passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/rings/number_field/morphism.py

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.pari
+r"""
+Morphisms between number fields
+
+This module provides classes to represent ring homomorphisms between number
+fields (i.e. field embeddings).
+"""
+
+# ***************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ***************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+
+from sage.rings.morphism import RingHomomorphism_im_gens, RingHomomorphism
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp
+
+
+class NumberFieldHomomorphism_im_gens(RingHomomorphism_im_gens):
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of an isomorphism of absolute number fields.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+            sage: tau1, tau2 = K.automorphisms(); tau1, tau2
+            (Ring endomorphism of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+              Defn: a |--> a,
+             Ring endomorphism of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+              Defn: a |--> -a)
+            sage: ~tau1
+            Ring endomorphism of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+             Defn: a |--> a
+            sage: ~tau2
+            Ring endomorphism of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5
+             Defn: a |--> -a
+
+            sage: L.<z> = CyclotomicField(5)
+            sage: tau1, tau2, tau3, tau4 = L.automorphisms()
+            sage: (tau1, ~tau1)
+            (Ring endomorphism of Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+              Defn: z |--> z,
+             Ring endomorphism of Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+              Defn: z |--> z)
+            sage: (tau2, ~tau2)
+            (Ring endomorphism of Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+              Defn: z |--> z^2,
+             Ring endomorphism of Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+              Defn: z |--> z^3)
+            sage: (tau3, ~tau3)
+            (Ring endomorphism of Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+              Defn: z |--> z^3,
+             Ring endomorphism of Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+              Defn: z |--> z^2)
+
+             sage: M.<w> = NumberField(x^4 - 5*x + 5)
+             sage: phi = M.hom([z - z^2]); phi
+             Ring morphism:
+               From: Number Field in w with defining polynomial x^4 - 5*x + 5
+               To:   Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+               Defn: w |--> -z^2 + z
+             sage: phi^-1
+             Ring morphism:
+               From: Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+               To:   Number Field in w with defining polynomial x^4 - 5*x + 5
+               Defn: z |--> 3/11*w^3 + 4/11*w^2 + 9/11*w - 14/11
+        """
+        K = self.domain()
+        L = self.codomain()
+        if K.degree() != L.degree():
+            raise TypeError("Can only invert isomorphisms")
+        V, V_into_K, _ = K.vector_space()
+        _, _, L_into_W = L.vector_space()
+        linear_inverse = ~V.hom([(L_into_W * self * V_into_K)(b)
+                                 for b in V.basis()])
+        return L.hom([(V_into_K * linear_inverse * L_into_W)(b)
+                      for b in [L.gen()]])
+
+    def preimage(self, y):
+        r"""
+        Compute a preimage of `y` in the domain, provided one exists.
+        Raises a :exc:`ValueError` if `y` has no preimage.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``y`` -- an element of the codomain of ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Returns the preimage of `y` in the domain, if one exists.
+        Raises a :exc:`ValueError` if `y` has no preimage.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 - 7)
+            sage: L.<b> = NumberField(x^4 - 7)
+            sage: f = K.embeddings(L)[0]
+            sage: f.preimage(3*b^2 - 12/7)
+            3*a - 12/7
+            sage: f.preimage(b)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Element 'b' is not in the image of this homomorphism.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            sage: F.<b> = QuadraticField(23)
+            sage: G.<a> = F.extension(x^3 + 5)
+            sage: f = F.embeddings(G)[0]
+            sage: f.preimage(a^3 + 2*b + 3)
+            2*b - 2
+        """
+        # Throughout this method I am using the convention that self is a homomorphism from the number field K to the number field L
+        # Therefore, I use the names K and L in place of domain and codomain
+
+        # try to get the cached transformation matrix and vector space isomorphisms if they exist
+        try:
+            M,LtoV,VtoK = self._transformation_data
+        except Exception:
+            # get the identifications of K and L with vector spaces over Q
+            V,VtoL,LtoV = self.codomain().absolute_vector_space()
+            V,VtoK,KtoV = self.domain().absolute_vector_space()
+            # construct the transformation matrix from K to L by making the columns be the image of the basis of V_K in V_L using the homomorphism
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+            from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+            M = matrix(QQ, [LtoV(self(VtoK(e))) for e in V.basis()]).transpose()
+            self._transformation_data = (M,LtoV,VtoK)
+
+        # get the coordinate vector of y, solve the linear system, pass to domain
+        yvec = LtoV(y)                  # pass from a point in L to its vector space representation
+        try:
+            xvec = M.solve_right(yvec)      # solve the linear system, throws an exception if there is no solution
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError("Element '{}' is not in the image of this homomorphism.".format(y))
+        return VtoK(xvec)               # pass from the vector space representation of K back to a point in K
+
+
+class RelativeNumberFieldHomomorphism_from_abs(RingHomomorphism):
+    r"""
+    A homomorphism from a relative number field to some other ring, stored as a
+    homomorphism from the corresponding absolute field.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, abs_hom):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^3 + 2, x^2 + x + 1])
+            sage: f = K.hom(-a*b - a, K); f
+            Relative number field endomorphism of
+             Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + 2 over its base field
+              Defn: a |--> (-b - 1)*a
+                    b |--> b
+            sage: type(f)
+            <class 'sage.rings.number_field.homset.RelativeNumberFieldHomset_with_category.element_class'>
+        """
+        RingHomomorphism.__init__(self, parent)
+        self._abs_hom = abs_hom
+        K = abs_hom.domain()
+        from_K, to_K = K.structure()
+        self._from_K = from_K
+        self._to_K = to_K
+
+    def abs_hom(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the corresponding homomorphism from the absolute number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^3 + 2, x^2 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.hom(a, K).abs_hom()
+            Ring morphism:
+              From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial
+                    x^6 - 3*x^5 + 6*x^4 - 3*x^3 - 9*x + 9
+              To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + 2 over its base field
+              Defn: a |--> a - b
+        """
+        return self._abs_hom
+
+    def _repr_type(self):
+        r"""
+        A short string to identify the type of this homomorphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^3 + 2, x^2 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.hom(a, K)._repr_type()
+            'Relative number field'
+        """
+        return "Relative number field"
+
+    @cached_method
+    def im_gens(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the images of the generators under this map.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^3 + 2, x^2 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.hom(a, K).im_gens()
+            [a, b]
+        """
+        D = self.domain()
+        C = self.codomain()
+        return Sequence([self(x) for x in D.gens()], universe=C, check=False, immutable=True)
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 - 2, x^2 - 3])
+            sage: e, u, v, w = End(K)
+            sage: all([u^2 == e, u*v == w, u != e])
+            True
+        """
+        return richcmp(self.abs_hom(), other.abs_hom(), op)
+
+    def _repr_defn(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string describing the images of the generators under this map.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^3 + 2, x^2 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.hom(a, K)._repr_defn()
+            'a |--> a\nb |--> b'
+        """
+        D = self.domain()
+        ig = self.im_gens()
+        return '\n'.join('%s |--> %s' % (D.gen(i), ig[i])
+                         for i in range(D.ngens()))
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate this map at the element ``x``.
+
+        This is done by first
+        converting ``x`` to an element of the absolute field and then
+        evaluating ``self.abs_hom()`` on it.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^3 + 2, x^2 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.hom(a*b, K)(17 + 3*a + 2*b) # indirect doctest
+            3*b*a + 2*b + 17
+        """
+        return self._abs_hom(self._to_K(x))
+
+
+class CyclotomicFieldHomomorphism_im_gens(NumberFieldHomomorphism_im_gens):
+    pass