passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp313-cp313-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/schemes/elliptic_curves/descent_two_isogeny.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.ntl sage.libs.pari
+r"""
+Descent on elliptic curves over `\QQ` with a 2-isogeny
+"""
+
+# ***************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2009 Robert L. Miller <rlmillster@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ***************************************************************************
+
+from cysignals.memory cimport sig_malloc, sig_free
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import polygen
+cdef object x_ZZ = polygen(ZZ)
+from sage.rings.polynomial.real_roots import real_roots
+from sage.arith.misc import prime_divisors
+import sage.libs.ntl.all as ntl
+
+from sage.rings.integer cimport Integer
+from sage.libs.gmp.mpz cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz_poly cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz_poly_sage cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.nmod_poly cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.nmod_poly_factor cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.ulong_extras cimport *
+
+from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny_pari cimport ratpoints_mpz_exists_only
+
+DEF N_RES_CLASSES_BSD = 10
+
+
+cdef unsigned long valuation(mpz_t a, mpz_t p) noexcept:
+    """
+    Return the number of times p divides a.
+    """
+    cdef mpz_t aa
+    cdef unsigned long v
+    mpz_init(aa)
+    v = mpz_remove(aa, a, p)
+    mpz_clear(aa)
+    return v
+
+
+def test_valuation(a, p):
+    """
+    Doctest function for cdef long valuation(mpz_t, mpz_t).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny import test_valuation as tv
+        sage: for i in [1..20]:
+        ....:     print('{:>10} {} {} {}'.format(str(factor(i)), tv(i,2), tv(i,3), tv(i,5)))
+                 1 0 0 0
+                 2 1 0 0
+                 3 0 1 0
+               2^2 2 0 0
+                 5 0 0 1
+             2 * 3 1 1 0
+                 7 0 0 0
+               2^3 3 0 0
+               3^2 0 2 0
+             2 * 5 1 0 1
+                11 0 0 0
+           2^2 * 3 2 1 0
+                13 0 0 0
+             2 * 7 1 0 0
+             3 * 5 0 1 1
+               2^4 4 0 0
+                17 0 0 0
+           2 * 3^2 1 2 0
+                19 0 0 0
+           2^2 * 5 2 0 1
+    """
+    cdef Integer A = Integer(a)
+    cdef Integer P = Integer(p)
+    return valuation(A.value, P.value)
+
+
+cdef int padic_square(mpz_t a, mpz_t p) noexcept:
+    """
+    Test if a is a `p`-adic square.
+    """
+    cdef unsigned long v
+    cdef mpz_t aa
+    cdef int result
+
+    if mpz_sgn(a) == 0:
+        return 1
+
+    v = valuation(a, p)
+    if v & 1:
+        return 0
+
+    mpz_init_set(aa, a)
+    while v:
+        v -= 1
+        mpz_divexact(aa, aa, p)
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(p, 2) == 0:
+        result = bool(mpz_fdiv_ui(aa, 8) == 1)
+    else:
+        result = bool(mpz_legendre(aa, p) == 1)
+    mpz_clear(aa)
+    return result
+
+
+def test_padic_square(a, p):
+    """
+    Doctest function for cdef int padic_square(mpz_t, unsigned long).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny import test_padic_square as ps
+        sage: for i in [1..300]:
+        ....:     for p in prime_range(100):
+        ....:          if Qp(p)(i).is_square() != bool(ps(i,p)):
+        ....:              print(i, p)
+    """
+    cdef Integer A = Integer(a)
+    cdef Integer P = Integer(p)
+    return padic_square(A.value, P.value)
+
+
+cdef int lemma6(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e,
+                mpz_t x, mpz_t p, unsigned long nu) noexcept:
+    """
+    Implement Lemma 6 of BSD's "Notes on elliptic curves, I" for odd `p`.
+
+    Returns -1 for insoluble, 0 for undecided, +1 for soluble.
+    """
+    cdef mpz_t g_of_x, g_prime_of_x
+    cdef unsigned long lambd, mu
+    cdef int result = -1
+
+    mpz_init(g_of_x)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, a, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, b)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, g_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, c)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, g_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, d)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, g_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, e)
+
+    if padic_square(g_of_x, p):
+        mpz_clear(g_of_x)
+        return +1  # soluble
+
+    mpz_init_set(g_prime_of_x, x)
+    mpz_mul(g_prime_of_x, a, x)
+    mpz_mul_ui(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, 4)
+    mpz_addmul_ui(g_prime_of_x, b, 3)
+    mpz_mul(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, x)
+    mpz_addmul_ui(g_prime_of_x, c, 2)
+    mpz_mul(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, d)
+
+    lambd = valuation(g_of_x, p)
+    if mpz_sgn(g_prime_of_x) == 0:
+        if lambd >= 2*nu:
+            result = 0  # undecided
+    else:
+        mu = valuation(g_prime_of_x, p)
+        if lambd > 2*mu:
+            result = 1  # soluble
+        elif lambd >= 2*nu and mu >= nu:
+            result = 0  # undecided
+
+    mpz_clear(g_prime_of_x)
+    mpz_clear(g_of_x)
+    return result
+
+
+cdef int lemma7(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e,
+                mpz_t x, mpz_t p, unsigned long nu) noexcept:
+    """
+    Implement Lemma 7 of BSD's "Notes on elliptic curves, I" for `p=2`.
+
+    Returns -1 for insoluble, 0 for undecided, +1 for soluble.
+    """
+    cdef mpz_t g_of_x, g_prime_of_x, g_of_x_odd_part
+    cdef unsigned long lambd, mu, g_of_x_odd_part_mod_4
+    cdef int result = -1
+
+    mpz_init(g_of_x)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, a, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, b)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, g_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, c)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, g_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, d)
+    mpz_mul(g_of_x, g_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_of_x, g_of_x, e)
+
+    if padic_square(g_of_x, p):
+        mpz_clear(g_of_x)
+        return +1  # soluble
+
+    mpz_init_set(g_prime_of_x, x)
+    mpz_mul(g_prime_of_x, a, x)
+    mpz_mul_ui(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, 4)
+    mpz_addmul_ui(g_prime_of_x, b, 3)
+    mpz_mul(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, x)
+    mpz_addmul_ui(g_prime_of_x, c, 2)
+    mpz_mul(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, x)
+    mpz_add(g_prime_of_x, g_prime_of_x, d)
+
+    lambd = valuation(g_of_x, p)
+    mpz_init_set(g_of_x_odd_part, g_of_x)
+    while mpz_even_p(g_of_x_odd_part):
+        mpz_divexact_ui(g_of_x_odd_part, g_of_x_odd_part, 2)
+    g_of_x_odd_part_mod_4 = mpz_fdiv_ui(g_of_x_odd_part, 4)
+    if mpz_sgn(g_prime_of_x) == 0:
+        if lambd >= 2*nu:
+            result = 0  # undecided
+        elif lambd == 2*nu-2 and g_of_x_odd_part_mod_4==1:
+            result = 0  # undecided
+    else:
+        mu = valuation(g_prime_of_x, p)
+        if lambd > 2*mu:
+            result = 1  # soluble
+        elif nu > mu:
+            if lambd >= mu+nu:
+                result = 1  # soluble
+            elif lambd+1 == mu+nu and (lambd & 1) == 0:
+                result = 1  # soluble
+            elif lambd+2 == mu+nu and (lambd & 1) == 0 and g_of_x_odd_part_mod_4 == 1:
+                result = 1  # soluble
+        else:  # nu <= mu
+            if lambd >= 2*nu:
+                result = 0  # undecided
+            elif lambd+2 == 2*nu and g_of_x_odd_part_mod_4==1:
+                result = 0  # undecided
+
+    mpz_clear(g_prime_of_x)
+    mpz_clear(g_of_x)
+    return result
+
+
+cdef int Zp_soluble_BSD(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e,
+                        mpz_t x_k, mpz_t p, unsigned long k) noexcept:
+    """
+    Uses the approach of BSD's "Notes on elliptic curves, I" to test for
+    solubility of y^2 == ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx + e over Zp, with
+    x=x_k (mod p^k).
+    """
+    # returns solubility of y^2 = ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx + e
+    # in Zp with x=x_k (mod p^k)
+    cdef int code
+    cdef unsigned long t
+    cdef mpz_t s
+
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(p, 2) == 0:
+        code = lemma7(a, b, c, d, e, x_k, p, k)
+    else:
+        code = lemma6(a, b, c, d, e, x_k, p, k)
+    if code == 1:
+        return 1
+    if code == -1:
+        return 0
+
+    # now code == 0
+    t = 0
+    mpz_init(s)
+    while code == 0 and mpz_cmp_ui(p, t) > 0 and t < N_RES_CLASSES_BSD:
+        mpz_pow_ui(s, p, k)
+        mpz_mul_ui(s, s, t)
+        mpz_add(s, s, x_k)
+        code = Zp_soluble_BSD(a, b, c, d, e, s, p, k+1)
+        t += 1
+    mpz_clear(s)
+    return code
+
+
+cdef bint Zp_soluble_siksek(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e,
+                            mpz_t pp, unsigned long pp_ui,
+                            nmod_poly_factor_t f_factzn, nmod_poly_t f,
+                            fmpz_poly_t f1, fmpz_poly_t linear) noexcept:
+    """
+    Uses the approach of Algorithm 5.3.1 of Siksek's thesis to test for
+    solubility of y^2 == ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx + e over Zp.
+    """
+    cdef unsigned long v_min, v
+    cdef unsigned long roots[4]
+    cdef int i, j, has_roots, has_single_roots
+    cdef bint result
+
+    cdef mpz_t aa, bb, cc, dd, ee
+    cdef mpz_t aaa, bbb, ccc, ddd, eee
+    cdef unsigned long qq
+    cdef unsigned long rr, ss
+    cdef mpz_t tt
+
+    # Step 0: divide out all common p from the quartic
+    v_min = valuation(a, pp)
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(b, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(b, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(c, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(c, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(d, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(d, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(e, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(e, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    for v in range(v_min):
+        mpz_divexact(a, a, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(b, b, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(c, c, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(d, d, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(e, e, pp)
+
+    if not v_min % 2:
+        # Step I in Alg. 5.3.1 of Siksek's thesis
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 0, mpz_fdiv_ui(e, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 1, mpz_fdiv_ui(d, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 2, mpz_fdiv_ui(c, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 3, mpz_fdiv_ui(b, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 4, mpz_fdiv_ui(a, pp_ui))
+
+        result = 0
+        (<nmod_poly_factor_struct *>f_factzn)[0].num = 0  # reset data struct
+        qq = nmod_poly_factor(f_factzn, f)
+        for i in range(f_factzn.num):
+            if f_factzn.exp[i]&1:
+                result = 1
+                break
+        if result == 0 and n_jacobi(qq, pp_ui) == 1:
+            result = 1
+        if result:
+            return 1
+
+        nmod_poly_zero(f)
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 0, 1)
+        for i in range(f_factzn.num):
+            for j in range(f_factzn.exp[i]>>1):
+                nmod_poly_mul(f, f, &f_factzn.p[i])
+
+        (<nmod_poly_factor_struct *>f_factzn)[0].num = 0  # reset data struct
+        nmod_poly_factor(f_factzn, f)
+        has_roots = 0
+        j = 0
+        for i in range(f_factzn.num):
+            if nmod_poly_degree(&f_factzn.p[i]) == 1 and 0 != nmod_poly_get_coeff_ui(&f_factzn.p[i], 1):
+                has_roots = 1
+                roots[j] = pp_ui - nmod_poly_get_coeff_ui(&f_factzn.p[i], 0)
+                j += 1
+        if not has_roots:
+            return 0
+
+        i = nmod_poly_degree(f)
+        mpz_init(aaa)
+        mpz_init(bbb)
+        mpz_init(ccc)
+        mpz_init(ddd)
+        mpz_init(eee)
+
+        if i == 0:  # g == 1
+            mpz_set(aaa, a)
+            mpz_set(bbb, b)
+            mpz_set(ccc, c)
+            mpz_set(ddd, d)
+            mpz_sub_ui(eee, e, qq)
+        elif i == 1:  # g == x + rr
+            mpz_set(aaa, a)
+            mpz_set(bbb, b)
+            mpz_sub_ui(ccc, c, qq)
+            rr = nmod_poly_get_coeff_ui(f, 0)
+            ss = rr*qq
+            mpz_set(ddd,d)
+            mpz_sub_ui(ddd, ddd, ss*2)
+            mpz_set(eee,e)
+            mpz_sub_ui(eee, eee, ss*rr)
+        elif i == 2:  # g == x^2 + rr*x + ss
+            mpz_sub_ui(aaa, a, qq)
+            rr = nmod_poly_get_coeff_ui(f, 1)
+            mpz_init(tt)
+            mpz_set_ui(tt, rr*qq)
+            mpz_set(bbb,b)
+            mpz_submul_ui(bbb, tt, 2)
+            mpz_set(ccc,c)
+            mpz_submul_ui(ccc, tt, rr)
+            ss = nmod_poly_get_coeff_ui(f, 0)
+            mpz_set_ui(tt, ss*qq)
+            mpz_set(eee,e)
+            mpz_submul_ui(eee, tt, ss)
+            mpz_mul_ui(tt, tt, 2)
+            mpz_sub(ccc, ccc, tt)
+            mpz_set(ddd,d)
+            mpz_submul_ui(ddd, tt, rr)
+            mpz_clear(tt)
+        mpz_divexact(aaa, aaa, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(bbb, bbb, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(ccc, ccc, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(ddd, ddd, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(eee, eee, pp)
+        # now aaa, bbb, ccc, ddd, eee represents h(x)
+
+        result = 0
+        mpz_init(tt)
+        for i in range(j):
+            mpz_mul_ui(tt, aaa, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, bbb)
+            mpz_mul_ui(tt, tt, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, ccc)
+            mpz_mul_ui(tt, tt, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, ddd)
+            mpz_mul_ui(tt, tt, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, eee)
+            # tt == h(r) mod p
+            mpz_mod(tt, tt, pp)
+            if mpz_sgn(tt) == 0:
+                fmpz_poly_zero(f1)
+                fmpz_poly_zero(linear)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 0, e)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 1, d)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 2, c)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 3, b)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 4, a)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_ui(linear, 0, roots[i])
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(linear, 1, pp)
+                fmpz_poly_compose(f1, f1, linear)
+                fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_ui(f1, f1, pp_ui)
+                fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_ui(f1, f1, pp_ui)
+                mpz_init(aa)
+                mpz_init(bb)
+                mpz_init(cc)
+                mpz_init(dd)
+                mpz_init(ee)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(aa, f1, 4)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(bb, f1, 3)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(cc, f1, 2)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(dd, f1, 1)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(ee, f1, 0)
+                result = Zp_soluble_siksek(aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, pp, pp_ui, f_factzn, f, f1, linear)
+                mpz_clear(aa)
+                mpz_clear(bb)
+                mpz_clear(cc)
+                mpz_clear(dd)
+                mpz_clear(ee)
+                if result == 1:
+                    break
+        mpz_clear(aaa)
+        mpz_clear(bbb)
+        mpz_clear(ccc)
+        mpz_clear(ddd)
+        mpz_clear(eee)
+        mpz_clear(tt)
+        return result
+    else:
+        # Step II in Alg. 5.3.1 of Siksek's thesis
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 0, mpz_fdiv_ui(e, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 1, mpz_fdiv_ui(d, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 2, mpz_fdiv_ui(c, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 3, mpz_fdiv_ui(b, pp_ui))
+        nmod_poly_set_coeff_ui(f, 4, mpz_fdiv_ui(a, pp_ui))
+        (<nmod_poly_factor_struct *>f_factzn)[0].num = 0  # reset data struct
+        nmod_poly_factor(f_factzn, f)
+        has_roots = 0
+        has_single_roots = 0
+        j = 0
+        for i in range(f_factzn.num):
+            if nmod_poly_degree(&f_factzn.p[i]) == 1 and 0 != nmod_poly_get_coeff_ui(&f_factzn.p[i], 1):
+                has_roots = 1
+                if f_factzn.exp[i] == 1:
+                    has_single_roots = 1
+                    break
+                roots[j] = pp_ui - nmod_poly_get_coeff_ui(&f_factzn.p[i], 0)
+                j += 1
+
+        if not has_roots:
+            return 0
+        if has_single_roots:
+            return 1
+
+        result = 0
+        if j > 0:
+            mpz_init(aa)
+            mpz_init(bb)
+            mpz_init(cc)
+            mpz_init(dd)
+            mpz_init(ee)
+        for i in range(j):
+            fmpz_poly_zero(f1)
+            fmpz_poly_zero(linear)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 0, e)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 1, d)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 2, c)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 3, b)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 4, a)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_ui(linear, 0, roots[i])
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(linear, 1, pp)
+            fmpz_poly_compose(f1, f1, linear)
+            fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_ui(f1, f1, pp_ui)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(aa, f1, 4)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(bb, f1, 3)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(cc, f1, 2)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(dd, f1, 1)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(ee, f1, 0)
+            result = Zp_soluble_siksek(aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, pp, pp_ui, f_factzn, f, f1, linear)
+            if result == 1:
+                break
+        if j > 0:
+            mpz_clear(aa)
+            mpz_clear(bb)
+            mpz_clear(cc)
+            mpz_clear(dd)
+            mpz_clear(ee)
+        return result
+
+cdef bint Zp_soluble_siksek_large_p(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e, mpz_t pp,
+                                    fmpz_poly_t f1, fmpz_poly_t linear) noexcept:
+    """
+    Uses the approach of Algorithm 5.3.1 of Siksek's thesis to test for
+    solubility of y^2 == ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx + e over Zp.
+    """
+    cdef unsigned long v_min, v
+    cdef mpz_t roots[4]
+    cdef int i, j, has_roots, has_single_roots
+    cdef bint result
+
+    cdef mpz_t aa, bb, cc, dd, ee
+    cdef mpz_t aaa, bbb, ccc, ddd, eee
+    cdef mpz_t qq, rr, ss, tt
+    cdef Integer A, B, C, D, E, P
+
+    # Step 0: divide out all common p from the quartic
+    v_min = valuation(a, pp)
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(b, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(b, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(c, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(c, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(d, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(d, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(e, 0) != 0:
+        v = valuation(e, pp)
+        if v < v_min:
+            v_min = v
+    for v in range(v_min):
+        mpz_divexact(a, a, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(b, b, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(c, c, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(d, d, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(e, e, pp)
+
+    if not v_min % 2:
+        # Step I in Alg. 5.3.1 of Siksek's thesis
+        A = Integer(0)
+        B = Integer(0)
+        C = Integer(0)
+        D = Integer(0)
+        E = Integer(0)
+        P = Integer(0)
+        mpz_set(A.value, a)
+        mpz_set(B.value, b)
+        mpz_set(C.value, c)
+        mpz_set(D.value, d)
+        mpz_set(E.value, e)
+        mpz_set(P.value, pp)
+        f = ntl.ZZ_pX([E, D, C, B, A], P)
+        f /= ntl.ZZ_pX([A], P)  # now f is monic, and we are done with A,B,C,D,E
+        mpz_set(qq, A.value)  # qq is the leading coefficient of the polynomial
+        f_factzn = f.factor()
+        result = 0
+        for factor, exponent in f_factzn:
+            if exponent&1:
+                result = 1
+                break
+        if result == 0 and mpz_legendre(qq, pp) == 1:
+            result = 1
+        if result:
+            return 1
+
+        f = ntl.ZZ_pX([1], P)
+        for factor, exponent in f_factzn:
+            for j in range(exponent // 2):
+                f *= factor
+
+        f /= f.leading_coefficient()
+        f_factzn = f.factor()
+
+        has_roots = 0
+        j = 0
+        for factor, exponent in f_factzn:
+            if factor.degree() == 1:
+                has_roots = 1
+                A = P - Integer(factor[0])
+                mpz_set(roots[j], A.value)
+                j += 1
+        if not has_roots:
+            return 0
+
+        i = f.degree()
+        mpz_init(aaa)
+        mpz_init(bbb)
+        mpz_init(ccc)
+        mpz_init(ddd)
+        mpz_init(eee)
+
+        if i == 0:  # g == 1
+            mpz_set(aaa, a)
+            mpz_set(bbb, b)
+            mpz_set(ccc, c)
+            mpz_set(ddd, d)
+            mpz_sub(eee, e, qq)
+        elif i == 1:  # g == x + rr
+            mpz_set(aaa, a)
+            mpz_set(bbb, b)
+            mpz_sub(ccc, c, qq)
+            A = Integer(f[0])
+            mpz_set(rr, A.value)
+            mpz_mul(ss, rr, qq)
+            mpz_set(ddd,d)
+            mpz_sub(ddd, ddd, ss)
+            mpz_sub(ddd, ddd, ss)
+            mpz_set(eee,e)
+            mpz_mul(ss, ss, rr)
+            mpz_sub(eee, eee, ss)
+            mpz_divexact(ss, ss, rr)
+        elif i == 2:  # g == x^2 + rr*x + ss
+            mpz_sub(aaa, a, qq)
+            A = Integer(f[1])
+            mpz_set(rr, A.value)
+            mpz_init(tt)
+            mpz_mul(tt, rr, qq)
+            mpz_set(bbb,b)
+            mpz_submul_ui(bbb, tt, 2)
+            mpz_set(ccc,c)
+            mpz_submul(ccc, tt, rr)
+            A = Integer(f[0])
+            mpz_set(ss, A.value)
+            mpz_mul(tt, ss, qq)
+            mpz_set(eee,e)
+            mpz_submul(eee, tt, ss)
+            mpz_mul_ui(tt, tt, 2)
+            mpz_sub(ccc, ccc, tt)
+            mpz_set(ddd,d)
+            mpz_submul(ddd, tt, rr)
+            mpz_clear(tt)
+        mpz_divexact(aaa, aaa, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(bbb, bbb, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(ccc, ccc, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(ddd, ddd, pp)
+        mpz_divexact(eee, eee, pp)
+        # now aaa, bbb, ccc, ddd, eee represents h(x)
+
+        result = 0
+        mpz_init(tt)
+        for i in range(j):
+            mpz_mul(tt, aaa, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, bbb)
+            mpz_mul(tt, tt, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, ccc)
+            mpz_mul(tt, tt, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, ddd)
+            mpz_mul(tt, tt, roots[i])
+            mpz_add(tt, tt, eee)
+            # tt == h(r) mod p
+            mpz_mod(tt, tt, pp)
+            if mpz_sgn(tt) == 0:
+                fmpz_poly_zero(f1)
+                fmpz_poly_zero(linear)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 0, e)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 1, d)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 2, c)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 3, b)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 4, a)
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(linear, 0, roots[i])
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(linear, 1, pp)
+                fmpz_poly_compose(f1, f1, linear)
+                fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_mpz(f1, f1, pp)
+                fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_mpz(f1, f1, pp)
+
+                mpz_init(aa)
+                mpz_init(bb)
+                mpz_init(cc)
+                mpz_init(dd)
+                mpz_init(ee)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(aa, f1, 4)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(bb, f1, 3)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(cc, f1, 2)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(dd, f1, 1)
+                fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(ee, f1, 0)
+                result = Zp_soluble_siksek_large_p(aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, pp, f1, linear)
+                mpz_clear(aa)
+                mpz_clear(bb)
+                mpz_clear(cc)
+                mpz_clear(dd)
+                mpz_clear(ee)
+                if result == 1:
+                    break
+        mpz_clear(aaa)
+        mpz_clear(bbb)
+        mpz_clear(ccc)
+        mpz_clear(ddd)
+        mpz_clear(eee)
+        mpz_clear(tt)
+        return result
+    else:
+        # Step II in Alg. 5.3.1 of Siksek's thesis
+        A = Integer(0)
+        B = Integer(0)
+        C = Integer(0)
+        D = Integer(0)
+        E = Integer(0)
+        P = Integer(0)
+        mpz_set(A.value, a)
+        mpz_set(B.value, b)
+        mpz_set(C.value, c)
+        mpz_set(D.value, d)
+        mpz_set(E.value, e)
+        mpz_set(P.value, pp)
+        f = ntl.ZZ_pX([E, D, C, B, A], P)
+        f /= ntl.ZZ_pX([A], P)  # now f is monic
+        f_factzn = f.factor()
+
+        has_roots = 0
+        has_single_roots = 0
+        j = 0
+        for factor, exponent in f_factzn:
+            if factor.degree() == 1:
+                has_roots = 1
+                if exponent == 1:
+                    has_single_roots = 1
+                    break
+                A = P - Integer(factor[0])
+                mpz_set(roots[j], A.value)
+                j += 1
+
+        if not has_roots:
+            return 0
+        if has_single_roots:
+            return 1
+
+        result = 0
+        if j > 0:
+            mpz_init(aa)
+            mpz_init(bb)
+            mpz_init(cc)
+            mpz_init(dd)
+            mpz_init(ee)
+        for i in range(j):
+            fmpz_poly_zero(f1)
+            fmpz_poly_zero(linear)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 0, e)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 1, d)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 2, c)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 3, b)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(f1, 4, a)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(linear, 0, roots[i])
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(linear, 1, pp)
+            fmpz_poly_compose(f1, f1, linear)
+            fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_mpz(f1, f1, pp)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(aa, f1, 4)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(bb, f1, 3)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(cc, f1, 2)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(dd, f1, 1)
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(ee, f1, 0)
+            result = Zp_soluble_siksek_large_p(aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, pp, f1, linear)
+            if result == 1:
+                break
+        if j > 0:
+            mpz_clear(aa)
+            mpz_clear(bb)
+            mpz_clear(cc)
+            mpz_clear(dd)
+            mpz_clear(ee)
+        return result
+
+cdef bint Qp_soluble_siksek(mpz_t A, mpz_t B, mpz_t C, mpz_t D, mpz_t E,
+                            mpz_t p, unsigned long P,
+                            nmod_poly_factor_t f_factzn, fmpz_poly_t f1,
+                            fmpz_poly_t linear) noexcept:
+    """
+    Uses Samir Siksek's thesis results to determine whether the quartic is
+    locally soluble at p.
+    """
+    cdef int result = 0
+    cdef mpz_t a, b, c, d, e
+    cdef nmod_poly_t f
+    nmod_poly_init(f, P)
+
+    mpz_init_set(a, A)
+    mpz_init_set(b, B)
+    mpz_init_set(c, C)
+    mpz_init_set(d, D)
+    mpz_init_set(e, E)
+
+    if Zp_soluble_siksek(a, b, c, d, e,
+                         p, P, f_factzn, f, f1, linear):
+        result = 1
+    else:
+        mpz_set(a, A)
+        mpz_set(b, B)
+        mpz_set(c, C)
+        mpz_set(d, D)
+        mpz_set(e, E)
+        if Zp_soluble_siksek(e, d, c, b, a,
+                             p, P,f_factzn, f, f1, linear):
+            result = 1
+
+    mpz_clear(a)
+    mpz_clear(b)
+    mpz_clear(c)
+    mpz_clear(d)
+    mpz_clear(e)
+    nmod_poly_clear(f)
+    return result
+
+
+cdef bint Qp_soluble_siksek_large_p(mpz_t A, mpz_t B, mpz_t C, mpz_t D, mpz_t E,
+                                    mpz_t p, fmpz_poly_t f1, fmpz_poly_t linear) noexcept:
+    """
+    Uses Samir Siksek's thesis results to determine whether the quartic is
+    locally soluble at p, when p is bigger than wordsize, and we can't use
+    FLINT.
+    """
+    cdef int result = 0
+    cdef mpz_t a, b, c, d, e
+
+    mpz_init_set(a,A)
+    mpz_init_set(b,B)
+    mpz_init_set(c,C)
+    mpz_init_set(d,D)
+    mpz_init_set(e,E)
+
+    if Zp_soluble_siksek_large_p(a, b, c, d, e,
+                                 p, f1, linear):
+        result = 1
+    else:
+        mpz_set(a,A)
+        mpz_set(b,B)
+        mpz_set(c,C)
+        mpz_set(d,D)
+        mpz_set(e,E)
+        if Zp_soluble_siksek_large_p(e,d,c,b,a,p,f1,linear):
+            result = 1
+
+    mpz_clear(a)
+    mpz_clear(b)
+    mpz_clear(c)
+    mpz_clear(d)
+    mpz_clear(e)
+    return result
+
+cdef bint Qp_soluble_BSD(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e, mpz_t p) noexcept:
+    """
+    Uses the original test of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer to test for local
+    solubility of the quartic at p.
+    """
+    cdef mpz_t zero
+    cdef int result = 0
+    mpz_init_set_ui(zero, 0)
+    if Zp_soluble_BSD(a, b, c, d, e,
+                      zero, p, 0):
+        result = 1
+    elif Zp_soluble_BSD(e, d, c, b, a,
+                        zero, p, 1):
+        result = 1
+    mpz_clear(zero)
+    return result
+
+cdef bint Qp_soluble(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e, mpz_t p) noexcept:
+    """
+    Try the BSD approach for a few residue classes and if no solution is found,
+    switch to Siksek to try to prove insolubility.
+    """
+    cdef int bsd_sol, sik_sol
+    cdef unsigned long pp
+    cdef fmpz_poly_t f1, linear
+    cdef nmod_poly_factor_t f_factzn
+    bsd_sol = Qp_soluble_BSD(a, b, c, d, e, p)
+    if mpz_cmp_ui(p,N_RES_CLASSES_BSD)>0 and not bsd_sol:
+        fmpz_poly_init(f1)
+        fmpz_poly_init(linear)
+        if mpz_fits_ulong_p(p):
+            nmod_poly_factor_init(f_factzn)
+            pp = mpz_get_ui(p)
+            sik_sol = Qp_soluble_siksek(a, b, c, d, e,
+                                        p, pp, f_factzn, f1,linear)
+            nmod_poly_factor_clear(f_factzn)
+        else:
+            sik_sol = Qp_soluble_siksek_large_p(a, b, c, d, e,
+                                                p, f1, linear)
+        fmpz_poly_clear(f1)
+        fmpz_poly_clear(linear)
+    else:
+        sik_sol = bsd_sol
+    return sik_sol
+
+
+def test_qpls(a, b, c, d, e, p):
+    """
+    Testing function for Qp_soluble.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny import test_qpls as tq
+        sage: tq(1,2,3,4,5,7)
+        1
+    """
+    cdef Integer A, B, C, D, E, P
+    cdef int result
+    cdef mpz_t aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, pp
+    A = Integer(a)
+    B = Integer(b)
+    C = Integer(c)
+    D = Integer(d)
+    E = Integer(e)
+    P = Integer(p)
+    mpz_init_set(aa, A.value)
+    mpz_init_set(bb, B.value)
+    mpz_init_set(cc, C.value)
+    mpz_init_set(dd, D.value)
+    mpz_init_set(ee, E.value)
+    mpz_init_set(pp, P.value)
+    result = Qp_soluble(aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, pp)
+    mpz_clear(aa)
+    mpz_clear(bb)
+    mpz_clear(cc)
+    mpz_clear(dd)
+    mpz_clear(ee)
+    mpz_clear(pp)
+    return result
+
+
+cdef int everywhere_locally_soluble(mpz_t a, mpz_t b, mpz_t c, mpz_t d, mpz_t e) except -1:
+    """
+    Return whether the quartic has local solutions at all primes `p`.
+    """
+    cdef Integer A, B, C, D, E, Delta,p
+    cdef mpz_t mpz_2
+    A = Integer(0)
+    B = Integer(0)
+    C = Integer(0)
+    D = Integer(0)
+    E = Integer(0)
+    mpz_set(A.value, a)
+    mpz_set(B.value, b)
+    mpz_set(C.value, c)
+    mpz_set(D.value, d)
+    mpz_set(E.value, e)
+    f = (((A*x_ZZ + B)*x_ZZ + C)*x_ZZ + D)*x_ZZ + E
+
+    # RR soluble:
+    if mpz_sgn(a) != 1:
+        if not real_roots(f):
+            return 0
+
+    # Q2 soluble:
+    mpz_init_set_ui(mpz_2, 2)
+    if not Qp_soluble(a, b, c, d, e, mpz_2):
+        mpz_clear(mpz_2)
+        return 0
+    mpz_clear(mpz_2)
+
+    # Odd finite primes
+    Delta = f.discriminant()
+    if not Delta:
+        raise ValueError("the curve is singular, Delta is zero")
+    for p in prime_divisors(Delta):
+        if p == 2:
+            continue
+        if not Qp_soluble(a, b, c, d, e, p.value):
+            return 0
+
+    return 1
+
+
+def test_els(a, b, c, d, e):
+    """
+    Doctest function for cdef int everywhere_locally_soluble(mpz_t, mpz_t, mpz_t, mpz_t, mpz_t).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny import test_els
+        sage: for _ in range(1000):
+        ....:     a,b,c,d,e = randint(1,1000), randint(1,1000), randint(1,1000), randint(1,1000), randint(1,1000)
+        ....:     if pari.Pol([a,b,c,d,e]).hyperellratpoints(1000, 1):
+        ....:         try:
+        ....:             if not test_els(a,b,c,d,e):
+        ....:                 print("This never happened", a, b, c, d, e)
+        ....:         except ValueError:
+        ....:             continue
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Check that :issue:`39864` is fixed::
+
+        sage: test_els(194, 617, 846, 617, 194)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the curve is singular, Delta is zero
+    """
+    cdef Integer A, B, C, D, E
+    A = Integer(a)
+    B = Integer(b)
+    C = Integer(c)
+    D = Integer(d)
+    E = Integer(e)
+    return everywhere_locally_soluble(A.value, B.value, C.value, D.value, E.value)
+
+
+cdef int count(mpz_t c_mpz, mpz_t d_mpz, mpz_t *p_list, unsigned long p_list_len,
+               int global_limit_small, int global_limit_large,
+               int verbosity, bint selmer_only, mpz_t n1, mpz_t n2) except -1:
+    """
+    Count the number of els/gls quartic 2-covers of E.
+    """
+    cdef unsigned long n_primes, i
+    cdef bint found_global_points, els, check_negs, verbose = (verbosity > 4)
+    cdef Integer a_Int, c_Int, e_Int
+    cdef mpz_t c_sq_mpz, d_prime_mpz
+    cdef mpz_t n_divisors, j
+
+    mpz_init(c_sq_mpz)
+    mpz_mul(c_sq_mpz, c_mpz, c_mpz)
+    mpz_init_set(d_prime_mpz, c_sq_mpz)
+    mpz_submul_ui(d_prime_mpz, d_mpz, 4)
+    check_negs = 0
+    if mpz_sgn(d_prime_mpz) > 0:
+        if mpz_sgn(c_mpz) >= 0 or mpz_cmp(c_sq_mpz, d_prime_mpz) <= 0:
+            check_negs = 1
+    mpz_clear(c_sq_mpz)
+    mpz_clear(d_prime_mpz)
+
+    # Set up coefficient array, and static variables
+    cdef mpz_t *coeffs = <mpz_t *> sig_malloc(5 * sizeof(mpz_t))
+    for i in range(5):
+        mpz_init(coeffs[i])
+    mpz_set_ui(coeffs[1], 0)     #
+    mpz_set(coeffs[2], c_mpz)    # These never change
+    mpz_set_ui(coeffs[3], 0)     #
+
+    # Get prime divisors, and put them in an mpz_t array
+    # (this block, by setting check_negs, takes care of
+    # local solubility over RR)
+    cdef mpz_t *p_div_d_mpz = <mpz_t *> sig_malloc((p_list_len+1) * sizeof(mpz_t))
+    n_primes = 0
+    for i in range(p_list_len):
+        if mpz_divisible_p(d_mpz, p_list[i]):
+            mpz_init(p_div_d_mpz[n_primes])
+            mpz_set(p_div_d_mpz[n_primes], p_list[i])
+            n_primes += 1
+    if check_negs:
+        mpz_init(p_div_d_mpz[n_primes])
+        mpz_set_si(p_div_d_mpz[n_primes], -1)
+        n_primes += 1
+    mpz_init_set_ui(n_divisors, 1)
+    mpz_mul_2exp(n_divisors, n_divisors, n_primes)
+
+    mpz_init_set_ui(j, 0)
+    if not selmer_only:
+        mpz_set_ui(n1, 0)
+    mpz_set_ui(n2, 0)
+    while mpz_cmp(j, n_divisors) < 0:
+        mpz_set_ui(coeffs[4], 1)
+        for i in range(n_primes):
+            if mpz_tstbit(j, i):
+                mpz_mul(coeffs[4], coeffs[4], p_div_d_mpz[i])
+        if verbosity > 3:
+            a_Int = Integer(0)
+            mpz_set(a_Int.value, coeffs[4])
+            print('\nSquarefree divisor:', a_Int)
+        mpz_divexact(coeffs[0], d_mpz, coeffs[4])
+        found_global_points = 0
+        if not selmer_only:
+            if verbose:
+                print("\nCalling ratpoints for small point search")
+            found_global_points = ratpoints_mpz_exists_only(coeffs, 4, global_limit_small)
+            if found_global_points:
+                if verbosity > 2:
+                    a_Int = Integer(0)
+                    mpz_set(a_Int.value, coeffs[4])
+                    c_Int = Integer(0)
+                    mpz_set(c_Int.value, coeffs[2])
+                    e_Int = Integer(0)
+                    mpz_set(e_Int.value, coeffs[0])
+                    print('Found small global point, quartic (%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)' % (a_Int, 0, c_Int, 0, e_Int))
+                mpz_add_ui(n1, n1, 1)
+                mpz_add_ui(n2, n2, 1)
+            if verbose:
+                print("\nDone calling ratpoints for small point search")
+        if not found_global_points:
+            # Test whether the quartic is everywhere locally soluble:
+            els = 1
+            for i in range(p_list_len):
+                if not Qp_soluble(coeffs[4], coeffs[3], coeffs[2], coeffs[1], coeffs[0], p_list[i]):
+                    els = 0
+                    break
+            if els:
+                if verbosity > 2:
+                    a_Int = Integer(0)
+                    mpz_set(a_Int.value, coeffs[4])
+                    c_Int = Integer(0)
+                    mpz_set(c_Int.value, coeffs[2])
+                    e_Int = Integer(0)
+                    mpz_set(e_Int.value, coeffs[0])
+                    print('ELS without small global points, quartic (%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)' % (a_Int, 0, c_Int, 0, e_Int))
+                mpz_add_ui(n2, n2, 1)
+                if not selmer_only:
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("\nCalling ratpoints for large point search")
+                    found_global_points = ratpoints_mpz_exists_only(coeffs, 4, global_limit_large)
+                    if found_global_points:
+                        if verbosity > 2:
+                            print('  -- Found large global point.')
+                        mpz_add_ui(n1, n1, 1)
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("\nDone calling ratpoints for large point search")
+        mpz_add_ui(j, j, 1)
+    mpz_clear(j)
+    for i in range(n_primes):
+        mpz_clear(p_div_d_mpz[i])
+    sig_free(p_div_d_mpz)
+    mpz_clear(n_divisors)
+    for i in range(5):
+        mpz_clear(coeffs[i])
+    sig_free(coeffs)
+    return 0
+
+
+def two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E,
+                               int global_limit_small=10,
+                               int global_limit_large=10000,
+                               int verbosity=0,
+                               bint selmer_only=0, bint proof=1):
+    """
+    Given an elliptic curve E with a two-isogeny phi : E --> E' and dual isogeny
+    phi', runs a two-isogeny descent on E, returning n1, n2, n1' and n2'. Here
+    n1 is the number of quartic covers found with a rational point, and n2 is
+    the number which are ELS.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.schemes
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny import two_descent_by_two_isogeny
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve('14a')
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2 # the rank
+        0
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve('65a')
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2 # the rank
+        1
+
+        sage: # needs sage.schemes sage.symbolic
+        sage: x,y = var('x,y')
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(y^2 == x^3 + x^2 - 25*x + 39)
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2  # the rank
+        2
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(y^2 + x*y + y == x^3 - 131*x + 558)
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2  # the rank
+        3
+
+    Using the verbosity option::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.schemes
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve('14a')
+        sage: two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E, verbosity=1)
+        2-isogeny
+        Results:
+        2 <= #E(Q)/phi'(E'(Q)) <= 2
+        2 <= #E'(Q)/phi(E(Q)) <= 2
+        #Sel^(phi')(E'/Q) = 2
+        #Sel^(phi)(E/Q) = 2
+        1 <= #Sha(E'/Q)[phi'] <= 1
+        1 <= #Sha(E/Q)[phi] <= 1
+        1 <= #Sha(E/Q)[2], #Sha(E'/Q)[2] <= 1
+        0 <= rank of E(Q) = rank of E'(Q) <= 0
+        (2, 2, 2, 2)
+
+    Handling curves whose discriminants involve larger than wordsize primes::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.schemes
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve('14a')
+        sage: E = E.quadratic_twist(next_prime(10^20))
+        sage: E
+        Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x^2 + 716666666666666667225666666666666666775672*x - 391925925925925926384240370370370370549019837037037037060249356 over Rational Field
+        sage: E.discriminant().factor()
+        -1 * 2^18 * 7^3 * 100000000000000000039^6
+        sage: log(100000000000000000039.0, 2.0)
+        66.438...
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2 # the rank
+        0
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Here we contrive an example to demonstrate that a keyboard interrupt
+    is caught. Here we let `E` be the smallest optimal curve with two-torsion
+    and nontrivial `Sha[2]`. This ensures that the two-descent will be looking
+    for rational points which do not exist, and by setting global_limit_large
+    to a very high bound, it will still be working when we simulate a ``CTRL-C``::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.schemes
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny import two_descent_by_two_isogeny
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve('960d'); E
+        Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 - x^2 - 900*x - 10098 over Rational Field
+        sage: E.sha().an()
+        4
+        sage: from sage.doctest.util import ensure_interruptible_after
+        sage: with ensure_interruptible_after(0.5): two_descent_by_two_isogeny(E, global_limit_large=10^8)
+    """
+    cdef Integer a1, a2, a3, a4, a6, s2, s4, s6
+    cdef Integer c, d, x0
+    cdef list x_list
+    assert E.torsion_order() % 2 == 0, 'Need rational two-torsion for isogeny descent.'
+    if verbosity > 0:
+        print('\n2-isogeny')
+        if verbosity > 1:
+            print('\nchanging coordinates')
+    a1 = Integer(E.a1())
+    a2 = Integer(E.a2())
+    a3 = Integer(E.a3())
+    a4 = Integer(E.a4())
+    a6 = Integer(E.a6())
+    if a1 == 0 == a3:
+        s2 = a2
+        s4 = a4
+        s6 = a6
+    else:
+        s2 = a1*a1+4*a2
+        s4 = 8*(a1*a3+2*a4)
+        s6 = 16*(a3*a3+4*a6)
+    f = ((x_ZZ + s2)*x_ZZ + s4)*x_ZZ + s6
+    x_list = f.roots()  # over ZZ -- use FLINT directly?
+    x0 = x_list[0][0]
+    c = 3*x0+s2
+    d = (c+s2)*x0+s4
+    return two_descent_by_two_isogeny_work(c, d,
+                                           global_limit_small,
+                                           global_limit_large, verbosity,
+                                           selmer_only, proof)
+
+
+def two_descent_by_two_isogeny_work(Integer c, Integer d,
+                                    int global_limit_small=10,
+                                    int global_limit_large=10000,
+                                    int verbosity=0, bint selmer_only=0,
+                                    bint proof=1):
+    """
+    Do all the work in doing a two-isogeny descent.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.descent_two_isogeny import two_descent_by_two_isogeny_work
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny_work(13,128)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2 # the rank
+        0
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny_work(1,-16)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2 # the rank
+        1
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny_work(10,8)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2 # the rank
+        2
+        sage: n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime = two_descent_by_two_isogeny_work(85,320)
+        sage: log(n1,2) + log(n1_prime,2) - 2 # the rank
+        3
+    """
+    cdef mpz_t c_mpz, d_mpz, c_prime_mpz, d_prime_mpz
+    cdef mpz_t *p_list_mpz
+    cdef unsigned long i, j, p, p_list_len
+    cdef Integer P, n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime, c_prime, d_prime
+    cdef object PO
+    cdef bint found, d_neg, d_prime_neg
+    cdef n_factor_t fact
+    cdef list primes
+    mpz_init_set(c_mpz, c.value)
+    mpz_init_set(d_mpz, d.value)
+    mpz_init(c_prime_mpz)
+    mpz_init(d_prime_mpz)
+    mpz_mul_si(c_prime_mpz, c_mpz, -2)
+    mpz_mul(d_prime_mpz, c_mpz, c_mpz)
+    mpz_submul_ui(d_prime_mpz, d_mpz, 4)
+
+    d_neg = 0
+    d_prime_neg = 0
+    if mpz_sgn(d_mpz) < 0:
+        d_neg = 1
+        mpz_neg(d_mpz, d_mpz)
+    if mpz_sgn(d_prime_mpz) < 0:
+        d_prime_neg = 1
+        mpz_neg(d_prime_mpz, d_prime_mpz)
+    if mpz_fits_ulong_p(d_mpz) and mpz_fits_ulong_p(d_prime_mpz):
+        # Factor very quickly using FLINT.
+        p_list_mpz = <mpz_t *> sig_malloc(20 * sizeof(mpz_t))
+        mpz_init_set_ui(p_list_mpz[0], 2)
+        p_list_len = 1
+        n_factor_init(&fact)
+        n_factor(&fact, mpz_get_ui(d_mpz), proof)
+        for i in range(fact.num):
+            p = fact.p[i]
+            if p != 2:
+                mpz_init_set_ui(p_list_mpz[p_list_len], p)
+                p_list_len += 1
+        n_factor(&fact, mpz_get_ui(d_prime_mpz), proof)
+        for i in range(fact.num):
+            p = fact.p[i]
+            found = 0
+            for j in range(p_list_len):
+                if mpz_cmp_ui(p_list_mpz[j], p) == 0:
+                    found = 1
+                    break
+            if not found:
+                mpz_init_set_ui(p_list_mpz[p_list_len], p)
+                p_list_len += 1
+    else:
+        # Factor more slowly using Pari via Python.
+        from sage.libs.pari import pari
+        d = Integer(0)
+        mpz_set(d.value, d_mpz)
+        primes = list(pari(d).factor()[0])
+        d_prime = Integer(0)
+        mpz_set(d_prime.value, d_prime_mpz)
+        for PO in pari(d_prime).factor()[0]:
+            if PO not in primes:
+                primes.append(PO)
+        P = Integer(2)
+        if P not in primes:
+            primes.append(P)
+        p_list_len = len(primes)
+        p_list_mpz = <mpz_t *> sig_malloc(p_list_len * sizeof(mpz_t))
+        for i in range(p_list_len):
+            P = Integer(primes[i])
+            mpz_init_set(p_list_mpz[i], P.value)
+    if d_neg:
+        mpz_neg(d_mpz, d_mpz)
+    if d_prime_neg:
+        mpz_neg(d_prime_mpz, d_prime_mpz)
+
+    if verbosity > 1:
+        c_prime = -2*c
+        d_prime = c*c-4*d
+        print('\nnew curve is y^2 == x( x^2 + (%d)x + (%d) )' % (int(c), int(d)))
+        print('new isogenous curve is' +
+              ' y^2 == x( x^2 + (%d)x + (%d) )' % (int(c_prime), int(d_prime)))
+
+    n1 = Integer(0)
+    n2 = Integer(0)
+    n1_prime = Integer(0)
+    n2_prime = Integer(0)
+    count(c.value, d.value, p_list_mpz, p_list_len,
+          global_limit_small, global_limit_large, verbosity, selmer_only,
+          n1.value, n2.value)
+    count(c_prime_mpz, d_prime_mpz, p_list_mpz, p_list_len,
+          global_limit_small, global_limit_large, verbosity, selmer_only,
+          n1_prime.value, n2_prime.value)
+
+    for i in range(p_list_len):
+        mpz_clear(p_list_mpz[i])
+    sig_free(p_list_mpz)
+
+    if verbosity > 0:
+        print("\nResults:")
+        print(n1, "<= #E(Q)/phi'(E'(Q)) <=", n2)
+        print(n1_prime, "<= #E'(Q)/phi(E(Q)) <=", n2_prime)
+        print("#Sel^(phi')(E'/Q) =", n2)
+        print("#Sel^(phi)(E/Q) =", n2_prime)
+        print("1 <= #Sha(E'/Q)[phi'] <=", n2/n1)
+        print("1 <= #Sha(E/Q)[phi] <=", n2_prime/n1_prime)
+        print("1 <= #Sha(E/Q)[2], #Sha(E'/Q)[2] <=", (n2_prime/n1_prime)*(n2/n1))
+        a = Integer(n1*n1_prime).log(Integer(2))
+        e = Integer(n2*n2_prime).log(Integer(2))
+        print(a - 2, "<= rank of E(Q) = rank of E'(Q) <=", e - 2)
+
+    return n1, n2, n1_prime, n2_prime