuple`` is ``True`` then elements are printed in the style
+    `(g,h)` and otherwise in the style `g * h`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: G = GL(2,QQ)
+        sage: V = QQ^2
+        sage: EV = GroupExp()(V)  # make a multiplicative version of V
+        sage: def twist(g, v):
+        ....:     return EV(g*v.value)
+        sage: H = GroupSemidirectProduct(G, EV, twist=twist, prefix1='t'); H
+        Semidirect product of General Linear Group of degree 2
+        over Rational Field acting on Multiplicative form of Vector space
+        of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        sage: x = H.an_element(); x
+        t[(1, 0)]
+        sage: x^2
+        t[(2, 0)]
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: cartan_type = CartanType(['A',2])
+        sage: W = WeylGroup(cartan_type, prefix='s')
+        sage: def twist(w, v):
+        ....:     return w*v*(~w)
+        sage: WW = GroupSemidirectProduct(W, W, twist=twist, print_tuple=True)
+        sage: s = Family(cartan_type.index_set(), lambda i: W.simple_reflection(i))
+        sage: y = WW((s[1],s[2])); y
+        (s1, s2)
+        sage: y^2
+        (1, s2*s1)
+        sage: y.inverse()
+        (s1, s1*s2*s1)
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        - Functorial constructor for semidirect products for various categories
+        - Twofold Direct product as a special case of semidirect product
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, G, H, twist=None, act_to_right=True, prefix0=None,
+                 prefix1=None, print_tuple=False, category=Groups()):
+        r"""
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: def twist(x, y):
+            ....:     return y
+            sage: import __main__
+            sage: __main__.twist = twist
+            sage: G = GroupSemidirectProduct(WeylGroup(['A',2],prefix='s'),
+            ....:                            WeylGroup(['A',3],prefix='t'), twist)
+            sage: TestSuite(G).run()
+
+        The ``__main__`` business is a trick to pass the pickling test.
+        """
+
+        self._act_to_right = act_to_right
+
+        def check_implemented_group(x):
+            if x in Groups():
+                return
+            error = ("The semidirect product construction for groups "
+                     "is implemented only for multiplicative groups")
+            if x in CommutativeAdditiveGroups():
+                error += (f". Please change the commutative additive group {x}"
+                          " into a multiplicative group "
+                          "using the functor sage.groups.group_exp.GroupExp")
+            raise TypeError(error)
+
+        check_implemented_group(G)
+        check_implemented_group(H)
+
+        if twist is None:
+            self._twist = lambda g, h: h  # use the trivial twist
+        else:
+            self._twist = twist
+
+        self._prefix0 = prefix0
+        self._prefix1 = prefix1
+        self._print_tuple = print_tuple
+        self._category = category
+        CartesianProduct.__init__(self, (G, H), category=category)
+
+    def act_to_right(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if the left factor acts on the right factor and
+        ``False`` if the right factor acts on the left factor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: def twist(x, y):
+            ....:     return y
+            sage: GroupSemidirectProduct(WeylGroup(['A',2],prefix='s'),
+            ....:                        WeylGroup(['A',3],prefix='t'), twist).act_to_right()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._act_to_right
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        A string representing the semidirect product group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: def twist(x, y):
+            ....:     return y
+            sage: GroupSemidirectProduct(WeylGroup(['A',2],prefix='s'),         # indirect doctest
+            ....:                        WeylGroup(['A',3],prefix='t'), twist)
+            Semidirect product of Weyl Group of type ['A', 2] (as a matrix
+            group acting on the ambient space) acting on Weyl Group
+            of type ['A', 3] (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space)
+        """
+        cartesian_factors = self.cartesian_factors()
+        if self.act_to_right():
+            act_string = "acting on"
+        else:
+            act_string = "acted upon by"
+        return "Semidirect product of %s %s %s" % (cartesian_factors[0],
+                                                   act_string,
+                                                   cartesian_factors[1])
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: def twist(x, y):
+            ....:     return y
+            sage: import __main__
+            sage: __main__.twist = twist
+            sage: g = GroupSemidirectProduct(WeylGroup(['A',2],prefix='s'),
+            ....:                            WeylGroup(['A',3],prefix='t'), twist).an_element()
+            sage: TestSuite(g).run()
+        """
+        def type_error():
+            raise TypeError(f"{x} cannot be converted into an element of {self}")
+
+        if isinstance(x, self.element_class) and x.parent() == self:
+            return x
+        if not isinstance(x, GroupSemidirectProductElement):
+            if not isinstance(x, tuple):
+                type_error()
+            if len(x) != 2:
+                type_error()
+            g, h = x
+        else:
+            g = x.cartesian_projection(0)
+            h = x.cartesian_projection(1)
+        gg = self.cartesian_factors()[0](g)
+        hh = self.cartesian_factors()[1](h)
+        return self.element_class(self, (gg, hh))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def one(self):
+        r"""
+        The identity element of the semidirect product group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = GL(2,QQ)
+            sage: V = QQ^2
+            sage: EV = GroupExp()(V)  # make a multiplicative version of V
+            sage: def twist(g, v):
+            ....:     return EV(g*v.value)
+            sage: one = GroupSemidirectProduct(G, EV, twist=twist, prefix1='t').one(); one
+            1
+            sage: one.cartesian_projection(0)
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: one.cartesian_projection(1)
+            (0, 0)
+        """
+        return self((self.cartesian_factors()[0].one(),
+                     self.cartesian_factors()[1].one()))
+
+    def group_generators(self):
+        r"""
+        Return generators of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: twist = lambda x,y: y
+            sage: import __main__
+            sage: __main__.twist = twist
+            sage: EZ = GroupExp()(ZZ)
+            sage: GroupSemidirectProduct(EZ, EZ, twist, print_tuple=True).group_generators()
+            ((1, 0), (0, 1))
+        """
+        def has_gens(G):
+            if not hasattr(G, 'group_generators'):
+                return False
+            return G.group_generators()
+
+        factors = self.cartesian_factors()
+        g0 = has_gens(factors[0])
+        if g0 is not False:
+            g1 = has_gens(factors[1])
+            if g1 is not False:
+                return tuple([self((x, factors[1].one())) for x in g0] +
+                             [self((factors[0].one(), x)) for x in g1])
+        raise NotImplementedError("one of the factors does not "
+                                  "implement 'group_generators'")
+
+    def product(self, x, y):
+        r"""
+        The product of elements `x` and `y` in the semidirect product group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = GL(2,QQ)
+            sage: V = QQ^2
+            sage: EV = GroupExp()(V)  # make a multiplicative version of V
+            sage: def twist(g, v):
+            ....:     return EV(g*v.value)
+            sage: S = GroupSemidirectProduct(G, EV, twist=twist, prefix1='t')
+            sage: g = G([[2,1],[3,1]]); g
+            [2 1]
+            [3 1]
+            sage: v = EV.an_element(); v
+            (1, 0)
+            sage: x = S((g,v)); x
+            [2 1]
+            [3 1] * t[(1, 0)]
+            sage: x*x # indirect doctest
+            [7 3]
+            [9 4] * t[(0, 3)]
+        """
+        xg = x.cartesian_projection(0)
+        xh = x.cartesian_projection(1)
+        yg = y.cartesian_projection(0)
+        yh = y.cartesian_projection(1)
+        if self.act_to_right():
+            g = xg * yg
+            h = self._twist(~yg, xh) * yh
+        else:
+            h = xh * yh
+            g = xg * self._twist(xh, yg)
+        return self((g, h))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def opposite_semidirect_product(self):
+        r"""
+        Create the same semidirect product but with the positions of the groups exchanged.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = GL(2,QQ)
+            sage: L = QQ^2
+            sage: EL = GroupExp()(L)
+            sage: H = GroupSemidirectProduct(G, EL, prefix1='t',
+            ....:                            twist=lambda g,v: EL(g*v.value)); H
+            Semidirect product of General Linear Group of degree 2
+            over Rational Field acting on Multiplicative form of Vector space
+            of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: h = H((Matrix([[0,1],[1,0]]), EL.an_element())); h
+            [0 1]
+            [1 0] * t[(1, 0)]
+            sage: Hop = H.opposite_semidirect_product(); Hop
+            Semidirect product of Multiplicative form of Vector space
+            of dimension 2 over Rational Field acted upon by
+            General Linear Group of degree 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: hop = h.to_opposite(); hop
+            t[(0, 1)] * [0 1]
+            [1 0]
+            sage: hop in Hop
+            True
+        """
+        return GroupSemidirectProduct(self.cartesian_factors()[1],
+                                      self.cartesian_factors()[0],
+                                      twist=self._twist,
+                                      act_to_right=not self.act_to_right(),
+                                      prefix0=self._prefix1,
+                                      prefix1=self._prefix0,
+                                      print_tuple=self._print_tuple,
+                                      category=self._category)
+
+    def construction(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``None``.
+
+        This overrides the construction functor inherited from
+        ``CartesianProduct``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: def twist(x, y):
+            ....:     return y
+            sage: H = GroupSemidirectProduct(WeylGroup(['A',2],prefix='s'),
+            ....:                            WeylGroup(['A',3],prefix='t'), twist)
+            sage: H.construction()
+        """
+        return None
+
+
+GroupSemidirectProduct.Element = GroupSemidirectProductElement