optexity-browser-use 0.9.5__py3-none-any.whl

browser_use/dom/serializer/serializer.py

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+# @file purpose: Serializes enhanced DOM trees to string format for LLM consumption
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from browser_use.dom.serializer.clickable_elements import ClickableElementDetector
+from browser_use.dom.serializer.paint_order import PaintOrderRemover
+from browser_use.dom.utils import cap_text_length
+from browser_use.dom.views import (
+	DOMRect,
+	DOMSelectorMap,
+	EnhancedDOMTreeNode,
+	NodeType,
+	PropagatingBounds,
+	SerializedDOMState,
+	SimplifiedNode,
+)
+
+DISABLED_ELEMENTS = {'style', 'script', 'head', 'meta', 'link', 'title'}
+
+# SVG child elements to skip (decorative only, no interaction value)
+SVG_ELEMENTS = {
+	'path',
+	'rect',
+	'g',
+	'circle',
+	'ellipse',
+	'line',
+	'polyline',
+	'polygon',
+	'use',
+	'defs',
+	'clipPath',
+	'mask',
+	'pattern',
+	'image',
+	'text',
+	'tspan',
+}
+
+
+class DOMTreeSerializer:
+	"""Serializes enhanced DOM trees to string format."""
+
+	# Configuration - elements that propagate bounds to their children
+	PROPAGATING_ELEMENTS = [
+		{'tag': 'a', 'role': None},  # Any <a> tag
+		{'tag': 'button', 'role': None},  # Any <button> tag
+		{'tag': 'div', 'role': 'button'},  # <div role="button">
+		{'tag': 'div', 'role': 'combobox'},  # <div role="combobox"> - dropdowns/selects
+		{'tag': 'span', 'role': 'button'},  # <span role="button">
+		{'tag': 'span', 'role': 'combobox'},  # <span role="combobox">
+		{'tag': 'input', 'role': 'combobox'},  # <input role="combobox"> - autocomplete inputs
+		{'tag': 'input', 'role': 'combobox'},  # <input type="text"> - text inputs with suggestions
+		# {'tag': 'div', 'role': 'link'},     # <div role="link">
+		# {'tag': 'span', 'role': 'link'},    # <span role="link">
+	]
+	DEFAULT_CONTAINMENT_THRESHOLD = 0.99  # 99% containment by default
+
+	def __init__(
+		self,
+		root_node: EnhancedDOMTreeNode,
+		previous_cached_state: SerializedDOMState | None = None,
+		enable_bbox_filtering: bool = True,
+		containment_threshold: float | None = None,
+		paint_order_filtering: bool = True,
+	):
+		self.root_node = root_node
+		self._interactive_counter = 1
+		self._selector_map: DOMSelectorMap = {}
+		self._previous_cached_selector_map = previous_cached_state.selector_map if previous_cached_state else None
+		# Add timing tracking
+		self.timing_info: dict[str, float] = {}
+		# Cache for clickable element detection to avoid redundant calls
+		self._clickable_cache: dict[int, bool] = {}
+		# Bounding box filtering configuration
+		self.enable_bbox_filtering = enable_bbox_filtering
+		self.containment_threshold = containment_threshold or self.DEFAULT_CONTAINMENT_THRESHOLD
+		# Paint order filtering configuration
+		self.paint_order_filtering = paint_order_filtering
+
+	def _safe_parse_number(self, value_str: str, default: float) -> float:
+		"""Parse string to float, handling negatives and decimals."""
+		try:
+			return float(value_str)
+		except (ValueError, TypeError):
+			return default
+
+	def _safe_parse_optional_number(self, value_str: str | None) -> float | None:
+		"""Parse string to float, returning None for invalid values."""
+		if not value_str:
+			return None
+		try:
+			return float(value_str)
+		except (ValueError, TypeError):
+			return None
+
+	def serialize_accessible_elements(self) -> tuple[SerializedDOMState, dict[str, float]]:
+		import time
+
+		start_total = time.time()
+
+		# Reset state
+		self._interactive_counter = 1
+		self._selector_map = {}
+		self._semantic_groups = []
+		self._clickable_cache = {}  # Clear cache for new serialization
+
+		# Step 1: Create simplified tree (includes clickable element detection)
+		start_step1 = time.time()
+		simplified_tree = self._create_simplified_tree(self.root_node)
+		end_step1 = time.time()
+		self.timing_info['create_simplified_tree'] = end_step1 - start_step1
+
+		# Step 2: Remove elements based on paint order
+		start_step3 = time.time()
+		if self.paint_order_filtering and simplified_tree:
+			PaintOrderRemover(simplified_tree).calculate_paint_order()
+		end_step3 = time.time()
+		self.timing_info['calculate_paint_order'] = end_step3 - start_step3
+
+		# Step 3: Optimize tree (remove unnecessary parents)
+		start_step2 = time.time()
+		optimized_tree = self._optimize_tree(simplified_tree)
+		end_step2 = time.time()
+		self.timing_info['optimize_tree'] = end_step2 - start_step2
+
+		# Step 3: Apply bounding box filtering (NEW)
+		if self.enable_bbox_filtering and optimized_tree:
+			start_step3 = time.time()
+			filtered_tree = self._apply_bounding_box_filtering(optimized_tree)
+			end_step3 = time.time()
+			self.timing_info['bbox_filtering'] = end_step3 - start_step3
+		else:
+			filtered_tree = optimized_tree
+
+		# Step 4: Assign interactive indices to clickable elements
+		start_step4 = time.time()
+		self._assign_interactive_indices_and_mark_new_nodes(filtered_tree)
+		end_step4 = time.time()
+		self.timing_info['assign_interactive_indices'] = end_step4 - start_step4
+
+		end_total = time.time()
+		self.timing_info['serialize_accessible_elements_total'] = end_total - start_total
+
+		return SerializedDOMState(_root=filtered_tree, selector_map=self._selector_map), self.timing_info
+
+	def _add_compound_components(self, simplified: SimplifiedNode, node: EnhancedDOMTreeNode) -> None:
+		"""Enhance compound controls with information from their child components."""
+		# Only process elements that might have compound components
+		if node.tag_name not in ['input', 'select', 'details', 'audio', 'video']:
+			return
+
+		# For input elements, check for compound input types
+		if node.tag_name == 'input':
+			if not node.attributes or node.attributes.get('type') not in [
+				'date',
+				'time',
+				'datetime-local',
+				'month',
+				'week',
+				'range',
+				'number',
+				'color',
+				'file',
+			]:
+				return
+		# For other elements, check if they have AX child indicators
+		elif not node.ax_node or not node.ax_node.child_ids:
+			return
+
+		# Add compound component information based on element type
+		element_type = node.tag_name
+		input_type = node.attributes.get('type', '') if node.attributes else ''
+
+		if element_type == 'input':
+			# NOTE: For date/time inputs, we DON'T add compound components because:
+			# 1. They confuse the model (seeing "Day, Month, Year" suggests DD.MM.YYYY format)
+			# 2. HTML5 date/time inputs ALWAYS require ISO format (YYYY-MM-DD, HH:MM, etc.)
+			# 3. The placeholder attribute clearly shows the required format
+			# 4. These inputs use direct value assignment, not sequential typing
+			if input_type in ['date', 'time', 'datetime-local', 'month', 'week']:
+				# Skip compound components for date/time inputs - format is shown in placeholder
+				pass
+			elif input_type == 'range':
+				# Range slider with value indicator
+				min_val = node.attributes.get('min', '0') if node.attributes else '0'
+				max_val = node.attributes.get('max', '100') if node.attributes else '100'
+
+				node._compound_children.append(
+					{
+						'role': 'slider',
+						'name': 'Value',
+						'valuemin': self._safe_parse_number(min_val, 0.0),
+						'valuemax': self._safe_parse_number(max_val, 100.0),
+						'valuenow': None,
+					}
+				)
+				simplified.is_compound_component = True
+			elif input_type == 'number':
+				# Number input with increment/decrement buttons
+				min_val = node.attributes.get('min') if node.attributes else None
+				max_val = node.attributes.get('max') if node.attributes else None
+
+				node._compound_children.extend(
+					[
+						{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Increment', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+						{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Decrement', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+						{
+							'role': 'textbox',
+							'name': 'Value',
+							'valuemin': self._safe_parse_optional_number(min_val),
+							'valuemax': self._safe_parse_optional_number(max_val),
+							'valuenow': None,
+						},
+					]
+				)
+				simplified.is_compound_component = True
+			elif input_type == 'color':
+				# Color picker with components
+				node._compound_children.extend(
+					[
+						{'role': 'textbox', 'name': 'Hex Value', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+						{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Color Picker', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+					]
+				)
+				simplified.is_compound_component = True
+			elif input_type == 'file':
+				# File input with browse button
+				multiple = 'multiple' in node.attributes if node.attributes else False
+
+				# Extract current file selection state from AX tree
+				current_value = 'None'  # Default to explicit "None" string for clarity
+				if node.ax_node and node.ax_node.properties:
+					for prop in node.ax_node.properties:
+						# Try valuetext first (human-readable display like "file.pdf")
+						if prop.name == 'valuetext' and prop.value:
+							value_str = str(prop.value).strip()
+							if value_str and value_str.lower() not in ['', 'no file chosen', 'no file selected']:
+								current_value = value_str
+							break
+						# Also try 'value' property (may include full path)
+						elif prop.name == 'value' and prop.value:
+							value_str = str(prop.value).strip()
+							if value_str:
+								# For file inputs, value might be a full path - extract just filename
+								if '\\' in value_str:
+									current_value = value_str.split('\\')[-1]
+								elif '/' in value_str:
+									current_value = value_str.split('/')[-1]
+								else:
+									current_value = value_str
+								break
+
+				node._compound_children.extend(
+					[
+						{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Browse Files', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+						{
+							'role': 'textbox',
+							'name': f'{"Files" if multiple else "File"} Selected',
+							'valuemin': None,
+							'valuemax': None,
+							'valuenow': current_value,  # Always shows state: filename or "None"
+						},
+					]
+				)
+				simplified.is_compound_component = True
+
+		elif element_type == 'select':
+			# Select dropdown with option list and detailed option information
+			base_components = [
+				{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Dropdown Toggle', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None}
+			]
+
+			# Extract option information from child nodes
+			options_info = self._extract_select_options(node)
+			if options_info:
+				options_component = {
+					'role': 'listbox',
+					'name': 'Options',
+					'valuemin': None,
+					'valuemax': None,
+					'valuenow': None,
+					'options_count': options_info['count'],
+					'first_options': options_info['first_options'],
+				}
+				if options_info['format_hint']:
+					options_component['format_hint'] = options_info['format_hint']
+				base_components.append(options_component)
+			else:
+				base_components.append(
+					{'role': 'listbox', 'name': 'Options', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None}
+				)
+
+			node._compound_children.extend(base_components)
+			simplified.is_compound_component = True
+
+		elif element_type == 'details':
+			# Details/summary disclosure widget
+			node._compound_children.extend(
+				[
+					{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Toggle Disclosure', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'region', 'name': 'Content Area', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+				]
+			)
+			simplified.is_compound_component = True
+
+		elif element_type == 'audio':
+			# Audio player controls
+			node._compound_children.extend(
+				[
+					{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Play/Pause', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'slider', 'name': 'Progress', 'valuemin': 0, 'valuemax': 100, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Mute', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'slider', 'name': 'Volume', 'valuemin': 0, 'valuemax': 100, 'valuenow': None},
+				]
+			)
+			simplified.is_compound_component = True
+
+		elif element_type == 'video':
+			# Video player controls
+			node._compound_children.extend(
+				[
+					{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Play/Pause', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'slider', 'name': 'Progress', 'valuemin': 0, 'valuemax': 100, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Mute', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'slider', 'name': 'Volume', 'valuemin': 0, 'valuemax': 100, 'valuenow': None},
+					{'role': 'button', 'name': 'Fullscreen', 'valuemin': None, 'valuemax': None, 'valuenow': None},
+				]
+			)
+			simplified.is_compound_component = True
+
+	def _extract_select_options(self, select_node: EnhancedDOMTreeNode) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+		"""Extract option information from a select element."""
+		if not select_node.children:
+			return None
+
+		options = []
+		option_values = []
+
+		def extract_options_recursive(node: EnhancedDOMTreeNode) -> None:
+			"""Recursively extract option elements, including from optgroups."""
+			if node.tag_name.lower() == 'option':
+				# Extract option text and value
+				option_text = ''
+				option_value = ''
+
+				# Get value attribute if present
+				if node.attributes and 'value' in node.attributes:
+					option_value = str(node.attributes['value']).strip()
+
+				# Get text content from direct child text nodes only to avoid duplication
+				def get_direct_text_content(n: EnhancedDOMTreeNode) -> str:
+					text = ''
+					for child in n.children:
+						if child.node_type == NodeType.TEXT_NODE and child.node_value:
+							text += child.node_value.strip() + ' '
+					return text.strip()
+
+				option_text = get_direct_text_content(node)
+
+				# Use text as value if no explicit value
+				if not option_value and option_text:
+					option_value = option_text
+
+				if option_text or option_value:
+					options.append({'text': option_text, 'value': option_value})
+					option_values.append(option_value)
+
+			elif node.tag_name.lower() == 'optgroup':
+				# Process optgroup children
+				for child in node.children:
+					extract_options_recursive(child)
+			else:
+				# Process other children that might contain options
+				for child in node.children:
+					extract_options_recursive(child)
+
+		# Extract all options from select children
+		for child in select_node.children:
+			extract_options_recursive(child)
+
+		if not options:
+			return None
+
+		# Prepare first 4 options for display
+		first_options = []
+		for option in options[:4]:
+			# Always use text if available, otherwise use value
+			display_text = option['text'] if option['text'] else option['value']
+			if display_text:
+				# Limit individual option text to avoid overly long attributes
+				text = display_text[:30] + ('...' if len(display_text) > 30 else '')
+				first_options.append(text)
+
+		# Add ellipsis indicator if there are more options than shown
+		if len(options) > 4:
+			first_options.append(f'... {len(options) - 4} more options...')
+
+		# Try to infer format hint from option values
+		format_hint = None
+		if len(option_values) >= 2:
+			# Check for common patterns
+			if all(val.isdigit() for val in option_values[:5] if val):
+				format_hint = 'numeric'
+			elif all(len(val) == 2 and val.isupper() for val in option_values[:5] if val):
+				format_hint = 'country/state codes'
+			elif all('/' in val or '-' in val for val in option_values[:5] if val):
+				format_hint = 'date/path format'
+			elif any('@' in val for val in option_values[:5] if val):
+				format_hint = 'email addresses'
+
+		return {'count': len(options), 'first_options': first_options, 'format_hint': format_hint, "all_options": options}
+
+	def _is_interactive_cached(self, node: EnhancedDOMTreeNode) -> bool:
+		"""Cached version of clickable element detection to avoid redundant calls."""
+
+		if node.node_id not in self._clickable_cache:
+			import time
+
+			start_time = time.time()
+			result = ClickableElementDetector.is_interactive(node)
+			end_time = time.time()
+
+			if 'clickable_detection_time' not in self.timing_info:
+				self.timing_info['clickable_detection_time'] = 0
+			self.timing_info['clickable_detection_time'] += end_time - start_time
+
+			self._clickable_cache[node.node_id] = result
+
+		return self._clickable_cache[node.node_id]
+
+	def _create_simplified_tree(self, node: EnhancedDOMTreeNode, depth: int = 0) -> SimplifiedNode | None:
+		"""Step 1: Create a simplified tree with enhanced element detection."""
+
+		if node.node_type == NodeType.DOCUMENT_NODE:
+			# for all cldren including shadow roots
+			for child in node.children_and_shadow_roots:
+				simplified_child = self._create_simplified_tree(child, depth + 1)
+				if simplified_child:
+					return simplified_child
+
+			return None
+
+		if node.node_type == NodeType.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE:
+			# ENHANCED shadow DOM processing - always include shadow content
+			simplified = SimplifiedNode(original_node=node, children=[])
+			for child in node.children_and_shadow_roots:
+				simplified_child = self._create_simplified_tree(child, depth + 1)
+				if simplified_child:
+					simplified.children.append(simplified_child)
+
+			# Always return shadow DOM fragments, even if children seem empty
+			# Shadow DOM often contains the actual interactive content in SPAs
+			return simplified if simplified.children else SimplifiedNode(original_node=node, children=[])
+
+		elif node.node_type == NodeType.ELEMENT_NODE:
+			# Skip non-content elements
+			if node.node_name.lower() in DISABLED_ELEMENTS:
+				return None
+
+			# Skip SVG child elements entirely (path, rect, g, circle, etc.)
+			if node.node_name.lower() in SVG_ELEMENTS:
+				return None
+
+			if node.node_name == 'IFRAME' or node.node_name == 'FRAME':
+				if node.content_document:
+					simplified = SimplifiedNode(original_node=node, children=[])
+					for child in node.content_document.children_nodes or []:
+						simplified_child = self._create_simplified_tree(child, depth + 1)
+						if simplified_child is not None:
+							simplified.children.append(simplified_child)
+					return simplified
+
+			is_visible = node.is_visible
+			is_scrollable = node.is_actually_scrollable
+			has_shadow_content = bool(node.children_and_shadow_roots)
+
+			# ENHANCED SHADOW DOM DETECTION: Include shadow hosts even if not visible
+			is_shadow_host = any(child.node_type == NodeType.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE for child in node.children_and_shadow_roots)
+
+			# Override visibility for elements with validation attributes
+			if not is_visible and node.attributes:
+				has_validation_attrs = any(attr.startswith(('aria-', 'pseudo')) for attr in node.attributes.keys())
+				if has_validation_attrs:
+					is_visible = True  # Force visibility for validation elements
+
+			# EXCEPTION: File inputs are often hidden with opacity:0 but are still functional
+			# Bootstrap and other frameworks use this pattern with custom-styled file pickers
+			is_file_input = (
+				node.tag_name and node.tag_name.lower() == 'input' and node.attributes and node.attributes.get('type') == 'file'
+			)
+			if not is_visible and is_file_input:
+				is_visible = True  # Force visibility for file inputs
+
+			# Include if visible, scrollable, has children, or is shadow host
+			if is_visible or is_scrollable or has_shadow_content or is_shadow_host:
+				simplified = SimplifiedNode(original_node=node, children=[], is_shadow_host=is_shadow_host)
+
+				# Process ALL children including shadow roots with enhanced logging
+				for child in node.children_and_shadow_roots:
+					simplified_child = self._create_simplified_tree(child, depth + 1)
+					if simplified_child:
+						simplified.children.append(simplified_child)
+
+				# COMPOUND CONTROL PROCESSING: Add virtual components for compound controls
+				self._add_compound_components(simplified, node)
+
+				# SHADOW DOM SPECIAL CASE: Always include shadow hosts even if not visible
+				# Many SPA frameworks (React, Vue) render content in shadow DOM
+				if is_shadow_host and simplified.children:
+					return simplified
+
+				# Return if meaningful or has meaningful children
+				if is_visible or is_scrollable or simplified.children:
+					return simplified
+		elif node.node_type == NodeType.TEXT_NODE:
+			# Include meaningful text nodes
+			is_visible = node.snapshot_node and node.is_visible
+			if is_visible and node.node_value and node.node_value.strip() and len(node.node_value.strip()) > 1:
+				return SimplifiedNode(original_node=node, children=[])
+
+		return None
+
+	def _optimize_tree(self, node: SimplifiedNode | None) -> SimplifiedNode | None:
+		"""Step 2: Optimize tree structure."""
+		if not node:
+			return None
+
+		# Process children
+		optimized_children = []
+		for child in node.children:
+			optimized_child = self._optimize_tree(child)
+			if optimized_child:
+				optimized_children.append(optimized_child)
+
+		node.children = optimized_children
+
+		# Keep meaningful nodes
+		is_visible = node.original_node.snapshot_node and node.original_node.is_visible
+
+		# EXCEPTION: File inputs are often hidden with opacity:0 but are still functional
+		is_file_input = (
+			node.original_node.tag_name
+			and node.original_node.tag_name.lower() == 'input'
+			and node.original_node.attributes
+			and node.original_node.attributes.get('type') == 'file'
+		)
+
+		if (
+			is_visible  # Keep all visible nodes
+			or node.original_node.is_actually_scrollable
+			or node.original_node.node_type == NodeType.TEXT_NODE
+			or node.children
+			or is_file_input  # Keep file inputs even if not visible
+		):
+			return node
+
+		return None
+
+	def _collect_interactive_elements(self, node: SimplifiedNode, elements: list[SimplifiedNode]) -> None:
+		"""Recursively collect interactive elements that are also visible."""
+		is_interactive = self._is_interactive_cached(node.original_node)
+		is_visible = node.original_node.snapshot_node and node.original_node.is_visible
+
+		# Only collect elements that are both interactive AND visible
+		if is_interactive and is_visible:
+			elements.append(node)
+
+		for child in node.children:
+			self._collect_interactive_elements(child, elements)
+
+	def _has_interactive_descendants(self, node: SimplifiedNode) -> bool:
+		"""Check if a node has any interactive descendants (not including the node itself)."""
+		# Check children for interactivity
+		for child in node.children:
+			# Check if child itself is interactive
+			if self._is_interactive_cached(child.original_node):
+				return True
+			# Recursively check child's descendants
+			if self._has_interactive_descendants(child):
+				return True
+
+		return False
+
+	def _assign_interactive_indices_and_mark_new_nodes(self, node: SimplifiedNode | None) -> None:
+		"""Assign interactive indices to clickable elements that are also visible."""
+		if not node:
+			return
+
+		# Skip assigning index to excluded nodes, or ignored by paint order
+		if not node.excluded_by_parent and not node.ignored_by_paint_order:
+			# Regular interactive element assignment (including enhanced compound controls)
+			is_interactive_assign = self._is_interactive_cached(node.original_node)
+			is_visible = node.original_node.snapshot_node and node.original_node.is_visible
+			is_scrollable = node.original_node.is_actually_scrollable
+
+			# EXCEPTION: File inputs are often hidden with opacity:0 but are still functional
+			# Bootstrap and other frameworks use this pattern with custom-styled file pickers
+			is_file_input = (
+				node.original_node.tag_name
+				and node.original_node.tag_name.lower() == 'input'
+				and node.original_node.attributes
+				and node.original_node.attributes.get('type') == 'file'
+			)
+
+			# Check if scrollable container should be made interactive
+			# For scrollable elements, ONLY make them interactive if they have no interactive descendants
+			should_make_interactive = False
+			if is_scrollable:
+				# For scrollable elements, check if they have interactive children
+				has_interactive_desc = self._has_interactive_descendants(node)
+
+				# Only make scrollable container interactive if it has NO interactive descendants
+				if not has_interactive_desc:
+					should_make_interactive = True
+			elif is_interactive_assign and (is_visible or is_file_input):
+				# Non-scrollable interactive elements: make interactive if visible (or file input)
+				should_make_interactive = True
+
+			# Add to selector map if element should be interactive
+			if should_make_interactive:
+				# Mark node as interactive
+				node.is_interactive = True
+				# Store backend_node_id in selector map (model outputs backend_node_id)
+				self._selector_map[node.original_node.backend_node_id] = node.original_node
+				self._interactive_counter += 1
+
+				# Mark compound components as new for visibility
+				if node.is_compound_component:
+					node.is_new = True
+				elif self._previous_cached_selector_map:
+					# Check if node is new for regular elements
+					previous_backend_node_ids = {node.backend_node_id for node in self._previous_cached_selector_map.values()}
+					if node.original_node.backend_node_id not in previous_backend_node_ids:
+						node.is_new = True
+
+		# Process children
+		for child in node.children:
+			self._assign_interactive_indices_and_mark_new_nodes(child)
+
+	def _apply_bounding_box_filtering(self, node: SimplifiedNode | None) -> SimplifiedNode | None:
+		"""Filter children contained within propagating parent bounds."""
+		if not node:
+			return None
+
+		# Start with no active bounds
+		self._filter_tree_recursive(node, active_bounds=None, depth=0)
+
+		# Log statistics
+		excluded_count = self._count_excluded_nodes(node)
+		if excluded_count > 0:
+			import logging
+
+			logging.debug(f'BBox filtering excluded {excluded_count} nodes')
+
+		return node
+
+	def _filter_tree_recursive(self, node: SimplifiedNode, active_bounds: PropagatingBounds | None = None, depth: int = 0):
+		"""
+		Recursively filter tree with bounding box propagation.
+		Bounds propagate to ALL descendants until overridden.
+		"""
+
+		# Check if this node should be excluded by active bounds
+		if active_bounds and self._should_exclude_child(node, active_bounds):
+			node.excluded_by_parent = True
+			# Important: Still check if this node starts NEW propagation
+
+		# Check if this node starts new propagation (even if excluded!)
+		new_bounds = None
+		tag = node.original_node.tag_name.lower()
+		role = node.original_node.attributes.get('role') if node.original_node.attributes else None
+		attributes = {
+			'tag': tag,
+			'role': role,
+		}
+		# Check if this element matches any propagating element pattern
+		if self._is_propagating_element(attributes):
+			# This node propagates bounds to ALL its descendants
+			if node.original_node.snapshot_node and node.original_node.snapshot_node.bounds:
+				new_bounds = PropagatingBounds(
+					tag=tag,
+					bounds=node.original_node.snapshot_node.bounds,
+					node_id=node.original_node.node_id,
+					depth=depth,
+				)
+
+		# Propagate to ALL children
+		# Use new_bounds if this node starts propagation, otherwise continue with active_bounds
+		propagate_bounds = new_bounds if new_bounds else active_bounds
+
+		for child in node.children:
+			self._filter_tree_recursive(child, propagate_bounds, depth + 1)
+
+	def _should_exclude_child(self, node: SimplifiedNode, active_bounds: PropagatingBounds) -> bool:
+		"""
+		Determine if child should be excluded based on propagating bounds.
+		"""
+
+		# Never exclude text nodes - we always want to preserve text content
+		if node.original_node.node_type == NodeType.TEXT_NODE:
+			return False
+
+		# Get child bounds
+		if not node.original_node.snapshot_node or not node.original_node.snapshot_node.bounds:
+			return False  # No bounds = can't determine containment
+
+		child_bounds = node.original_node.snapshot_node.bounds
+
+		# Check containment with configured threshold
+		if not self._is_contained(child_bounds, active_bounds.bounds, self.containment_threshold):
+			return False  # Not sufficiently contained
+
+		# EXCEPTION RULES - Keep these even if contained:
+
+		child_tag = node.original_node.tag_name.lower()
+		child_role = node.original_node.attributes.get('role') if node.original_node.attributes else None
+		child_attributes = {
+			'tag': child_tag,
+			'role': child_role,
+		}
+
+		# 1. Never exclude form elements (they need individual interaction)
+		if child_tag in ['input', 'select', 'textarea', 'label']:
+			return False
+
+		# 2. Keep if child is also a propagating element
+		# (might have stopPropagation, e.g., button in button)
+		if self._is_propagating_element(child_attributes):
+			return False
+
+		# 3. Keep if has explicit onclick handler
+		if node.original_node.attributes and 'onclick' in node.original_node.attributes:
+			return False
+
+		# 4. Keep if has aria-label suggesting it's independently interactive
+		if node.original_node.attributes:
+			aria_label = node.original_node.attributes.get('aria-label')
+			if aria_label and aria_label.strip():
+				# Has meaningful aria-label, likely interactive
+				return False
+
+		# 5. Keep if has role suggesting interactivity
+		if node.original_node.attributes:
+			role = node.original_node.attributes.get('role')
+			if role in ['button', 'link', 'checkbox', 'radio', 'tab', 'menuitem', 'option']:
+				return False
+
+		# Default: exclude this child
+		return True
+
+	def _is_contained(self, child: DOMRect, parent: DOMRect, threshold: float) -> bool:
+		"""
+		Check if child is contained within parent bounds.
+
+		Args:
+			threshold: Percentage (0.0-1.0) of child that must be within parent
+		"""
+		# Calculate intersection
+		x_overlap = max(0, min(child.x + child.width, parent.x + parent.width) - max(child.x, parent.x))
+		y_overlap = max(0, min(child.y + child.height, parent.y + parent.height) - max(child.y, parent.y))
+
+		intersection_area = x_overlap * y_overlap
+		child_area = child.width * child.height
+
+		if child_area == 0:
+			return False  # Zero-area element
+
+		containment_ratio = intersection_area / child_area
+		return containment_ratio >= threshold
+
+	def _count_excluded_nodes(self, node: SimplifiedNode, count: int = 0) -> int:
+		"""Count how many nodes were excluded (for debugging)."""
+		if hasattr(node, 'excluded_by_parent') and node.excluded_by_parent:
+			count += 1
+		for child in node.children:
+			count = self._count_excluded_nodes(child, count)
+		return count
+
+	def _is_propagating_element(self, attributes: dict[str, str | None]) -> bool:
+		"""
+		Check if an element should propagate bounds based on attributes.
+		If the element satisfies one of the patterns, it propagates bounds to all its children.
+		"""
+		keys_to_check = ['tag', 'role']
+		for pattern in self.PROPAGATING_ELEMENTS:
+			# Check if the element satisfies the pattern
+			check = [pattern.get(key) is None or pattern.get(key) == attributes.get(key) for key in keys_to_check]
+			if all(check):
+				return True
+
+		return False
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def serialize_tree(node: SimplifiedNode | None, include_attributes: list[str], depth: int = 0) -> str:
+		"""Serialize the optimized tree to string format."""
+		if not node:
+			return ''
+
+		# Skip rendering excluded nodes, but process their children
+		if hasattr(node, 'excluded_by_parent') and node.excluded_by_parent:
+			formatted_text = []
+			for child in node.children:
+				child_text = DOMTreeSerializer.serialize_tree(child, include_attributes, depth)
+				if child_text:
+					formatted_text.append(child_text)
+			return '\n'.join(formatted_text)
+
+		formatted_text = []
+		depth_str = depth * '\t'
+		next_depth = depth
+
+		if node.original_node.node_type == NodeType.ELEMENT_NODE:
+			# Skip displaying nodes marked as should_display=False
+			if not node.should_display:
+				for child in node.children:
+					child_text = DOMTreeSerializer.serialize_tree(child, include_attributes, depth)
+					if child_text:
+						formatted_text.append(child_text)
+				return '\n'.join(formatted_text)
+
+			# Special handling for SVG elements - show the tag but collapse children
+			if node.original_node.tag_name.lower() == 'svg':
+				shadow_prefix = ''
+				if node.is_shadow_host:
+					has_closed_shadow = any(
+						child.original_node.node_type == NodeType.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+						and child.original_node.shadow_root_type
+						and child.original_node.shadow_root_type.lower() == 'closed'
+						for child in node.children
+					)
+					shadow_prefix = '|SHADOW(closed)|' if has_closed_shadow else '|SHADOW(open)|'
+
+				line = f'{depth_str}{shadow_prefix}'
+				# Add interactive marker if clickable
+				if node.is_interactive:
+					new_prefix = '*' if node.is_new else ''
+					line += f'{new_prefix}[{node.original_node.backend_node_id}]'
+				line += '<svg'
+				attributes_html_str = DOMTreeSerializer._build_attributes_string(node.original_node, include_attributes, '')
+				if attributes_html_str:
+					line += f' {attributes_html_str}'
+				line += ' /> <!-- SVG content collapsed -->'
+				formatted_text.append(line)
+				# Don't process children for SVG
+				return '\n'.join(formatted_text)
+
+			# Add element if clickable, scrollable, or iframe
+			is_any_scrollable = node.original_node.is_actually_scrollable or node.original_node.is_scrollable
+			should_show_scroll = node.original_node.should_show_scroll_info
+			if (
+				node.is_interactive
+				or is_any_scrollable
+				or node.original_node.tag_name.upper() == 'IFRAME'
+				or node.original_node.tag_name.upper() == 'FRAME'
+			):
+				next_depth += 1
+
+				# Build attributes string with compound component info
+				text_content = ''
+				attributes_html_str = DOMTreeSerializer._build_attributes_string(
+					node.original_node, include_attributes, text_content
+				)
+
+				# Add compound component information to attributes if present
+				if node.original_node._compound_children:
+					compound_info = []
+					for child_info in node.original_node._compound_children:
+						parts = []
+						if child_info['name']:
+							parts.append(f'name={child_info["name"]}')
+						if child_info['role']:
+							parts.append(f'role={child_info["role"]}')
+						if child_info['valuemin'] is not None:
+							parts.append(f'min={child_info["valuemin"]}')
+						if child_info['valuemax'] is not None:
+							parts.append(f'max={child_info["valuemax"]}')
+						if child_info['valuenow'] is not None:
+							parts.append(f'current={child_info["valuenow"]}')
+
+						# Add select-specific information
+						if 'options_count' in child_info and child_info['options_count'] is not None:
+							parts.append(f'count={child_info["options_count"]}')
+						if 'first_options' in child_info and child_info['first_options']:
+							options_str = '|'.join(child_info['first_options'][:4])  # Limit to 4 options
+							parts.append(f'options={options_str}')
+						if 'format_hint' in child_info and child_info['format_hint']:
+							parts.append(f'format={child_info["format_hint"]}')
+
+						if parts:
+							compound_info.append(f'({",".join(parts)})')
+
+					if compound_info:
+						compound_attr = f'compound_components={",".join(compound_info)}'
+						if attributes_html_str:
+							attributes_html_str += f' {compound_attr}'
+						else:
+							attributes_html_str = compound_attr
+
+				# Build the line with shadow host indicator
+				shadow_prefix = ''
+				if node.is_shadow_host:
+					# Check if any shadow children are closed
+					has_closed_shadow = any(
+						child.original_node.node_type == NodeType.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+						and child.original_node.shadow_root_type
+						and child.original_node.shadow_root_type.lower() == 'closed'
+						for child in node.children
+					)
+					shadow_prefix = '|SHADOW(closed)|' if has_closed_shadow else '|SHADOW(open)|'
+
+				if should_show_scroll and not node.is_interactive:
+					# Scrollable container but not clickable
+					line = f'{depth_str}{shadow_prefix}|SCROLL|<{node.original_node.tag_name}'
+				elif node.is_interactive:
+					# Clickable (and possibly scrollable) - show backend_node_id
+					new_prefix = '*' if node.is_new else ''
+					scroll_prefix = '|SCROLL[' if should_show_scroll else '['
+					line = f'{depth_str}{shadow_prefix}{new_prefix}{scroll_prefix}{node.original_node.backend_node_id}]<{node.original_node.tag_name}'
+				elif node.original_node.tag_name.upper() == 'IFRAME':
+					# Iframe element (not interactive)
+					line = f'{depth_str}{shadow_prefix}|IFRAME|<{node.original_node.tag_name}'
+				elif node.original_node.tag_name.upper() == 'FRAME':
+					# Frame element (not interactive)
+					line = f'{depth_str}{shadow_prefix}|FRAME|<{node.original_node.tag_name}'
+				else:
+					line = f'{depth_str}{shadow_prefix}<{node.original_node.tag_name}'
+
+				if attributes_html_str:
+					line += f' {attributes_html_str}'
+
+				line += ' />'
+
+				# Add scroll information only when we should show it
+				if should_show_scroll:
+					scroll_info_text = node.original_node.get_scroll_info_text()
+					if scroll_info_text:
+						line += f' ({scroll_info_text})'
+
+				formatted_text.append(line)
+
+		elif node.original_node.node_type == NodeType.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE:
+			# Shadow DOM representation - show clearly to LLM
+			if node.original_node.shadow_root_type and node.original_node.shadow_root_type.lower() == 'closed':
+				formatted_text.append(f'{depth_str}Closed Shadow')
+			else:
+				formatted_text.append(f'{depth_str}Open Shadow')
+
+			next_depth += 1
+
+			# Process shadow DOM children
+			for child in node.children:
+				child_text = DOMTreeSerializer.serialize_tree(child, include_attributes, next_depth)
+				if child_text:
+					formatted_text.append(child_text)
+
+			# Close shadow DOM indicator
+			if node.children:  # Only show close if we had content
+				formatted_text.append(f'{depth_str}Shadow End')
+
+		elif node.original_node.node_type == NodeType.TEXT_NODE:
+			# Include visible text
+			is_visible = node.original_node.snapshot_node and node.original_node.is_visible
+			if (
+				is_visible
+				and node.original_node.node_value
+				and node.original_node.node_value.strip()
+				and len(node.original_node.node_value.strip()) > 1
+			):
+				clean_text = node.original_node.node_value.strip()
+				formatted_text.append(f'{depth_str}{clean_text}')
+
+		# Process children (for non-shadow elements)
+		if node.original_node.node_type != NodeType.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE:
+			for child in node.children:
+				child_text = DOMTreeSerializer.serialize_tree(child, include_attributes, next_depth)
+				if child_text:
+					formatted_text.append(child_text)
+
+		return '\n'.join(formatted_text)
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def _build_attributes_string(node: EnhancedDOMTreeNode, include_attributes: list[str], text: str) -> str:
+		"""Build the attributes string for an element."""
+		attributes_to_include = {}
+
+		# Include HTML attributes
+		if node.attributes:
+			attributes_to_include.update(
+				{
+					key: str(value).strip()
+					for key, value in node.attributes.items()
+					if key in include_attributes and str(value).strip() != ''
+				}
+			)
+
+		# Add format hints for date/time inputs to help LLMs use the correct format
+		# NOTE: These formats are standardized by HTML5 specification (ISO 8601), NOT locale-dependent
+		# The browser may DISPLAY dates in locale format (MM/DD/YYYY in US, DD/MM/YYYY in EU),
+		# but the .value attribute and programmatic setting ALWAYS uses these ISO formats:
+		# - date: YYYY-MM-DD (e.g., "2024-03-15")
+		# - time: HH:MM or HH:MM:SS (24-hour, e.g., "14:30")
+		# - datetime-local: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM (e.g., "2024-03-15T14:30")
+		# Reference: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/date
+		if node.tag_name and node.tag_name.lower() == 'input' and node.attributes:
+			input_type = node.attributes.get('type', '').lower()
+
+			# For HTML5 date/time inputs, add a highly visible "format" attribute
+			# This makes it IMPOSSIBLE for the model to miss the required format
+			if input_type in ['date', 'time', 'datetime-local', 'month', 'week']:
+				format_map = {
+					'date': 'YYYY-MM-DD',
+					'time': 'HH:MM',
+					'datetime-local': 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM',
+					'month': 'YYYY-MM',
+					'week': 'YYYY-W##',
+				}
+				# Add format as a special attribute that appears prominently
+				# This appears BEFORE placeholder in the serialized output
+				attributes_to_include['format'] = format_map[input_type]
+
+			# Only add placeholder if it doesn't already exist
+			if 'placeholder' in include_attributes and 'placeholder' not in attributes_to_include:
+				# Native HTML5 date/time inputs - ISO format required
+				if input_type == 'date':
+					attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = 'YYYY-MM-DD'
+				elif input_type == 'time':
+					attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = 'HH:MM'
+				elif input_type == 'datetime-local':
+					attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM'
+				elif input_type == 'month':
+					attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = 'YYYY-MM'
+				elif input_type == 'week':
+					attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = 'YYYY-W##'
+				# Tel - suggest format if no pattern attribute
+				elif input_type == 'tel' and 'pattern' not in attributes_to_include:
+					attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = '123-456-7890'
+				# jQuery/Bootstrap/AngularJS datepickers (text inputs with datepicker classes/attributes)
+				elif input_type in {'text', ''}:
+					class_attr = node.attributes.get('class', '').lower()
+
+					# Check for AngularJS UI Bootstrap datepicker (uib-datepicker-popup attribute)
+					# This takes precedence as it's the most specific indicator
+					if 'uib-datepicker-popup' in node.attributes:
+						# Extract format from uib-datepicker-popup="MM/dd/yyyy"
+						date_format = node.attributes.get('uib-datepicker-popup', '')
+						if date_format:
+							# Use 'expected_format' for clarity - this is the required input format
+							attributes_to_include['expected_format'] = date_format
+							# Also keep format for consistency with HTML5 date inputs
+							attributes_to_include['format'] = date_format
+					# Detect jQuery/Bootstrap datepickers by class names
+					elif any(indicator in class_attr for indicator in ['datepicker', 'datetimepicker', 'daterangepicker']):
+						# Try to get format from data-date-format attribute
+						date_format = node.attributes.get('data-date-format', '')
+						if date_format:
+							attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = date_format
+							attributes_to_include['format'] = date_format  # Also add format for jQuery datepickers
+						else:
+							# Default to common US format for jQuery datepickers
+							attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = 'mm/dd/yyyy'
+							attributes_to_include['format'] = 'mm/dd/yyyy'
+					# Also detect by data-* attributes
+					elif any(attr in node.attributes for attr in ['data-datepicker']):
+						date_format = node.attributes.get('data-date-format', '')
+						if date_format:
+							attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = date_format
+							attributes_to_include['format'] = date_format
+						else:
+							attributes_to_include['placeholder'] = 'mm/dd/yyyy'
+							attributes_to_include['format'] = 'mm/dd/yyyy'
+
+		# Include accessibility properties
+		if node.ax_node and node.ax_node.properties:
+			for prop in node.ax_node.properties:
+				try:
+					if prop.name in include_attributes and prop.value is not None:
+						# Convert boolean to lowercase string, keep others as-is
+						if isinstance(prop.value, bool):
+							attributes_to_include[prop.name] = str(prop.value).lower()
+						else:
+							prop_value_str = str(prop.value).strip()
+							if prop_value_str:
+								attributes_to_include[prop.name] = prop_value_str
+				except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+					continue
+
+		# Special handling for form elements - ensure current value is shown
+		# For text inputs, textareas, and selects, prioritize showing the current value from AX tree
+		if node.tag_name and node.tag_name.lower() in ['input', 'textarea', 'select']:
+			# ALWAYS check AX tree - it reflects actual typed value, DOM attribute may not update
+			if node.ax_node and node.ax_node.properties:
+				for prop in node.ax_node.properties:
+					# Try valuetext first (human-readable display value)
+					if prop.name == 'valuetext' and prop.value:
+						value_str = str(prop.value).strip()
+						if value_str:
+							attributes_to_include['value'] = value_str
+							break
+					# Also try 'value' property directly
+					elif prop.name == 'value' and prop.value:
+						value_str = str(prop.value).strip()
+						if value_str:
+							attributes_to_include['value'] = value_str
+							break
+
+		if not attributes_to_include:
+			return ''
+
+		# Remove duplicate values
+		ordered_keys = [key for key in include_attributes if key in attributes_to_include]
+
+		if len(ordered_keys) > 1:
+			keys_to_remove = set()
+			seen_values = {}
+
+			# Attributes that should never be removed as duplicates (they serve distinct purposes)
+			protected_attrs = {'format', 'expected_format', 'placeholder', 'value', 'aria-label', 'title'}
+
+			for key in ordered_keys:
+				value = attributes_to_include[key]
+				if len(value) > 5:
+					if value in seen_values and key not in protected_attrs:
+						keys_to_remove.add(key)
+					else:
+						seen_values[value] = key
+
+			for key in keys_to_remove:
+				del attributes_to_include[key]
+
+		# Remove attributes that duplicate accessibility data
+		role = node.ax_node.role if node.ax_node else None
+		if role and node.node_name == role:
+			attributes_to_include.pop('role', None)
+
+		# Remove type attribute if it matches the tag name (e.g. <button type="button">)
+		if 'type' in attributes_to_include and attributes_to_include['type'].lower() == node.node_name.lower():
+			del attributes_to_include['type']
+
+		# Remove invalid attribute if it's false (only show when true)
+		if 'invalid' in attributes_to_include and attributes_to_include['invalid'].lower() == 'false':
+			del attributes_to_include['invalid']
+
+		boolean_attrs = {'required'}
+		for attr in boolean_attrs:
+			if attr in attributes_to_include and attributes_to_include[attr].lower() in {'false', '0', 'no'}:
+				del attributes_to_include[attr]
+
+		# Remove aria-expanded if we have expanded (prefer AX tree over HTML attribute)
+		if 'expanded' in attributes_to_include and 'aria-expanded' in attributes_to_include:
+			del attributes_to_include['aria-expanded']
+
+		attrs_to_remove_if_text_matches = ['aria-label', 'placeholder', 'title']
+		for attr in attrs_to_remove_if_text_matches:
+			if attributes_to_include.get(attr) and attributes_to_include.get(attr, '').strip().lower() == text.strip().lower():
+				del attributes_to_include[attr]
+
+		if attributes_to_include:
+			# Format attributes, wrapping empty values in quotes for clarity
+			formatted_attrs = []
+			for key, value in attributes_to_include.items():
+				capped_value = cap_text_length(value, 100)
+				# Show empty values as key='' instead of key=
+				if not capped_value:
+					formatted_attrs.append(f"{key}=''")
+				else:
+					formatted_attrs.append(f'{key}={capped_value}')
+			return ' '.join(formatted_attrs)
+
+		return ''