passagemath-combinat 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/combinat/crystals/multisegments.py

@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat sage.graphs sage.modules
+r"""
+Crystal of Bernstein-Zelevinsky multisegments
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2017 Travis Scrimshaw <tcscrims at gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.structure.element_wrapper import ElementWrapper
+from sage.categories.highest_weight_crystals import HighestWeightCrystals
+from sage.categories.infinite_enumerated_sets import InfiniteEnumeratedSets
+from sage.combinat.root_system.cartan_type import CartanType
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+
+class InfinityCrystalOfMultisegments(Parent, UniqueRepresentation):
+    r"""
+    The type `A_n^{(1)}` crystal `B(\infty)` realized using
+    Bernstein-Zelevinsky (BZ) multisegments.
+
+    Using (a modified version of the) notation from [JL2009]_, for `\ell \in
+    \ZZ_{>0}` and `i \in \ZZ / (n+1)\ZZ`, a segment of length `\ell` and head
+    `i` is the sequence of consecutive residues `[i,i+1,\dots,i+\ell-1]`.  The
+    notation  for a segment of length `\ell` and head `i` is simplified to
+    `[i; \ell)`.  Similarly, a segment of length `\ell` and tail `i` is the
+    sequence of consecutive residues `[i-\ell+1, \ldots, i-1, i]`.  The latter
+    is denoted simply by `(\ell;i]`.  Finally, a multisegment is a formal
+    linear combination of segments, usually written in the form
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \psi =
+        \sum_{\substack{i \in \ZZ/(n+1)\ZZ \\ \ell \in \ZZ_{>0}}}
+        m_{(\ell;i]} (\ell; i].
+
+    Such a multisegment is called aperiodic if, for every `\ell > 0`, there
+    exists some `i \in \ZZ / (n+1)\ZZ` such that `(\ell; i]` does not appear
+    in `\psi`. Denote the set of all periodic multisegments, together with
+    the empty multisegment `\varnothing`, by `\Psi`.  We define a crystal
+    structure on multisegments as follows.  Set `S_{\ell,i} = \sum_{k \ge \ell}
+    (m_{(k;i-1]} - m_{(k;i]})` and let `\ell_f` be the minimal `\ell` that
+    attains the value `\min_{\ell > 0} S_{\ell,i}`. Then we have
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        f_i \psi =
+        \begin{cases}
+         \psi + (1;i] & \text{ if } \ell_f = 1,\\
+         \psi + (\ell_f;i] - (\ell_f-1;i-1] & \text{ if } \ell_f > 1.
+        \end{cases}
+
+    Similarly, let `\ell_e` be the maximal `\ell` that attains the value
+    `\min_{\ell > 0} S_{\ell,i}`.  Then we have
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        e_i \psi =
+        \begin{cases}
+         0 & \text{ if } \min_{\ell > 0} S_{\ell,i} = 0, \\
+         \psi + (1; i] & \text{ if } \ell_e = 1,\\
+         \psi - (\ell_e; i] + (\ell_e-1; i-1] & \text{ if } \ell_e > 1.
+        \end{cases}
+
+    Alternatively, the crystal operators may be defined using a signature
+    rule, as detailed in Section 4 of [JL2009]_ (following [AJL2011]_).  For
+    `\psi \in \Psi` and `i \in \ZZ/(n+1)\ZZ`, encode all segments in `\psi`
+    with tail `i` by the symbol `R` and all segments in `\psi` with tail
+    `i-1` by `A`.  For `\ell > 0`, set
+    `w_{i,\ell} = R^{m_{(\ell;i]}} A^{m_{(\ell;i-1]}}` and
+    `w_i = \prod_{\ell\ge 1} w_{i,\ell}`.  By successively canceling out
+    as many `RA` factors as possible, set
+    `\widetilde{w}_i = A^{a_i(\psi)} R^{r_i(\psi)}`.  If `a_i(\psi) > 0`,
+    denote by `\ell_f > 0` the length of the rightmost segment `A` in
+    `\widetilde{w}_i`.  If `a_i(\psi) = 0`, set `\ell_f = 0`.  Then
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        f_i \psi =
+        \begin{cases}
+         \psi + (1; i] & \text{ if } a_i(\psi) = 0,\\
+         \psi + (\ell_f; i] - (\ell_f-1; i-1] & \text{ if } a_i(\psi) > 0.
+        \end{cases}
+
+    The rule for computing `e_i \psi` is similar.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``n`` -- for type `A_n^{(1)}`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+        sage: x = B([(8,1),(6,0),(5,1),(5,0),(4,0),(4,1),(4,1),(3,0),(3,0),(3,1),(3,1),(1,0),(1,2),(1,2)]); x
+        (8; 1] + (6; 0] + (5; 0] + (5; 1] + (4; 0] + 2 * (4; 1]
+         + 2 * (3; 0] + 2 * (3; 1] + (1; 0] + 2 * (1; 2]
+        sage: x.f(1)
+        (8; 1] + (6; 0] + (5; 0] + (5; 1] + (4; 0] + 2 * (4; 1]
+         + 2 * (3; 0] + 2 * (3; 1] + (2; 1] + 2 * (1; 2]
+        sage: x.f(1).f(1)
+        (8; 1] + (6; 0] + (5; 0] + (5; 1] + (4; 0] + 2 * (4; 1]
+         + 2 * (3; 0] + 2 * (3; 1] + (2; 1] + (1; 1] + 2 * (1; 2]
+        sage: x.e(1)
+        (7; 0] + (6; 0] + (5; 0] + (5; 1] + (4; 0] + 2 * (4; 1]
+         + 2 * (3; 0] + 2 * (3; 1] + (1; 0] + 2 * (1; 2]
+        sage: x.e(1).e(1)
+        sage: x.f(0)
+        (8; 1] + (6; 0] + (5; 0] + (5; 1] + (4; 0] + 2 * (4; 1]
+         + 2 * (3; 0] + 2 * (3; 1] + (2; 0] + (1; 0] + (1; 2]
+
+    We check an `\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}_2` example against the generalized
+    Young walls::
+
+        sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(1)
+        sage: G = B.subcrystal(max_depth=4).digraph()
+        sage: C = crystals.infinity.GeneralizedYoungWalls(1)
+        sage: GC = C.subcrystal(max_depth=4).digraph()
+        sage: G.is_isomorphic(GC, edge_labels=True)
+        True
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - [AJL2011]_
+    - [JL2009]_
+    - [LTV1999]_
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, n):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+            sage: TestSuite(B).run()
+        """
+        self._cartan_type = CartanType(['A', n, 1])
+        self._Zn = IntegerModRing(n+1)
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=(HighestWeightCrystals(), InfiniteEnumeratedSets()))
+        self.module_generators = (self.highest_weight_vector(),)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+            Infinity crystal of multisegments of type ['A', 2, 1]
+        """
+        return "Infinity crystal of multisegments of type {}".format(self._cartan_type)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def highest_weight_vector(self):
+        """
+        Return the highest weight vector of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+            sage: B.highest_weight_vector()
+            0
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, ())
+
+    def weight_lattice_realization(self):
+        """
+        Return a realization of the weight lattice of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+            sage: B.weight_lattice_realization()
+            Extended weight lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 2, 1]
+        """
+        return self._cartan_type.root_system().weight_lattice(extended=True)
+
+    class Element(ElementWrapper):
+        """
+        An element in a BZ multisegments crystal.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, parent, value):
+            """
+            Initialize ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: mg = B.highest_weight_vector()
+                sage: TestSuite(mg).run()
+            """
+            def sort_key(x):
+                return (-x[0], ZZ(x[1]))
+            ZM = parent._Zn
+            value = [(k, ZM(i)) for k,i in value]
+            ElementWrapper.__init__(self, parent, tuple(sorted(value, key=sort_key)))
+
+        def _repr_(self):
+            r"""
+            Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: B.highest_weight_vector()
+                0
+                sage: B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)])
+                (4; 2] + (3; 0] + 2 * (3; 1] + (1; 0] + (1; 1]
+            """
+            if not self.value:
+                return '0'
+
+            def sort_key(mc):
+                x = mc[0]
+                return (-x[0], ZZ(x[1]))
+
+            def seg(x):
+                m, c = x
+                if c != 1:
+                    return "{} * ({}; {}]".format(c, m[0], m[1])
+                return "({}; {}]".format(m[0], m[1])
+            d = {}
+            for x in self.value:
+                d[x] = d.get(x, 0) + 1
+            return " + ".join(seg(x) for x in sorted(d.items(), key=sort_key))
+
+        def _latex_(self):
+            r"""
+            Return a LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: latex(B.highest_weight_vector())
+                0
+                sage: latex(B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)]))
+                (4; 2] + (3; 0] + 2 (3; 1] + (1; 0] + (1; 1]
+            """
+            if not self.value:
+                return "0"
+
+            def sort_key(mc):
+                x = mc[0]
+                return (-x[0], ZZ(x[1]))
+
+            def seg(x):
+                m, c = x
+                if c != 1:
+                    return "{} ({}; {}]".format(c, m[0], m[1])
+                return "({}; {}]".format(m[0], m[1])
+            d = {}
+            for x in self.value:
+                d[x] = d.get(x, 0) + 1
+            return " + ".join(seg(x) for x in sorted(d.items(), key=sort_key))
+
+        def _sig(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return an `i`-signature of ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the indexing set
+
+            OUTPUT:
+
+            A pair ``(m, p, ep)`` where ``m`` and ``p`` correspond to the
+            block length of the unmatched `-` and `+` respectively or ``None``
+            if there is no such block and ``ep`` is the number of unmatched
+            `-`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: b = B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)])
+                sage: b._sig(0)
+                (1, None, 1)
+                sage: b._sig(1)
+                (None, None, 0)
+
+            TESTS:
+
+            Check that :issue:`23439` is fixed::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: b = B.highest_weight_vector()
+                sage: b._sig(1)
+                (None, None, 0)
+                sage: b.epsilon(1)
+                0
+            """
+            if not self.value:
+                return (None, None, 0)
+            pos = []
+            block = self.value[0][0]
+            cur = 0
+            for k,j in self.value:
+                if k != block:
+                    if cur != 0:
+                        pos.append((block, cur))
+                    cur = 0
+                    block = k
+                if j + 1 == i: # + or (
+                    cur += 1
+                elif j == i: # - or )
+                    cur -= 1
+            if cur != 0:
+                pos.append((block, cur))
+            # Now cancel all +- pairs
+            cur = 0
+            m = None
+            p = None
+            ep = 0
+            for k,c in pos:
+                old = cur
+                cur += c
+                if cur < 0:
+                    m = k
+                    p = None
+                    ep -= cur
+                    cur = 0
+                elif not cur:
+                    p = None
+                elif cur > 0 and old <= 0:
+                    p = k
+            return (m, p, ep)
+
+        def e(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return the action of `e_i` on ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: b = B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)])
+                sage: b.e(0)
+                (4; 2] + (3; 0] + (3; 1] + (1; 1]
+                sage: b.e(1)
+                sage: b.e(2)
+                (3; 0] + 2 * (3; 1] + (1; 0] + (1; 1]
+            """
+            i = self.parent()._Zn(i)
+            m = self._sig(i)[0]
+            if m is None:
+                return None
+
+            M = self.value
+            a = M.index((m, i))
+            k = M[a][0]
+            if k == 1:
+                return self.__class__(self.parent(), M[:a] + M[a+1:])
+            return self.__class__(self.parent(), M[:a] + ((k-1,i-1),) + M[a+1:])
+
+        def f(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return the action of `f_i` on ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: b = B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)])
+                sage: b.f(0)
+                (4; 2] + (3; 0] + (3; 1] + 2 * (1; 0] + (1; 1]
+                sage: b.f(1)
+                (4; 2] + (3; 0] + (3; 1] + (1; 0] + 2 * (1; 1]
+                sage: b.f(2)
+                2 * (4; 2] + (3; 0] + (1; 0] + (1; 1]
+            """
+            i = self.parent()._Zn(i)
+            p = self._sig(i)[1]
+            M = self.value
+            if p is None:
+                return self.__class__(self.parent(), ((1, i),) + M)
+
+            a = M.index((p, i-1))
+            return self.__class__(self.parent(), M[:a] + ((M[a][0]+1,i),) + M[a+1:])
+
+        def epsilon(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return `\varepsilon_i` of ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: b = B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)])
+                sage: b.epsilon(0)
+                1
+                sage: b.epsilon(1)
+                0
+                sage: b.epsilon(2)
+                1
+            """
+            i = self.parent()._Zn(i)
+            return self._sig(i)[2]
+
+        def phi(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return `\varphi_i` of ``self``.
+
+            Let `\psi \in \Psi`. Define `\varphi_i(\psi) :=
+            \varepsilon_i(\psi) + \langle h_i, \mathrm{wt}(\psi) \rangle`,
+            where `h_i` is the `i`-th simple coroot and `\mathrm{wt}(\psi)` is the
+            :meth:`weight` of `\psi`.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: b = B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)])
+                sage: b.phi(0)
+                1
+                sage: b.phi(1)
+                0
+                sage: mg = B.highest_weight_vector()
+                sage: mg.f(1).phi(0)
+                1
+            """
+            h = self.parent().weight_lattice_realization().simple_coroots()
+            return self.epsilon(i) + self.weight().scalar(h[i])
+
+        def weight(self):
+            """
+            Return the weight of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.Multisegments(2)
+                sage: b = B([(4,2), (3,0), (3,1), (1,1), (1,0)])
+                sage: b.weight()
+                -4*delta
+            """
+            WLR = self.parent().weight_lattice_realization()
+            alpha = WLR.simple_roots()
+            n = self.parent()._cartan_type.rank()
+            return WLR.sum(-1*alpha[j % n] for k,i in self.value
+                           for j in range(ZZ(i),ZZ(i)+k))