passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/real_arb.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,4065 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+r"""
+Arbitrary precision real balls
+
+This is a binding to the `arb module of FLINT <https://flintlib.org/doc/arb.html>`_.
+It may be useful to refer to its documentation for more details.
+
+Parts of the documentation for this module are copied or adapted from Arb's
+(now FLINT's) own documentation, licenced (at the time) under the GNU General
+Public License version 2, or later.
+
+.. SEEALSO::
+
+    - :mod:`Complex balls <sage.rings.complex_arb>`
+    - :mod:`Real intervals using MPFI <sage.rings.real_mpfi>`
+
+Data Structure
+==============
+
+Ball arithmetic, also known as mid-rad interval arithmetic, is an extension of
+floating-point arithmetic in which an error bound is attached to each variable.
+This allows doing rigorous computations over the real numbers, while avoiding
+the overhead of traditional (inf-sup) interval arithmetic at high precision,
+and eliminating much of the need for time-consuming and bug-prone manual error
+analysis associated with standard floating-point arithmetic.
+
+Sage :class:`RealBall` objects wrap FLINT objects of type ``arb_t``. A real
+ball represents a ball over the real numbers, that is, an interval `[m-r,m+r]`
+where the midpoint `m` and the radius `r` are (extended) real numbers::
+
+    sage: RBF(pi)                                                                       # needs sage.symbolic
+    [3.141592653589793 +/- ...e-16]
+    sage: RBF(pi).mid(), RBF(pi).rad()                                                  # needs sage.symbolic
+    (3.14159265358979, ...e-16)
+
+The midpoint is represented as an arbitrary-precision floating-point number
+with arbitrary-precision exponent. The radius is a floating-point number with
+fixed-precision mantissa and arbitrary-precision exponent. ::
+
+    sage: RBF(2)^(2^100)
+    [2.285367694229514e+381600854690147056244358827360 +/- ...e+381600854690147056244358827344]
+
+:class:`RealBallField` objects (the parents of real balls) model the field of
+real numbers represented by balls on which computations are carried out with a
+certain precision::
+
+    sage: RBF
+    Real ball field with 53 bits of precision
+
+It is possible to construct a ball whose parent is the real ball field with
+precision `p` but whose midpoint does not fit on `p` bits. However, the results
+of operations involving such a ball will (usually) be rounded to its parent's
+precision::
+
+    sage: RBF(factorial(50)).mid(), RBF(factorial(50)).rad()
+    (3.0414093201713378043612608166064768844377641568961e64, 0.00000000)
+    sage: (RBF(factorial(50)) + 0).mid()
+    3.04140932017134e64
+
+Comparison
+==========
+
+.. WARNING::
+
+    In accordance with the semantics of FLINT/Arb, identical :class:`RealBall`
+    objects are understood to give permission for algebraic simplification.
+    This assumption is made to improve performance.  For example, setting ``z =
+    x*x`` may set `z` to a ball enclosing the set `\{t^2 : t \in x\}` and not
+    the (generally larger) set `\{tu : t \in x, u \in x\}`.
+
+Two elements are equal if and only if they are exact and equal (in spite of the
+above warning, inexact balls are not considered equal to themselves)::
+
+    sage: a = RBF(1)
+    sage: b = RBF(1)
+    sage: a is b
+    False
+    sage: a == a
+    True
+    sage: a == b
+    True
+
+::
+
+    sage: a = RBF(1/3)
+    sage: b = RBF(1/3)
+    sage: a.is_exact()
+    False
+    sage: b.is_exact()
+    False
+    sage: a is b
+    False
+    sage: a == a
+    False
+    sage: a == b
+    False
+
+A ball is nonzero in the sense of comparison if and only if it does not
+contain zero. ::
+
+    sage: a = RBF(RIF(-0.5, 0.5))
+    sage: a != 0
+    False
+    sage: b = RBF(1/3)
+    sage: b != 0
+    True
+
+However, ``bool(b)`` returns ``False`` for a ball ``b`` only if ``b`` is exactly
+zero::
+
+    sage: bool(a)
+    True
+    sage: bool(b)
+    True
+    sage: bool(RBF.zero())
+    False
+
+A ball ``left`` is less than a ball ``right`` if all elements of
+``left`` are less than all elements of ``right``. ::
+
+    sage: a = RBF(RIF(1, 2))
+    sage: b = RBF(RIF(3, 4))
+    sage: a < b
+    True
+    sage: a <= b
+    True
+    sage: a > b
+    False
+    sage: a >= b
+    False
+    sage: a = RBF(RIF(1, 3))
+    sage: b = RBF(RIF(2, 4))
+    sage: a < b
+    False
+    sage: a <= b
+    False
+    sage: a > b
+    False
+    sage: a >= b
+    False
+
+Comparisons with Sage symbolic infinities work with some limitations::
+
+    sage: -infinity < RBF(1) < +infinity
+    True
+    sage: -infinity < RBF(infinity)
+    True
+    sage: RBF(infinity) < infinity
+    False
+    sage: RBF(NaN) < infinity                                                           # needs sage.symbolic
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    ValueError: infinite but not with +/- phase
+    sage: 1/RBF(0) <= infinity
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    ValueError: infinite but not with +/- phase
+
+Comparisons between elements of real ball fields, however, support special
+values and should be preferred::
+
+    sage: RBF(NaN) < RBF(infinity)                                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+    False
+    sage: RBF(0).add_error(infinity) <= RBF(infinity)
+    True
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: (RBF(pi) * identity_matrix(QQ, 3)).parent()                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+    Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Real ball field
+    with 53 bits of precision
+
+    sage: polygen(RBF, 'x')^3
+    x^3
+
+::
+
+    sage: SR.coerce(RBF(0.42))                                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+    [0.4200000000000000 +/- ...e-17]
+    sage: RBF(0.42) + SR(1)                                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+    [1.420000000000000 +/- ...e-16]
+    sage: _.parent()                                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+    Symbolic Ring
+
+Classes and Methods
+===================
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2014 Clemens Heuberger <clemens.heuberger@aau.at>
+#                     2017 Vincent Delecroix <20100.delecroix@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from cysignals.signals cimport sig_on, sig_str, sig_off
+
+from cpython.float cimport PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE
+from cpython.long cimport PyLong_AsLong
+from cpython.object cimport Py_LT, Py_LE, Py_EQ, Py_NE, Py_GT, Py_GE
+from libc.stdlib cimport abort
+
+from sage.libs.flint.arb cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.arb_hypgeom cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.arf cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.arf cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.mag cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.flint cimport flint_free
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpq cimport *
+from sage.libs.gmp.mpz cimport *
+from sage.libs.mpfi cimport *
+from sage.libs.mpfr cimport *
+from sage.libs.mpfr cimport MPFR_RNDN, MPFR_RNDU, MPFR_RNDD, MPFR_RNDZ
+
+from sage.structure.element cimport Element, RingElement
+from sage.rings.ring cimport Field
+import sage.rings.abc
+from sage.rings.integer cimport Integer
+from sage.rings.rational cimport Rational
+from sage.rings.real_mpfr cimport RealField_class, RealField, RealNumber
+from sage.arith.long cimport is_small_python_int
+
+import operator
+
+import sage.categories.fields
+
+from sage.misc.lazy_string import lazy_string
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.rings.real_mpfi import RealIntervalField, RealIntervalField_class
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.cpython.string cimport char_to_str, str_to_bytes
+
+cdef void mpfi_to_arb(arb_t target, const mpfi_t source, const long precision) noexcept:
+    r"""
+    Convert an MPFI interval to an Arb ball.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``target`` -- an ``arb_t``
+
+    - ``source`` -- an ``mpfi_t``
+
+    - ``precision`` -- integer `\ge 2`
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: RBF(RIF(infinity)).endpoints()
+        (+infinity, +infinity)
+        sage: RBF(RIF(-infinity)).endpoints()
+        (-infinity, -infinity)
+        sage: RBF(RIF(-infinity, infinity)).endpoints()
+        (-infinity, +infinity)
+        sage: RIF(RBF(infinity)).endpoints()
+        (+infinity, +infinity)
+        sage: RIF(RBF(-infinity)).endpoints()
+        (-infinity, -infinity)
+    """
+    cdef mpfr_t left
+    cdef mpfr_t right
+
+    mpfr_init2(left, precision)
+    mpfr_init2(right, precision)
+
+    if _do_sig(precision): sig_on()
+    mpfi_get_left(left, source)
+    mpfi_get_right(right, source)
+    if mpfr_inf_p(left) and mpfr_inf_p(right) and mpfr_sgn(left) < 0 < mpfr_sgn(right):
+        # Work around a weakness of arb_set_interval_mpfr(tgt, -inf, inf)
+        arb_zero_pm_inf(target)
+    else:
+        arb_set_interval_mpfr(target, left, right, precision)
+    if _do_sig(precision): sig_off()
+
+    mpfr_clear(left)
+    mpfr_clear(right)
+
+cdef int arb_to_mpfi(mpfi_t target, arb_t source, const long precision) except -1:
+    r"""
+    Convert an Arb ball to an MPFI interval.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``target`` -- an ``mpfi_t``
+
+    - ``source`` -- an ``arb_t``
+
+    - ``precision`` -- integer `\ge 2`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: RIF(RBF(2)**(2**100))
+        [5.8756537891115869e1388255822130839282 .. +infinity] # 64-bit
+        [2.098... .. +infinity]                               # 32-bit
+    """
+    cdef mpfr_t left
+    cdef mpfr_t right
+
+    mpfr_init2(left, precision)
+    mpfr_init2(right, precision)
+
+    try:
+        sig_on()
+        arb_get_interval_mpfr(left, right, source)
+        mpfi_interv_fr(target, left, right)
+        sig_off()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        raise ArithmeticError("Error converting arb to mpfi. Overflow?")
+    finally:
+        mpfr_clear(left)
+        mpfr_clear(right)
+
+
+class RealBallField(UniqueRepresentation, sage.rings.abc.RealBallField):
+    r"""
+    An approximation of the field of real numbers using mid-rad intervals, also
+    known as balls.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``precision`` -- integer `\ge 2`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: RBF = RealBallField() # indirect doctest
+        sage: RBF(1)
+        1.000000000000000
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: (1/2*RBF(1)) + AA(sqrt(2)) - 1 + polygen(QQ, 'x')                         # needs sage.symbolic
+        x + [0.914213562373095 +/- ...e-16]
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: RBF.bracket(RBF(1/2), RBF(1/3))
+        [+/- ...e-17]
+        sage: RBF.cardinality()
+        +Infinity
+        sage: RBF.cartesian_product(QQ).an_element()**2
+        ([1.440000000000000 +/- ...e-16], 1/4)
+        sage: RBF.coerce_embedding() is None
+        True
+        sage: RBF['x'].gens_dict_recursive()
+        {'x': x}
+        sage: RBF.is_finite()
+        False
+        sage: RBF.is_zero()
+        False
+        sage: RBF.one()
+        1.000000000000000
+        sage: RBF.zero()
+        0
+
+        sage: NF.<sqrt2> = QuadraticField(2, embedding=AA(2).sqrt())                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: a = (sqrt2 - 1)^1000                                                      # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: RBF(a)                                                                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        [1.676156872756536e-383 +/- ...e-399]
+
+        sage: RealBallField().is_finite()
+        False
+
+        sage: loads(dumps(RealBallField(60))) is RealBallField(60)
+        True
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :mod:`sage.rings.real_arb`
+        - :mod:`sage.rings.real_mpfr`
+        - :mod:`sage.rings.real_mpfi` (real intervals represented by their
+          endpoints)
+        - :mod:`sage.rings.complex_arb`
+    """
+    Element = RealBall
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, long precision=53):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the arguments for caching.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RealBallField(53) is RealBallField() is RBF
+            True
+        """
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, precision)
+
+    def __init__(self, long precision=53):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the real ball field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``precision`` -- integer `\ge 2`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF = RealBallField()
+            sage: RBF(1)
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RealBallField(0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: precision must be at least 2
+            sage: RealBallField(1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: precision must be at least 2
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF.base()
+            Real ball field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: RBF.base_ring()
+            Real ball field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        if precision < 2:
+            raise ValueError("precision must be at least 2")
+        Field.__init__(self,
+                base_ring=self,
+                category=sage.categories.fields.Fields().Infinite())
+        self._prec = precision
+        from sage.rings.real_lazy import RLF
+        self._populate_coercion_lists_(coerce_list=[ZZ, QQ], convert_method_name='_arb_')
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RealBallField()
+            Real ball field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: RealBallField(106)
+            Real ball field with 106 bits of precision
+        """
+        return "Real ball field with {} bits of precision".format(self._prec)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Parents that canonically coerce into real ball fields include:
+
+        - some exact or lazy parents representing subsets of the reals, such as
+          ``ZZ``, ``QQ``, ``AA``, and ``RLF``;
+
+        - real ball fields with a larger precision.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RealBallField().has_coerce_map_from(RealBallField(54))
+            True
+            sage: RealBallField().has_coerce_map_from(RealBallField(52))
+            False
+            sage: RealBallField().has_coerce_map_from(RIF)
+            False
+            sage: RealBallField().has_coerce_map_from(SR)                               # needs sage.symbolic
+            False
+            sage: RealBallField().has_coerce_map_from(RR)
+            False
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K = QuadraticField(2, embedding=AA(2).sqrt())
+            sage: RBF.has_coerce_map_from(K)
+            True
+            sage: RBF.has_coerce_map_from(QuadraticField(2, embedding=None))
+            False
+            sage: RBF.has_coerce_map_from(QuadraticField(-2))
+            False
+
+        Check that the map goes through the ``_arb_`` method::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: RBF.coerce_map_from(QuadraticField(2, embedding=AA(2).sqrt()))
+            Conversion via _arb_ method map:
+            ...
+            sage: RBF.convert_map_from(QuadraticField(2))
+            Conversion via _arb_ method map:
+            ...
+            sage: RBF.coerce_map_from(AA)
+            Conversion via _arb_ method map:
+            ...
+            sage: RBF.convert_map_from(QQbar)
+            Conversion via _arb_ method map:
+            ...
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, RealBallField):
+            return other._prec >= self._prec
+
+        from sage.rings.qqbar import AA
+        from sage.rings.real_lazy import RLF
+        if other in [AA, RLF]:
+            return True
+
+        from sage.rings.number_field.number_field_base import NumberField
+        if isinstance(other, NumberField):
+            emb = other.coerce_embedding()
+            return emb is not None and self.has_coerce_map_from(emb.codomain())
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, mid=None, rad=None):
+        """
+        Convert ``mid`` to an element of this real ball field, perhaps
+        non-canonically.
+
+        In addition to the inputs supported by :meth:`RealBall.__init__`,
+        elements that can be coerced to real intervals can also be used to
+        construct a real ball::
+
+            sage: RBF(RIF(0, 1))                  # indirect doctest
+            [+/- 1.01]
+            sage: RBF(1)
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(x)                                                                # needs sage.symbolic
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert x to a RealBall
+
+        Various symbolic constants are supported::
+
+            sage: RBF(e)                                                                # needs sage.symbolic
+            [2.718281828459045 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(pi)                                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+            [3.141592653589793 +/- ...e-16]
+
+        Symbolic expressions are parsed ::
+
+            sage: RBF(4*zeta(3))                                                        # needs sage.symbolic
+            [4.8082276126383...]
+            sage: RBF(exp(1), 0.01)                                                     # needs sage.symbolic
+            [2.7 +/- ...]
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following conversions used to yield incorrect results::
+
+            sage: RBF(airy_ai(1))                                                       # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.135292416312881...]
+            sage: v = RBF(zetaderiv(1, 3/2)); v                                         # needs sage.symbolic
+            [-3.932239737431101 +/- 5.58e-16]
+            sage: v.overlaps(RealBallField(100)(3/2).zetaderiv(1))                      # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+        """
+        # Symbolic expressions are handled in a special way, see
+        # Expression._arb_(). A call like RBF(expr, rad) converts expr to a
+        # ball using its _arb_() method and sends us the result to adjust the
+        # radius thanks to the general mechanism implemented in
+        # NamedConvertMap.
+        try:
+            return self.element_class(self, mid, rad)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            _mid = RealIntervalField(self._prec)(mid)
+            return self.element_class(self, _mid, rad)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            pass
+        raise TypeError(lazy_string("unable to convert %s to a RealBall", mid))
+
+    def _repr_option(self, key):
+        """
+        Declare that real balls print atomically.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
+            True
+            sage: RBF['x']([-2,-2,-2/3])
+            [-0.666666666666667 +/- ...e-16]*x^2 - 2.000000000000000*x
+            - 2.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF._repr_option('element_is_atomic_typo')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            KeyError: 'element_is_atomic_typo'
+        """
+        if key == 'element_is_atomic':
+            return True
+
+        return super()._repr_option(key)
+
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.gens()
+            (1.000000000000000,)
+            sage: RBF.gens_dict()
+            {'1.000000000000000': 1.000000000000000}
+        """
+        return (self.one(),)
+
+    def construction(self):
+        """
+        Return the construction of a real ball field as a completion of the
+        rationals.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF = RealBallField(42)
+            sage: functor, base = RBF.construction()
+            sage: functor, base
+            (Completion[+Infinity, prec=42], Rational Field)
+            sage: functor(base) is RBF
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.categories.pushout import CompletionFunctor
+        functor = CompletionFunctor(sage.rings.infinity.Infinity,
+                                    self._prec,
+                                    {'type': 'Ball'})
+        return functor, QQ
+
+    def complex_field(self):
+        """
+        Return the complex ball field with the same precision.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.complex_arb import ComplexBallField
+            sage: RBF.complex_field()
+            Complex ball field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: RealBallField(3).algebraic_closure()
+            Complex ball field with 3 bits of precision
+        """
+        from sage.rings.complex_arb import ComplexBallField
+        return ComplexBallField(self._prec)
+
+    algebraic_closure = complex_field
+
+    def precision(self):
+        """
+        Return the bit precision used for operations on elements of this field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RealBallField().precision()
+            53
+        """
+        return self._prec
+
+    prec = precision
+
+    def is_exact(self):
+        """
+        Real ball fields are not exact.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RealBallField().is_exact()
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def characteristic(self):
+        """
+        Real ball fields have characteristic zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RealBallField().characteristic()
+            0
+        """
+        return 0
+
+    def some_elements(self):
+        """
+        Real ball fields contain exact balls, inexact balls, infinities, and
+        more.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.some_elements()
+            [0, 1.000000000000000, [0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17],
+            [-4.733045976388941e+363922934236666733021124 +/- ...e+363922934236666733021108],
+            [+/- inf], [+/- inf], [+/- inf], nan]
+        """
+        inf = self(sage.rings.infinity.Infinity)
+        elements = [self(0), self(1), self(1)/3, -self(2)**(Integer(2)**80),
+                    inf, -inf, self.zero().add_error(inf)]
+        try:
+            from sage.symbolic.constants import NotANumber
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            elements.append(self.element_class(self, NotANumber()))
+        return elements
+
+    def _sum_of_products(self, terms):
+        r"""
+        Compute a sum of product of real balls without creating temporary
+        Python objects
+
+        The input objects should be real balls, but need not belong to this
+        parent. The computation is performed at the precision of this parent.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pol.<x> = RealBallField(1000)[]
+            sage: pol = (x + 1/3)^100
+            sage: RBF._sum_of_products((c, c) for c in pol)
+            [6.3308767660842e+23 +/- ...e+9]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF._sum_of_products([])
+            0
+            sage: RBF._sum_of_products([[]])
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF._sum_of_products([["a"]])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Cannot convert str to sage.rings.real_arb.RealBall
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = RealBall.__new__(RealBall)
+        cdef RealBall factor
+        cdef arb_t tmp
+        res._parent = self
+        arb_zero(res.value)
+        arb_init(tmp)
+        try:
+            for term in terms:
+                arb_one(tmp)
+                for factor in term:
+                    arb_mul(tmp, tmp, factor.value, self._prec)
+                arb_add(res.value, res.value, tmp, self._prec)
+        finally:
+            arb_clear(tmp)
+        return res
+    # Constants
+
+    def pi(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a ball enclosing `\pi`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.pi()
+            [3.141592653589793 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RealBallField(128).pi()
+            [3.1415926535897932384626433832795028842 +/- ...e-38]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = RealBall.__new__(RealBall)
+        res._parent = self
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+        arb_const_pi(res.value, self._prec)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def log2(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a ball enclosing `\log(2)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.log2()
+            [0.6931471805599453 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: RealBallField(128).log2()
+            [0.69314718055994530941723212145817656807 +/- ...e-39]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = RealBall.__new__(RealBall)
+        res._parent = self
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+        arb_const_log2(res.value, self._prec)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def euler_constant(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a ball enclosing the Euler constant.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.euler_constant() # abs tol 1e-15
+            [0.5772156649015329 +/- 9.00e-17]
+            sage: RealBallField(128).euler_constant()
+            [0.57721566490153286060651209008240243104 +/- ...e-39]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = RealBall.__new__(RealBall)
+        res._parent = self
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+        arb_const_euler(res.value, self._prec)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def catalan_constant(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a ball enclosing the Catalan constant.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.catalan_constant()
+            [0.915965594177219 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RealBallField(128).catalan_constant()
+            [0.91596559417721901505460351493238411077 +/- ...e-39]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = RealBall.__new__(RealBall)
+        res._parent = self
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+        arb_const_catalan(res.value, self._prec)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    # Ball functions of non-ball arguments
+
+    def sinpi(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Return a ball enclosing `\sin(\pi x)`.
+
+        This works even if ``x`` itself is not a ball, and may be faster or
+        more accurate where ``x`` is a rational number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.sinpi(1)
+            0
+            sage: RBF.sinpi(1/3)
+            [0.866025403784439 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF.sinpi(1 + 2^(-100))
+            [-2.478279624546525e-30 +/- ...e-46]
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBall.sin`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF.sinpi(RLF(sqrt(2)))                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+            [-0.963902532849877 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res, x_as_ball
+        cdef Rational x_as_Rational
+        cdef fmpq_t tmpq
+        res = self.element_class(self)
+        try:
+            x_as_Rational = QQ.coerce(x)
+            try:
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+                fmpq_init(tmpq)
+                fmpq_set_mpq(tmpq, x_as_Rational.value)
+                arb_sin_pi_fmpq(res.value, tmpq, self._prec)
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+            finally:
+                fmpq_clear(tmpq)
+            return res
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        x_as_ball = self.coerce(x)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+        arb_sin_pi(res.value, x_as_ball.value, self._prec)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def cospi(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Return a ball enclosing `\cos(\pi x)`.
+
+        This works even if ``x`` itself is not a ball, and may be faster or
+        more accurate where ``x`` is a rational number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.cospi(1)
+            -1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF.cospi(1/3)
+            0.5000000000000000
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBall.cos`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF.cospi(RLF(sqrt(2)))                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+            [-0.26625534204142 +/- ...e-15]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res, x_as_ball
+        cdef Rational x_as_Rational
+        cdef fmpq_t tmpq
+        res = self.element_class(self)
+        try:
+            x_as_Rational = QQ.coerce(x)
+            try:
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+                fmpq_init(tmpq)
+                fmpq_set_mpq(tmpq, x_as_Rational.value)
+                arb_cos_pi_fmpq(res.value, tmpq, self._prec)
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+            finally:
+                fmpq_clear(tmpq)
+            return res
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        x_as_ball = self.coerce(x)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+        arb_cos_pi(res.value, x_as_ball.value, self._prec)
+        if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def gamma(self, x):
+        """
+        Return a ball enclosing the gamma function of ``x``.
+
+        This works even if ``x`` itself is not a ball, and may be more
+        efficient in the case where ``x`` is an integer or a rational number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.gamma(5)
+            24.00000000000000
+            sage: RBF.gamma(10**20)
+            [1.932849514310098...+1956570551809674817225 +/- ...]
+            sage: RBF.gamma(1/3)
+            [2.678938534707747 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF.gamma(-5)
+            nan
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBall.gamma`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF.gamma(RLF(pi))  # abs tol 1e-13                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+            [2.28803779534003 +/- 4.12e-15]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res
+        cdef Integer x_as_Integer
+        cdef Rational x_as_Rational
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpz
+        cdef fmpq_t tmpq
+        res = self.element_class(self)
+        try:
+            x_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(x)
+            try:
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+                fmpz_init(tmpz)
+                fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, x_as_Integer.value)
+                arb_gamma_fmpz(res.value, tmpz, self._prec)
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+            finally:
+                fmpz_clear(tmpz)
+            return res
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            x_as_Rational = QQ.coerce(x)
+            try:
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+                fmpq_init(tmpq)
+                fmpq_set_mpq(tmpq, x_as_Rational.value)
+                arb_gamma_fmpq(res.value, tmpq, self._prec)
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+            finally:
+                fmpq_clear(tmpq)
+            return res
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        return self.coerce(x).gamma()
+
+    def zeta(self, s):
+        """
+        Return a ball enclosing the Riemann zeta function of ``s``.
+
+        This works even if ``s`` itself is not a ball, and may be more
+        efficient in the case where ``s`` is an integer.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.zeta(3)
+            [1.202056903159594 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF.zeta(1)
+            nan
+            sage: RBF.zeta(1/2)
+            [-1.460354508809587 +/- ...e-16]
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBall.zeta`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res
+        cdef Integer s_as_Integer
+        try:
+            s_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(s)
+            if mpz_fits_ulong_p(s_as_Integer.value):
+                res = self.element_class(self)
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+                arb_zeta_ui(res.value, mpz_get_ui(s_as_Integer.value), self._prec)
+                if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+                return res
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        return self.coerce(s).zeta()
+
+    def bernoulli(self, n):
+        """
+        Return a ball enclosing the ``n``-th Bernoulli number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: [RBF.bernoulli(n) for n in range(4)]
+            [1.000000000000000, -0.5000000000000000, [0.1666666666666667 +/- ...e-17], 0]
+            sage: RBF.bernoulli(2**20)
+            [-1.823002872104961e+5020717 +/- ...e+5020701]
+            sage: RBF.bernoulli(2**1000)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: argument too large
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF.bernoulli(2r)
+            [0.1666666666666667 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: RBF.bernoulli(2/3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Rational Field to Integer Ring
+            sage: RBF.bernoulli(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: expected a nonnegative index
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res
+        cdef Integer n_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(n)
+        if mpz_fits_ulong_p(n_as_Integer.value):
+            res = self.element_class(self)
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+            arb_bernoulli_ui(res.value, mpz_get_ui(n_as_Integer.value), self._prec)
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+            return res
+        elif n_as_Integer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("expected a nonnegative index")
+        else:
+            # TODO: Fall back to a Sage implementation in this case?
+            raise ValueError("argument too large")
+
+    def fibonacci(self, n):
+        """
+        Return a ball enclosing the ``n``-th Fibonacci number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: [RBF.fibonacci(n) for n in range(7)]
+            [0,
+            1.000000000000000,
+            1.000000000000000,
+            2.000000000000000,
+            3.000000000000000,
+            5.000000000000000,
+            8.000000000000000]
+            sage: RBF.fibonacci(-2)
+            -1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF.fibonacci(10**20)
+            [3.78202087472056e+20898764024997873376 +/- ...e+20898764024997873361]
+        """
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpz
+        cdef RealBall res = self.element_class(self)
+        cdef Integer n_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(n)
+        try:
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+            fmpz_init(tmpz)
+            fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, n_as_Integer.value)
+            arb_fib_fmpz(res.value, tmpz, self._prec)
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        finally:
+            fmpz_clear(tmpz)
+        return res
+
+    def bell_number(self, n):
+        """
+        Return a ball enclosing the ``n``-th Bell number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: [RBF.bell_number(n) for n in range(7)]
+            [1.000000000000000,
+             1.000000000000000,
+             2.000000000000000,
+             5.000000000000000,
+             15.00000000000000,
+             52.00000000000000,
+             203.0000000000000]
+            sage: RBF.bell_number(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: expected a nonnegative index
+            sage: RBF.bell_number(10**20)
+            [5.38270113176282e+1794956117137290721328 +/- ...e+1794956117137290721313]
+        """
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpz
+        cdef RealBall res = self.element_class(self)
+        cdef Integer n_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(n)
+        if n_as_Integer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("expected a nonnegative index")
+        try:
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+            fmpz_init(tmpz)
+            fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, n_as_Integer.value)
+            arb_bell_fmpz(res.value, tmpz, self._prec)
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+        finally:
+            fmpz_clear(tmpz)
+        return res
+
+    def double_factorial(self, n):
+        """
+        Return a ball enclosing the ``n``-th double factorial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: [RBF.double_factorial(n) for n in range(7)]
+            [1.000000000000000,
+             1.000000000000000,
+             2.000000000000000,
+             3.000000000000000,
+             8.000000000000000,
+             15.00000000000000,
+             48.00000000000000]
+            sage: RBF.double_factorial(2**20)
+            [1.448372990...e+2928836 +/- ...]
+            sage: RBF.double_factorial(2**1000)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: argument too large
+            sage: RBF.double_factorial(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: expected a nonnegative index
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res
+        cdef Integer n_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(n)
+        if mpz_fits_ulong_p(n_as_Integer.value):
+            res = self.element_class(self)
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_on()
+            arb_doublefac_ui(res.value, mpz_get_ui(n_as_Integer.value), self._prec)
+            if _do_sig(self._prec): sig_off()
+            return res
+        elif n_as_Integer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("expected a nonnegative index")
+        else:
+            # TODO: Fall back to a Sage implementation in this case?
+            raise ValueError("argument too large")
+
+    def maximal_accuracy(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the relative accuracy of exact elements measured in bits.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF.maximal_accuracy()
+            9223372036854775807 # 64-bit
+            2147483647          # 32-bit
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`RealBall.accuracy`
+        """
+        return ARF_PREC_EXACT
+
+
+cdef inline bint _do_sig(long prec) noexcept:
+    """
+    Whether signal handlers should be installed for calls to FLINT.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: _ = RealBallField()(1).psi() # indirect doctest
+        sage: _ = RealBallField(1500)(1).psi()
+    """
+    return (prec > 1000)
+
+cdef inline long prec(RealBall ball) noexcept:
+    return ball._parent._prec
+
+
+def create_RealBall(parent, serialized):
+    r"""
+    Create a RealBall from a serialized representation.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.real_arb import create_RealBall
+        sage: create_RealBall(RBF, b'15555555555555 -36 1 -36')
+        [0.3333333333333333 +/- 7.04e-17]
+        sage: create_RealBall(RBF, b'foo')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: incorrect format
+    """
+    cdef RealBall res = RealBall.__new__(RealBall)
+    res._parent = parent
+    sig_on()
+    cdef bint error = arb_load_str(res.value, serialized)
+    sig_off()
+    if error:
+        raise ValueError("incorrect format")
+    else:
+        return res
+
+
+cdef class RealBall(RingElement):
+    """
+    Hold one ``arb_t``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: a = RealBallField()(RIF(1))                     # indirect doctest
+        sage: b = a.psi()
+        sage: b # abs tol 1e-15
+        [-0.5772156649015329 +/- 4.84e-17]
+        sage: RIF(b)
+        -0.577215664901533?
+    """
+
+    def __cinit__(self):
+        """
+        Initialize the parent and allocate memory.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RealBallField()(RIF(1)) # indirect doctest
+            1.000000000000000
+        """
+        arb_init(self.value)
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        """
+        Deallocate memory of the encapsulated value.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = RealBallField()(RIF(1)) # indirect doctest
+            sage: del a
+        """
+        arb_clear(self.value)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, mid=None, rad=None):
+        """
+        Initialize the :class:`RealBall`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parent`` -- a :class:`RealBallField`
+
+        - ``mid`` -- (optional) ball midpoint, see examples below. If omitted,
+          initialize the ball to zero, ignoring the ``rad`` argument.
+
+        - ``rad`` -- (optional) a :class:`RealNumber` or a Python float, ball
+          radius. If the midpoint is not exactly representable in
+          floating-point, the radius is adjusted to account for the roundoff
+          error.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF = RealBallField()
+            sage: RBF()
+            0
+
+        One can create exact real balls using elements of various exact parents,
+        or using floating-point numbers::
+
+            sage: RBF(3)
+            3.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(3r)
+            3.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(1/3)
+            [0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: RBF(3.14)
+            [3.140000000000000 +/- ...e-16]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: RBF(3, 0.125)
+            [3e+0 +/- 0.126]
+            sage: RBF(pi, 0.125r)                                                       # needs sage.symbolic
+            [3e+0 +/- 0.267]
+            sage: RBF(3, 1/8)
+            [3e+0 +/- 0.126]
+            sage: RBF(13, 1)
+            [1e+1 +/- 4.01]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: NF.<sqrt2> = QuadraticField(2)                                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: RBF(1/5 + sqrt2/2)                                                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [0.907106781186547 +/- ...e-16]
+
+        Note that integers and floating-point numbers are ''not'' rounded to
+        the parent's precision::
+
+            sage: b = RBF(11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111); b
+            [1.111111111111111e+46 +/- ...e+30]
+            sage: b.mid().exact_rational()
+            11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
+
+        Similarly, converting a real ball from one real ball field to another
+        (with a different precision) only changes the way it is displayed and
+        the precision of operations involving it, not the actual representation
+        of its center::
+
+            sage: RBF100 = RealBallField(100)
+            sage: b100 = RBF100(1/3); b100
+            [0.333333333333333333333333333333 +/- ...e-31]
+            sage: b53 = RBF(b100); b53
+            [0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: RBF100(b53)
+            [0.333333333333333333333333333333 +/- ...e-31]
+
+        Special values are supported::
+
+            sage: RBF(oo).mid(), RBF(-oo).mid(), RBF(unsigned_infinity).mid()
+            (+infinity, -infinity, 0.000000000000000)
+            sage: RBF(NaN)
+            nan
+
+        Strings can be given as input. Strings must contain decimal
+        floating-point literals. A valid string must consist of a midpoint,
+        a midpoint and a radius separated by "+/-", or just a
+        radius prefixed by "+/-". Optionally, the whole string can be enclosed
+        in square brackets. In general, the string representation of a
+        real ball as returned by ``str()`` can be parsed back (the result
+        will be larger than the original ball if rounding occurs).
+        A few examples::
+
+            sage: RBF("1.1")
+            [1.100000000000000 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(str(RBF("1.1")))
+            [1.100000000000000 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF("3.25")
+            3.250000000000000
+            sage: RBF("-3.1 +/- 1e-10")
+            [-3.100000000 +/- ...e-10]
+            sage: RBF("[+/-1]")
+            [+/- 1.01]
+            sage: RBF("inf +/- inf")
+            [+/- inf]
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`RealBallField._element_constructor_`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.real_arb import RealBall
+            sage: RealBall(RBF, sage.symbolic.constants.Pi())
+            [3.141592653589793 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RealBall(RBF, sage.symbolic.constants.Log2())
+            [0.6931471805599453 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: RealBall(RBF, sage.symbolic.constants.Catalan())
+            [0.915965594177219 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RealBall(RBF, sage.symbolic.constants.Khinchin())
+            [2.685452001065306 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RealBall(RBF, sage.symbolic.constants.Glaisher())
+            [1.282427129100623 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RealBall(RBF, sage.symbolic.constants.e)
+            [2.718281828459045 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RealBall(RBF, sage.symbolic.constants.EulerGamma()) # abs tol 1e-15
+            [0.5772156649015329 +/- 9.00e-17]
+            sage: RBF("1 +/- 0.001")
+            [1.00 +/- ...e-3]
+            sage: RBF("2.3e10000000000000000000000 +/- 0.00005e10000000000000000000000")
+            [2.3000e+10000000000000000000000 +/- ...e+9999999999999999999995]
+            sage: RBF("0.3 +/- 0.2 +/- 0.1")
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: unsupported string format
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: NF.<a> = QuadraticField(2, embedding=AA(2).sqrt())
+            sage: RBF.coerce(a)
+            [1.414213562373095 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: NF.<a> = QuadraticField(2, embedding=-AA(2).sqrt())
+            sage: RBF.coerce(a)
+            [-1.414213562373095 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: NF.<a> = QuadraticField(2, embedding=None)
+            sage: RBF.coerce(a)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion ...
+            sage: QQi.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: RBF(QQi(3))
+            3.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(i)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: nonzero imaginary part
+            sage: RBF.coerce(QQi(3))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion...
+        """
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpz
+        cdef fmpq_t tmpq
+        cdef arf_t  tmpr
+        cdef mag_t  tmpm
+
+        Element.__init__(self, parent)
+
+        if mid is None:
+            return
+
+        elif isinstance(mid, RealBall):
+            arb_set(self.value, (<RealBall> mid).value) # no rounding!
+        elif is_small_python_int(mid):
+            arb_set_si(self.value, PyLong_AsLong(mid)) # no rounding!
+        elif isinstance(mid, Integer):
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            fmpz_init(tmpz)
+            fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, (<Integer> mid).value)
+            arb_set_fmpz(self.value, tmpz) # no rounding!
+            fmpz_clear(tmpz)
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(mid, Rational):
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            fmpq_init(tmpq)
+            fmpq_set_mpq(tmpq, (<Rational> mid).value)
+            arb_set_fmpq(self.value, tmpq, prec(self))
+            fmpq_clear(tmpq)
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(mid, RealNumber):
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arf_init(tmpr)
+            arf_set_mpfr(tmpr, (<RealNumber> mid).value)
+            arb_set_arf(self.value, tmpr) # no rounding!
+            arf_clear(tmpr)
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(mid, RealIntervalFieldElement):
+            mpfi_to_arb(self.value,
+                (<RealIntervalFieldElement> mid).value,
+                prec(self))
+        elif isinstance(mid, str):
+            if arb_set_str(self.value, str_to_bytes(mid), prec(self)) != 0:
+                raise ValueError("unsupported string format")
+        else:
+            # the initializers that trigger imports
+            import sage.rings.infinity
+            if isinstance(mid, sage.rings.infinity.AnInfinity):
+                if isinstance(mid, sage.rings.infinity.PlusInfinity):
+                    arb_pos_inf(self.value)
+                elif isinstance(mid, sage.rings.infinity.MinusInfinity):
+                    arb_neg_inf(self.value)
+                else:
+                    arb_zero_pm_inf(self.value)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    import sage.symbolic.constants
+                    import sage.symbolic.expression
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise TypeError("unsupported midpoint type")
+                if isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.Constant):
+                    if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+                    try:
+                        if isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.NotANumber):
+                            arb_indeterminate(self.value)
+                        elif isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.Pi):
+                            arb_const_pi(self.value, prec(self))
+                        elif isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.Log2):
+                            arb_const_log2(self.value, prec(self))
+                        elif isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.Catalan):
+                            arb_const_catalan(self.value, prec(self))
+                        elif isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.Khinchin):
+                            arb_const_khinchin(self.value, prec(self))
+                        elif isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.Glaisher):
+                            arb_const_glaisher(self.value, prec(self))
+                        elif isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.constants.EulerGamma):
+                            arb_const_euler(self.value, prec(self))
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError("unsupported constant")
+                    finally:
+                        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+                elif isinstance(mid, sage.symbolic.expression.E):
+                    if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+                    arb_const_e(self.value, prec(self))
+                    if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError("unsupported midpoint type")
+
+        if rad is not None:
+            mag_init(tmpm)
+            if isinstance(rad, RealNumber):
+                arf_init(tmpr)
+                arf_set_mpfr(tmpr, (<RealNumber> rad).value)
+                arf_get_mag(tmpm, tmpr)
+                arf_clear(tmpr)
+            elif isinstance(rad, Integer):
+                arf_init(tmpr)
+                arf_set_mpz(tmpr, (<Integer> rad).value)
+                arf_get_mag(tmpm, tmpr)
+                arf_clear(tmpr)
+            elif isinstance(rad, Rational):
+                arf_init(tmpr)
+                arf_set_mpz(tmpr, (<Integer> rad.numerator()).value)
+                fmpz_init(tmpz)
+                fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, (<Integer> rad.denominator()).value)
+                arf_div_fmpz(tmpr, tmpr, tmpz, prec(self), ARF_RND_UP)
+                arf_get_mag(tmpm, tmpr)
+                arf_clear(tmpr)
+            elif isinstance(rad, float):
+                mag_set_d(tmpm, PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(rad))
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("rad should be a RealNumber or a Python float")
+            mag_add(arb_radref(self.value), arb_radref(self.value), tmpm)
+            mag_clear(tmpm)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: hash(RealBallField(10)(1)) == hash(RealBallField(20)(1))
+            True
+            sage: hash(RBF(1/3)) == hash(RBF(1/3, rad=.1))
+            False
+            sage: vals = [0, 1, 3/4, 5/8, 7/8, infinity, 'nan', 2^1000 - 1]
+            sage: len({hash(RBF(v)) for v in vals}) == len(vals)
+            True
+        """
+        cdef arf_t mid = arb_midref(self.value)
+        cdef fmpz_t mant, expo
+        fmpz_init(mant)
+        fmpz_init(expo)
+        arf_get_fmpz_2exp(mant, expo, mid)
+        cdef long h = (
+                fmpz_fdiv_ui(mant, 1073741789)
+                ^ fmpz_fdiv_ui(expo, 2**30)
+                ^ (arf_abs_bound_lt_2exp_si(mid) << 10)
+                ^ arb_rel_error_bits(self.value) << 20)
+        fmpz_clear(expo)
+        fmpz_clear(mant)
+        return h
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+           sage: RealBallField()(RIF(1.9, 2))
+           [2e+0 +/- 0.101]
+        """
+        cdef char* c_result
+
+        c_result = arb_get_str(self.value, (prec(self) * 31) // 100, 0)
+        try:
+            py_string = char_to_str(c_result)
+        finally:
+            flint_free(c_result)
+
+        return py_string
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        r"""
+        Serialize a RealBall.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: [loads(dumps(b)).identical(b)
+            ....:  for b in [RealBallField(60).pi(), RBF(infinity)]]
+            [True, True]
+            sage: b = RBF(NaN); loads(dumps(b)).identical(b)                            # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+        """
+        cdef bytes py_val
+        sig_on()
+        cdef char* c_val = arb_dump_str(self.value)
+        sig_off()
+        try:
+            py_val = <bytes> c_val
+        finally:
+            flint_free(c_val)
+        return create_RealBall, (self._parent, py_val)
+
+    # Conversions
+
+    cpdef RealIntervalFieldElement _real_mpfi_(self, RealIntervalField_class parent):
+        """
+        Return a :mod:`real interval <sage.rings.real_mpfi>` containing this ball.
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`~sage.rings.real_mpfi.RealIntervalFieldElement`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = RealBallField()(RIF(2))
+            sage: RIF(a)                                        # indirect doctest
+            2
+        """
+        cdef RealIntervalFieldElement result
+        result = parent(0)
+        arb_to_mpfi(result.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        return result
+
+    def _integer_(self, _):
+        """
+        Check that this ball contains a single integer and return that integer.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ZZ(RBF(1, rad=0.1r))
+            1
+            sage: ZZ(RBF(1, rad=1.0r))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: [+/- 2.01] does not contain a unique integer
+            sage: ZZ(RBF(pi))                                                           # needs sage.symbolic
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: [3.141592653589793 +/- ...e-16] does not contain a unique integer
+        """
+        cdef Integer res
+        cdef fmpz_t tmp
+        fmpz_init(tmp)
+        try:
+            if arb_get_unique_fmpz(tmp, self.value):
+                res = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+                fmpz_get_mpz(res.value, tmp)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("{} does not contain a unique integer".format(self))
+        finally:
+            fmpz_clear(tmp)
+        return res
+
+    def _rational_(self):
+        """
+        Check that this ball contains a single rational number and return that
+        number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: QQ(RBF(123456/2^12))
+            1929/64
+            sage: QQ(RBF(1/3))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: [0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17] does not contain a unique rational number
+        """
+        if arb_is_exact(self.value):
+            return self.mid().exact_rational()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("{} does not contain a unique rational number".format(self))
+
+    def _mpfr_(self, RealField_class field):
+        """
+        Convert this real ball to a real number.
+
+        This attempts to do something sensible for all rounding modes, as
+        illustrated below.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: mypi = RBF(pi)
+            sage: RR(mypi)
+            3.14159265358979
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDU')(mypi)
+            3.14159265358980
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDD')(mypi)
+            3.14159265358979
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDZ')(mypi)
+            3.14159265358979
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDZ')(-mypi)
+            -3.14159265358979
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDU')(-mypi)
+            -3.14159265358979
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: b = RBF(RIF(-1/2, 1))
+            sage: RR(b)
+            0.250000000000000
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDU')(b)
+            1.00000000093133
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDD')(b)
+            -0.500000000931323
+            sage: Reals(rnd='RNDZ')(b)
+            0.250000000000000
+        """
+        cdef RealNumber left, mid, right
+        cdef int sl, sr
+        if (field.rnd == MPFR_RNDN or
+                field.rnd == MPFR_RNDZ and arb_contains_zero(self.value)):
+            mid = RealNumber(field, None)
+            sig_str("unable to convert to MPFR (exponent out of range?)")
+            arf_get_mpfr(mid.value, arb_midref(self.value), field.rnd)
+            sig_off()
+            return mid
+        else:
+            left = RealNumber(field, None)
+            right = RealNumber(field, None)
+            sig_str("unable to convert to MPFR (exponent out of range?)")
+            arb_get_interval_mpfr(left.value, right.value, self.value)
+            sig_off()
+            if field.rnd == MPFR_RNDD:
+                return left
+            elif field.rnd == MPFR_RNDU:
+                return right
+            elif field.rnd == MPFR_RNDZ:
+                sl, sr = mpfr_sgn(left.value), mpfr_sgn(left.value)
+                if sr > 0 and sl > 0:
+                    return left
+                elif sr < 0 and sl < 0:
+                    return right
+                else:
+                    return field(0)
+        raise ValueError("unknown rounding mode")
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        """
+        Convert ``self`` to a ``float``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: float(RBF(1))
+            1.0
+        """
+        return float(self.n(prec(self)))
+
+    def __complex__(self):
+        """
+        Convert ``self`` to a ``complex``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: complex(RBF(1))
+            (1+0j)
+        """
+        return complex(self.n(prec(self)))
+
+    # Center and radius, absolute value, endpoints
+
+    def mid(self):
+        """
+        Return the center of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RealBallField(16)(1/3).mid()
+            0.3333
+            sage: RealBallField(16)(1/3).mid().parent()
+            Real Field with 16 bits of precision
+            sage: RealBallField(16)(RBF(1/3)).mid().parent()
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: RBF('inf').mid()
+            +infinity
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: b = RBF(2)^(2^1000)
+            sage: b.mid()
+            +infinity
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`rad`, :meth:`squash`
+        """
+        cdef long mid_prec = max(arb_bits(self.value), prec(self))
+        if mid_prec < MPFR_PREC_MIN:
+            mid_prec = MPFR_PREC_MIN
+        cdef RealField_class mid_field = RealField(mid_prec)
+        return self._mpfr_(mid_field)
+
+    center = mid
+
+    def rad(self):
+        """
+        Return the radius of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3).rad()
+            5.5511151e-17
+            sage: RBF(1/3).rad().parent()
+            Real Field with 30 bits of precision
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`mid`, :meth:`rad_as_ball`, :meth:`diameter`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (RBF(1, rad=.1) << (2^64)).rad()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: unable to convert the radius to MPFR (exponent out of range?)
+        """
+        # Should we return a real number with rounding towards +∞ (or away from
+        # zero if/when implemented)?
+        cdef RealField_class rad_field = RealField(MAG_BITS)
+        cdef RealNumber rad = RealNumber(rad_field, None)
+        cdef arf_t tmp
+        arf_init(tmp)
+        sig_str("unable to convert the radius to MPFR (exponent out of range?)")
+        arf_set_mag(tmp, arb_radref(self.value))
+        if arf_get_mpfr(rad.value, tmp, MPFR_RNDN):
+            abort()
+        sig_off()
+        arf_clear(tmp)
+        return rad
+
+    def diameter(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the diameter of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3).diameter()
+            1.1102230e-16
+            sage: RBF(1/3).diameter().parent()
+            Real Field with 30 bits of precision
+            sage: RBF(RIF(1.02, 1.04)).diameter()
+            0.020000000
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`rad`, :meth:`rad_as_ball`, :meth:`mid`
+        """
+        return 2 * self.rad()
+
+    def squash(self):
+        """
+        Return an exact ball with the same center as this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: mid = RealBallField(16)(1/3).squash()
+            sage: mid
+            [0.3333 +/- ...e-5]
+            sage: mid.is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: mid.parent()
+            Real ball field with 16 bits of precision
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`mid`, :meth:`rad_as_ball`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        arf_set(arb_midref(res.value), arb_midref(self.value))
+        mag_zero(arb_radref(res.value))
+        return res
+
+    def rad_as_ball(self):
+        """
+        Return an exact ball with center equal to the radius of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: rad = RBF(1/3).rad_as_ball()
+            sage: rad
+            [5.55111512e-17 +/- ...e-26]
+            sage: rad.is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: rad.parent()
+            Real ball field with 30 bits of precision
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`squash`, :meth:`rad`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._parent.element_class(RealBallField(MAG_BITS))
+        arf_set_mag(arb_midref(res.value), arb_radref(self.value))
+        mag_zero(arb_radref(res.value))
+        return res
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        """
+        Return the absolute value of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).abs() # indirect doctest
+            [0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: abs(RBF(-1))
+            1.000000000000000
+        """
+        cdef RealBall r = self._new()
+        arb_abs(r.value, self.value)
+        return r
+
+    def below_abs(self, test_zero=False):
+        """
+        Return a lower bound for the absolute value of this ball.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``test_zero`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``,
+          make sure that the returned lower bound is positive, raising
+          an error if the ball contains zero.
+
+        OUTPUT: a ball with zero radius
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RealBallField(8)(1/3).below_abs()
+            [0.33 +/- ...e-5]
+            sage: b = RealBallField(8)(1/3).below_abs()
+            sage: b
+            [0.33 +/- ...e-5]
+            sage: b.is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: QQ(b)
+            169/512
+
+            sage: RBF(0).below_abs()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(0).below_abs(test_zero=True)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: ball contains zero
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`above_abs`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        arb_get_abs_lbound_arf(arb_midref(res.value), self.value, prec(self))
+        if test_zero and arb_contains_zero(res.value):
+            assert arb_contains_zero(self.value)
+            raise ValueError("ball contains zero")
+        return res
+
+    def above_abs(self):
+        """
+        Return an upper bound for the absolute value of this ball.
+
+        OUTPUT: a ball with zero radius
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: b = RealBallField(8)(1/3).above_abs()
+            sage: b
+            [0.33 +/- ...e-3]
+            sage: b.is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: QQ(b)
+            171/512
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`below_abs`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        arb_get_abs_ubound_arf(arb_midref(res.value), self.value, prec(self))
+        return res
+
+    def upper(self, rnd=None):
+        """
+        Return the right endpoint of this ball, rounded upwards.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``rnd`` -- string; rounding mode for the parent of the result (does
+          not affect its value!), see
+          :meth:`sage.rings.real_mpfi.RealIntervalFieldElement.upper`
+
+        OUTPUT: a real number
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).upper()
+            -0.333333333333333
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).upper().parent()
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision and rounding RNDU
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+           :meth:`lower`, :meth:`endpoints`
+        """
+        # naive and slow
+        return self._real_mpfi_(RealIntervalField(prec(self))).upper(rnd)
+
+    def lower(self, rnd=None):
+        """
+        Return the right endpoint of this ball, rounded downwards.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``rnd`` -- string; rounding mode for the parent of the result (does
+          not affect its value!), see
+          :meth:`sage.rings.real_mpfi.RealIntervalFieldElement.lower`
+
+        OUTPUT: a real number
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).lower()
+            -0.333333333333334
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).lower().parent()
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision and rounding RNDD
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`upper`, :meth:`endpoints`
+        """
+        # naive and slow
+        return self._real_mpfi_(RealIntervalField(prec(self))).lower(rnd)
+
+    def endpoints(self, rnd=None):
+        """
+        Return the endpoints of this ball, rounded outwards.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``rnd`` -- string; rounding mode for the parent of the resulting
+          floating-point numbers (does not affect their values!), see
+          :meth:`sage.rings.real_mpfi.RealIntervalFieldElement.upper`
+
+        OUTPUT: a pair of real numbers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).endpoints()
+            (-0.333333333333334, -0.333333333333333)
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`lower`, :meth:`upper`
+        """
+        # naive and slow
+        return self._real_mpfi_(RealIntervalField(prec(self))).endpoints(rnd)
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return a ball containing the convex hull of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(0).union(1).endpoints()
+            (-9.31322574615479e-10, 1.00000000093133)
+        """
+        cdef RealBall my_other = self._parent.coerce(other)
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_union(res.value, self.value, my_other.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def real(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the real part of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3).real()
+            [0.3333333333333333 +/- 7.04e-17]
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def imag(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the imaginary part of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3).imag()
+            0
+        """
+        return self._parent.zero()
+
+    # Precision and accuracy
+
+    def nbits(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the minimum precision sufficient to represent this ball exactly.
+
+        In other words, return the number of bits needed to represent the
+        absolute value of the mantissa of the midpoint of this ball. The result
+        is 0 if the midpoint is a special value.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3).nbits()
+            53
+            sage: RBF(1023, .1).nbits()
+            10
+            sage: RBF(1024, .1).nbits()
+            1
+            sage: RBF(0).nbits()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(infinity).nbits()
+            0
+        """
+        return arb_bits(self.value)
+
+    def round(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy of this ball with center rounded to the precision of the
+        parent.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        It is possible to create balls whose midpoint is more precise than
+        their parent's nominal precision (see :mod:`~sage.rings.real_arb` for
+        more information)::
+
+            sage: b = RBF(pi.n(100))                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: b.mid()                                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+            3.141592653589793238462643383
+
+        The ``round()`` method rounds such a ball to its parent's precision::
+
+            sage: b.round().mid()                                                       # needs sage.symbolic
+            3.14159265358979
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`trim`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_set_round(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def accuracy(self):
+        """
+        Return the effective relative accuracy of this ball measured in bits.
+
+        The accuracy is defined as the difference between the position of the
+        top bit in the midpoint and the top bit in the radius, minus one.
+        The result is clamped between plus/minus
+        :meth:`~RealBallField.maximal_accuracy`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(pi).accuracy()                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+            52
+            sage: RBF(1).accuracy() == RBF.maximal_accuracy()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(NaN).accuracy() == -RBF.maximal_accuracy()                        # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~RealBallField.maximal_accuracy`
+        """
+        return arb_rel_accuracy_bits(self.value)
+
+    def trim(self):
+        """
+        Return a trimmed copy of this ball.
+
+        Round ``self`` to a number of bits equal to the :meth:`accuracy` of
+        ``self`` (as indicated by its radius), plus a few guard bits. The
+        resulting ball is guaranteed to contain ``self``, but is more economical
+        if ``self`` has less than full accuracy.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: b = RBF(0.11111111111111, rad=.001)
+            sage: b.mid()
+            0.111111111111110
+            sage: b.trim().mid()
+            0.111111104488373
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`round`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_trim(res.value, self.value)
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def add_error(self, ampl):
+        """
+        Increase the radius of this ball by (an upper bound on) ``ampl``.
+
+        If ``ampl`` is negative, the radius is unchanged.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``ampl`` -- a real ball (or an object that can be coerced to a real
+          ball)
+
+        OUTPUT: a new real ball
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: err = RBF(10^-16)
+            sage: RBF(1).add_error(err)
+            [1.000000000000000 +/- ...e-16]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).add_error(-1)
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(0).add_error(RBF(1, rad=2.)).endpoints()
+            (-3.00000000745059, 3.00000000745059)
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        cdef RealBall my_ampl = self._parent(ampl)
+        if my_ampl < 0:
+            my_ampl = self._parent.zero()
+        arb_set(res.value, self.value)
+        arb_add_error(res.value, my_ampl.value)
+        return res
+
+    # Comparisons and predicates
+
+    def is_zero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff the midpoint and radius of this ball are both zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF = RealBallField()
+            sage: RBF(0).is_zero()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(RIF(-0.5, 0.5)).is_zero()
+            False
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`is_nonzero`
+        """
+        return arb_is_zero(self.value)
+
+    def is_nonzero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff zero is not contained in the interval represented
+        by this ball.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This method is not the negation of :meth:`is_zero`: it only
+            returns ``True`` if zero is known not to be contained in the ball.
+
+            Use ``bool(b)`` (or, equivalently, ``not b.is_zero()``) to check if
+            a ball ``b`` **may** represent a nonzero number (for instance, to
+            determine the “degree” of a polynomial with ball coefficients).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF = RealBallField()
+            sage: RBF(pi).is_nonzero()                                                  # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: RBF(RIF(-0.5, 0.5)).is_nonzero()
+            False
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`is_zero`
+        """
+        return arb_is_nonzero(self.value)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff this ball is not the zero ball, i.e. if it its
+        midpoint and radius are not both zero.
+
+        This is the preferred way, for instance, to determine the “degree” of a
+        polynomial with ball coefficients.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            A “nonzero” ball in the sense of this method may represent the
+            value zero. Use :meth:`is_nonzero` to check that a real number
+            represented by a ``RealBall`` object is known to be nonzero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: bool(RBF(0)) # indirect doctest
+            False
+            sage: bool(RBF(1/3))
+            True
+            sage: bool(RBF(RIF(-0.5, 0.5)))
+            True
+        """
+        return not arb_is_zero(self.value)
+
+    def is_exact(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff the radius of this ball is zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF = RealBallField()
+            sage: RBF(1).is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(RIF(0.1, 0.2)).is_exact()
+            False
+        """
+        return arb_is_exact(self.value)
+
+    cpdef _richcmp_(left, right, int op):
+        """
+        Compare ``left`` and ``right``.
+
+        For more information, see :mod:`sage.rings.real_arb`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF = RealBallField()
+            sage: a = RBF(1)
+            sage: b = RBF(1)
+            sage: a is b
+            False
+            sage: a == b
+            True
+            sage: a = RBF(1/3)
+            sage: a.is_exact()
+            False
+            sage: b = RBF(1/3)
+            sage: b.is_exact()
+            False
+            sage: a == b
+            False
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Balls whose intersection consists of one point::
+
+            sage: a = RBF(RIF(1, 2))
+            sage: b = RBF(RIF(2, 4))
+            sage: a < b
+            False
+            sage: a > b
+            False
+            sage: a <= b
+            False
+            sage: a >= b
+            False
+            sage: a == b
+            False
+            sage: a != b
+            False
+
+        Balls with non-trivial intersection::
+
+            sage: a = RBF(RIF(1, 4))
+            sage: a = RBF(RIF(2, 5))
+            sage: a < b
+            False
+            sage: a <= b
+            False
+            sage: a > b
+            False
+            sage: a >= b
+            False
+            sage: a == b
+            False
+            sage: a != b
+            False
+
+        One ball contained in another::
+
+            sage: a = RBF(RIF(1, 4))
+            sage: b = RBF(RIF(2, 3))
+            sage: a < b
+            False
+            sage: a <= b
+            False
+            sage: a > b
+            False
+            sage: a >= b
+            False
+            sage: a == b
+            False
+            sage: a != b
+            False
+
+        Disjoint balls::
+
+            sage: a = RBF(1/3)
+            sage: b = RBF(1/2)
+            sage: a < b
+            True
+            sage: a <= b
+            True
+            sage: a > b
+            False
+            sage: a >= b
+            False
+            sage: a == b
+            False
+            sage: a != b
+            True
+
+        Exact elements::
+
+            sage: a = RBF(2)
+            sage: b = RBF(2)
+            sage: a.is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: b.is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: a < b
+            False
+            sage: a <= b
+            True
+            sage: a > b
+            False
+            sage: a >= b
+            True
+            sage: a == b
+            True
+            sage: a != b
+            False
+
+        Special values::
+
+            sage: inf = RBF(+infinity)
+            sage: other_inf = RBF(+infinity, 42.r)
+            sage: neg_inf = RBF(-infinity)
+            sage: extended_line = RBF(0).add_error(infinity)
+            sage: exact_nan = inf - inf
+            sage: exact_nan.mid(), exact_nan.rad()
+            (NaN, 0.00000000)
+            sage: other_exact_nan = inf - inf
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: exact_nan == exact_nan, exact_nan <= exact_nan, exact_nan >= exact_nan
+            (False, False, False)
+            sage: exact_nan != exact_nan, exact_nan < exact_nan, exact_nan > exact_nan
+            (False, False, False)
+            sage: from operator import eq, ne, le, lt, ge, gt
+            sage: ops = [eq, ne, le, lt, ge, gt]
+            sage: any(op(exact_nan, other_exact_nan) for op in ops)
+            False
+            sage: any(op(exact_nan, b) for op in ops for b in [RBF(1), extended_line, inf, neg_inf])
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: neg_inf < a < inf and inf > a > neg_inf
+            True
+            sage: neg_inf <= b <= inf and inf >= b >= neg_inf
+            True
+            sage: neg_inf <= extended_line <= inf and inf >= extended_line >= neg_inf
+            True
+            sage: neg_inf < extended_line or extended_line < inf
+            False
+            sage: inf > extended_line or extended_line > neg_inf
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: all(b <= b == b >= b and not (b < b or b != b or b > b)
+            ....:     for b in [inf, neg_inf, other_inf])
+            True
+            sage: any(b1 == b2 for b1 in [inf, neg_inf, a, extended_line]
+            ....:              for b2 in [inf, neg_inf, a, extended_line]
+            ....:              if not b1 is b2)
+            False
+            sage: all(b1 != b2 and not b1 == b2
+            ....:     for b1 in [inf, neg_inf, a]
+            ....:     for b2 in [inf, neg_inf, a]
+            ....:     if not b1 is b2)
+            True
+            sage: neg_inf <= -other_inf == neg_inf == -other_inf < other_inf == inf <= other_inf
+            True
+            sage: any(inf < b or b > inf
+            ....:     for b in [inf, other_inf,  a, extended_line])
+            False
+            sage: any(inf <= b or b >= inf for b in [a, extended_line])
+            False
+        """
+        cdef RealBall lt, rt
+
+        lt = left
+        rt = right
+
+        if op == Py_EQ:
+            return arb_eq(lt.value, rt.value)
+        if op == Py_NE:
+            return arb_ne(lt.value, rt.value)
+        if op == Py_GT:
+            return arb_gt(lt.value, rt.value)
+        if op == Py_LT:
+            return arb_lt(lt.value, rt.value)
+        if op == Py_GE:
+            return arb_ge(lt.value, rt.value)
+        if op == Py_LE:
+            return arb_le(lt.value, rt.value)
+
+    def min(self, *others):
+        """
+        Return a ball containing the minimum of this ball and the
+        remaining arguments.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1, rad=.5).min(0)
+            0
+
+            sage: RBF(0, rad=2.).min(RBF(0, rad=1.)).endpoints()
+            (-2.00000000651926, 1.00000000465662)
+
+            sage: RBF(infinity).min(3, 1/3)
+            [0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+
+            sage: RBF('nan').min(0)
+            nan
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`max`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(0).min()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(infinity).min().rad()
+            0.00000000
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        cdef long p = prec(self)
+        arb_set(res.value, self.value)
+        for b in others:
+            if not isinstance(b, RealBall):
+                b = self._parent.coerce(b)
+            arb_min(res.value, res.value, (<RealBall> b).value, p)
+        return res
+
+    def max(self, *others):
+        """
+        Return a ball containing the maximum of this ball and the
+        remaining arguments.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1, rad=.5).max(0)
+            0
+
+            sage: RBF(0, rad=2.).max(RBF(0, rad=1.)).endpoints()
+            (-1.00000000465662, 2.00000000651926)
+
+            sage: RBF(-infinity).max(-3, 1/3)
+            [0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+
+            sage: RBF('nan').max(0)
+            nan
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`min`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(0).max()
+            0
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        cdef long p = prec(self)
+        arb_set(res.value, self.value)
+        for b in others:
+            if not isinstance(b, RealBall):
+                b = self._parent.coerce(b)
+            arb_max(res.value, res.value, (<RealBall> b).value, p)
+        return res
+
+    def is_finite(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff the midpoint and radius of this ball are both
+        finite floating-point numbers, i.e. not infinities or NaN.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: (RBF(2)^(2^1000)).is_finite()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(oo).is_finite()
+            False
+        """
+        return arb_is_finite(self.value)
+
+    def identical(self, RealBall other):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff ``self`` and ``other`` are equal as balls, i.e.
+        have both the same midpoint and radius.
+
+        Note that this is not the same thing as testing whether both ``self``
+        and ``other`` certainly represent the same real number, unless either
+        ``self`` or ``other`` is exact (and neither contains NaN). To test
+        whether both operands might represent the same mathematical quantity,
+        use :meth:`overlaps` or :meth:`contains`, depending on the
+        circumstance.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).identical(RBF(3)-RBF(2))
+            True
+            sage: RBF(1, rad=0.25r).identical(RBF(1, rad=0.25r))
+            True
+            sage: RBF(1).identical(RBF(1, rad=0.25r))
+            False
+        """
+        return arb_equal(self.value, other.value)
+
+    def overlaps(self, RealBall other):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff ``self`` and ``other`` have some point in common.
+
+        If either ``self`` or ``other`` contains NaN, this method always
+        returns nonzero (as a NaN could be anything, it could in particular
+        contain any number that is included in the other operand).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(pi).overlaps(RBF(pi) + 2**(-100))                                 # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: RBF(pi).overlaps(RBF(3))                                              # needs sage.symbolic
+            False
+        """
+        return arb_overlaps(self.value, other.value)
+
+    def contains_exact(self, other):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` *iff* the given number (or ball) ``other`` is contained
+        in the interval represented by ``self``.
+
+        If ``self`` contains NaN, this function always returns ``True`` (as
+        it could represent anything, and in particular could represent all the
+        points included in ``other``). If ``other`` contains NaN and ``self``
+        does not, it always returns ``False``.
+
+        Use ``other in self`` for a test that works for a wider range of inputs
+        but may return false negatives.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: b = RBF(1)
+            sage: b.contains_exact(1)
+            True
+            sage: b.contains_exact(QQ(1))
+            True
+            sage: b.contains_exact(1.)
+            True
+            sage: b.contains_exact(b)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3).contains_exact(1/3)
+            True
+            sage: RBF(sqrt(2)).contains_exact(sqrt(2))                                  # needs sage.symbolic
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unsupported type: <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: b.contains_exact(1r)
+            True
+        """
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpz
+        cdef fmpq_t tmpq
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        try:
+            if isinstance(other, RealBall):
+                res = arb_contains(self.value, (<RealBall> other).value)
+            elif is_small_python_int(other):
+                res = arb_contains_si(self.value, PyLong_AsLong(other))
+            elif isinstance(other, Integer):
+                fmpz_init(tmpz)
+                fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, (<Integer> other).value)
+                res = arb_contains_fmpz(self.value, tmpz)
+                fmpz_clear(tmpz)
+            elif isinstance(other, Rational):
+                fmpq_init(tmpq)
+                fmpq_set_mpq(tmpq, (<Rational> other).value)
+                res = arb_contains_fmpq(self.value, tmpq)
+                fmpq_clear(tmpq)
+            elif isinstance(other, RealNumber):
+                res = arb_contains_mpfr(self.value, (<RealNumber> other).value)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("unsupported type: " + str(type(other)))
+        finally:
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``other`` can be verified to be contained in ``self``.
+
+        The test is done using interval arithmetic with a precision determined
+        by the parent of ``self`` and may return false negatives.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sqrt(2) in RBF(sqrt(2))                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+
+        A false negative::
+
+            sage: sqrt(2) in RBF(RealBallField(100)(sqrt(2)))                           # needs sage.symbolic
+            False
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`contains_exact`
+        """
+        return self.contains_exact(self._parent(other))
+
+    def contains_zero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff this ball contains zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(0).contains_zero()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(RIF(-1, 1)).contains_zero()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(1/3).contains_zero()
+            False
+        """
+        return arb_contains_zero(self.value)
+
+    def contains_integer(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` iff this ball contains any integer.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(3.1, 0.1).contains_integer()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(3.1, 0.05).contains_integer()
+            False
+        """
+        return arb_contains_int(self.value)
+
+    def is_negative_infinity(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this ball is the point -∞.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-infinity).is_negative_infinity()
+            True
+        """
+        return (arf_is_neg_inf(arb_midref(self.value))
+                and mag_is_finite(arb_radref(self.value)))
+
+    def is_positive_infinity(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this ball is the point +∞.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(infinity).is_positive_infinity()
+            True
+        """
+        return (arf_is_pos_inf(arb_midref(self.value))
+                and mag_is_finite(arb_radref(self.value)))
+
+    def is_infinity(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this ball contains or may represent a point at
+        infinity.
+
+        This is the exact negation of :meth:`is_finite`, used in comparisons
+        with Sage symbolic infinities.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            Contrary to the usual convention, a return value of ``True`` does
+            not imply that all points of the ball satisfy the predicate.
+            This is due to the way comparisons with symbolic infinities work in
+            sage.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(infinity).is_infinity()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(-infinity).is_infinity()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(NaN).is_infinity()                                                # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: (~RBF(0)).is_infinity()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(42, rad=1.r).is_infinity()
+            False
+        """
+        return not self.is_finite()
+
+    def is_NaN(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this ball is not-a-number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(NaN).is_NaN()                                                     # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: RBF(-5).gamma().is_NaN()
+            True
+            sage: RBF(infinity).is_NaN()
+            False
+            sage: RBF(42, rad=1.r).is_NaN()
+            False
+        """
+        return arf_is_nan(arb_midref(self.value))
+
+    # Arithmetic
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        Return the opposite of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: -RBF(1/3)
+            [-0.3333333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        arb_neg(res.value, self.value)
+        return res
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        """
+        Return the inverse of this ball.
+
+        The result is guaranteed to contain the inverse of any point of the
+        input ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ~RBF(5)
+            [0.2000000000000000 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: ~RBF(0)
+            nan
+            sage: RBF(RIF(-0.1,0.1))
+            [+/- 0.101]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_inv(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _add_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the sum of two balls, rounded to the ambient field's precision.
+
+        The resulting ball is guaranteed to contain the sums of any two points
+        of the respective input balls.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1) + RBF(1/3)
+            [1.333333333333333 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_add(res.value, self.value, (<RealBall> other).value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _sub_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the difference of two balls, rounded to the ambient field's
+        precision.
+
+        The resulting ball is guaranteed to contain the differences of any two
+        points of the respective input balls.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1) - RBF(1/3)
+            [0.666666666666667 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sub(res.value, self.value, (<RealBall> other).value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _mul_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the product of two balls, rounded to the ambient field's
+        precision.
+
+        The resulting ball is guaranteed to contain the products of any two
+        points of the respective input balls.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-2) * RBF(1/3)
+            [-0.666666666666667 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_mul(res.value, self.value, (<RealBall> other).value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _div_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the quotient of two balls, rounded to the ambient field's
+        precision.
+
+        The resulting ball is guaranteed to contain the quotients of any two
+        points of the respective input balls.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(pi)/RBF(e)                                                        # needs sage.symbolic
+            [1.155727349790922 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(2)/RBF(0)
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_div(res.value, self.value, (<RealBall> other).value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def __pow__(base, expo, _):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: RBF(e)^17
+            [24154952.7535753 +/- ...e-8]
+            sage: RBF(e)^(-1)
+            [0.367879441171442 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(e)^(1/2)
+            [1.648721270700128 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(e)^RBF(pi)
+            [23.1406926327793 +/- ...e-14]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1)^(1/3)
+            nan
+            sage: RBF(0)^(-1)
+            nan
+            sage: RBF(-e)**RBF(pi)                                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+            nan
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(e)**(2r)                                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+            [7.38905609893065 +/- ...e-15]
+            sage: RBF(e)**(-1r)                                                         # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.367879441171442 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpz
+        if not isinstance(base, RealBall):
+            return sage.structure.element.bin_op(base, expo, operator.pow)
+        cdef RealBall self = base
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if is_small_python_int(expo) and expo > 0:
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_pow_ui(res.value, self.value, PyLong_AsLong(expo), prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(expo, Integer):
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            fmpz_init(tmpz)
+            fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, (<Integer> expo).value)
+            arb_pow_fmpz(res.value, self.value, tmpz, prec(self))
+            fmpz_clear(tmpz)
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(expo, RealBall):
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_pow(res.value, self.value, (<RealBall> expo).value, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        else:
+            return sage.structure.element.bin_op(base, expo, operator.pow)
+        return res
+
+    def sqrt(self):
+        """
+        Return the square root of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(2).sqrt()
+            [1.414213562373095 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).sqrt()
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sqrt(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def sqrtpos(self):
+        """
+        Return the square root of this ball, assuming that it represents a
+        nonnegative number.
+
+        Any negative numbers in the input interval are discarded.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(2).sqrtpos()
+            [1.414213562373095 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).sqrtpos()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(0, rad=2.r).sqrtpos()
+            [+/- 1.42]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sqrtpos(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def rsqrt(self):
+        """
+        Return the reciprocal square root of ``self``.
+
+        At high precision, this is faster than computing a square root.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(2).rsqrt()
+            [0.707106781186547 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(0).rsqrt()
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_rsqrt(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def sqrt1pm1(self):
+        r"""
+        Return `\sqrt{1+\mathrm{self}}-1`, computed accurately when ``self`` is
+        close to zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: eps = RBF(10^(-20))
+            sage: (1 + eps).sqrt() - 1
+            [+/- ...e-16]
+            sage: eps.sqrt1pm1()
+            [5.00000000000000e-21 +/- ...e-36]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sqrt1pm1(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    # Floor, ceil, etc.
+
+    def floor(self):
+        """
+        Return the floor of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1000+1/3, rad=1.r).floor()
+            [1.00e+3 +/- 1.01]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_floor(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def ceil(self):
+        """
+        Return the ceil of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1000+1/3, rad=1.r).ceil()
+            [1.00e+3 +/- 2.01]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_ceil(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def __lshift__(val, shift):
+        r"""
+        If ``val`` is a ``RealBall`` and ``shift`` is an integer, return the
+        ball obtained by shifting the center and radius of ``val`` to the left
+        by ``shift`` bits.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``shift`` -- integer; may be negative
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3) << 2 # indirect doctest
+            [1.333333333333333 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(1) << -1
+            0.5000000000000000
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(1) << (2^100)
+            [2.285367694229514e+381600854690147056244358827360 +/- ...e+381600854690147056244358827344]
+            sage: RBF(1) << (-2^100)
+            [4.375663498372584e-381600854690147056244358827361 +/- ...e-381600854690147056244358827378]
+
+            sage: "a" << RBF(1/3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for <<: 'str' and 'RealBall'
+            sage: RBF(1) << RBF(1/3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: shift should be an integer
+        """
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpz
+        # the RealBall might be shift, not val
+        if not isinstance(val, RealBall):
+            raise TypeError("unsupported operand type(s) for <<: '{}' and '{}'"
+                            .format(type(val).__name__, type(shift).__name__))
+        cdef RealBall self = val
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if is_small_python_int(shift):
+            arb_mul_2exp_si(res.value, self.value, PyLong_AsLong(shift))
+        elif isinstance(shift, Integer):
+            sig_on()
+            fmpz_init(tmpz)
+            fmpz_set_mpz(tmpz, (<Integer> shift).value)
+            arb_mul_2exp_fmpz(res.value, self.value, tmpz)
+            fmpz_clear(tmpz)
+            sig_off()
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("shift should be an integer")
+        return res
+
+    def __rshift__(val, shift):
+        r"""
+        If ``val`` is a ``RealBall`` and ``shift`` is an integer, return the
+        ball obtained by shifting the center and radius of ``val`` to the right
+        by ``shift`` bits.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``shift`` -- integer; may be negative
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(4) >> 2
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(1/3) >> -2
+            [1.333333333333333 +/- ...e-16]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: "a" >> RBF(1/3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'str' and 'RealBall'
+        """
+        # the RealBall might be shift, not val
+        if isinstance(val, RealBall):
+            return val << (-shift)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("unsupported operand type(s) for >>: '{}' and '{}'"
+                            .format(type(val).__name__, type(shift).__name__))
+
+    def conjugate(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the conjugate of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).conjugate()
+            1.000000000000000
+        """
+        return self
+
+    # Elementary functions
+
+    def log(self, base=None):
+        """
+        Return the logarithm of this ball.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base`` -- (optional) positive real ball or number; if ``None``,
+          return the natural logarithm ``ln(self)``, otherwise, return the
+          general logarithm ``ln(self)/ln(base)``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(3).log()
+            [1.098612288668110 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(3).log(2)
+            [1.58496250072116 +/- ...e-15]
+            sage: log(RBF(5), 2)
+            [2.32192809488736 +/- ...e-15]
+
+            sage: RBF(-1/3).log()
+            nan
+            sage: RBF(3).log(-1)
+            nan
+            sage: RBF(2).log(0)
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall cst
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_log(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        if base is not None:
+            cst = self._parent.coerce(base).log()
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_div(res.value, res.value, cst.value, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def log1p(self):
+        """
+        Return ``log(1 + self)``, computed accurately when ``self`` is close to
+        zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: eps = RBF(1e-30)
+            sage: (1 + eps).log()
+            [+/- ...e-16]
+            sage: eps.log1p()
+            [1.00000000000000e-30 +/- ...e-46]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_log1p(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def exp(self):
+        """
+        Return the exponential of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).exp()
+            [2.718281828459045 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_exp(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def expm1(self):
+        """
+        Return ``exp(self) - 1``, computed accurately when ``self`` is close to
+        zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: eps = RBF(1e-30)
+            sage: exp(eps) - 1
+            [+/- ...e-30]
+            sage: eps.expm1()
+            [1.000000000000000e-30 +/- ...e-47]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_expm1(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def sin(self):
+        """
+        Return the sine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(pi).sin()                                                         # needs sage.symbolic
+            [+/- ...e-16]
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBallField.sinpi`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sin(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def cos(self):
+        """
+        Return the cosine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(pi).cos()                                                         # needs sage.symbolic
+            [-1.00000000000000 +/- ...e-16]
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBallField.cospi`
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_cos(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def tan(self):
+        """
+        Return the tangent of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).tan()
+            [1.557407724654902 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(pi/2).tan()                                                       # needs sage.symbolic
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_tan(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def cot(self):
+        """
+        Return the cotangent of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).cot()
+            [0.642092615934331 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(pi).cot()                                                         # needs sage.symbolic
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_cot(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def sec(self):
+        """
+        Return the secant of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).sec()
+            [1.850815717680925 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sec(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def csc(self):
+        """
+        Return the cosecant of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).csc()
+            [1.188395105778121 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_csc(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def arcsin(self):
+        """
+        Return the arcsine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).arcsin()
+            [1.570796326794897 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(1, rad=.125r).arcsin()
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_asin(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def arccos(self):
+        """
+        Return the arccosine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).arccos()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(1, rad=.125r).arccos()
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_acos(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def arctan(self):
+        """
+        Return the arctangent of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).arctan()
+            [0.7853981633974483 +/- ...e-17]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_atan(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def sinh(self):
+        """
+        Return the hyperbolic sine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).sinh()
+            [1.175201193643801 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sinh(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def cosh(self):
+        """
+        Return the hyperbolic cosine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).cosh()
+            [1.543080634815244 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_cosh(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def tanh(self):
+        """
+        Return the hyperbolic tangent of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).tanh()
+            [0.761594155955765 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_tanh(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def coth(self):
+        """
+        Return the hyperbolic cotangent of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).coth()
+            [1.313035285499331 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(0).coth()
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_coth(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def sech(self):
+        """
+        Return the hyperbolic secant of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).sech()
+            [0.648054273663885 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_sech(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def csch(self):
+        """
+        Return the hyperbolic cosecant of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).csch()
+            [0.850918128239321 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_csch(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def arcsinh(self):
+        """
+        Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).arcsinh()
+            [0.881373587019543 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(0).arcsinh()
+            0
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_asinh(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def arccosh(self):
+        """
+        Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(2).arccosh()
+            [1.316957896924817 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(1).arccosh()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(0).arccosh()
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_acosh(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def arctanh(self):
+        """
+        Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of this ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(0).arctanh()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(1/2).arctanh()
+            [0.549306144334055 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(1).arctanh()
+            nan
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_atanh(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    # Special functions
+
+    def erf(self):
+        """
+        Error function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/2).erf() # abs tol 1e-16
+            [0.520499877813047 +/- 6.10e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_erf(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def erfi(self):
+        """
+        Imaginary error function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/2).erfi()
+            [0.614952094696511 +/- 2.22e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_erfi(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def Ei(self):
+        """
+        Exponential integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).Ei()  # abs tol 5e-15
+            [1.89511781635594 +/- 4.94e-15]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(Ei(1))  # abs tol 5e-15                                           # needs sage.symbolic
+            [1.89511781635594 +/- 4.94e-15]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_ei(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def Si(self):
+        """
+        Sine integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).Si() # abs tol 1e-15
+            [0.946083070367183 +/- 9.22e-16]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(Si(1))  # abs tol 1e-15                                           # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.946083070367183 +/- 9.22e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_si(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    sin_integral = Si
+
+    def Ci(self):
+        """
+        Cosine integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).Ci()  # abs tol 5e-16
+            [0.337403922900968 +/- 3.25e-16]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(Ci(1))  # abs tol 5e-16                                           # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.337403922900968 +/- 3.25e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_ci(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cos_integral = Ci
+
+    def Shi(self):
+        """
+        Hyperbolic sine integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).Shi() # abs tol 5e-15
+            [1.05725087537573 +/- 2.77e-15]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(Shi(1))  # abs tol 5e-15                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+            [1.05725087537573 +/- 2.77e-15]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_shi(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    sinh_integral = Shi
+
+    def Chi(self):
+        """
+        Hyperbolic cosine integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).Chi()  # abs tol 5e-16
+            [0.837866940980208 +/- 4.72e-16]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(Chi(1))  # abs tol 5e-16                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.837866940980208 +/- 4.72e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_chi(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cosh_integral = Chi
+
+    def li(self):
+        """
+        Logarithmic integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(3).li()  # abs tol 5e-15
+            [2.16358859466719 +/- 4.72e-15]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(li(0))                                                            # needs sage.symbolic
+            0
+            sage: RBF(Li(0))  # abs tol 5e-15                                           # needs sage.symbolic
+            [-1.04516378011749 +/- 4.23e-15]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_li(res.value, self.value, False, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    log_integral = li
+
+    def Li(self):
+        """
+        Offset logarithmic integral.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(3).Li()  # abs tol 5e-15
+            [1.11842481454970 +/- 7.61e-15]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_hypgeom_li(res.value, self.value, True, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    log_integral_offset = Li
+
+    def beta(self, a, z=1):
+        """
+        (Incomplete) beta function.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a``, ``z`` -- (optional) real balls
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The lower incomplete beta function `B(self, a, z)`.
+
+        With the default value of ``z``, the complete beta function `B(self, a)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(sin(3)).beta(RBF(2/3).sqrt())  # abs tol 1e-13                    # needs sage.symbolic
+            [7.407661629415 +/- 1.07e-13]
+            sage: RealBallField(100)(7/2).beta(1)  # abs tol 1e-30
+            [0.28571428571428571428571428571 +/- 5.23e-30]
+            sage: RealBallField(100)(7/2).beta(1, 1/2)
+            [0.025253813613805268728601584361 +/- 2.53e-31]
+
+        .. TODO::
+
+            At the moment RBF(beta(a,b)) does not work, one needs
+            RBF(a).beta(b) for this to work. See :issue:`32851`
+            and :issue:`24641`.
+        """
+        cdef RealBall a_ball, z_ball
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        a_ball = self._parent.coerce(a)
+        z_ball = self._parent.coerce(z)
+        arb_hypgeom_beta_lower(res.value, self.value, a_ball.value,
+                               z_ball.value, False, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def gamma(self, a=None):
+        r"""
+        Image of this ball by the (upper incomplete) Euler Gamma function.
+
+        For `a` real, return the upper incomplete Gamma function
+        `\Gamma(self,a)`.
+
+        For integer and rational arguments,
+        :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBallField.gamma` may be faster.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/2).gamma()
+            [1.772453850905516 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(gamma(3/2, RBF(2).sqrt()))  # abs tol 2e-17
+            [0.37118875695353 +/- 3.00e-15]
+            sage: RBF(3/2).gamma_inc(RBF(2).sqrt())  # abs tol 2e-17
+            [0.37118875695353 +/- 3.00e-15]
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+            :meth:`~sage.rings.real_arb.RealBallField.gamma`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RealBallField(100).gamma(1/2)
+            [1.77245385090551602729816748334 +/- 1.90e-30]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall a_ball
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if a is None:
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_gamma(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        else:
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            a_ball = self._parent.coerce(a)
+            arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper(res.value, self.value, a_ball.value, 0, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    gamma_inc = gamma
+
+    def gamma_inc_lower(self, a):
+        r"""
+        Image of this ball by the lower incomplete Euler Gamma function.
+
+        For `a` real, return the lower incomplete Gamma function
+        of `\Gamma(self,a)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(gamma_inc_lower(1/2, RBF(2).sqrt()))
+            [1.608308637729248 +/- 8.14e-16]
+            sage: RealBallField(100)(7/2).gamma_inc_lower(5)
+            [2.6966551541863035516887949614 +/- 8.91e-29]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall a_ball
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        a_ball = RBF(a)
+        arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower(res.value, self.value, a_ball.value, 0, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def log_gamma(self):
+        """
+        Return the image of this ball by the logarithmic Gamma function.
+
+        The complex branch structure is assumed, so if ``self <= 0``, the result
+        is an indeterminate interval.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/2).log_gamma()
+            [0.572364942924700 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_lgamma(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def rgamma(self):
+        """
+        Return the image of this ball by the function 1/Γ, avoiding division by
+        zero at the poles of the gamma function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1).rgamma()
+            0
+            sage: RBF(3).rgamma()
+            0.5000000000000000
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_rgamma(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def rising_factorial(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the ``n``-th rising factorial of this ball.
+
+        The `n`-th rising factorial of `x` is equal to `x (x+1) \cdots (x+n-1)`.
+
+        For real `n`, it is a quotient of gamma functions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).rising_factorial(5)
+            120.0000000000000
+            sage: RBF(1/2).rising_factorial(1/3) # abs tol 1e-14
+            [0.636849884317974 +/- 8.98e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall result = self._new()
+        cdef RealBall my_n = self._parent.coerce(n)
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_rising(result.value, self.value, my_n.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return result
+
+    cpdef RealBall psi(self):
+        """
+        Compute the digamma function with argument ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).psi() # abs tol 1e-15
+            [-0.5772156649015329 +/- 4.84e-17]
+        """
+
+        cdef RealBall result = self._new()
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_digamma(result.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return result
+
+    def zeta(self, a=None):
+        """
+        Return the image of this ball by the Hurwitz zeta function.
+
+        For ``a = 1`` (or ``a = None``), this computes the Riemann zeta function.
+
+        Otherwise, it computes the Hurwitz zeta function.
+
+        Use :meth:`RealBallField.zeta` to compute the Riemann zeta function of
+        a small integer without first converting it to a real ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(-1).zeta()
+            [-0.0833333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: RBF(-1).zeta(1)
+            [-0.0833333333333333 +/- ...e-17]
+            sage: RBF(-1).zeta(2)
+            [-1.083333333333333 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall a_ball
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        if a is None:
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_zeta(res.value, self.value, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        else:
+            a_ball = self._parent.coerce(a)
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_hurwitz_zeta(res.value, self.value, a_ball.value, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def zetaderiv(self, k):
+        r"""
+        Return the image of this ball by the `k`-th derivative of the Riemann
+        zeta function.
+
+        For a more flexible interface, see the low-level method
+        ``_zeta_series`` of polynomials with complex ball coefficients.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/2).zetaderiv(1)
+            [-3.92264613920915...]
+            sage: RBF(2).zetaderiv(3)
+            [-6.0001458028430...]
+        """
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        Pol = PolynomialRing(self._parent.complex_field(), 'x')
+        ser = Pol([self, 1])._zeta_series(k + 1)
+        return ser[k].real()*ZZ.coerce(k).factorial()
+
+    def lambert_w(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the image of this ball by the Lambert W function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).lambert_w()
+            [0.5671432904097...]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        arb_lambertw(res.value, self.value, 0, prec(self))
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def polylog(self, s):
+        r"""
+        Return the polylogarithm `\operatorname{Li}_s(\mathrm{self})`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polylog(0, -1)                                                        # needs sage.symbolic
+            -1/2
+            sage: RBF(-1).polylog(0)
+            [-0.50000000000000 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: polylog(1, 1/2)                                                       # needs sage.symbolic
+            -log(1/2)
+            sage: RBF(1/2).polylog(1)
+            [0.69314718055995 +/- ...e-15]
+            sage: RBF(1/3).polylog(1/2)
+            [0.44210883528067 +/- 6.7...e-15]
+            sage: RBF(1/3).polylog(RLF(pi))                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.34728895057225 +/- ...e-15]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: RBF(1/3).polylog(2r)
+            [0.366213229977063 +/- ...e-16]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall s_as_ball
+        cdef Integer s_as_Integer
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        try:
+            s_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(s)
+            if mpz_fits_slong_p(s_as_Integer.value):
+                if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+                arb_polylog_si(res.value, mpz_get_si(s_as_Integer.value), self.value, prec(self))
+                if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+                return res
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        s_as_ball = self._parent.coerce(s)
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_polylog(res.value, s_as_ball.value, self.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def chebyshev_T(self, n):
+        """
+        Evaluate the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind ``T_n`` at this
+        ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_T(0)
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_T(1)
+            [3.141592653589793 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_T(10**20)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: index too large
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_T(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: expected a nonnegative index
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        cdef Integer n_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(n)
+        if mpz_fits_ulong_p(n_as_Integer.value):
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_chebyshev_t_ui(res.value, mpz_get_ui(n_as_Integer.value), self.value, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+            return res
+        elif n_as_Integer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("expected a nonnegative index")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("index too large")
+
+    def chebyshev_U(self, n):
+        """
+        Evaluate the Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind ``U_n`` at this
+        ball.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_U(0)
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_U(1)
+            [6.283185307179586 +/- ...e-16]
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_U(10**20)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: index too large
+            sage: RBF(pi).chebyshev_U(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: expected a nonnegative index
+        """
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        cdef Integer n_as_Integer = ZZ.coerce(n)
+        if mpz_fits_ulong_p(n_as_Integer.value):
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+            arb_chebyshev_u_ui(res.value, mpz_get_ui(n_as_Integer.value), self.value, prec(self))
+            if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+            return res
+        elif n_as_Integer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("expected a nonnegative index")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("index too large")
+
+    def agm(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the arithmetic-geometric mean of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RBF(1).agm(1)
+            1.000000000000000
+            sage: RBF(sqrt(2)).agm(1)^(-1)                                              # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.8346268416740...]
+        """
+        cdef RealBall other_as_ball
+        cdef RealBall res = self._new()
+        other_as_ball = self._parent.coerce(other)
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_on()
+        arb_agm(res.value, self.value, other_as_ball.value, prec(self))
+        if _do_sig(prec(self)): sig_off()
+        return res
+
+RBF = RealBallField()