passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/rings/number_field/number_field_rel.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2734 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.number_field
+r"""
+Relative number fields
+
+This example constructs a quadratic extension of a quartic number field::
+
+    sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+    sage: K.<y> = NumberField(x^4 - 420*x^2 + 40000)
+    sage: z = y^5/11; z
+    420/11*y^3 - 40000/11*y
+    sage: R.<y> = PolynomialRing(K)
+    sage: f = y^2 + y + 1
+    sage: L.<a> = K.extension(f); L
+    Number Field in a with defining polynomial y^2 + y + 1 over its base field
+    sage: KL.<b> = NumberField([x^4 - 420*x^2 + 40000, x^2 + x + 1]); KL
+    Number Field in b0 with defining polynomial x^4 - 420*x^2 + 40000 over its base field
+
+We do some arithmetic in a tower of relative number fields::
+
+    sage: K.<cuberoot2> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+    sage: L.<cuberoot3> = K.extension(x^3 - 3)
+    sage: S.<sqrt2> = L.extension(x^2 - 2)
+    sage: S
+    Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 over its base field
+    sage: sqrt2 * cuberoot3
+    cuberoot3*sqrt2
+    sage: (sqrt2 + cuberoot3)^5
+    (20*cuberoot3^2 + 15*cuberoot3 + 4)*sqrt2 + 3*cuberoot3^2 + 20*cuberoot3 + 60
+    sage: cuberoot2 + cuberoot3
+    cuberoot3 + cuberoot2
+    sage: cuberoot2 + cuberoot3 + sqrt2
+    sqrt2 + cuberoot3 + cuberoot2
+    sage: (cuberoot2 + cuberoot3 + sqrt2)^2
+    (2*cuberoot3 + 2*cuberoot2)*sqrt2 + cuberoot3^2 + 2*cuberoot2*cuberoot3 + cuberoot2^2 + 2
+    sage: cuberoot2 + sqrt2
+    sqrt2 + cuberoot2
+    sage: a = S(cuberoot2); a
+    cuberoot2
+    sage: a.parent()
+    Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 over its base field
+
+.. WARNING::
+
+    Doing arithmetic in towers of relative fields that depends on canonical
+    coercions is currently VERY SLOW.  It is much better to explicitly coerce
+    all elements into a common field, then do arithmetic with them there (which
+    is quite fast).
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: y = polygen(QQ,'y'); K.<beta> = NumberField([y^3 - 3, y^2 - 2])
+    sage: K(y^10)
+    27*beta0
+    sage: beta^10
+    27*beta0
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- William Stein (2004, 2005): initial version
+- Steven Sivek (2006-05-12): added support for relative extensions
+- William Stein (2007-09-04): major rewrite and documentation
+- Robert Bradshaw (2008-10): specified embeddings into ambient fields
+- Nick Alexander (2009-01): modernized coercion implementation
+- Robert Harron (2012-08): added is_CM_extension
+- Julian Rüth (2014-04): absolute number fields are unique parents
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2004-2009 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#                     2014-2022 Julian Rüth <julian.rueth@fsfe.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.categories.map import Map
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+
+import sage.rings.abc
+import sage.structure.parent_gens
+
+from . import maps
+from . import structure
+
+from sage.misc.latex import latex
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.factorization import Factorization
+import sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element as polynomial_element
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+
+from . import number_field_element
+import sage.rings.number_field.number_field_ideal_rel
+from .number_field_ideal import NumberFieldIdeal
+from .number_field import (NumberField, NumberField_generic,
+    put_natural_embedding_first, proof_flag,
+    is_NumberFieldHomsetCodomain)
+from sage.rings.number_field.number_field_base import NumberField as NumberField_base
+from sage.rings.number_field.order import (RelativeOrder,
+                                           relative_order_from_ring_generators)
+from sage.rings.number_field.morphism import RelativeNumberFieldHomomorphism_from_abs
+from cypari2.gen import Gen as pari_gen
+
+from sage.categories.homset import Hom
+from sage.categories.sets_cat import Sets
+from sage.modules.free_module import VectorSpace
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+
+from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RR
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+
+def is_RelativeNumberField(x):
+    r"""
+    Return ``True`` if `x` is a relative number field.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.number_field_rel import is_RelativeNumberField
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: is_RelativeNumberField(NumberField(x^2+1,'a'))
+        doctest:warning...
+        DeprecationWarning: The function is_RelativeNumberField is deprecated;
+        use 'isinstance(..., NumberField_relative)' instead.
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/38124 for details.
+        False
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+        sage: l.<b> = k.extension(x^3 - 3); l
+        Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^3 - 3 over its base field
+        sage: is_RelativeNumberField(l)
+        True
+        sage: is_RelativeNumberField(QQ)
+        False
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(38124,
+                "The function is_RelativeNumberField is deprecated; "
+                "use 'isinstance(..., NumberField_relative)' instead.")
+    return isinstance(x, NumberField_relative)
+
+
+class NumberField_relative(NumberField_generic):
+    """
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base`` -- the base field
+
+    - ``polynomial`` -- a polynomial which must be defined in the ring `K[x]`,
+      where `K` is the base field
+
+    - ``name`` -- string; the variable name
+
+    - ``latex_name`` -- string or ``None`` (default: ``None``); variable name
+      for latex printing
+
+    - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether to check
+      irreducibility of ``polynomial``
+
+    - ``embedding`` -- currently not supported, must be ``None``
+
+    - ``structure`` -- an instance of :class:`structure.NumberFieldStructure`
+      or ``None`` (default: ``None``), provides additional information about
+      this number field, e.g., the absolute number field from which it was
+      created
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+        sage: t = polygen(K)
+        sage: L.<b> = K.extension(t^2 + t + a); L
+        Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + x + a over its base field
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: Z = polygen(ZZ, 'Z')
+        sage: K.<w> = NumberField(Z^3 + Z + 1)
+        sage: L.<z> = K.extension(Z^3 + 2)
+        sage: K = loads(dumps(L))
+        sage: K
+        Number Field in z with defining polynomial Z^3 + 2 over its base field
+        sage: L is K
+        True
+
+        sage: M.<u,v> = L.change_names()
+        sage: M.structure()
+        (Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+          From: Number Field in u with defining polynomial x^3 + 2 over its base field
+          To:   Number Field in z with defining polynomial Z^3 + 2 over its base field,
+         Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+          From: Number Field in z with defining polynomial Z^3 + 2 over its base field
+          To:   Number Field in u with defining polynomial x^3 + 2 over its base field)
+        sage: loads(dumps(M)) is M
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, base, polynomial, name,
+                 latex_name=None, names=None, check=True, embedding=None, structure=None):
+        r"""
+        Initialization.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: K.<x> = CyclotomicField(5)[]
+            sage: W.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: W
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 over its base field
+            sage: type(W)
+            <class 'sage.rings.number_field.number_field_rel.NumberField_relative_with_category'>
+
+        Test that check=False really skips the test::
+
+            sage: W.<a> = NumberField(K.cyclotomic_polynomial(5), check=False)
+            sage: W
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 over its base field
+
+        A relative extension of a relative extension::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: k.<a0,a1> = NumberField([x^2 + 2, x^2 + 1])
+            sage: l.<b> = k.extension(x^2 + 3)
+            sage: l
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: l.base_field()
+            Number Field in a0 with defining polynomial x^2 + 2 over its base field
+            sage: l.base_field().base_field()
+            Number Field in a1 with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+
+        Non-monic and non-integral polynomials are supported (:issue:`252`)::
+
+            sage: l.<b> = k.extension(5*x^2 + 3); l
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial 5*x^2 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: l.pari_rnf()
+            [x^2 + (5/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 + 27/4*y - 3/4)*x + (-9/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 - 47/4*y - 7/4), ..., y^4 + 6*y^2 + 1, x^2 + (5/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 + 27/4*y - 3/4)*x + (-9/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 - 47/4*y - 7/4)], [0, 0]]
+            sage: b
+            b
+
+            sage: l.<b> = k.extension(x^2 + 3/5); l
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + 3/5 over its base field
+            sage: l.pari_rnf()
+            [x^2 + (5/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 + 27/4*y - 3/4)*x + (-9/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 - 47/4*y - 7/4), ..., y^4 + 6*y^2 + 1, x^2 + (5/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 + 27/4*y - 3/4)*x + (-9/4*y^3 - 1/4*y^2 - 47/4*y - 7/4)], [0, 0]]
+            sage: b
+            b
+
+            sage: l.<b> = k.extension(x - 1/a0); l
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x + 1/2*a0 over its base field
+            sage: l.pari_rnf()
+            [x, [4, -x^3 + x^2 - 7*x + 3, -2*x^3 - 10*x, x^3 + x^2 + 7*x + 3], ..., [x^4 + 6*x^2 + 1, -x, -1, y^4 + 6*y^2 + 1, x], [0, 0]]
+            sage: b
+            -1/2*a0
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test that irreducibility testing is working::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + 2, x^2 + 3])
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 2)
+            sage: x = polygen(K)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^3 + 3*a)
+
+            sage: (x^3 + 2*a).factor()
+            (x - a) * (x^2 + a*x - 2)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^3 + 2*a)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: defining polynomial (x^3 + 2*a) must be irreducible
+            sage: (x^2 + 2).factor()
+            (x - a) * (x + a)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 + 2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: defining polynomial (x^2 + 2) must be irreducible
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 + 2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: defining polynomial (x^2 + 2) must be irreducible
+
+        Error checks::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: K.extension(x^2 + 2, 'a')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: base field and extension cannot have the same name 'a'
+        """
+        if embedding is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Embeddings not implemented for relative number fields")
+        if names is not None:
+            name = names
+        if not isinstance(base, NumberField_base):
+            raise TypeError("base (=%s) must be a number field" % base)
+        if not isinstance(polynomial, polynomial_element.Polynomial):
+            try:
+                polynomial = polynomial.polynomial(base)
+            except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+                raise TypeError("polynomial (=%r) must be a polynomial" % polynomial)
+        if name == base.variable_name():
+            raise ValueError("base field and extension cannot have the same name %r" % name)
+        if polynomial.parent().base_ring() != base:
+            polynomial = polynomial.change_ring(base)
+            # raise ValueError("The polynomial must be defined over the base field")
+
+        # Generate the nf and bnf corresponding to the base field
+        # defined as polynomials in y, e.g. for rnfisfree
+
+        # Convert the polynomial defining the base field into a
+        # polynomial in y to satisfy PARI's ordering requirements.
+
+        if base.is_relative():
+            abs_base = base.absolute_field(name + '0')
+            from_abs_base, to_abs_base = abs_base.structure()
+        else:
+            abs_base = base
+            from_abs_base = maps.IdentityMap(base)
+            to_abs_base = maps.IdentityMap(base)
+
+        self.__absolute_base_field = abs_base, from_abs_base, to_abs_base
+        self.__base_field = base
+        self.__relative_polynomial = polynomial
+        self._element_class = number_field_element.NumberFieldElement_relative
+
+        if check and not self.pari_relative_polynomial().polisirreducible():
+            raise ValueError("defining polynomial (%s) must be irreducible" % polynomial)
+
+        names = (name,) + base.variable_names()
+        self._assign_names(tuple(names), normalize=False)
+
+        NumberField_generic.__init__(self, self.absolute_polynomial(), name=None,
+                                     latex_name=latex_name, check=False,
+                                     embedding=embedding, structure=structure)
+
+        self._zero_element = self(0)
+        self._one_element = self(1)
+
+    def change_names(self, names):
+        r"""
+        Return relative number field isomorphic to ``self`` but with the
+        given generator names.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``names`` -- number of names should be at most the number of
+          generators of ``self``, i.e., the number of steps in the tower
+          of relative fields.
+
+        Also, ``K.structure()`` returns ``from_K`` and ``to_K``, where
+        ``from_K`` is an isomorphism from `K` to ``self`` and ``to_K`` is an
+        isomorphism from ``self`` to `K`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: L.<c,d> = K.change_names()
+            sage: L
+            Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: L.base_field()
+            Number Field in d with defining polynomial x^2 + 2
+
+        An example with a 3-level tower::
+
+            sage: K.<a,b,c> = NumberField([x^2 + 17, x^2 + x + 1, x^3 - 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 17 over its base field
+            sage: L.<m,n,r> = K.change_names()
+            sage: L
+            Number Field in m with defining polynomial x^2 + 17 over its base field
+            sage: L.base_field()
+            Number Field in n with defining polynomial x^2 + x + 1 over its base field
+            sage: L.base_field().base_field()
+            Number Field in r with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
+
+        And a more complicated example::
+
+            sage: PQ.<X> = QQ[]
+            sage: F.<a, b> = NumberField([X^2 - 2, X^2 - 3])
+            sage: PF.<Y> = F[]
+            sage: K.<c> = F.extension(Y^2 - (1 + a)*(a + b)*a*b)
+            sage: L.<m, n, r> = K.change_names(); L
+            Number Field in m with defining polynomial
+             x^2 + (-2*r - 3)*n - 2*r - 6 over its base field
+            sage: L.structure()
+            (Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+              From: Number Field in m with defining polynomial
+                    x^2 + (-2*r - 3)*n - 2*r - 6 over its base field
+              To:   Number Field in c with defining polynomial
+                    Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field,
+             Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+              From: Number Field in c with defining polynomial
+                    Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+              To:   Number Field in m with defining polynomial
+                    x^2 + (-2*r - 3)*n - 2*r - 6 over its base field)
+        """
+        if len(names) == 0:
+            names = self.variable_names()
+        elif isinstance(names, str):
+            names = names.split(',')
+        K = self.base_field().change_names(tuple(names[1:]))
+        to_K = K.structure()[1]
+        old_poly = self.relative_polynomial()
+        new_poly = PolynomialRing(K, 'x')([to_K(c) for c in old_poly])
+        return K.extension(new_poly, names=names[0], structure=structure.NameChange(self))
+
+    def subfields(self, degree=0, name=None):
+        """
+        Return all subfields of this relative number field ``self`` of the given degree,
+        or of all possible degrees if degree is 0.  The subfields are returned as
+        absolute fields together with an embedding into ``self``.  For the case of the
+        field itself, the reverse isomorphism is also provided.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: PQ.<X> = QQ[]
+            sage: F.<a, b> = NumberField([X^2 - 2, X^2 - 3])
+            sage: PF.<Y> = F[]
+            sage: K.<c> = F.extension(Y^2 - (1 + a)*(a + b)*a*b)
+            sage: K.subfields(2)
+            [(Number Field in c0 with defining polynomial x^2 - 24*x + 96,
+              Ring morphism:
+                From: Number Field in c0 with defining polynomial x^2 - 24*x + 96
+                To:   Number Field in c with defining polynomial Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+                Defn: c0 |--> -4*b + 12,
+              None),
+             (Number Field in c1 with defining polynomial x^2 - 24*x + 120,
+              Ring morphism:
+                From: Number Field in c1 with defining polynomial x^2 - 24*x + 120
+                To:   Number Field in c with defining polynomial Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+                Defn: c1 |--> 2*b*a + 12,
+              None),
+             (Number Field in c2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 24*x + 72,
+              Ring morphism:
+                From: Number Field in c2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 24*x + 72
+                To:   Number Field in c with defining polynomial Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+                Defn: c2 |--> -6*a + 12,
+              None)]
+            sage: K.subfields(8, 'w')
+            [(Number Field in w0 with defining polynomial x^8 - 12*x^6 + 36*x^4 - 36*x^2 + 9,
+              Ring morphism:
+                From: Number Field in w0 with defining polynomial x^8 - 12*x^6 + 36*x^4 - 36*x^2 + 9
+                To:   Number Field in c with defining polynomial Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+                Defn: w0 |--> (-1/2*b*a + 1/2*b + 1/2)*c,
+              Relative number field morphism:
+                From: Number Field in c with defining polynomial Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+                To:   Number Field in w0 with defining polynomial x^8 - 12*x^6 + 36*x^4 - 36*x^2 + 9
+                Defn: c |--> -1/3*w0^7 + 4*w0^5 - 12*w0^3 + 11*w0
+                      a |--> 1/3*w0^6 - 10/3*w0^4 + 5*w0^2
+                      b |--> -2/3*w0^6 + 7*w0^4 - 14*w0^2 + 6)]
+            sage: K.subfields(3)
+            []
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.variable_name()
+        abs = self.absolute_field(name)
+        from_abs, to_abs = abs.structure()
+        abs_subfields = abs.subfields(degree=degree)
+        ans = []
+        for K, from_K, to_K in abs_subfields:
+            from_K = K.hom([from_abs(from_K(K.gen()))])
+            if to_K is not None:
+                to_K = RelativeNumberFieldHomomorphism_from_abs(self.Hom(K), to_K*to_abs)
+            ans.append((K, from_K, to_K))
+        ans = Sequence(ans, immutable=True, cr=bool(ans))
+        return ans
+
+    def is_absolute(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``False``, since this is not an absolute field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: K.is_absolute()
+            False
+            sage: K.is_relative()
+            True
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        """
+        Return the generators of this relative number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: K.gens()
+            (a, b)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Trivial extensions work like non-trivial ones (:issue:`2220`)::
+
+            sage: NumberField([x^2 - 3, x], 'a').gens()
+            (a0, 0)
+            sage: NumberField([x, x^2 - 3], 'a').gens()
+            (0, a1)
+        """
+        return ((self._gen_relative(),) +
+                tuple(map(self, self.base_field().gens())))
+
+    def _first_ngens(self, n):
+        """
+        Return the first `n` generators of this relative number field.
+
+        If `n` is greater than the number of generators, the output is
+        the same as that of :meth:`gens`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: K._first_ngens(0)
+            ()
+            sage: K._first_ngens(1)
+            (a,)
+            sage: K._first_ngens(2)
+            (a, b)
+            sage: K._first_ngens(3)
+            (a, b)
+        """
+        if n <= 0:
+            return ()
+        v = (self._gen_relative(),)
+        if n > 1:
+            v += tuple(map(self, self.base_field()._first_ngens(n - 1)))
+        return v
+
+    def ngens(self):
+        """
+        Return the number of generators of this relative number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: K.gens()
+            (a, b)
+            sage: K.ngens()
+            2
+        """
+        return self.base_field().ngens() + 1
+
+    def gen(self, n=0):
+        """
+        Return the `n`-th generator of this relative number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: K.gens()
+            (a, b)
+            sage: K.gen(0)
+            a
+        """
+        if n == 0:
+            return self._gen_relative()
+        return self(self.base_field().gen(n - 1))
+
+    def galois_closure(self, names=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the absolute number field `K` that is the Galois closure of this
+        relative number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: K.galois_closure('c')                                                 # needs sage.groups
+            Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^16 + 16*x^14 + 28*x^12
+             + 784*x^10 + 19846*x^8 - 595280*x^6 + 2744476*x^4 + 3212848*x^2 + 29953729
+        """
+        return self.absolute_field('a').galois_closure(names=names)
+
+    def composite_fields(self, other, names=None, both_maps=False, preserve_embedding=True):
+        """
+        List of all possible composite number fields formed from ``self`` and
+        ``other``, together with (optionally) embeddings into the compositum;
+        see the documentation for ``both_maps`` below.
+
+        Since relative fields do not have ambient embeddings,
+        ``preserve_embedding`` has no effect.  In every case all possible
+        composite number fields are returned.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a number field
+
+        - ``names`` -- generator name for composite fields
+
+        - ``both_maps`` -- boolean (default: ``False``);  if ``True``, return
+          quadruples (`F`, ``self_into_F, ``other_into_F``, `k`) such that
+          ``self_into_F`` maps ``self`` into `F`, ``other_into_F`` maps
+          ``other`` into `F`.  For relative number fields, `k` is always
+          ``None``.
+
+        - ``preserve_embedding`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); has no effect,
+          but is kept for compatibility with the absolute version of this,
+          method. In every case the list of all possible compositums is returned.
+
+        OUTPUT: list of the composite fields, possibly with maps
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + 5, x^2 - 2])
+            sage: L.<c, d> = NumberField([x^2 + 5, x^2 - 3])
+            sage: K.composite_fields(L, 'e')
+            [Number Field in e with defining polynomial
+              x^8 - 24*x^6 + 464*x^4 + 3840*x^2 + 25600]
+            sage: K.composite_fields(L, 'e', both_maps=True)
+            [[Number Field in e with defining polynomial
+               x^8 - 24*x^6 + 464*x^4 + 3840*x^2 + 25600,
+              Relative number field morphism:
+                From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 5 over its base field
+                To:   Number Field in e with defining polynomial
+                      x^8 - 24*x^6 + 464*x^4 + 3840*x^2 + 25600
+                Defn: a |--> -9/66560*e^7 + 11/4160*e^5 - 241/4160*e^3 - 101/104*e
+                      b |--> -21/166400*e^7 + 73/20800*e^5 - 779/10400*e^3 + 7/260*e,
+              Relative number field morphism:
+                From: Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^2 + 5 over its base field
+                To:   Number Field in e with defining polynomial
+                      x^8 - 24*x^6 + 464*x^4 + 3840*x^2 + 25600
+                Defn: c |--> -9/66560*e^7 + 11/4160*e^5 - 241/4160*e^3 - 101/104*e
+                      d |--> -3/25600*e^7 + 7/1600*e^5 - 147/1600*e^3 + 1/40*e,
+              None]]
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, NumberField_generic):
+            raise TypeError("other must be a number field.")
+        if names is None:
+            sv = self.variable_name()
+            ov = other.variable_name()
+            names = sv + (ov if ov != sv else "")
+
+        self_abs = self.absolute_field('w')
+        abs_composites = self_abs.composite_fields(other, names=names, both_maps=both_maps)
+
+        m = self.absolute_degree()
+
+        if not both_maps:
+            rets = []
+            for F in abs_composites:
+                if F.absolute_degree() == m:
+                    F = self
+                rets.append(F)
+            return rets
+
+        from_self_abs, to_self_abs = self_abs.structure()
+
+        rets = []
+        for F, self_abs_to_F, other_to_F, k in abs_composites:
+            self_to_F = RelativeNumberFieldHomomorphism_from_abs(self.Hom(F), self_abs_to_F*to_self_abs)
+            if F.absolute_degree() == m:
+                if other.is_absolute():
+                    other_to_F = other.hom([(from_self_abs*(~self_abs_to_F)*other_to_F)(other.gen())])
+                else:
+                    other_to_F = RelativeNumberFieldHomomorphism_from_abs(self.Hom(self), from_self_abs*(~self_abs_to_F)*other_to_F)
+                self_to_F = RelativeNumberFieldHomomorphism_from_abs(self.Hom(self), from_self_abs)
+                F = self
+            rets.append([F, self_to_F, other_to_F, None])
+        return rets
+
+    def absolute_degree(self):
+        """
+        The degree of this relative number field over the rational field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 - 17, x^3 - 2])
+            sage: K.absolute_degree()
+            6
+        """
+        return self.absolute_polynomial().degree()
+
+    def relative_degree(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the relative degree of this relative number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 - 17, x^3 - 2])
+            sage: K.relative_degree()
+            2
+        """
+        return self.relative_polynomial().degree()
+
+    def degree(self):
+        """
+        The degree, unqualified, of a relative number field is deliberately
+        not implemented, so that a user cannot mistake the absolute degree
+        for the relative degree, or vice versa.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 - 17, x^3 - 2])
+            sage: K.degree()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: For a relative number field
+            you must use relative_degree or absolute_degree as appropriate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("For a relative number field you must use relative_degree or absolute_degree as appropriate")
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _maximal_order(self, v=(), assume_maximal='non-maximal-non-unique'):
+        """
+        Implement :meth:`NumberField_generic.maximal_order` for relative
+        number fields.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 - 17, x^3 - 2])
+            sage: K.maximal_order() is K.maximal_order()  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        absolute_order = self.absolute_field('z').maximal_order(v=v, assume_maximal=assume_maximal)
+
+        return RelativeOrder(self, absolute_order, is_maximal=assume_maximal, is_maximal_at=v)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return string representation of this relative number field.
+
+        The base field is not part of the string representation.  To
+        find out what the base field is use :meth:`~base_field`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a, b> = NumberField([x^5 + 2, x^7 + 3])
+            sage: repr(k) # indirect doctest
+            'Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^5 + 2 over its base field'
+            sage: k.base_field()
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^7 + 3
+        """
+
+        return "Number Field in %s with defining polynomial %s over its base field" % (self.variable_name(), self.relative_polynomial())
+
+    def _Hom_(self, codomain, category=None):
+        """
+        Return homset of homomorphisms from this relative number field
+        to the codomain.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        This function is implicitly called by the ``Hom`` method or
+        function::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^3 - 2, x^2+1])
+            sage: K.Hom(K) # indirect doctest
+            Automorphism group of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 over its base field
+            sage: type(K.Hom(K))
+            <class 'sage.rings.number_field.homset.RelativeNumberFieldHomset_with_category'>
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = End(K)
+            sage: loads(dumps(H)) is H
+            True
+        """
+        if not is_NumberFieldHomsetCodomain(codomain):
+            raise TypeError("{} is not suitable as codomain for homomorphisms from {}".format(codomain, self))
+
+        from sage.rings.number_field.homset import RelativeNumberFieldHomset
+        return RelativeNumberFieldHomset(self, codomain, category)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a `\LaTeX` representation of the extension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: t = polygen(K)
+            sage: K.extension(t^2+t+a, 'b')._latex_()
+            '( \\Bold{Q}[a]/(a^{3} - 2) )[b]/(b^{2} + b + a)'
+        """
+        latex_name = self.latex_variable_names()[0]
+        return "( %s )[%s]/(%s)" % (latex(self.base_field()), latex_name,
+                              self.relative_polynomial()._latex_(latex_name))
+
+    def _coerce_from_other_number_field(self, x):
+        """
+        Coerce a number field element x into this number field.
+
+        In most cases this currently doesn't work (since it is
+        barely implemented) -- it only works for constants.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- an element of some number field
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 2)
+            sage: L.<b> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: K._coerce_from_other_number_field(L(2/3))
+            2/3
+        """
+        if x.parent() is self.base_ring():
+            return self.__base_inclusion(x)
+
+        f = x.polynomial()
+        if f.degree() <= 0:
+            return self._element_class(self, f[0])
+        # todo: more general coercion if embedding have been asserted
+        raise TypeError("Cannot coerce element into this number field")
+
+    def _convert_non_number_field_element(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Convert the non-number field element `x` into this number field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- a non number field element, e.g., a list,
+          integer, rational, or polynomial
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^5 + 2)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 + 3*a)
+            sage: R.<u> = QQ[]
+            sage: S.<t> = R[]
+
+            sage: L(a + b)
+            b + a
+
+            sage: L(5*t*(1 + u) + 2/3*u)
+            (5*a + 5)*b + 2/3*a
+            sage: L(0*t + 2/3)
+            2/3
+            sage: L(1/2*t + 5)
+            1/2*b + 5
+
+        This seems reasonable::
+
+            sage: L(t*5)
+            5*b
+
+        This is misleading, but correct!  It is more often desired
+        to make a number field element given by rational
+        coefficients of the relative power basis (so 2*b^2 + 3)
+        than it is to create the constant term of such an element,
+        which is what would happen if L(u*5) gave 5*a.::
+
+            sage: L(u*5)
+            5*b
+
+            sage: L([1, 1/2])
+            1/2*b + 1
+            sage: L([ a, 1/2 + a/3 ])
+            (1/3*a + 1/2)*b + a
+
+            sage: L([ 1 ])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Length must be equal to the degree of this number field
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Examples from :issue:`4727`::
+
+            sage: # needs fpylll sage.symbolic
+            sage: K.<j,b> = QQ[sqrt(-1), sqrt(2)]
+            sage: j
+            I
+            sage: j.list()
+            [0, 1]
+            sage: K(j.list())
+            I
+            sage: (b*j + 1/2).list()
+            [1/2, sqrt2]
+            sage: K((b*j + 1/2).list())
+            sqrt2*I + 1/2
+
+        Examples from :issue:`4869`::
+
+            sage: K.<z> = CyclotomicField(7)
+            sage: Ky.<y> = PolynomialRing(K)
+            sage: L.<a> = K.extension(y^2 + 1)
+            sage: K(K.polynomial_ring().random_element()) # random
+            -12*z^2 + 1/2*z - 1/95
+            sage: L(L.polynomial_ring().random_element()) # random
+            (z^5 + 1/3*z^4 - z^3 + z^2 - z + 2/3)*a + 1/4*z^5 - 7/2*z^4 + 5/3*z^3 - 1/4*z^2 + 3/2*z - 1
+
+        Examples from :issue:`11307`::
+
+            sage: L = NumberField([x^2 + 1, x^2 - 3], 'a')
+            sage: L(L)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert Number Field in a0 with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 over its base field
+            to Number Field in a0 with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 over its base field
+            sage: L in L
+            False
+
+        We construct the composite of three quadratic fields, then
+        coerce from the quartic subfield of the relative extension::
+
+            sage: k.<a,b,c> = NumberField([x^2 + 5, x^2 + 3, x^2 + 1])
+            sage: m = k.base_field(); m
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: k(m.0)
+            b
+            sage: k(2/3)
+            2/3
+            sage: k(m.0^4)
+            9
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 2, 'a')
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x - a, 'b')
+            sage: L(a)
+            a
+            sage: L(b+a)
+            2*a
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^5 + 2, 'a')
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x - a, 'b')
+            sage: L(a)
+            a
+            sage: L(a**3)
+            a^3
+            sage: L(a**2+b)
+            a^2 + a
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x + a/2, 'b')
+            sage: L(a)
+            a
+            sage: L(a).polynomial()
+            -x
+            sage: L(a).minpoly()
+            x - a
+            sage: L(a).absolute_minpoly()
+            x^5 + 2
+            sage: L(b)
+            -1/2*a
+            sage: L(b).polynomial()
+            1/2*x
+            sage: L(b).absolute_minpoly()
+            x^5 - 1/16
+            sage: L(b).minpoly()
+            x + 1/2*a
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^5+2)
+            sage: R.<y> = K[]
+            sage: L.<x0> = K.extension(y + a**2)
+            sage: L(a)
+            a
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, polynomial_element.Polynomial):
+            # we have been given a polynomial, change it to an absolute polynomial
+            K = self.base_ring()
+            R = self.polynomial_ring()
+            if QQ.has_coerce_map_from(x.parent().base_ring()):
+                # special case absolute polynomials -- they should be
+                # in terms of the relative generator
+                x = R(x.list())
+            # this should work for base_ring()['x'] and QQ['base']['ext']
+            x = self.polynomial_ring()(x)
+            f = R( [ K(coeff) for coeff in x.list() ] )
+            return self._element_class(self, f(self.gen()).polynomial() )
+
+        # Anything else: use the code for generic number fields
+        return super()._convert_non_number_field_element(x)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
+        """
+        Canonical coercion of x into this relative number field.
+
+        Currently integers, rationals, the base field, and this field
+        itself coerce canonically into this field (and hence so does
+        anything that coerces into one of these).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^5 + 2, x^7 + 3])
+            sage: b = k(k.base_field().gen())
+            sage: b = k.coerce(k.base_field().gen()) # indirect doctest
+            sage: b^7
+            -3
+            sage: k.coerce(2/3)
+            2/3
+            sage: c = a + b # no output
+        """
+        if R is int:
+            return self._generic_coerce_map(R)
+        if R in (ZZ, QQ, self.base_field()):
+            return self._generic_coerce_map(R)
+        if isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.Order) and R.number_field() is self:
+            return self._generic_coerce_map(R)
+        mor = self.base_field()._internal_coerce_map_from(R)
+        if mor is not None:
+            return self._internal_coerce_map_from(self.base_field()) * mor
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x, check=True):
+        """
+        Construct a relative number field element from ``x``.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We can create relative number field elements from PARI::
+
+            sage: y = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(y^2 + y + 1)
+            sage: x = polygen(K)
+            sage: L.<b> = NumberField(x^4 + a*x + 2)
+            sage: e = a.__pari__(); e
+            Mod(y, y^2 + y + 1)
+            sage: L(e)  # Conversion from PARI base field element
+            a
+            sage: e = (a*b).__pari__('x'); e
+            Mod(-x^4 - 2, x^8 - x^5 + 4*x^4 + x^2 - 2*x + 4)
+            sage: L(e)  # Conversion from PARI absolute number field element
+            a*b
+            sage: e = L.pari_rnf().rnfeltabstorel(e); e
+            Mod(Mod(y, y^2 + y + 1)*x, x^4 + Mod(y, y^2 + y + 1)*x + 2)
+            sage: L(e)  # Conversion from PARI relative number field element
+            a*b
+            sage: e = pari('Mod(0, x^8 + 1)'); L(e)  # Wrong modulus
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: cannot convert PARI element Mod(0, x^8 + 1) into Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^4 + a*x + 2 over its base field
+
+        We test a relative number field element created "by hand"::
+
+            sage: e = pari("Mod(Mod(y, y^2 + y + 1)*x^2 + Mod(1, y^2 + y + 1), x^4 + y*x + 2)")
+            sage: L(e)
+            a*b^2 + 1
+
+        A wrong modulus yields an error::
+
+            sage: e = pari('Mod(y*x, x^4 + y^2*x + 2)'); L(e)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: cannot convert PARI element Mod(y*x, x^4 + y^2*x + 2) into Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^4 + a*x + 2 over its base field
+        """
+        # If x is a *relative* PARI number field element, convert it
+        # to an absolute element.
+        if isinstance(x, pari_gen) and x.type() == "t_POLMOD":
+            modulus = x.mod()
+            if (modulus == self.pari_relative_polynomial()
+                or modulus == self.pari_absolute_base_polynomial()):
+                x = self._pari_rnfeq()._eltreltoabs(x.liftpol())
+                check = False
+        return NumberField_generic._element_constructor_(self, x, check=check)
+
+    def __base_inclusion(self, element):
+        """
+        Given an element of the base field, give its inclusion into
+        this extension in terms of the generator of this field.
+
+        This is called by the canonical coercion map on elements from
+        the base field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^2 + 3, x^2 + 1])
+            sage: m = k.base_field(); m
+            Number Field in a1 with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+            sage: k.coerce(m.0 + 2/3) # indirect doctest
+            a1 + 2/3
+            sage: s = k.coerce(m.0); s
+            a1
+            sage: s^2
+            -1
+
+        This implicitly tests this coercion map::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField([x^2 + p for p in [5,3,2]])
+            sage: K.coerce(K.base_field().0)
+            a1
+            sage: K.coerce(K.base_field().0)^2
+            -3
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`5828` is solved::
+
+            sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: KX.<X> = K[]
+            sage: H.<h> = K.extension(X-1)
+            sage: H(w)
+            w
+        """
+        abs_base, from_abs_base, to_abs_base = self.absolute_base_field()
+        # Write element in terms of the absolute base field
+        element = self.base_field().coerce(element)
+        element = to_abs_base(element)
+        # Express element as a polynomial in the absolute generator of self
+        nfzk = self._pari_nfzk()
+        expr_x = self._pari_base_nf()._nfeltup(element._pari_polynomial(), nfzk)
+        # We do NOT call self(...) because this code is called by
+        # __init__ before we initialize self.gens(), and self(...)
+        # uses self.gens()
+        return self._element_constructor_(expr_x, check=False)
+
+    def _fractional_ideal_class_(self):
+        """
+        Return the Python class used to represent ideals of a relative
+        number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^5 + 2, x^7 + 3])
+            sage: k._fractional_ideal_class_ ()
+            <class 'sage.rings.number_field.number_field_ideal_rel.NumberFieldFractionalIdeal_rel'>
+        """
+        return sage.rings.number_field.number_field_ideal_rel.NumberFieldFractionalIdeal_rel
+
+    def _pari_base_bnf(self, proof=False, units=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the PARI bnf (big number field) representation of the
+        absolute base field in terms of the pari variable ``y``, suitable
+        for extension by the pari variable ``x``.
+
+        All caching is done by the absolute base field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``proof`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, certify
+          correctness of calculations (not assuming GRH)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^3 + 2, x^2 + 2])
+            sage: k._pari_base_bnf()
+            [[;], matrix(0,3), [;], ...]
+        """
+        abs_base, from_abs_base, to_abs_base = self.absolute_base_field()
+        return abs_base.pari_bnf(proof, units)
+
+    def _pari_base_nf(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the PARI number field representation of the absolute
+        base field, in terms of the pari variable ``y``, suitable for
+        extension by the pari variable ``x``.
+
+        All caching is done by the absolute base field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: y = polygen(QQ,'y')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([y^3 + 2, y^2 + 2])
+            sage: k._pari_base_nf()
+            [y^2 + 2, [0, 1], -8, 1, ..., [1, 0, 0, -2; 0, 1, 1, 0]]
+        """
+        abs_base, from_abs_base, to_abs_base = self.absolute_base_field()
+        return abs_base.pari_nf()
+
+    def is_galois(self):
+        r"""
+        For a relative number field, :meth:`is_galois` is deliberately not
+        implemented, since it is not clear whether this would mean "Galois over
+        `\QQ`" or "Galois over the given base field".
+        Use either :meth:`is_galois_absolute` or :meth:`is_galois_relative`, respectively.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^3 - 2, x^2 + x + 1])
+            sage: k.is_galois()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: For a relative number field L you must use
+            either L.is_galois_relative() or L.is_galois_absolute() as appropriate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("For a relative number field L you must use either L.is_galois_relative() or L.is_galois_absolute() as appropriate")
+
+    def is_galois_relative(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if for this relative extension `L/K`, `L` is a
+        Galois extension of `K`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: y = polygen(K)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(y^2 - a)
+            sage: L.is_galois_relative()
+            True
+            sage: M.<c> = K.extension(y^3 - a)
+            sage: M.is_galois_relative()
+            False
+
+        The next example previously gave a wrong result; see :issue:`9390`::
+
+            sage: F.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 - 2, x^2 - 3])
+            sage: F.is_galois_relative()
+            True
+        """
+        d = self.relative_degree()
+        if d <= 2:
+            return True
+        else:
+            rel_poly = self.relative_polynomial()
+            return d == len(rel_poly.base_extend(self).factor())
+
+    def is_galois_absolute(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if for this relative extension `L/K`, `L` is a Galois extension of `\QQ`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: y = polygen(K); L.<b> = K.extension(y^2 - a)
+            sage: L.is_galois_absolute()                                                # needs sage.groups
+            False
+        """
+        f = self.absolute_polynomial()
+        return f.galois_group(pari_group=True).order() == self.absolute_degree()
+
+    def is_isomorphic_relative(self, other, base_isom=None):
+        r"""
+        For this relative extension `L/K` and another relative extension `M/K`, return ``True``
+        if there is a `K`-linear isomorphism from `L` to `M`. More generally, ``other`` can be a
+        relative extension `M/K^\prime` with ``base_isom`` an isomorphism from `K` to
+        `K^\prime`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<z9> = NumberField(x^6 + x^3 + 1)
+            sage: R.<z> = PolynomialRing(K)
+            sage: m1 = 3*z9^4 - 4*z9^3 - 4*z9^2 + 3*z9 - 8
+            sage: L1 = K.extension(z^2 - m1, 'b1')
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: G = K.galois_group(); gamma = G.gen()
+            sage: m2 = (gamma^2)(m1)
+            sage: L2 = K.extension(z^2 - m2, 'b2')
+            sage: L1.is_isomorphic_relative(L2)
+            False
+            sage: L1.is_isomorphic(L2)
+            True
+
+            sage: L3 = K.extension(z^4 - m1, 'b3')
+            sage: L1.is_isomorphic_relative(L3)
+            False
+
+        If we have two extensions over different, but isomorphic, bases, we can compare them by
+        letting ``base_isom`` be an isomorphism from ``self``'s base field to ``other``'s base field::
+
+            sage: Kcyc.<zeta9> = CyclotomicField(9)
+            sage: Rcyc.<zcyc> = PolynomialRing(Kcyc)
+            sage: phi1 = K.hom([zeta9])
+            sage: m1cyc = phi1(m1)
+            sage: L1cyc = Kcyc.extension(zcyc^2 - m1cyc, 'b1cyc')
+            sage: L1.is_isomorphic_relative(L1cyc, base_isom=phi1)
+            True
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: L2.is_isomorphic_relative(L1cyc, base_isom=phi1)
+            False
+            sage: phi2 = K.hom([phi1((gamma^(-2))(z9))])
+            sage: L1.is_isomorphic_relative(L1cyc, base_isom=phi2)
+            False
+            sage: L2.is_isomorphic_relative(L1cyc, base_isom=phi2)
+            True
+
+        Omitting ``base_isom`` raises a :exc:`ValueError` when the base fields
+        are not identical::
+
+            sage: L1.is_isomorphic_relative(L1cyc)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: other does not have the same base field as self,
+            so an isomorphism from self's base_field to other's base_field
+            must be provided using the base_isom parameter.
+
+        The parameter ``base_isom`` can also be used to check if the relative extensions are
+        Galois conjugate::
+
+            sage: for g in G:                                                           # needs sage.groups
+            ....:   if L1.is_isomorphic_relative(L2, g.as_hom()):
+            ....:       print(g.as_hom())
+            Ring endomorphism of Number Field in z9 with defining polynomial x^6 + x^3 + 1
+              Defn: z9 |--> z9^4
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, NumberField_relative):
+            s_base_field = self.base_field()
+            o_base_field = other.base_field()
+            if base_isom is None:
+                if s_base_field is o_base_field:
+                    return self.relative_degree() == other.relative_degree() and len(self.relative_polynomial().roots(other)) > 0
+                raise ValueError("other does not have the same base field as self, so an isomorphism from self's base_field to other's base_field must be provided using the base_isom parameter.")
+            if s_base_field.absolute_degree() != o_base_field.absolute_degree():
+                raise ValueError("The base fields are not isomorphic.")
+            if base_isom.domain() is s_base_field and base_isom.codomain() is o_base_field:
+                if s_base_field.absolute_degree() != o_base_field.absolute_degree():
+                    raise ValueError("The base fields are not isomorphic.")
+                if not self.relative_degree() == other.relative_degree():
+                    return False
+                R = PolynomialRing(o_base_field, 'x')
+                F = R([base_isom(_) for _ in self.relative_polynomial()])
+                return len(F.roots(other)) > 0
+            raise ValueError("base_isom is not a homomorphism from self's base_field to other's base_field")
+        raise ValueError("other must be a relative number field.")
+
+    def is_CM_extension(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` is this is a CM extension, i.e. a totally imaginary
+        quadratic extension of a totally real field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: F.<a> = NumberField(x^2 - 5)
+            sage: K.<z> = F.extension(x^2 + 7)
+            sage: K.is_CM_extension()
+            True
+            sage: K = CyclotomicField(7)
+            sage: K_rel = K.relativize(K.gen() + K.gen()^(-1), 'z')
+            sage: K_rel.is_CM_extension()
+            True
+            sage: F = CyclotomicField(3)
+            sage: K.<z> = F.extension(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: K.is_CM_extension()
+            False
+
+        A CM field `K` such that `K/F` is not a CM extension
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: F.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: K.<z> = F.extension(x^2 - 3)
+            sage: K.is_CM_extension()
+            False
+            sage: K.is_CM()
+            True
+        """
+
+        try:
+            return self.__is_CM_extension
+        except (AttributeError):
+            pass
+
+        if self.relative_degree() == 2:
+            if self.base_field().is_totally_real():
+                if self.is_totally_imaginary():
+                    self.__is_CM_extension = True
+                    self.__is_CM = True
+                    self.__max_tot_real_sub = [self.base_field(), self._internal_coerce_map_from(self.base_field())]
+                    return True
+        self.__is_CM_extension = False
+        return False
+
+    @cached_method(key=lambda self, base, basis, map: (base or self.base_ring(), basis, map))
+    def free_module(self, base=None, basis=None, map=True):
+        """
+        Return a vector space over a specified subfield that is isomorphic to this number field,
+        together with the isomorphisms in each direction.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base`` -- a subfield
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (optional) a list of elements giving a basis over the subfield
+
+        - ``map`` -- (default: ``True``) whether to return isomorphisms to and
+          from the vector space
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b,c> = NumberField([x^2 + 2, x^3 + 2, x^3 + 3]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2 over its base field
+            sage: V, from_V, to_V = K.free_module()
+            sage: to_V(K.0)
+            (0, 1)
+            sage: W, from_W, to_W = K.free_module(base=QQ)
+            sage: w = to_W(K.0); len(w)
+            18
+            sage: w[0]
+            -127917622658689792301282/48787705559800061938765
+        """
+        if basis is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        if base is None:
+            base = self.base_field()
+        if base is self.base_field():
+            V = self.base_field()**self.relative_degree()
+            if not map:
+                return V
+            fr = maps.MapRelativeVectorSpaceToRelativeNumberField(V, self)
+            to = maps.MapRelativeNumberFieldToRelativeVectorSpace(self, V)
+        elif base is QQ:
+            if not map:
+                return QQ**self.absolute_degree()
+            K = self.absolute_field('a')
+            from_K, to_K = K.structure()
+            V, from_V, to_V = K.free_module()
+            fr = maps.MapVectorSpaceToRelativeNumberField(V, self, from_V, from_K)
+            to = maps.MapRelativeNumberFieldToVectorSpace(self, V, to_K, to_V)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        return V, fr, to
+
+    def relative_vector_space(self, base=None, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return vector space over the base field of ``self`` and isomorphisms
+        from the vector space to ``self`` and in the other direction.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b,c> = NumberField([x^2 + 2, x^3 + 2, x^3 + 3]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2 over its base field
+            sage: V, from_V, to_V = K.relative_vector_space()
+            sage: from_V(V.0)
+            1
+            sage: to_V(K.0)
+            (0, 1)
+            sage: from_V(to_V(K.0))
+            a
+            sage: to_V(from_V(V.0))
+            (1, 0)
+            sage: to_V(from_V(V.1))
+            (0, 1)
+
+        The underlying vector space and maps is cached::
+
+            sage: W, from_V, to_V = K.relative_vector_space()
+            sage: V is W
+            True
+        """
+        if base is not None and base is not self.base_field():
+            raise ValueError("Relative vector space base must be the base field")
+        return self.free_module(self.base_field(), *args, **kwds)
+
+    def absolute_vector_space(self, base=None, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return vector space over `\QQ` of ``self`` and isomorphisms from
+        the vector space to ``self`` and in the other direction.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^3 + 3, x^3 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: V,from_V,to_V = K.absolute_vector_space(); V
+            Vector space of dimension 9 over Rational Field
+            sage: from_V
+            Isomorphism map:
+              From: Vector space of dimension 9 over Rational Field
+              To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: to_V
+            Isomorphism map:
+              From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + 3 over its base field
+              To:   Vector space of dimension 9 over Rational Field
+            sage: c = (a+1)^5; c
+            7*a^2 - 10*a - 29
+            sage: to_V(c)
+            (-29, -712/9, 19712/45, 0, -14/9, 364/45, 0, -4/9, 119/45)
+            sage: from_V(to_V(c))
+            7*a^2 - 10*a - 29
+            sage: from_V(3*to_V(b))
+            3*b
+        """
+        if base is not None and base is not QQ:
+            raise ValueError("Absolute vector space base must be QQ")
+        return self.free_module(QQ, *args, **kwds)
+
+    def vector_space(self, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        For a relative number field, :meth:`vector_space` is
+        deliberately not implemented, so that a user cannot confuse
+        :meth:`~relative_vector_space` with :meth:`~absolute_vector_space`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 - 17, x^3 - 2])
+            sage: K.vector_space()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: For a relative number field L you must use either
+            L.relative_vector_space() or L.absolute_vector_space() as appropriate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("For a relative number field L you must use either L.relative_vector_space() or L.absolute_vector_space() as appropriate")
+
+    def absolute_base_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the base field of this relative extension, but viewed
+        as an absolute field over `\QQ`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b,c> = NumberField([x^2 + 2, x^3 + 3, x^3 + 2])
+            sage: K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2 over its base field
+            sage: K.base_field()
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^3 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: K.absolute_base_field()[0]
+            Number Field in a0 with defining polynomial x^9 + 3*x^6 + 165*x^3 + 1
+            sage: K.base_field().absolute_field('z')
+            Number Field in z with defining polynomial x^9 + 3*x^6 + 165*x^3 + 1
+        """
+        return self.__absolute_base_field
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _pari_rnfeq(self):
+        """
+        Return PARI data attached to this relative number field.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A 5-element PARI vector containing an absolute polynomial and
+        further data needed for ``eltabstorel`` and ``eltreltoabs``,
+        obtained from PARI's ``nf_rnfeq`` function.  This means that
+        we do not have to initialize a full PARI ``rnf`` structure.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 2)
+            sage: x = polygen(K)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^5 + 2*a)
+            sage: L._pari_rnfeq()
+            [x^10 + 8, -1/2*x^5, 0, y^2 + 2, x^5 + 2*y]
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: NumberField(x^10 + 8, 'a').is_isomorphic(L)
+            True
+
+        Initialization is lazy enough to allow arithmetic in massive fields::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^10 + 2000*x + 100001)
+            sage: x = polygen(K)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^10 + 2*a)
+            sage: L._pari_rnfeq()
+            [x^100 - 1024000*x^10 + 102401024, -1/2*x^10, 0, y^10 + 2000*y + 100001, x^10 + 2*y]
+            sage: a + b
+            b + a
+            sage: b^100
+            -2048000*a - 102401024
+            sage: (-2*a)^10
+            -2048000*a - 102401024
+        """
+        f = self.pari_absolute_base_polynomial()
+        g = self.pari_relative_polynomial()
+        return f._nf_rnfeq(g)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _pari_nfzk(self):
+        """
+        Return PARI data needed for constructing relative number field
+        elements from elements of the base field.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 - 2)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - 3)
+            sage: L._pari_nfzk()
+            [2, -x^3 + 9*x]
+        """
+        return self._pari_base_nf()._nf_nfzk(self._pari_rnfeq())
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _pari_relative_structure(self):
+        r"""
+        Return data relating the Sage and PARI relative polynomials.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Let `L` be this relative number field, let `K` be its base
+        field, and let `f` be the defining polynomial of `L` over `K`.
+        This method returns a triple ``(g, alpha, beta)``, where
+
+        - ``g`` -- the defining relative polynomial of the PARI
+          ``rnf`` structure (see :meth:`pari_rnf`);
+
+        - ``alpha`` is the image of `x \bmod f` under some isomorphism
+          `\phi\colon K[x]/(f) \to K[x]/(g)`;
+
+        - ``beta`` is the image of `x \bmod g` under the inverse
+          isomorphism `\phi^{-1}\colon K[x]/(g) \to K[x]/(f)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        If the defining polynomials are monic and integral, the result
+        satisfies ``g = f`` and ``alpha = beta = x``::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - a)
+            sage: L._pari_relative_structure()
+            (Mod(1, y^2 + 1)*x^2 + Mod(-y, y^2 + 1),
+             Mod(x, Mod(1, y^2 + 1)*x^2 + Mod(-y, y^2 + 1)),
+             Mod(x, Mod(1, y^2 + 1)*x^2 + Mod(-y, y^2 + 1)))
+
+        An example where the base field is defined by a monic integral
+        polynomial, but the extension is not::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - 1/2)
+            sage: L._pari_relative_structure()
+            (x^2 + Mod(y, y^2 + 1),
+             Mod(Mod(-1/2*y - 1/2, y^2 + 1)*x, x^2 + Mod(y, y^2 + 1)),
+             Mod(Mod(y - 1, y^2 + 1)*x, x^2 + Mod(-1/2, y^2 + 1)))
+
+        An example where both fields are defined by non-integral or
+        non-monic polynomials::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(2*x^2 + 1)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - 1/3)
+            sage: L._pari_relative_structure()
+            (x^2 + Mod(y, y^2 + 2)*x + 1,
+             Mod(Mod(-1/3*y, y^2 + 2)*x + Mod(1/3, y^2 + 2), x^2 + Mod(y, y^2 + 2)*x + 1),
+             Mod(Mod(3/2*y, y^2 + 2)*x + Mod(-1/2*y, y^2 + 2), Mod(1, y^2 + 2)*x^2 + Mod(-1/3, y^2 + 2)))
+
+        Note that in the last example, the *absolute* defining
+        polynomials is the same for Sage and PARI, even though this is
+        not the case for the base field::
+
+            sage: K._pari_absolute_structure()
+            (y^2 + 2, Mod(1/2*y, y^2 + 2), Mod(2*y, y^2 + 1/2))
+            sage: L._pari_absolute_structure()
+            (y^4 + 4*y^2 + 1, Mod(y, y^4 + 4*y^2 + 1), Mod(y, y^4 + 4*y^2 + 1))
+        """
+        f = self.relative_polynomial()._pari_with_name('x')
+        if f.pollead() == f.content().lift().content().denominator() == 1:
+            g = f
+            alpha = beta = f.variable().Mod(f)
+        elif f.poldegree() == 1:
+            # PARI's rnfpolredbest() does not always return a
+            # polynomial with integral coefficients in this case.
+            from sage.libs.pari import pari
+            g = f.variable()
+            alpha = -f[0]/f[1]
+            beta = pari(0).Mod(f)
+        else:
+            g, alpha = self._pari_base_nf().rnfpolredbest(f, flag=1)
+            beta = alpha.modreverse()
+        return g, alpha, beta
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _gen_relative(self):
+        r"""
+        Return root of defining polynomial, which is a generator of
+        the relative number field over the base.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1); k
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
+            sage: y = polygen(k)
+            sage: m.<b> = k.extension(y^2 + 3); m
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: c = m.gen(); c # indirect doctest
+            b
+            sage: c^2 + 3
+            0
+
+        An example where the defining polynomials are not monic or
+        integral::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(3*x^2 + 1)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - 1/2)
+            sage: L._gen_relative()
+            b
+        """
+        alpha = self._pari_relative_structure()[1].liftpol()
+        return self._element_constructor_(self._pari_rnfeq()._eltreltoabs(alpha), check=False)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def pari_rnf(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the PARI relative number field object associated
+        to this relative extension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2])
+            sage: k.pari_rnf()
+            [x^4 + 3, [364, -10*x^7 - 87*x^5 - 370*x^3 - 41*x], [108, 3], ...]
+        """
+        return self._pari_base_nf().rnfinit(self.pari_relative_polynomial())
+
+    def pari_absolute_base_polynomial(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the PARI polynomial defining the absolute base field, in ``y``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + 2, x^2 + 3]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 2 over its base field
+            sage: K.pari_absolute_base_polynomial()
+            y^2 + 3
+            sage: type(K.pari_absolute_base_polynomial())
+            <class 'cypari2.gen.Gen'>
+            sage: z = ZZ['z'].0
+            sage: K.<a, b, c> = NumberField([z^2 + 2, z^2 + 3, z^2 + 5]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial z^2 + 2 over its base field
+            sage: K.pari_absolute_base_polynomial()
+            y^4 + 16*y^2 + 4
+            sage: K.base_field()
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial z^2 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: len(QQ['y'](K.pari_absolute_base_polynomial()).roots(K.base_field()))
+            4
+            sage: type(K.pari_absolute_base_polynomial())
+            <class 'cypari2.gen.Gen'>
+        """
+        abs_base, from_abs_base, to_abs_base = self.absolute_base_field()
+        return abs_base.pari_polynomial('y')
+
+    def pari_relative_polynomial(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the PARI relative polynomial associated to this number
+        field.
+
+        This is always a polynomial in `x` and `y`, suitable for PARI's
+        :pari:`rnfinit` function.  Notice that if this is a relative extension
+        of a relative extension, the base field is the absolute base
+        field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: m.<z> = k.extension(k['w']([i,0,1]))
+            sage: m
+            Number Field in z with defining polynomial w^2 + i over its base field
+            sage: m.pari_relative_polynomial()
+            Mod(1, y^2 + 1)*x^2 + Mod(y, y^2 + 1)
+
+            sage: l.<t> = m.extension(m['t'].0^2 + z)
+            sage: l.pari_relative_polynomial()
+            Mod(1, y^4 + 1)*x^2 + Mod(y, y^4 + 1)
+        """
+        return self._pari_relative_structure()[0]
+
+    def number_of_roots_of_unity(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the number of roots of unity in this relative field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + x + 1, x^4 + 1])
+            sage: K.number_of_roots_of_unity()
+            24
+        """
+        return self.absolute_field('a').number_of_roots_of_unity()
+
+    def roots_of_unity(self):
+        r"""
+        Return all the roots of unity in this relative field, primitive or not.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + x + 1, x^4 + 1])
+            sage: rts = K.roots_of_unity()
+            sage: len(rts)
+            24
+            sage: all(u in rts for u in [b*a, -b^2*a - b^2, b^3, -a, b*a + b])
+            True
+        """
+        abs = self.absolute_field('a')
+        from_abs, _ = abs.structure()
+        return [from_abs(x) for x in abs.roots_of_unity()]
+
+    def absolute_generator(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the chosen generator over `\QQ` for this relative number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: y = polygen(QQ,'y')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([y^2 + 2, y^4 + 3])
+            sage: g = k.absolute_generator(); g
+            a0 - a1
+            sage: g.minpoly()
+            x^2 + 2*a1*x + a1^2 + 2
+            sage: g.absolute_minpoly()
+            x^8 + 8*x^6 + 30*x^4 - 40*x^2 + 49
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__abs_gen
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__abs_gen = self._element_class(self, QQ['x'].gen())
+            return self.__abs_gen
+
+    def absolute_field(self, names):
+        """
+        Return ``self`` as an absolute number field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``names`` -- string; name of generator of the absolute field
+
+        OUTPUT: an absolute number field `K` that is isomorphic to this field
+
+        Also, ``K.structure()`` returns ``from_K`` and ``to_K``, where
+        ``from_K`` is an isomorphism from `K` to ``self`` and ``to_K``
+        is an isomorphism from ``self`` to `K`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: L.<xyz> = K.absolute_field(); L
+            Number Field in xyz with defining polynomial x^8 + 8*x^6 + 30*x^4 - 40*x^2 + 49
+            sage: L.<c> = K.absolute_field(); L
+            Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^8 + 8*x^6 + 30*x^4 - 40*x^2 + 49
+
+            sage: from_L, to_L = L.structure()
+            sage: from_L
+            Isomorphism map:
+              From: Number Field in c with defining polynomial
+                    x^8 + 8*x^6 + 30*x^4 - 40*x^2 + 49
+              To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: from_L(c)
+            a - b
+            sage: to_L
+            Isomorphism map:
+              From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+              To:   Number Field in c with defining polynomial
+                    x^8 + 8*x^6 + 30*x^4 - 40*x^2 + 49
+            sage: to_L(a)
+            -5/182*c^7 - 87/364*c^5 - 185/182*c^3 + 323/364*c
+            sage: to_L(b)
+            -5/182*c^7 - 87/364*c^5 - 185/182*c^3 - 41/364*c
+            sage: to_L(a)^4
+            -3
+            sage: to_L(b)^2
+            -2
+        """
+        return NumberField(self.absolute_polynomial(), names, structure=structure.AbsoluteFromRelative(self))
+
+    def absolute_polynomial_ntl(self):
+        """
+        Return defining polynomial of this number field
+        as a pair, an ntl polynomial and a denominator.
+
+        This is used mainly to implement some internal arithmetic.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: NumberField(x^2 + (2/3)*x - 9/17,'a').absolute_polynomial_ntl()
+            ([-27 34 51], 51)
+        """
+        try:
+            return (self.__abs_polynomial_ntl, self.__abs_denominator_ntl)
+        except AttributeError:
+            import sage.libs.ntl.all as ntl
+            self.__abs_denominator_ntl = ntl.ZZ()
+            den = self.absolute_polynomial().denominator()
+            self.__abs_denominator_ntl.set_from_sage_int(ZZ(den))
+            self.__abs_polynomial_ntl = ntl.ZZX((self.absolute_polynomial()*den).list())
+        return (self.__abs_polynomial_ntl, self.__abs_denominator_ntl)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def absolute_polynomial(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the polynomial over `\QQ` that defines this field as an
+        extension of the rational numbers.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The absolute polynomial of a relative number field is
+            chosen to be equal to the defining polynomial of the
+            underlying PARI absolute number field (it cannot be
+            specified by the user).  In particular, it is always a
+            monic polynomial with integral coefficients.  On the other
+            hand, the defining polynomial of an absolute number field
+            and the relative polynomial of a relative number field are
+            in general different from their PARI counterparts.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + 1, x^3 + x + 1]); k
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 over its base field
+            sage: k.absolute_polynomial()
+            x^6 + 5*x^4 - 2*x^3 + 4*x^2 + 4*x + 1
+
+        An example comparing the various defining polynomials to their
+        PARI counterparts::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a, c> = NumberField([x^2 + 1/3, x^2 + 1/4])
+            sage: k.absolute_polynomial()
+            x^4 - x^2 + 1
+            sage: k.pari_polynomial()
+            x^4 - x^2 + 1
+            sage: k.base_field().absolute_polynomial()
+            x^2 + 1/4
+            sage: k.pari_absolute_base_polynomial()
+            y^2 + 1
+            sage: k.relative_polynomial()
+            x^2 + 1/3
+            sage: k.pari_relative_polynomial()
+            x^2 + Mod(-y, y^2 + 1)*x - 1
+        """
+        return QQ['x'](self._pari_rnfeq()[0])
+
+    def relative_polynomial(self):
+        """
+        Return the defining polynomial of this relative number field over its base field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 + x + 1, x^3 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.relative_polynomial()
+            x^2 + x + 1
+
+        Use :meth:`absolute_polynomial` for a polynomial that defines the absolute
+        extension.::
+
+            sage: K.absolute_polynomial()
+            x^6 + 3*x^5 + 8*x^4 + 9*x^3 + 7*x^2 + 6*x + 3
+        """
+        return self.__relative_polynomial
+
+    def defining_polynomial(self):
+        """
+        Return the defining polynomial of this relative number field.
+
+        This is exactly the same as :meth:`relative_polynomial`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C.<z> = CyclotomicField(5)
+            sage: PC.<X> = C[]
+            sage: K.<a> = C.extension(X^2 + X + z); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial X^2 + X + z over its base field
+            sage: K.defining_polynomial()
+            X^2 + X + z
+        """
+        return self.relative_polynomial()
+
+    def polynomial(self):
+        """
+        For a relative number field, :meth:`polynomial` is deliberately
+        not implemented.  Either :meth:`~relative_polynomial` or
+        :meth:`~absolute_polynomial` must be used.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 + x + 1, x^3 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.polynomial()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: For a relative number field L you must use either
+            L.relative_polynomial() or L.absolute_polynomial() as appropriate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("For a relative number field L you must use either L.relative_polynomial() or L.absolute_polynomial() as appropriate")
+
+    def base_field(self):
+        """
+        Return the base field of this relative number field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^3 + x + 1])
+            sage: R.<z> = k[]
+            sage: L.<b> = NumberField(z^3 + a)
+            sage: L.base_field()
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 + x + 1
+            sage: L.base_field() is k
+            True
+
+        This is very useful because the print representation of
+        a relative field doesn't describe the base field.::
+
+            sage: L
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial z^3 + a over its base field
+        """
+        return self.__base_field
+
+    def base_ring(self):
+        """
+        This is exactly the same as base_field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField([x^2 + 1, x^3 + x + 1])
+            sage: k.base_ring()
+            Number Field in a1 with defining polynomial x^3 + x + 1
+            sage: k.base_field()
+            Number Field in a1 with defining polynomial x^3 + x + 1
+        """
+        return self.base_field()
+
+    def embeddings(self, K):
+        r"""
+        Compute all field embeddings of the relative number field self
+        into the field `K` (which need not even be a number field,
+        e.g., it could be the complex numbers). This will return an
+        identical result when given `K` as input again.
+
+        If possible, the most natural embedding of ``self`` into `K`
+        is put first in the list.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``K`` -- a field
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^3 - 2, x^2 + 1])
+            sage: f = K.embeddings(ComplexField(58)); f
+            [Relative number field morphism:
+               From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 over its base field
+               To:   Complex Field with 58 bits of precision
+               Defn: a |--> -0.62996052494743676 - 1.0911236359717214*I
+                     b |--> -1.9428902930940239e-16 + 1.0000000000000000*I,
+             ...
+             Relative number field morphism:
+               From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^3 - 2 over its base field
+               To:   Complex Field with 58 bits of precision
+               Defn: a |--> 1.2599210498948731
+                     b |--> -0.99999999999999999*I]
+            sage: f[0](a)^3
+            2.0000000000000002 - 8.6389229103644993e-16*I
+            sage: f[0](b)^2
+            -1.0000000000000001 - 3.8857805861880480e-16*I
+            sage: f[0](a+b)
+            -0.62996052494743693 - 0.091123635971721295*I
+        """
+        if K.characteristic():
+            return Sequence([], immutable=True, check=False, universe=self.Hom(K))
+
+        try:
+            # this should be concordant with automorphisms
+            return self.__embeddings[K]
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__embeddings = {}
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        L = self.absolute_field('a')
+        E = L.embeddings(K)
+        v = [self.hom(f, K) for f in E]
+
+        # If there is an embedding that preserves variable names
+        # then it is most natural, so we put it first.
+        put_natural_embedding_first(v)
+
+        self.__embeddings[K] = Sequence(v, cr=bool(v), immutable=True, check=False, universe=self.Hom(K))
+        return self.__embeddings[K]
+
+    def automorphisms(self):
+        r"""
+        Compute all Galois automorphisms of ``self`` over the base field.  This is
+        different from computing the embeddings of ``self`` into ``self``; there,
+        automorphisms that do not fix the base field are considered.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + 10000, x^2 + x + 50]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 10000 over its base field
+            sage: K.automorphisms()
+            [Relative number field endomorphism of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 10000 over its base field
+               Defn: a |--> a
+                     b |--> b,
+             Relative number field endomorphism of Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 10000 over its base field
+               Defn: a |--> -a
+                     b |--> b]
+            sage: rho, tau = K.automorphisms()
+            sage: tau(a)
+            -a
+            sage: tau(b) == b
+            True
+
+            sage: L.<b, a> = NumberField([x^2 + x + 50, x^2 + 10000, ]); L
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + x + 50 over its base field
+            sage: L.automorphisms()
+            [Relative number field endomorphism of Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + x + 50 over its base field
+               Defn: b |--> b
+                     a |--> a,
+             Relative number field endomorphism of Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + x + 50 over its base field
+               Defn: b |--> -b - 1
+                     a |--> a]
+            sage: rho, tau = L.automorphisms()
+            sage: tau(a) == a
+            True
+            sage: tau(b)
+            -b - 1
+
+            sage: PQ.<X> = QQ[]
+            sage: F.<a, b> = NumberField([X^2 - 2, X^2 - 3])
+            sage: PF.<Y> = F[]
+            sage: K.<c> = F.extension(Y^2 - (1 + a)*(a + b)*a*b)
+            sage: K.automorphisms()
+            [Relative number field endomorphism of Number Field in c with defining polynomial Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+               Defn: c |--> c
+                     a |--> a
+                     b |--> b,
+             Relative number field endomorphism of Number Field in c with defining polynomial Y^2 + (-2*b - 3)*a - 2*b - 6 over its base field
+               Defn: c |--> -c
+                     a |--> a
+                     b |--> b]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__automorphisms
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        L = self.absolute_field('a')
+        L_into_self, self_into_L = L.structure()
+        aas = L.automorphisms()  # absolute automorphisms
+
+        a = self_into_L(self.gen())
+        abs_base_gens = [self_into_L(_) for _ in self.base_field().gens()]
+        v = sorted([self.hom([L_into_self(aa(a))]) for aa in aas
+                    if all(aa(g) == g for g in abs_base_gens)])
+        put_natural_embedding_first(v)
+        self.__automorphisms = Sequence(v, cr=bool(v), immutable=True,
+                                        check=False, universe=self.Hom(self))
+        return self.__automorphisms
+
+    def logarithmic_embedding(self, prec=53):
+        r"""
+        Return the morphism of ``self`` under the logarithmic embedding
+        in the category Set.
+
+        The logarithmic embedding is defined as a map from the relative number field ``self`` to `\RR^n`.
+
+        It is defined under Definition 4.9.6 in [Coh1993]_.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``prec`` -- desired floating point precision
+
+        OUTPUT: the morphism of ``self`` under the logarithmic embedding in the category Set
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: K.<k> = CyclotomicField(3)
+            sage: R.<x> = K[]
+            sage: L.<l> = K.extension(x^5 + 5)
+            sage: f = L.logarithmic_embedding()
+            sage: f(0)
+            (-1, -1, -1, -1, -1)
+            sage: f(5)
+            (3.21887582486820, 3.21887582486820, 3.21887582486820,
+            3.21887582486820, 3.21887582486820)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: t = K['t'].gen()
+            sage: L.<a> = K.extension(t^4 - i)
+            sage: f = L.logarithmic_embedding()
+            sage: f(0)
+            (-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1)
+            sage: f(3)
+            (2.19722457733622, 2.19722457733622, 2.19722457733622, 2.19722457733622,
+            2.19722457733622, 2.19722457733622, 2.19722457733622, 2.19722457733622)
+        """
+        def closure_map(x, prec=53):
+            """
+            The function closure of the logarithmic embedding.
+            """
+            K = self
+            K_embeddings = K.places(prec)
+            r1, r2 = K.signature()
+            r = r1 + r2 - 1
+
+            from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RealField
+            Reals = RealField(prec)
+
+            if x == 0:
+                return vector([-1 for _ in range(r + 1)])
+
+            x_logs = []
+            for i in range(r1):
+                sigma = K_embeddings[i]
+                x_logs.append(Reals(abs(sigma(x))).log())
+            for i in range(r1, r + 1):
+                tau = K_embeddings[i]
+                x_logs.append(2 * Reals(abs(tau(x))).log())
+
+            return vector(x_logs)
+
+        hom = Hom(self, VectorSpace(RR, len(closure_map(self(0), prec))), Sets())
+        return hom(closure_map)
+
+    def places(self, all_complex=False, prec=None):
+        """
+        Return the collection of all infinite places of ``self``.
+
+        By default, this returns the set of real places as
+        homomorphisms into ``RIF`` first, followed by a choice of one of
+        each pair of complex conjugate homomorphisms into ``CIF``.
+
+        On the other hand, if ``prec`` is not ``None``, we simply return places
+        into ``RealField(prec)`` and ``ComplexField(prec)`` (or ``RDF``, ``CDF`` if
+        ``prec=53``).
+
+        There is an optional flag ``all_complex``, which defaults to ``False``. If
+        ``all_complex`` is ``True``, then the real embeddings are returned as
+        embeddings into ``CIF`` instead of ``RIF``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: L.<b, c> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 - 5, x^3 + x + 3])
+            sage: L.places()                                                            # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            [Relative number field morphism:
+               From: Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 5 over its base field
+               To:   Real Field with 106 bits of precision
+               Defn: b |--> -2.236067977499789696409173668937
+                     c |--> -1.213411662762229634132131377426,
+             Relative number field morphism:
+               From: Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 5 over its base field
+               To:   Real Field with 106 bits of precision
+               Defn: b |--> 2.236067977499789696411548005367
+                     c |--> -1.213411662762229634130492421800,
+             Relative number field morphism:
+               From: Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 5 over its base field
+               To:   Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+               Defn: b |--> -2.23606797749979 ...e-1...*I
+                     c |--> 0.606705831381... - 1.45061224918844*I,
+             Relative number field morphism:
+               From: Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 5 over its base field
+               To:   Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+               Defn: b |--> 2.23606797749979 - 4.44089209850063e-16*I
+                     c |--> 0.606705831381115 - 1.45061224918844*I]
+        """
+        L = self.absolute_field('a')
+        pl = L.places(all_complex, prec)
+        return [self.hom(p, p.codomain()) for p in pl]
+
+    def absolute_different(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the absolute different of this relative number field `L`, as an
+        ideal of `L`. To get the relative different of `L/K`, use
+        :meth:`relative_different`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: t = K['t'].gen()
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(t^4 - i)
+            sage: L.absolute_different()
+            Fractional ideal (8)
+        """
+        abs = self.absolute_field('a')
+        from_abs = abs.structure()[0]
+        return self.ideal([from_abs(g) for g in abs.different().gens()])
+
+    def relative_different(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the relative different of this extension `L/K` as
+        an ideal of `L`.  If you want the absolute different of
+        `L/\QQ`, use :meth:`absolute_different`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: PK.<t> = K[]
+            sage: L.<a> = K.extension(t^4  - i)
+            sage: L.relative_different()
+            Fractional ideal (4)
+        """
+        I = self.absolute_different()
+        J = self.ideal(self.base_field().absolute_different().gens())
+        return I/J
+
+    def different(self):
+        """
+        The different, unqualified, of a relative number field is deliberately
+        not implemented, so that a user cannot mistake the absolute different
+        for the relative different, or vice versa.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 + x + 1, x^3 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.different()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: For a relative number field you must use
+            relative_different or absolute_different as appropriate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("For a relative number field you must use relative_different or absolute_different as appropriate")
+
+    def absolute_discriminant(self, v=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the absolute discriminant of this relative number field
+        or if ``v`` is specified, the determinant of the trace pairing
+        on the elements of the list ``v``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- (optional) list of element of this relative number field
+
+        OUTPUT: integer if ``v`` is omitted, and Rational otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: t = K['t'].gen()
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(t^4 - i)
+            sage: L.absolute_discriminant()
+            16777216
+            sage: L.absolute_discriminant([(b + i)^j for j in range(8)])
+            61911970349056
+        """
+        abs = self.absolute_field('a')
+        if v is not None:
+            to_abs = abs.structure()[1]
+            v = [to_abs(x) for x in v]
+        return abs.discriminant(v=v)
+
+    def relative_discriminant(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the relative discriminant of this extension `L/K` as an ideal of
+        `K`. If you want the (rational) discriminant of `L/\QQ`, use e.g.
+        ``L.absolute_discriminant()``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: t = K['t'].gen()
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(t^4 - i)
+            sage: L.relative_discriminant()
+            Fractional ideal (256)
+            sage: PQ.<X> = QQ[]
+            sage: F.<a, b> = NumberField([X^2 - 2, X^2 - 3])
+            sage: PF.<Y> = F[]
+            sage: K.<c> = F.extension(Y^2 - (1 + a)*(a + b)*a*b)
+            sage: K.relative_discriminant() == F.ideal(4*b)
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Number fields defined by non-monic and non-integral
+        polynomials are supported (:issue:`252`)::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1/2)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - 1/2)
+            sage: L.relative_discriminant()
+            Fractional ideal (2)
+        """
+        base = self.base_field()
+        nf = base.pari_nf()
+        D, d = nf.rnfdisc(self.pari_relative_polynomial())
+        return base.ideal(nf.idealhnf(D))
+
+    def discriminant(self):
+        """
+        The discriminant, unqualified, of a relative number field is deliberately
+        not implemented, so that a user cannot mistake the absolute discriminant
+        for the relative discriminant, or vice versa.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 + x + 1, x^3 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.discriminant()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: For a relative number field you must use
+            relative_discriminant or absolute_discriminant as appropriate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("For a relative number field you must use relative_discriminant or absolute_discriminant as appropriate")
+
+    def disc(self):
+        """
+        The discriminant, unqualified, of a relative number field is deliberately
+        not implemented, so that a user cannot mistake the absolute discriminant
+        for the relative discriminant, or vice versa.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberFieldTower([x^2 + x + 1, x^3 + x + 1])
+            sage: K.disc()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: For a relative number field you must use
+            relative_discriminant or absolute_discriminant as appropriate
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("For a relative number field you must use relative_discriminant or absolute_discriminant as appropriate")
+
+    def order(self, *gens, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return the order with given ring generators in the maximal
+        order of this number field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``gens`` -- list of elements of ``self``; if no generators are given, just
+          returns the cardinality of this number field (`\infty`) for consistency.
+        - ``check_is_integral`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether to
+          check that each generator is integral
+        - ``check_rank`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether to check that
+          the ring generated by ``gens`` is of full rank
+        - ``allow_subfield`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` and
+          the generators do not generate an order, i.e., they generate a
+          subring of smaller rank, instead of raising an error, return an order
+          in a smaller number field.
+
+        The ``check_is_integral`` and ``check_rank`` inputs must be given as
+        explicit keyword arguments.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs fpylll sage.symbolic
+            sage: P3.<a,b,c> = QQ[2^(1/2), 2^(1/3), 3^(1/2)]
+            sage: R = P3.order([a,b,c]); R                                              # not tested (83s, 2GB memory)
+            Relative Order generated by
+             [((-36372*sqrt3 + 371270)*a^2 + (-89082*sqrt3 + 384161)*a - 422504*sqrt3 - 46595)*sqrt2 + (303148*sqrt3 - 89080)*a^2 + (313664*sqrt3 - 218211)*a - 38053*sqrt3 - 1034933,
+              ((-65954*sqrt3 + 323491)*a^2 + (-110591*sqrt3 + 350011)*a - 351557*sqrt3 + 77507)*sqrt2 + (264138*sqrt3 - 161552)*a^2 + (285784*sqrt3 - 270906)*a + 63287*sqrt3 - 861151,
+              ((-89292*sqrt3 + 406648)*a^2 + (-137274*sqrt3 + 457033)*a - 449503*sqrt3 + 102712)*sqrt2 + (332036*sqrt3 - 218718)*a^2 + (373172*sqrt3 - 336261)*a + 83862*sqrt3 - 1101079,
+              ((-164204*sqrt3 + 553344)*a^2 + (-225111*sqrt3 + 646064)*a - 594724*sqrt3 + 280879)*sqrt2 + (451819*sqrt3 - 402227)*a^2 + (527524*sqrt3 - 551431)*a + 229346*sqrt3 - 1456815,
+              ((-73815*sqrt3 + 257278)*a^2 + (-102896*sqrt3 + 298046)*a - 277080*sqrt3 + 123726)*sqrt2 + (210072*sqrt3 - 180812)*a^2 + (243357*sqrt3 - 252052)*a + 101026*sqrt3 - 678718]
+             in Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 over its base field
+
+            sage: P2.<u,v> = QQ[2^(1/2), 2^(1/3)]                                       # needs fpylll sage.symbolic
+            sage: R = P2.order([u,v]); R                                                # needs fpylll sage.symbolic
+            Relative Order generated by [(6*a^2 - a - 1)*sqrt2 + 4*a^2 - 6*a - 9, sqrt2 - a]
+             in Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 over its base field
+
+        The base ring of an order in a relative extension is still `\ZZ`::
+
+            sage: R.base_ring()                                                         # needs fpylll sage.symbolic
+            Integer Ring
+
+        One must give enough generators to generate a ring of finite index
+        in the maximal order::
+
+            sage: P3.order([a, b])                                                      # needs fpylll sage.symbolic
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the rank of the span of gens is wrong
+        """
+        if len(gens) == 0:
+            return NumberField_generic.order(self)
+        if len(gens) == 1 and isinstance(gens[0], (list, tuple)):
+            gens = gens[0]
+        gens = [self(x) for x in gens]
+        return relative_order_from_ring_generators(gens, **kwds)
+
+    def is_free(self, proof=None):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether or not `L/K` is free.
+
+        (i.e. if `\mathcal{O}_L` is a free `\mathcal{O}_K`-module).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``proof`` -- (default: ``True``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 6)
+            sage: x = polygen(K)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 + 3)    # extend by x^2+3
+            sage: L.is_free()
+            False
+        """
+        proof = proof_flag(proof)
+        base_bnf = self._pari_base_bnf(proof)
+        return base_bnf.rnfisfree(self.pari_relative_polynomial()) == 1
+
+    def _factor_univariate_polynomial(self, poly, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Factorisation of univariate polynomials over relative number fields.
+
+        This is called by the ``factor`` method of univariate polynomials.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x**2 + 1)
+            sage: L.<sqrt2> = K.extension(x*x - 2)
+            sage: x = polygen(L,'x')
+            sage: factor(x**2+8)  # indirect doctest
+            (x + 2*i*sqrt2) * (x - 2*i*sqrt2)
+        """
+        M = self.absolute_field('a')
+        from_M, to_M = M.structure()
+        g = M['x']([to_M(x) for x in poly.list()])
+        F = g.factor()
+        S = poly.parent()
+        v = [(S([from_M(x) for x in f.list()]), e) for f, e in F]
+        return Factorization(v, from_M(F.unit()))
+
+    def lift_to_base(self, element):
+        """
+        Lift an element of this extension into the base field if possible,
+        or raise a :exc:`ValueError` if it is not possible.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: R.<y> = K[]
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(y^2 - a)
+            sage: L.lift_to_base(b^4)
+            a^2
+            sage: L.lift_to_base(b^6)
+            2
+            sage: L.lift_to_base(355/113)
+            355/113
+            sage: L.lift_to_base(b)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: The element b is not in the base field
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Number fields defined by non-monic and non-integral
+        polynomials are supported (:issue:`252`)::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 1/2)
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - a/2)
+            sage: L.lift_to_base(b^2)
+            1/2*a
+        """
+        # Convert the element to a PARI polynomial with t_POLMOD
+        # coefficients representing elements of the base field.
+        r = self._pari_rnfeq()._eltabstorel_lift(self(element)._pari_polynomial('x'))
+        # Lift the coefficients and call simplify() to make PARI check
+        # which variables really appear in the resulting polynomial
+        # (otherwise we always have a polynomial in two variables even
+        # though not all variables actually occur).
+        r = r.lift().simplify()
+
+        # Special case: check whether the result is simply an integer or rational
+        if r.type() in ["t_INT", "t_FRAC"]:
+            return self.base_field()(r)
+        # Now we should have a polynomial in the variable y.
+        # Otherwise we're not in the base field.
+        if r.type() != "t_POL" or str(r.variable()) != 'y':
+            raise ValueError("The element %s is not in the base field" % element)
+        return self.base_field()(r, check=False)
+
+    def relativize(self, alpha, names):
+        r"""
+        Given an element in ``self`` or an embedding of a subfield into ``self``,
+        return a relative number field `K` isomorphic to ``self`` that is relative
+        over the absolute field `\QQ(\alpha)` or the domain of `\alpha`, along
+        with isomorphisms from `K` to ``self`` and from ``self`` to `K`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``alpha`` -- an element of ``self``, or an embedding of a subfield into ``self``
+        - ``names`` -- name of generator for output field `K`
+
+        OUTPUT: `K` -- a relative number field
+
+        Also, ``K.structure()`` returns ``from_K`` and ``to_K``, where
+        ``from_K`` is an isomorphism from `K` to ``self`` and ``to_K`` is
+        an isomorphism from ``self`` to `K`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a,b> = NumberField([x^4 + 3, x^2 + 2]); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + 3 over its base field
+            sage: L.<z,w> = K.relativize(a^2)
+            sage: z^2
+            z^2
+            sage: w^2
+            -3
+            sage: L
+            Number Field in z with defining polynomial
+             x^4 + (-2*w + 4)*x^2 + 4*w + 1 over its base field
+            sage: L.base_field()
+            Number Field in w with defining polynomial x^2 + 3
+
+        Now suppose we have `K` below `L` below `M`::
+
+            sage: M = NumberField(x^8 + 2, 'a'); M
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^8 + 2
+            sage: L, L_into_M, _ = M.subfields(4)[0]; L
+            Number Field in a0 with defining polynomial x^4 + 2
+            sage: K, K_into_L, _ = L.subfields(2)[0]; K
+            Number Field in a0_0 with defining polynomial x^2 + 2
+            sage: K_into_M = L_into_M * K_into_L
+
+            sage: L_over_K = L.relativize(K_into_L, 'c'); L_over_K
+            Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^2 + a0_0 over its base field
+            sage: L_over_K_to_L, L_to_L_over_K = L_over_K.structure()
+            sage: M_over_L_over_K = M.relativize(L_into_M * L_over_K_to_L, 'd')
+            sage: M_over_L_over_K
+            Number Field in d with defining polynomial x^2 + c over its base field
+            sage: M_over_L_over_K.base_field() is L_over_K
+            True
+
+        Test relativizing a degree 6 field over its degree 2 and degree 3
+        subfields, using both an explicit element::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^6 + 2); K
+            Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^6 + 2
+            sage: K2, K2_into_K, _ = K.subfields(2)[0]; K2
+            Number Field in a0 with defining polynomial x^2 + 2
+            sage: K3, K3_into_K, _ = K.subfields(3)[0]; K3
+            Number Field in a0 with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
+
+        Here we explicitly relativize over an element of K2 (not the
+        generator)::
+
+            sage: L = K.relativize(K3_into_K, 'b'); L
+            Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 + a0 over its base field
+            sage: L_to_K, K_to_L = L.structure()
+            sage: L_over_K2 = L.relativize(K_to_L(K2_into_K(K2.gen() + 1)), 'c'); L_over_K2
+            Number Field in c0 with defining polynomial x^3 - c1 + 1 over its base field
+            sage: L_over_K2.base_field()
+            Number Field in c1 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2*x + 3
+
+        Here we use a morphism to preserve the base field information::
+
+            sage: K2_into_L = K_to_L * K2_into_K
+            sage: L_over_K2 = L.relativize(K2_into_L, 'c'); L_over_K2
+            Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^3 - a0 over its base field
+            sage: L_over_K2.base_field() is K2
+            True
+        """
+        K = self.absolute_field('a')
+        from_K, to_K = K.structure()
+
+        if isinstance(alpha, Map):
+            # alpha is an embedding of a subfield into self; compose to get an
+            # embedding of a subfield into the absolute field
+            beta = to_K * alpha
+        else:
+            # alpha is an element coercible into self
+            beta = to_K(alpha)
+
+        L = K.relativize(beta, names)
+        return K.relativize(beta, names, structure=structure.RelativeFromRelative(L))
+
+    def uniformizer(self, P, others='positive'):
+        """
+        Return an element of ``self`` with valuation 1 at the prime ideal `P`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a number field
+
+        - ``P`` -- a prime ideal of ``self``
+
+        - ``others`` -- either ``'positive'`` (default), in which case the
+          element will have nonnegative valuation at all other primes of
+          ``self``, or ``'negative'``, in which case the element will have
+          nonpositive valuation at all other primes of ``self``
+
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           When `P` is principal (e.g., always when ``self`` has class number
+           one), the result may or may not be a generator of `P`!
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a, b> = NumberField([x^2 + 23, x^2 - 3])
+            sage: P = K.prime_factors(5)[0]; P
+            Fractional ideal (5, -1/2*a + b + 5/2)
+            sage: u = K.uniformizer(P)
+            sage: u.valuation(P)
+            1
+            sage: (P, 1) in K.factor(u)
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(P, NumberFieldIdeal):
+            P = self.ideal(P)
+        if not P.is_maximal():
+            raise ValueError("P (=%s) must be a nonzero prime." % P)
+        abs = self.absolute_field('a')
+        from_abs = abs.structure()[0]
+        return from_abs(abs.uniformizer(P.absolute_ideal(), others=others))
+
+
+def NumberField_relative_v1(base_field, poly, name, latex_name, canonical_embedding=None):
+    """
+    Used for unpickling old pickles.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.number_field_rel import NumberField_relative_v1
+        sage: R.<x> = CyclotomicField(3)[]
+        sage: NumberField_relative_v1(CyclotomicField(3), x^2 + 7, 'a', 'a')
+        Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 7 over its base field
+    """
+    return NumberField(poly.change_ring(base_field), name, check=False,
+                       embedding=canonical_embedding, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+
+NumberField_extension_v1 = NumberField_relative_v1  # historical reasons only