omextra 0.0.0.dev508__py3-none-any.whl → 0.0.0.dev510__py3-none-any.whl

omextra/collections/hamt/_hamt.c

@@ -1,3621 +0,0 @@
-// @omlish-cext
-//
-// PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
-// --------------------------------------------
-//
-// 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization
-// ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated
-// documentation.
-//
-// 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive,
-// royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative
-// works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License
-// Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
-// 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in
-// Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
-//
-// 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and
-// wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in
-// any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python.
-//
-// 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES,
-// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY
-// OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY
-// RIGHTS.
-//
-// 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-// DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF
-// ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
-//
-// 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions.
-//
-// 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint
-// venture between PSF and Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade
-// name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
-//
-// 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this
-// License Agreement.
-//
-// https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/aa18fd55d575a04e3aa782fedcd08dced26676e0
-//
-#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
-
-#include "Python.h"
-
-#include <stddef.h>               // offsetof()
-
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
-#  error "This extension requires CPython 3.13+"
-#endif
-
-////
-
-/*
-HAMT tree is shaped by hashes of keys. Every group of 5 bits of a hash denotes
-the exact position of the key in one level of the tree. Since we're using
-32 bit hashes, we can have at most 7 such levels. Although if there are
-two distinct keys with equal hashes, they will have to occupy the same
-cell in the 7th level of the tree -- so we'd put them in a "collision" node.
-Which brings the total possible tree depth to 8. Read more about the actual
-layout of the HAMT tree in `hamt.c`.
-
-This constant is used to define a datastucture for storing iteration state.
-*/
-#define _Py_HAMT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH 8
-
-
-/* Abstract tree node. */
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject_HEAD
-} HamtNode;
-
-
-/* An HAMT immutable mapping collection. */
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject_HEAD
-    HamtNode *h_root;
-    PyObject *h_weakreflist;
-    Py_ssize_t h_count;
-} HamtObject;
-
-
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
-    uint32_t b_bitmap;
-    PyObject *b_array[1];
-} HamtNode_Bitmap;
-
-
-/* A struct to hold the state of depth-first traverse of the tree.
-
-   HAMT is an immutable collection.  Iterators will hold a strong reference
-   to it, and every node in the HAMT has strong references to its children.
-
-   So for iterators, we can implement zero allocations and zero reference
-   inc/dec depth-first iteration.
-
-   - i_nodes: an array of seven pointers to tree nodes
-   - i_level: the current node in i_nodes
-   - i_pos: an array of positions within nodes in i_nodes.
-*/
-typedef struct {
-    HamtNode *i_nodes[_Py_HAMT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH];
-    Py_ssize_t i_pos[_Py_HAMT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH];
-    int8_t i_level;
-} HamtIteratorState;
-
-
-/* Base iterator object.
-
-   Contains the iteration state, a pointer to the HAMT tree,
-   and a pointer to the 'yield function'.  The latter is a simple
-   function that returns a key/value tuple for the 'Items' iterator,
-   just a key for the 'Keys' iterator, and a value for the 'Values'
-   iterator.
-*/
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject_HEAD
-    HamtObject *hi_obj;
-    HamtIteratorState hi_iter;
-    binaryfunc hi_yield;
-} HamtIterator;
-
-
-////
-
-#define _MODULE_NAME "_hamt"
-#define _PACKAGE_NAME "omextra.collections.hamt"
-#define _MODULE_FULL_NAME _PACKAGE_NAME "." _MODULE_NAME
-
-//
-
-typedef struct hamt_module_state {
-    /* Type objects */
-    PyTypeObject *Hamt_Type;
-    PyTypeObject *HamtItems_Type;
-    PyTypeObject *HamtKeys_Type;
-    PyTypeObject *HamtValues_Type;
-    PyTypeObject *Hamt_ArrayNode_Type;
-    PyTypeObject *Hamt_BitmapNode_Type;
-    PyTypeObject *Hamt_CollisionNode_Type;
-
-    /* Singleton objects */
-    HamtObject *empty_hamt;
-    HamtNode_Bitmap *empty_bitmap_node;
-} hamt_module_state;
-
-static inline hamt_module_state * get_hamt_module_state(PyObject *module)
-{
-    void *state = PyModule_GetState(module);
-    assert(state != NULL);
-    return (hamt_module_state *)state;
-}
-
-static inline hamt_module_state * get_hamt_state_from_type(PyTypeObject *type)
-{
-    PyObject *module = PyType_GetModule(type);
-    assert(module != NULL);
-    return get_hamt_module_state(module);
-}
-
-static inline hamt_module_state * get_hamt_state_from_obj(PyObject *obj)
-{
-    PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(obj);
-    return get_hamt_state_from_type(type);
-}
-
-////
-
-// Population count: count the number of 1's in 'x'
-// (number of bits set to 1), also known as the hamming weight.
-//
-// Implementation note. CPUID is not used, to test if x86 POPCNT instruction
-// can be used, to keep the implementation simple. For example, Visual Studio
-// __popcnt() is not used this reason. The clang and GCC builtin function can
-// use the x86 POPCNT instruction if the target architecture has SSE4a or
-// newer.
-static inline int
-_popcount32(uint32_t x)
-{
-#if (defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__))
-
-#if SIZEOF_INT >= 4
-    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(x) <= sizeof(unsigned int));
-    return __builtin_popcount(x);
-#else
-    // The C standard guarantees that unsigned long will always be big enough
-    // to hold a uint32_t value without losing information.
-    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(x) <= sizeof(unsigned long));
-    return __builtin_popcountl(x);
-#endif
-
-#else
-    // 32-bit SWAR (SIMD Within A Register) popcount
-
-    // Binary: 0 1 0 1 ...
-    const uint32_t M1 = 0x55555555;
-    // Binary: 00 11 00 11. ..
-    const uint32_t M2 = 0x33333333;
-    // Binary: 0000 1111 0000 1111 ...
-    const uint32_t M4 = 0x0F0F0F0F;
-
-    // Put count of each 2 bits into those 2 bits
-    x = x - ((x >> 1) & M1);
-    // Put count of each 4 bits into those 4 bits
-    x = (x & M2) + ((x >> 2) & M2);
-    // Put count of each 8 bits into those 8 bits
-    x = (x + (x >> 4)) & M4;
-    // Sum of the 4 byte counts.
-    // Take care when considering changes to the next line. Portability and
-    // correctness are delicate here, thanks to C's "integer promotions" (C99
-    // §6.3.1.1p2). On machines where the `int` type has width greater than 32
-    // bits, `x` will be promoted to an `int`, and following C's "usual
-    // arithmetic conversions" (C99 §6.3.1.8), the multiplication will be
-    // performed as a multiplication of two `unsigned int` operands. In this
-    // case it's critical that we cast back to `uint32_t` in order to keep only
-    // the least significant 32 bits. On machines where the `int` type has
-    // width no greater than 32, the multiplication is of two 32-bit unsigned
-    // integer types, and the (uint32_t) cast is a no-op. In both cases, we
-    // avoid the risk of undefined behaviour due to overflow of a
-    // multiplication of signed integer types.
-    return (uint32_t)(x * 0x01010101U) >> 24;
-#endif
-}
-
-////
-
-/* Create a new HAMT immutable mapping. */
-HamtObject * _Hamt_New(hamt_module_state *state);
-
-/* Return a new collection based on "o", but with an additional
-   key/val pair. */
-HamtObject * _Hamt_Assoc(HamtObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *val);
-
-/* Return a new collection based on "o", but without "key". */
-HamtObject * _Hamt_Without(HamtObject *o, PyObject *key);
-
-/* Find "key" in the "o" collection.
-
-   Return:
-   - -1: An error occurred.
-   - 0: "key" wasn't found in "o".
-   - 1: "key" is in "o"; "*val" is set to its value (a borrowed ref).
-*/
-int _Hamt_Find(HamtObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject **val);
-
-/* Check if "v" is equal to "w".
-
-   Return:
-   - 0: v != w
-   - 1: v == w
-   - -1: An error occurred.
-*/
-int _Hamt_Eq(HamtObject *v, HamtObject *w);
-
-/* Return the size of "o"; equivalent of "len(o)". */
-Py_ssize_t _Hamt_Len(HamtObject *o);
-
-/* Return a Keys iterator over "o". */
-PyObject * _Hamt_NewIterKeys(HamtObject *o);
-
-/* Return a Values iterator over "o". */
-PyObject * _Hamt_NewIterValues(HamtObject *o);
-
-/* Return a Items iterator over "o". */
-PyObject * _Hamt_NewIterItems(HamtObject *o);
-
-////
-
-/* Type check helper - checks if object is a HAMT by comparing against module state type */
-static inline int
-Hamt_Check(PyObject *o)
-{
-    PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(o);
-    PyObject *mod = PyType_GetModule(type);
-    if (mod == NULL) {
-        // Not a heap type or not from a module, definitely not our HAMT
-        PyErr_Clear();
-        return 0;
-    }
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_module_state(mod);
-    return Py_IS_TYPE(o, state->Hamt_Type);
-}
-
-
-/*
-This file provides an implementation of an immutable mapping using the
-Hash Array Mapped Trie (or HAMT) datastructure.
-
-This design allows to have:
-
-1. Efficient copy: immutable mappings can be copied by reference,
-   making it an O(1) operation.
-
-2. Efficient mutations: due to structural sharing, only a portion of
-   the trie needs to be copied when the collection is mutated.  The
-   cost of set/delete operations is O(log N).
-
-3. Efficient lookups: O(log N).
-
-(where N is number of key/value items in the immutable mapping.)
-
-
-HAMT
-====
-
-The core idea of HAMT is that the shape of the trie is encoded into the
-hashes of keys.
-
-Say we want to store a K/V pair in our mapping.  First, we calculate the
-hash of K, let's say it's 19830128, or in binary:
-
-    0b1001011101001010101110000 = 19830128
-
-Now let's partition this bit representation of the hash into blocks of
-5 bits each:
-
-    0b00_00000_10010_11101_00101_01011_10000 = 19830128
-          (6)   (5)   (4)   (3)   (2)   (1)
-
-Each block of 5 bits represents a number between 0 and 31.  So if we have
-a tree that consists of nodes, each of which is an array of 32 pointers,
-those 5-bit blocks will encode a position on a single tree level.
-
-For example, storing the key K with hash 19830128, results in the following
-tree structure:
-
-                     (array of 32 pointers)
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-  root node          | 0 | .. | 15 | 16 | 17 | .. | 31 |   0b10000 = 16 (1)
-  (level 1)          +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-                                      |
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-  a 2nd level node   | 0 | .. | 10 | 11 | 12 | .. | 31 |   0b01011 = 11 (2)
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-                                      |
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-  a 3rd level node   | 0 | .. | 04 | 05 | 06 | .. | 31 |   0b00101 = 5  (3)
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-                                      |
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+----+
-  a 4th level node   | 0 | .. | 04 | 29 | 30 | 31 |        0b11101 = 29 (4)
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+----+
-                                      |
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-  a 5th level node   | 0 | .. | 17 | 18 | 19 | .. | 31 |   0b10010 = 18 (5)
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-                                      |
-                       +--------------+
-                       |
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-  a 6th level node   | 0 | .. | 15 | 16 | 17 | .. | 31 |   0b00000 = 0  (6)
-                     +---+ -- +----+----+----+ -- +----+
-                       |
-                       V -- our value (or collision)
-
-To rehash: for a K/V pair, the hash of K encodes where in the tree V will
-be stored.
-
-To optimize memory footprint and handle hash collisions, our implementation
-uses three different types of nodes:
-
- * A Bitmap node;
- * An Array node;
- * A Collision node.
-
-Because we implement an immutable dictionary, our nodes are also
-immutable.  Therefore, when we need to modify a node, we copy it, and
-do that modification to the copy.
-
-
-Array Nodes
------------
-
-These nodes are very simple.  Essentially they are arrays of 32 pointers
-we used to illustrate the high-level idea in the previous section.
-
-We use Array nodes only when we need to store more than 16 pointers
-in a single node.
-
-Array nodes do not store key objects or value objects.  They are used
-only as an indirection level - their pointers point to other nodes in
-the tree.
-
-
-Bitmap Node
------------
-
-Allocating a new 32-pointers array for every node of our tree would be
-very expensive.  Unless we store millions of keys, most of tree nodes would
-be very sparse.
-
-When we have less than 16 elements in a node, we don't want to use the
-Array node, that would mean that we waste a lot of memory.  Instead,
-we can use bitmap compression and can have just as many pointers
-as we need!
-
-Bitmap nodes consist of two fields:
-
-1. An array of pointers.  If a Bitmap node holds N elements, the
-   array will be of N pointers.
-
-2. A 32bit integer -- a bitmap field.  If an N-th bit is set in the
-   bitmap, it means that the node has an N-th element.
-
-For example, say we need to store a 3 elements sparse array:
-
-   +---+  --  +---+  --  +----+  --  +----+
-   | 0 |  ..  | 4 |  ..  | 11 |  ..  | 17 |
-   +---+  --  +---+  --  +----+  --  +----+
-                |          |           |
-                o1         o2          o3
-
-We allocate a three-pointer Bitmap node.  Its bitmap field will be
-then set to:
-
-   0b_00100_00010_00000_10000 == (1 << 17) | (1 << 11) | (1 << 4)
-
-To check if our Bitmap node has an I-th element we can do:
-
-   bitmap & (1 << I)
-
-
-And here's a formula to calculate a position in our pointer array
-which would correspond to an I-th element:
-
-   popcount(bitmap & ((1 << I) - 1))
-
-
-Let's break it down:
-
- * `popcount` is a function that returns a number of bits set to 1;
-
- * `((1 << I) - 1)` is a mask to filter the bitmask to contain bits
-   set to the *right* of our bit.
-
-
-So for our 17, 11, and 4 indexes:
-
- * bitmap & ((1 << 17) - 1) == 0b100000010000 => 2 bits are set => index is 2.
-
- * bitmap & ((1 << 11) - 1) == 0b10000 => 1 bit is set => index is 1.
-
- * bitmap & ((1 << 4) - 1) == 0b0 => 0 bits are set => index is 0.
-
-
-To conclude: Bitmap nodes are just like Array nodes -- they can store
-a number of pointers, but use bitmap compression to eliminate unused
-pointers.
-
-
-Bitmap nodes have two pointers for each item:
-
-  +----+----+----+----+  --  +----+----+
-  | k1 | v1 | k2 | v2 |  ..  | kN | vN |
-  +----+----+----+----+  --  +----+----+
-
-When kI == NULL, vI points to another tree level.
-
-When kI != NULL, the actual key object is stored in kI, and its
-value is stored in vI.
-
-
-Collision Nodes
----------------
-
-Collision nodes are simple arrays of pointers -- two pointers per
-key/value.  When there's a hash collision, say for k1/v1 and k2/v2
-we have `hash(k1)==hash(k2)`.  Then our collision node will be:
-
-  +----+----+----+----+
-  | k1 | v1 | k2 | v2 |
-  +----+----+----+----+
-
-
-Tree Structure
---------------
-
-All nodes are PyObjects.
-
-The `HamtObject` object has a pointer to the root node (h_root),
-and has a length field (h_count).
-
-High-level functions accept a HamtObject object and dispatch to
-lower-level functions depending on what kind of node h_root points to.
-
-
-Operations
-==========
-
-There are three fundamental operations on an immutable dictionary:
-
-1. "o.assoc(k, v)" will return a new immutable dictionary, that will be
-   a copy of "o", but with the "k/v" item set.
-
-   Functions in this file:
-
-        hamt_node_assoc, hamt_node_bitmap_assoc,
-        hamt_node_array_assoc, hamt_node_collision_assoc
-
-   `hamt_node_assoc` function accepts a node object, and calls
-   other functions depending on its actual type.
-
-2. "o.find(k)" will lookup key "k" in "o".
-
-   Functions:
-
-        hamt_node_find, hamt_node_bitmap_find,
-        hamt_node_array_find, hamt_node_collision_find
-
-3. "o.without(k)" will return a new immutable dictionary, that will be
-   a copy of "o", buth without the "k" key.
-
-   Functions:
-
-        hamt_node_without, hamt_node_bitmap_without,
-        hamt_node_array_without, hamt_node_collision_without
-
-
-Further Reading
-===============
-
-1. http://blog.higher-order.net/2009/09/08/understanding-clojures-persistenthashmap-deftwice.html
-
-2. http://blog.higher-order.net/2010/08/16/assoc-and-clojures-persistenthashmap-part-ii.html
-
-3. Clojure's PersistentHashMap implementation:
-   https://github.com/clojure/clojure/blob/master/src/jvm/clojure/lang/PersistentHashMap.java
-
-
-Debug
-=====
-
-The HAMT datatype is accessible for testing purposes under the
-`_testinternalcapi` module:
-
-    >>> from _testinternalcapi import hamt
-    >>> h = hamt()
-    >>> h2 = h.set('a', 2)
-    >>> h3 = h2.set('b', 3)
-    >>> list(h3)
-    ['a', 'b']
-
-When CPython is built in debug mode, a '__dump__()' method is available
-to introspect the tree:
-
-    >>> print(h3.__dump__())
-    HAMT(len=2):
-        BitmapNode(size=4 count=2 bitmap=0b110 id=0x10eb9d9e8):
-            'a': 2
-            'b': 3
-*/
-
-
-static inline int
-IS_ARRAY_NODE(HamtNode *node)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)node);
-    return Py_IS_TYPE(node, state->Hamt_ArrayNode_Type);
-}
-
-static inline int
-IS_BITMAP_NODE(HamtNode *node)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)node);
-    return Py_IS_TYPE(node, state->Hamt_BitmapNode_Type);
-}
-
-static inline int
-IS_COLLISION_NODE(HamtNode *node)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)node);
-    return Py_IS_TYPE(node, state->Hamt_CollisionNode_Type);
-}
-
-
-/* Return type for 'find' (lookup a key) functions.
-
-   * F_ERROR - an error occurred;
-   * F_NOT_FOUND - the key was not found;
-   * F_FOUND - the key was found.
-*/
-typedef enum {F_ERROR, F_NOT_FOUND, F_FOUND} hamt_find_t;
-
-
-/* Return type for 'without' (delete a key) functions.
-
-   * W_ERROR - an error occurred;
-   * W_NOT_FOUND - the key was not found: there's nothing to delete;
-   * W_EMPTY - the key was found: the node/tree would be empty
-     if the key is deleted;
-   * W_NEWNODE - the key was found: a new node/tree is returned
-     without that key.
-*/
-typedef enum {W_ERROR, W_NOT_FOUND, W_EMPTY, W_NEWNODE} hamt_without_t;
-
-
-/* Low-level iterator protocol type.
-
-   * I_ITEM - a new item has been yielded;
-   * I_END - the whole tree was visited (similar to StopIteration).
-*/
-typedef enum {I_ITEM, I_END} hamt_iter_t;
-
-
-#define HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE 32
-
-
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject_HEAD
-    HamtNode *a_array[HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE];
-    Py_ssize_t a_count;
-} HamtNode_Array;
-
-
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
-    int32_t c_hash;
-    PyObject *c_array[1];
-} HamtNode_Collision;
-
-
-static HamtObject *
-hamt_alloc(hamt_module_state *state);
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_assoc(HamtNode *node,
-                uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                PyObject *key, PyObject *val, int* added_leaf);
-
-static hamt_without_t
-hamt_node_without(HamtNode *node,
-                  uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                  PyObject *key,
-                  HamtNode **new_node);
-
-static hamt_find_t
-hamt_node_find(HamtNode *node,
-               uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-               PyObject *key, PyObject **val);
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static int
-hamt_node_dump(HamtNode *node,
-               _PyUnicodeWriter *writer, int level);
-#endif
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_array_new(hamt_module_state *state, Py_ssize_t);
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_collision_new(hamt_module_state *state, int32_t hash, Py_ssize_t size);
-
-static inline Py_ssize_t
-hamt_node_collision_count(HamtNode_Collision *node);
-
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static void
-_hamt_node_array_validate(void *obj_raw)
-{
-    PyObject *obj = _PyObject_CAST(obj_raw);
-    assert(IS_ARRAY_NODE(obj));
-    HamtNode_Array *node = (HamtNode_Array*)obj;
-    Py_ssize_t i = 0, count = 0;
-    for (; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-        if (node->a_array[i] != NULL) {
-            count++;
-        }
-    }
-    assert(count == node->a_count);
-}
-
-#define VALIDATE_ARRAY_NODE(NODE) \
-    do { _hamt_node_array_validate(NODE); } while (0);
-#else
-#define VALIDATE_ARRAY_NODE(NODE)
-#endif
-
-
-/* Returns -1 on error */
-static inline int32_t
-hamt_hash(PyObject *o)
-{
-    Py_hash_t hash = PyObject_Hash(o);
-
-#if SIZEOF_PY_HASH_T <= 4
-    return hash;
-#else
-    if (hash == -1) {
-        /* exception */
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /* While it's somewhat suboptimal to reduce Python's 64 bit hash to
-       32 bits via XOR, it seems that the resulting hash function
-       is good enough (this is also how Long type is hashed in Java.)
-       Storing 10, 100, 1000 Python strings results in a relatively
-       shallow and uniform tree structure.
-
-       Also it's worth noting that it would be possible to adapt the tree
-       structure to 64 bit hashes, but that would increase memory pressure
-       and provide little to no performance benefits for collections with
-       fewer than billions of key/value pairs.
-
-       Important: do not change this hash reducing function. There are many
-       tests that need an exact tree shape to cover all code paths and
-       we do that by specifying concrete values for test data's `__hash__`.
-       If this function is changed most of the regression tests would
-       become useless.
-    */
-    int32_t xored = (int32_t)(hash & 0xffffffffl) ^ (int32_t)(hash >> 32);
-    return xored == -1 ? -2 : xored;
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t
-hamt_mask(int32_t hash, uint32_t shift)
-{
-    return (((uint32_t)hash >> shift) & 0x01f);
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t
-hamt_bitpos(int32_t hash, uint32_t shift)
-{
-    return (uint32_t)1 << hamt_mask(hash, shift);
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t
-hamt_bitindex(uint32_t bitmap, uint32_t bit)
-{
-    return (uint32_t)_popcount32(bitmap & (bit - 1));
-}
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// Dump Helpers
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-
-static int
-_hamt_dump_ident(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, int level)
-{
-    /* Write `'    ' * level` to the `writer` */
-    PyObject *str = NULL;
-    PyObject *num = NULL;
-    PyObject *res = NULL;
-    int ret = -1;
-
-    str = PyUnicode_FromString("    ");
-    if (str == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    num = PyLong_FromLong((long)level);
-    if (num == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    res = PyNumber_Multiply(str, num);
-    if (res == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    ret = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, res);
-
-error:
-    Py_XDECREF(res);
-    Py_XDECREF(str);
-    Py_XDECREF(num);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static int
-_hamt_dump_format(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, const char *format, ...)
-{
-    /* A convenient helper combining _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr and
-       PyUnicode_FromFormatV.
-    */
-    PyObject* msg;
-    int ret;
-
-    va_list vargs;
-    va_start(vargs, format);
-    msg = PyUnicode_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
-    va_end(vargs);
-
-    if (msg == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    ret = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, msg);
-    Py_DECREF(msg);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-#endif  /* Py_DEBUG */
-/////////////////////////////////// Bitmap Node
-
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_bitmap_new(hamt_module_state *state, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-    /* Create a new bitmap node of size 'size' */
-
-    HamtNode_Bitmap *node;
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    if (size == 0) {
-        /* Since bitmap nodes are immutable, we can cache the instance
-           for size=0 and reuse it whenever we need an empty bitmap node.
-        */
-        return (HamtNode *)Py_NewRef(state->empty_bitmap_node);
-    }
-
-    assert(size >= 0);
-    assert(size % 2 == 0);
-
-    /* No freelist; allocate a new bitmap node */
-    node = PyObject_GC_NewVar(
-        HamtNode_Bitmap, state->Hamt_BitmapNode_Type, size);
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    Py_SET_SIZE(node, size);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        node->b_array[i] = NULL;
-    }
-
-    node->b_bitmap = 0;
-
-    PyObject_GC_Track(node);
-
-    return (HamtNode *)node;
-}
-
-static inline Py_ssize_t
-hamt_node_bitmap_count(HamtNode_Bitmap *node)
-{
-    return Py_SIZE(node) / 2;
-}
-
-static HamtNode_Bitmap *
-hamt_node_bitmap_clone(HamtNode_Bitmap *node)
-{
-    /* Clone a bitmap node; return a new one with the same child notes. */
-
-    HamtNode_Bitmap *clone;
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)node);
-    clone = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, Py_SIZE(node));
-    if (clone == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(node); i++) {
-        clone->b_array[i] = Py_XNewRef(node->b_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    clone->b_bitmap = node->b_bitmap;
-    return clone;
-}
-
-static HamtNode_Bitmap *
-hamt_node_bitmap_clone_without(HamtNode_Bitmap *o, uint32_t bit)
-{
-    assert(bit & o->b_bitmap);
-    assert(hamt_node_bitmap_count(o) > 1);
-
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)o);
-    HamtNode_Bitmap *new = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)hamt_node_bitmap_new(
-        state, Py_SIZE(o) - 2);
-    if (new == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t idx = hamt_bitindex(o->b_bitmap, bit);
-    uint32_t key_idx = 2 * idx;
-    uint32_t val_idx = key_idx + 1;
-    uint32_t i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < key_idx; i++) {
-        new->b_array[i] = Py_XNewRef(o->b_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    assert(Py_SIZE(o) >= 0 && Py_SIZE(o) <= 32);
-    for (i = val_idx + 1; i < (uint32_t)Py_SIZE(o); i++) {
-        new->b_array[i - 2] = Py_XNewRef(o->b_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    new->b_bitmap = o->b_bitmap & ~bit;
-    return new;
-}
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_new_bitmap_or_collision(
-    hamt_module_state *state,
-    uint32_t shift,
-    PyObject *key1, PyObject *val1,
-    int32_t key2_hash,
-    PyObject *key2, PyObject *val2)
-{
-    /* Helper method.  Creates a new node for key1/val and key2/val2
-       pairs.
-
-       If key1 hash is equal to the hash of key2, a Collision node
-       will be created.  If they are not equal, a Bitmap node is
-       created.
-    */
-
-    int32_t key1_hash = hamt_hash(key1);
-    if (key1_hash == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (key1_hash == key2_hash) {
-        HamtNode_Collision *n;
-        n = (HamtNode_Collision *)hamt_node_collision_new(state, key1_hash, 4);
-        if (n == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        n->c_array[0] = Py_NewRef(key1);
-        n->c_array[1] = Py_NewRef(val1);
-
-        n->c_array[2] = Py_NewRef(key2);
-        n->c_array[3] = Py_NewRef(val2);
-
-        return (HamtNode *)n;
-    }
-    else {
-        int added_leaf = 0;
-        HamtNode *n = hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, 0);
-        if (n == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        HamtNode *n2 = hamt_node_assoc(
-            n, shift, key1_hash, key1, val1, &added_leaf);
-        Py_DECREF(n);
-        if (n2 == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        n = hamt_node_assoc(n2, shift, key2_hash, key2, val2, &added_leaf);
-        Py_DECREF(n2);
-        if (n == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        return n;
-    }
-}
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_bitmap_assoc(HamtNode_Bitmap *self,
-                       uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                       PyObject *key, PyObject *val, int* added_leaf)
-{
-    /* assoc operation for bitmap nodes.
-
-       Return: a new node, or self if key/val already is in the
-       collection.
-
-       'added_leaf' is later used in '_Hamt_Assoc' to determine if
-       `hamt.set(key, val)` increased the size of the collection.
-    */
-
-    uint32_t bit = hamt_bitpos(hash, shift);
-    uint32_t idx = hamt_bitindex(self->b_bitmap, bit);
-
-    /* Bitmap node layout:
-
-    +------+------+------+------+  ---  +------+------+
-    | key1 | val1 | key2 | val2 |  ...  | keyN | valN |
-    +------+------+------+------+  ---  +------+------+
-    where `N < Py_SIZE(node)`.
-
-    The `node->b_bitmap` field is a bitmap.  For a given
-    `(shift, hash)` pair we can determine:
-
-     - If this node has the corresponding key/val slots.
-     - The index of key/val slots.
-    */
-
-    if (self->b_bitmap & bit) {
-        /* The key is set in this node */
-
-        uint32_t key_idx = 2 * idx;
-        uint32_t val_idx = key_idx + 1;
-
-        assert(val_idx < (size_t)Py_SIZE(self));
-
-        PyObject *key_or_null = self->b_array[key_idx];
-        PyObject *val_or_node = self->b_array[val_idx];
-
-        if (key_or_null == NULL) {
-            /* key is NULL.  This means that we have a few keys
-               that have the same (hash, shift) pair. */
-
-            assert(val_or_node != NULL);
-
-            HamtNode *sub_node = hamt_node_assoc(
-                (HamtNode *)val_or_node,
-                shift + 5, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-            if (sub_node == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-
-            if (val_or_node == (PyObject *)sub_node) {
-                Py_DECREF(sub_node);
-                return (HamtNode *)Py_NewRef(self);
-            }
-
-            HamtNode_Bitmap *ret = hamt_node_bitmap_clone(self);
-            if (ret == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            Py_SETREF(ret->b_array[val_idx], (PyObject*)sub_node);
-            return (HamtNode *)ret;
-        }
-
-        assert(key != NULL);
-        /* key is not NULL.  This means that we have only one other
-           key in this collection that matches our hash for this shift. */
-
-        int comp_err = PyObject_RichCompareBool(key, key_or_null, Py_EQ);
-        if (comp_err < 0) {  /* exception in __eq__ */
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        if (comp_err == 1) {  /* key == key_or_null */
-            if (val == val_or_node) {
-                /* we already have the same key/val pair; return self. */
-                return (HamtNode *)Py_NewRef(self);
-            }
-
-            /* We're setting a new value for the key we had before.
-               Make a new bitmap node with a replaced value, and return it. */
-            HamtNode_Bitmap *ret = hamt_node_bitmap_clone(self);
-            if (ret == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            Py_SETREF(ret->b_array[val_idx], Py_NewRef(val));
-            return (HamtNode *)ret;
-        }
-
-        /* It's a new key, and it has the same index as *one* another key.
-           We have a collision.  We need to create a new node which will
-           combine the existing key and the key we're adding.
-
-           `hamt_node_new_bitmap_or_collision` will either create a new
-           Collision node if the keys have identical hashes, or
-           a new Bitmap node.
-        */
-        HamtNode *sub_node = hamt_node_new_bitmap_or_collision(
-            get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self),
-            shift + 5,
-            key_or_null, val_or_node,  /* existing key/val */
-            hash,
-            key, val  /* new key/val */
-        );
-        if (sub_node == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        HamtNode_Bitmap *ret = hamt_node_bitmap_clone(self);
-        if (ret == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(sub_node);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        Py_SETREF(ret->b_array[key_idx], NULL);
-        Py_SETREF(ret->b_array[val_idx], (PyObject *)sub_node);
-
-        *added_leaf = 1;
-        return (HamtNode *)ret;
-    }
-    else {
-        /* There was no key before with the same (shift,hash). */
-
-        uint32_t n = (uint32_t)_popcount32(self->b_bitmap);
-
-        if (n >= 16) {
-            /* When we have a situation where we want to store more
-               than 16 nodes at one level of the tree, we no longer
-               want to use the Bitmap node with bitmap encoding.
-
-               Instead we start using an Array node, which has
-               simpler (faster) implementation at the expense of
-               having preallocated 32 pointers for its keys/values
-               pairs.
-
-               Small hamt objects (<30 keys) usually don't have any
-               Array nodes at all.  Between ~30 and ~400 keys hamt
-               objects usually have one Array node, and usually it's
-               a root node.
-            */
-
-            uint32_t jdx = hamt_mask(hash, shift);
-            /* 'jdx' is the index of where the new key should be added
-               in the new Array node we're about to create. */
-
-            HamtNode *empty = NULL;
-            HamtNode_Array *new_node = NULL;
-            HamtNode *res = NULL;
-
-            hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-
-            /* Create a new Array node. */
-            new_node = (HamtNode_Array *)hamt_node_array_new(state, n + 1);
-            if (new_node == NULL) {
-                goto fin;
-            }
-
-            /* Create an empty bitmap node for the next
-               hamt_node_assoc call. */
-            empty = hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, 0);
-            if (empty == NULL) {
-                goto fin;
-            }
-
-            /* Make a new bitmap node for the key/val we're adding.
-               Set that bitmap node to new-array-node[jdx]. */
-            new_node->a_array[jdx] = hamt_node_assoc(
-                empty, shift + 5, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-            if (new_node->a_array[jdx] == NULL) {
-                goto fin;
-            }
-
-            /* Copy existing key/value pairs from the current Bitmap
-               node to the new Array node we've just created. */
-            Py_ssize_t i, j;
-            for (i = 0, j = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-                if (((self->b_bitmap >> i) & 1) != 0) {
-                    /* Ensure we don't accidentally override `jdx` element
-                       we set few lines above.
-                    */
-                    assert(new_node->a_array[i] == NULL);
-
-                    if (self->b_array[j] == NULL) {
-                        new_node->a_array[i] =
-                            (HamtNode *)Py_NewRef(self->b_array[j + 1]);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        int32_t rehash = hamt_hash(self->b_array[j]);
-                        if (rehash == -1) {
-                            goto fin;
-                        }
-
-                        new_node->a_array[i] = hamt_node_assoc(
-                            empty, shift + 5,
-                            rehash,
-                            self->b_array[j],
-                            self->b_array[j + 1],
-                            added_leaf);
-
-                        if (new_node->a_array[i] == NULL) {
-                            goto fin;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    j += 2;
-                }
-            }
-
-            VALIDATE_ARRAY_NODE(new_node)
-
-            /* That's it! */
-            res = (HamtNode *)new_node;
-
-        fin:
-            Py_XDECREF(empty);
-            if (res == NULL) {
-                Py_XDECREF(new_node);
-            }
-            return res;
-        }
-        else {
-            /* We have less than 16 keys at this level; let's just
-               create a new bitmap node out of this node with the
-               new key/val pair added. */
-
-            uint32_t key_idx = 2 * idx;
-            uint32_t val_idx = key_idx + 1;
-            uint32_t i;
-
-            *added_leaf = 1;
-
-            /* Allocate new Bitmap node which can have one more key/val
-               pair in addition to what we have already. */
-            hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-            HamtNode_Bitmap *new_node =
-                (HamtNode_Bitmap *)hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, 2 * (n + 1));
-            if (new_node == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-
-            /* Copy all keys/values that will be before the new key/value
-               we are adding. */
-            for (i = 0; i < key_idx; i++) {
-                new_node->b_array[i] = Py_XNewRef(self->b_array[i]);
-            }
-
-            /* Set the new key/value to the new Bitmap node. */
-            new_node->b_array[key_idx] = Py_NewRef(key);
-            new_node->b_array[val_idx] = Py_NewRef(val);
-
-            /* Copy all keys/values that will be after the new key/value
-               we are adding. */
-            assert(Py_SIZE(self) >= 0 && Py_SIZE(self) <= 32);
-            for (i = key_idx; i < (uint32_t)Py_SIZE(self); i++) {
-                new_node->b_array[i + 2] = Py_XNewRef(self->b_array[i]);
-            }
-
-            new_node->b_bitmap = self->b_bitmap | bit;
-            return (HamtNode *)new_node;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static hamt_without_t
-hamt_node_bitmap_without(HamtNode_Bitmap *self,
-                         uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                         PyObject *key,
-                         HamtNode **new_node)
-{
-    uint32_t bit = hamt_bitpos(hash, shift);
-    if ((self->b_bitmap & bit) == 0) {
-        return W_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t idx = hamt_bitindex(self->b_bitmap, bit);
-
-    uint32_t key_idx = 2 * idx;
-    uint32_t val_idx = key_idx + 1;
-
-    PyObject *key_or_null = self->b_array[key_idx];
-    PyObject *val_or_node = self->b_array[val_idx];
-
-    if (key_or_null == NULL) {
-        /* key == NULL means that 'value' is another tree node. */
-
-        HamtNode *sub_node = NULL;
-
-        hamt_without_t res = hamt_node_without(
-            (HamtNode *)val_or_node,
-            shift + 5, hash, key, &sub_node);
-
-        switch (res) {
-            case W_EMPTY:
-                /* It's impossible for us to receive a W_EMPTY here:
-
-                    - Array nodes are converted to Bitmap nodes when
-                      we delete 16th item from them;
-
-                    - Collision nodes are converted to Bitmap when
-                      there is one item in them;
-
-                    - Bitmap node's without() inlines single-item
-                      sub-nodes.
-
-                   So in no situation we can have a single-item
-                   Bitmap child of another Bitmap node.
-                */
-                Py_UNREACHABLE();
-
-            case W_NEWNODE: {
-                assert(sub_node != NULL);
-
-                if (IS_BITMAP_NODE(sub_node)) {
-                    HamtNode_Bitmap *sub_tree = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)sub_node;
-                    if (hamt_node_bitmap_count(sub_tree) == 1 &&
-                            sub_tree->b_array[0] != NULL)
-                    {
-                        /* A bitmap node with one key/value pair.  Just
-                           merge it into this node.
-
-                           Note that we don't inline Bitmap nodes that
-                           have a NULL key -- those nodes point to another
-                           tree level, and we cannot simply move tree levels
-                           up or down.
-                        */
-
-                        HamtNode_Bitmap *clone = hamt_node_bitmap_clone(self);
-                        if (clone == NULL) {
-                            Py_DECREF(sub_node);
-                            return W_ERROR;
-                        }
-
-                        PyObject *key = sub_tree->b_array[0];
-                        PyObject *val = sub_tree->b_array[1];
-
-                        Py_XSETREF(clone->b_array[key_idx], Py_NewRef(key));
-                        Py_SETREF(clone->b_array[val_idx], Py_NewRef(val));
-
-                        Py_DECREF(sub_tree);
-
-                        *new_node = (HamtNode *)clone;
-                        return W_NEWNODE;
-                    }
-                }
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-                /* Ensure that Collision.without implementation
-                   converts to Bitmap nodes itself.
-                */
-                if (IS_COLLISION_NODE(sub_node)) {
-                    assert(hamt_node_collision_count(
-                            (HamtNode_Collision*)sub_node) > 1);
-                }
-#endif
-
-                HamtNode_Bitmap *clone = hamt_node_bitmap_clone(self);
-                if (clone == NULL) {
-                    return W_ERROR;
-                }
-
-                Py_SETREF(clone->b_array[val_idx],
-                          (PyObject *)sub_node);  /* borrow */
-
-                *new_node = (HamtNode *)clone;
-                return W_NEWNODE;
-            }
-
-            case W_ERROR:
-            case W_NOT_FOUND:
-                assert(sub_node == NULL);
-                return res;
-
-            default:
-                Py_UNREACHABLE();
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        /* We have a regular key/value pair */
-
-        int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(key_or_null, key, Py_EQ);
-        if (cmp < 0) {
-            return W_ERROR;
-        }
-        if (cmp == 0) {
-            return W_NOT_FOUND;
-        }
-
-        if (hamt_node_bitmap_count(self) == 1) {
-            return W_EMPTY;
-        }
-
-        *new_node = (HamtNode *)
-            hamt_node_bitmap_clone_without(self, bit);
-        if (*new_node == NULL) {
-            return W_ERROR;
-        }
-
-        return W_NEWNODE;
-    }
-}
-
-static hamt_find_t
-hamt_node_bitmap_find(HamtNode_Bitmap *self,
-                      uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                      PyObject *key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    /* Lookup a key in a Bitmap node. */
-
-    uint32_t bit = hamt_bitpos(hash, shift);
-    uint32_t idx;
-    uint32_t key_idx;
-    uint32_t val_idx;
-    PyObject *key_or_null;
-    PyObject *val_or_node;
-    int comp_err;
-
-    if ((self->b_bitmap & bit) == 0) {
-        return F_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    idx = hamt_bitindex(self->b_bitmap, bit);
-    key_idx = idx * 2;
-    val_idx = key_idx + 1;
-
-    assert(val_idx < (size_t)Py_SIZE(self));
-
-    key_or_null = self->b_array[key_idx];
-    val_or_node = self->b_array[val_idx];
-
-    if (key_or_null == NULL) {
-        /* There are a few keys that have the same hash at the current shift
-           that match our key.  Dispatch the lookup further down the tree. */
-        assert(val_or_node != NULL);
-        return hamt_node_find((HamtNode *)val_or_node,
-                              shift + 5, hash, key, val);
-    }
-
-    /* We have only one key -- a potential match.  Let's compare if the
-       key we are looking at is equal to the key we are looking for. */
-    assert(key != NULL);
-    comp_err = PyObject_RichCompareBool(key, key_or_null, Py_EQ);
-    if (comp_err < 0) {  /* exception in __eq__ */
-        return F_ERROR;
-    }
-    if (comp_err == 1) {  /* key == key_or_null */
-        *val = val_or_node;
-        return F_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    return F_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-static int
-hamt_node_bitmap_traverse(HamtNode_Bitmap *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-    /* Bitmap's tp_traverse */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    for (i = Py_SIZE(self); --i >= 0; ) {
-        Py_VISIT(self->b_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-hamt_node_bitmap_dealloc(HamtNode_Bitmap *self)
-{
-    /* Bitmap's tp_dealloc */
-
-    Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(self);
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    if (Py_SIZE(self) == 0) {
-        /* The empty node is managed by the module state. */
-        hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-        assert(self == state->empty_bitmap_node);
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-        _Py_FatalRefcountError("deallocating the empty hamt node bitmap singleton");
-#else
-        return;
-#endif
-    }
-
-    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
-    Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(self, hamt_node_bitmap_dealloc)
-
-    if (len > 0) {
-        i = len;
-        while (--i >= 0) {
-            Py_XDECREF(self->b_array[i]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
-    Py_TRASHCAN_END
-}
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static int
-hamt_node_bitmap_dump(HamtNode_Bitmap *node,
-                      _PyUnicodeWriter *writer, int level)
-{
-    /* Debug build: __dump__() method implementation for Bitmap nodes. */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-    PyObject *tmp1;
-    PyObject *tmp2;
-
-    if (_hamt_dump_ident(writer, level + 1)) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "BitmapNode(size=%zd count=%zd ",
-                          Py_SIZE(node), Py_SIZE(node) / 2))
-    {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    tmp1 = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(node->b_bitmap);
-    if (tmp1 == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-    // Format as binary using format spec 'b' (like f"{num:b}" in Python)
-    PyObject *format_spec = PyUnicode_FromString("b");
-    if (format_spec == NULL) {
-        Py_DECREF(tmp1);
-        goto error;
-    }
-    tmp2 = PyObject_Format(tmp1, format_spec);
-    Py_DECREF(format_spec);
-    Py_DECREF(tmp1);
-    if (tmp2 == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-    if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "bitmap=%S id=%p):\n", tmp2, node)) {
-        Py_DECREF(tmp2);
-        goto error;
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(tmp2);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(node); i += 2) {
-        PyObject *key_or_null = node->b_array[i];
-        PyObject *val_or_node = node->b_array[i + 1];
-
-        if (_hamt_dump_ident(writer, level + 2)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        if (key_or_null == NULL) {
-            if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "NULL:\n")) {
-                goto error;
-            }
-
-            if (hamt_node_dump((HamtNode *)val_or_node,
-                               writer, level + 2))
-            {
-                goto error;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "%R: %R", key_or_null,
-                                  val_or_node))
-            {
-                goto error;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "\n")) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-error:
-    return -1;
-}
-#endif  /* Py_DEBUG */
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// Collision Node
-
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_collision_new(hamt_module_state *state, int32_t hash, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-    /* Create a new Collision node. */
-
-    HamtNode_Collision *node;
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    assert(size >= 4);
-    assert(size % 2 == 0);
-
-    node = PyObject_GC_NewVar(
-        HamtNode_Collision, state->Hamt_CollisionNode_Type, size);
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        node->c_array[i] = NULL;
-    }
-
-    Py_SET_SIZE(node, size);
-    node->c_hash = hash;
-
-    PyObject_GC_Track(node);
-
-    return (HamtNode *)node;
-}
-
-static hamt_find_t
-hamt_node_collision_find_index(HamtNode_Collision *self, PyObject *key,
-                               Py_ssize_t *idx)
-{
-    /* Lookup `key` in the Collision node `self`.  Set the index of the
-       found key to 'idx'. */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-    PyObject *el;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(self); i += 2) {
-        el = self->c_array[i];
-
-        assert(el != NULL);
-        int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(key, el, Py_EQ);
-        if (cmp < 0) {
-            return F_ERROR;
-        }
-        if (cmp == 1) {
-            *idx = i;
-            return F_FOUND;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return F_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_collision_assoc(HamtNode_Collision *self,
-                          uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                          PyObject *key, PyObject *val, int* added_leaf)
-{
-    /* Set a new key to this level (currently a Collision node)
-       of the tree. */
-
-    if (hash == self->c_hash) {
-        /* The hash of the 'key' we are adding matches the hash of
-           other keys in this Collision node. */
-
-        Py_ssize_t key_idx = -1;
-        hamt_find_t found;
-        HamtNode_Collision *new_node;
-        Py_ssize_t i;
-        hamt_module_state *state;
-
-        /* Let's try to lookup the new 'key', maybe we already have it. */
-        found = hamt_node_collision_find_index(self, key, &key_idx);
-        switch (found) {
-            case F_ERROR:
-                /* Exception. */
-                return NULL;
-
-            case F_NOT_FOUND:
-                /* This is a totally new key.  Clone the current node,
-                   add a new key/value to the cloned node. */
-
-                state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-                new_node = (HamtNode_Collision *)hamt_node_collision_new(
-                    state, self->c_hash, Py_SIZE(self) + 2);
-                if (new_node == NULL) {
-                    return NULL;
-                }
-
-                for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(self); i++) {
-                    new_node->c_array[i] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[i]);
-                }
-
-                new_node->c_array[i] = Py_NewRef(key);
-                new_node->c_array[i + 1] = Py_NewRef(val);
-
-                *added_leaf = 1;
-                return (HamtNode *)new_node;
-
-            case F_FOUND:
-                /* There's a key which is equal to the key we are adding. */
-
-                assert(key_idx >= 0);
-                assert(key_idx < Py_SIZE(self));
-                Py_ssize_t val_idx = key_idx + 1;
-
-                if (self->c_array[val_idx] == val) {
-                    /* We're setting a key/value pair that's already set. */
-                    return (HamtNode *)Py_NewRef(self);
-                }
-
-                /* We need to replace old value for the key
-                   with a new value.  Create a new Collision node.*/
-                hamt_module_state *state2 = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-                new_node = (HamtNode_Collision *)hamt_node_collision_new(
-                    state2, self->c_hash, Py_SIZE(self));
-                if (new_node == NULL) {
-                    return NULL;
-                }
-
-                /* Copy all elements of the old node to the new one. */
-                for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(self); i++) {
-                    new_node->c_array[i] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[i]);
-                }
-
-                /* Replace the old value with the new value for the our key. */
-                Py_SETREF(new_node->c_array[val_idx], Py_NewRef(val));
-
-                return (HamtNode *)new_node;
-
-            default:
-                Py_UNREACHABLE();
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        /* The hash of the new key is different from the hash that
-           all keys of this Collision node have.
-
-           Create a Bitmap node inplace with two children:
-           key/value pair that we're adding, and the Collision node
-           we're replacing on this tree level.
-        */
-
-        HamtNode_Bitmap *new_node;
-        HamtNode *assoc_res;
-
-        hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-        new_node = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, 2);
-        if (new_node == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        new_node->b_bitmap = hamt_bitpos(self->c_hash, shift);
-        new_node->b_array[1] = Py_NewRef(self);
-
-        assoc_res = hamt_node_bitmap_assoc(
-            new_node, shift, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-        Py_DECREF(new_node);
-        return assoc_res;
-    }
-}
-
-static inline Py_ssize_t
-hamt_node_collision_count(HamtNode_Collision *node)
-{
-    return Py_SIZE(node) / 2;
-}
-
-static hamt_without_t
-hamt_node_collision_without(HamtNode_Collision *self,
-                            uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                            PyObject *key,
-                            HamtNode **new_node)
-{
-    if (hash != self->c_hash) {
-        return W_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    Py_ssize_t key_idx = -1;
-    hamt_find_t found = hamt_node_collision_find_index(self, key, &key_idx);
-
-    switch (found) {
-        case F_ERROR:
-            return W_ERROR;
-
-        case F_NOT_FOUND:
-            return W_NOT_FOUND;
-
-        case F_FOUND:
-            assert(key_idx >= 0);
-            assert(key_idx < Py_SIZE(self));
-
-            Py_ssize_t new_count = hamt_node_collision_count(self) - 1;
-
-            if (new_count == 0) {
-                /* The node has only one key/value pair and it's for the
-                   key we're trying to delete.  So a new node will be empty
-                   after the removal.
-                */
-                return W_EMPTY;
-            }
-
-            if (new_count == 1) {
-                /* The node has two keys, and after deletion the
-                   new Collision node would have one.  Collision nodes
-                   with one key shouldn't exist, so convert it to a
-                   Bitmap node.
-                */
-                hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-                HamtNode_Bitmap *node = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)
-                    hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, 2);
-                if (node == NULL) {
-                    return W_ERROR;
-                }
-
-                if (key_idx == 0) {
-                    node->b_array[0] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[2]);
-                    node->b_array[1] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[3]);
-                }
-                else {
-                    assert(key_idx == 2);
-                    node->b_array[0] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[0]);
-                    node->b_array[1] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[1]);
-                }
-
-                node->b_bitmap = hamt_bitpos(hash, shift);
-
-                *new_node = (HamtNode *)node;
-                return W_NEWNODE;
-            }
-
-            /* Allocate a new Collision node with capacity for one
-               less key/value pair */
-            hamt_module_state *state3 = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-            HamtNode_Collision *new = (HamtNode_Collision *)
-                hamt_node_collision_new(
-                    state3, self->c_hash, Py_SIZE(self) - 2);
-            if (new == NULL) {
-                return W_ERROR;
-            }
-
-            /* Copy all other keys from `self` to `new` */
-            Py_ssize_t i;
-            for (i = 0; i < key_idx; i++) {
-                new->c_array[i] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[i]);
-            }
-            for (i = key_idx + 2; i < Py_SIZE(self); i++) {
-                new->c_array[i - 2] = Py_NewRef(self->c_array[i]);
-            }
-
-            *new_node = (HamtNode*)new;
-            return W_NEWNODE;
-
-        default:
-            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-}
-
-static hamt_find_t
-hamt_node_collision_find(HamtNode_Collision *self,
-                         uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                         PyObject *key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    /* Lookup `key` in the Collision node `self`.  Set the value
-       for the found key to 'val'. */
-
-    Py_ssize_t idx = -1;
-    hamt_find_t res;
-
-    res = hamt_node_collision_find_index(self, key, &idx);
-    if (res == F_ERROR || res == F_NOT_FOUND) {
-        return res;
-    }
-
-    assert(idx >= 0);
-    assert(idx + 1 < Py_SIZE(self));
-
-    *val = self->c_array[idx + 1];
-    assert(*val != NULL);
-
-    return F_FOUND;
-}
-
-
-static int
-hamt_node_collision_traverse(HamtNode_Collision *self,
-                             visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-    /* Collision's tp_traverse */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    for (i = Py_SIZE(self); --i >= 0; ) {
-        Py_VISIT(self->c_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-hamt_node_collision_dealloc(HamtNode_Collision *self)
-{
-    /* Collision's tp_dealloc */
-
-    Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(self);
-
-    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
-    Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(self, hamt_node_collision_dealloc)
-
-    if (len > 0) {
-
-        while (--len >= 0) {
-            Py_XDECREF(self->c_array[len]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
-    Py_TRASHCAN_END
-}
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static int
-hamt_node_collision_dump(HamtNode_Collision *node,
-                         _PyUnicodeWriter *writer, int level)
-{
-    /* Debug build: __dump__() method implementation for Collision nodes. */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    if (_hamt_dump_ident(writer, level + 1)) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "CollisionNode(size=%zd id=%p):\n",
-                          Py_SIZE(node), node))
-    {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(node); i += 2) {
-        PyObject *key = node->c_array[i];
-        PyObject *val = node->c_array[i + 1];
-
-        if (_hamt_dump_ident(writer, level + 2)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "%R: %R\n", key, val)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-error:
-    return -1;
-}
-#endif  /* Py_DEBUG */
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// Array Node
-
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_array_new(hamt_module_state *state, Py_ssize_t count)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    HamtNode_Array *node = PyObject_GC_New(
-        HamtNode_Array, state->Hamt_ArrayNode_Type);
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-        node->a_array[i] = NULL;
-    }
-
-    node->a_count = count;
-
-    PyObject_GC_Track(node);
-    return (HamtNode *)node;
-}
-
-static HamtNode_Array *
-hamt_node_array_clone(HamtNode_Array *node)
-{
-    HamtNode_Array *clone;
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    VALIDATE_ARRAY_NODE(node)
-
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)node);
-
-    /* Create a new Array node. */
-    clone = (HamtNode_Array *)hamt_node_array_new(state, node->a_count);
-    if (clone == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* Copy all elements from the current Array node to the new one. */
-    for (i = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-        clone->a_array[i] = (HamtNode*)Py_XNewRef(node->a_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    VALIDATE_ARRAY_NODE(clone)
-    return clone;
-}
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_array_assoc(HamtNode_Array *self,
-                      uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                      PyObject *key, PyObject *val, int* added_leaf)
-{
-    /* Set a new key to this level (currently a Collision node)
-       of the tree.
-
-       Array nodes don't store values, they can only point to
-       other nodes.  They are simple arrays of 32 BaseNode pointers/
-     */
-
-    uint32_t idx = hamt_mask(hash, shift);
-    HamtNode *node = self->a_array[idx];
-    HamtNode *child_node;
-    HamtNode_Array *new_node;
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        /* There's no child node for the given hash.  Create a new
-           Bitmap node for this key. */
-
-        HamtNode_Bitmap *empty = NULL;
-
-        /* Get an empty Bitmap node to work with. */
-        hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-        empty = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, 0);
-        if (empty == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        /* Set key/val to the newly created empty Bitmap, thus
-           creating a new Bitmap node with our key/value pair. */
-        child_node = hamt_node_bitmap_assoc(
-            empty,
-            shift + 5, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-        Py_DECREF(empty);
-        if (child_node == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        /* Create a new Array node. */
-        new_node = (HamtNode_Array *)hamt_node_array_new(state, self->a_count + 1);
-        if (new_node == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(child_node);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        /* Copy all elements from the current Array node to the
-           new one. */
-        for (i = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-            new_node->a_array[i] = (HamtNode*)Py_XNewRef(self->a_array[i]);
-        }
-
-        assert(new_node->a_array[idx] == NULL);
-        new_node->a_array[idx] = child_node;  /* borrow */
-        VALIDATE_ARRAY_NODE(new_node)
-    }
-    else {
-        /* There's a child node for the given hash.
-           Set the key to it./ */
-        child_node = hamt_node_assoc(
-            node, shift + 5, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-        if (child_node == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        else if (child_node == (HamtNode *)self) {
-            Py_DECREF(child_node);
-            return (HamtNode *)self;
-        }
-
-        new_node = hamt_node_array_clone(self);
-        if (new_node == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(child_node);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        Py_SETREF(new_node->a_array[idx], child_node);  /* borrow */
-        VALIDATE_ARRAY_NODE(new_node)
-    }
-
-    return (HamtNode *)new_node;
-}
-
-static hamt_without_t
-hamt_node_array_without(HamtNode_Array *self,
-                        uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                        PyObject *key,
-                        HamtNode **new_node)
-{
-    uint32_t idx = hamt_mask(hash, shift);
-    HamtNode *node = self->a_array[idx];
-
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        return W_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    HamtNode *sub_node = NULL;
-    hamt_without_t res = hamt_node_without(
-        (HamtNode *)node,
-        shift + 5, hash, key, &sub_node);
-
-    switch (res) {
-        case W_NOT_FOUND:
-        case W_ERROR:
-            assert(sub_node == NULL);
-            return res;
-
-        case W_NEWNODE: {
-            /* We need to replace a node at the `idx` index.
-               Clone this node and replace.
-            */
-            assert(sub_node != NULL);
-
-            HamtNode_Array *clone = hamt_node_array_clone(self);
-            if (clone == NULL) {
-                Py_DECREF(sub_node);
-                return W_ERROR;
-            }
-
-            Py_SETREF(clone->a_array[idx], sub_node);  /* borrow */
-            *new_node = (HamtNode*)clone;  /* borrow */
-            return W_NEWNODE;
-        }
-
-        case W_EMPTY: {
-            assert(sub_node == NULL);
-            /* We need to remove a node at the `idx` index.
-               Calculate the size of the replacement Array node.
-            */
-            Py_ssize_t new_count = self->a_count - 1;
-
-            if (new_count == 0) {
-                return W_EMPTY;
-            }
-
-            if (new_count >= 16) {
-                /* We convert Bitmap nodes to Array nodes, when a
-                   Bitmap node needs to store more than 15 key/value
-                   pairs.  So we will create a new Array node if we
-                   the number of key/values after deletion is still
-                   greater than 15.
-                */
-
-                HamtNode_Array *new = hamt_node_array_clone(self);
-                if (new == NULL) {
-                    return W_ERROR;
-                }
-                new->a_count = new_count;
-                Py_CLEAR(new->a_array[idx]);
-
-                *new_node = (HamtNode*)new;  /* borrow */
-                return W_NEWNODE;
-            }
-
-            /* New Array node would have less than 16 key/value
-               pairs.  We need to create a replacement Bitmap node. */
-
-            Py_ssize_t bitmap_size = new_count * 2;
-            uint32_t bitmap = 0;
-
-            hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-            HamtNode_Bitmap *new = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)
-                hamt_node_bitmap_new(state, bitmap_size);
-            if (new == NULL) {
-                return W_ERROR;
-            }
-
-            Py_ssize_t new_i = 0;
-            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-                if (i == idx) {
-                    /* Skip the node we are deleting. */
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                HamtNode *node = self->a_array[i];
-                if (node == NULL) {
-                    /* Skip any missing nodes. */
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                bitmap |= 1U << i;
-
-                if (IS_BITMAP_NODE(node)) {
-                    HamtNode_Bitmap *child = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)node;
-
-                    if (hamt_node_bitmap_count(child) == 1 &&
-                            child->b_array[0] != NULL)
-                    {
-                        /* node is a Bitmap with one key/value pair, just
-                           merge it into the new Bitmap node we're building.
-
-                           Note that we don't inline Bitmap nodes that
-                           have a NULL key -- those nodes point to another
-                           tree level, and we cannot simply move tree levels
-                           up or down.
-                        */
-                        PyObject *key = child->b_array[0];
-                        PyObject *val = child->b_array[1];
-
-                        new->b_array[new_i] = Py_NewRef(key);
-                        new->b_array[new_i + 1] = Py_NewRef(val);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        new->b_array[new_i] = NULL;
-                        new->b_array[new_i + 1] = Py_NewRef(node);
-                    }
-                }
-                else {
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-                    if (IS_COLLISION_NODE(node)) {
-                        Py_ssize_t child_count = hamt_node_collision_count(
-                            (HamtNode_Collision*)node);
-                        assert(child_count > 1);
-                    }
-                    else if (IS_ARRAY_NODE(node)) {
-                        assert(((HamtNode_Array*)node)->a_count >= 16);
-                    }
-#endif
-
-                    /* Just copy the node into our new Bitmap */
-                    new->b_array[new_i] = NULL;
-                    new->b_array[new_i + 1] = Py_NewRef(node);
-                }
-
-                new_i += 2;
-            }
-
-            new->b_bitmap = bitmap;
-            *new_node = (HamtNode*)new;  /* borrow */
-            return W_NEWNODE;
-        }
-
-        default:
-            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-}
-
-static hamt_find_t
-hamt_node_array_find(HamtNode_Array *self,
-                     uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                     PyObject *key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    /* Lookup `key` in the Array node `self`.  Set the value
-       for the found key to 'val'. */
-
-    uint32_t idx = hamt_mask(hash, shift);
-    HamtNode *node;
-
-    node = self->a_array[idx];
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        return F_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    /* Dispatch to the generic hamt_node_find */
-    return hamt_node_find(node, shift + 5, hash, key, val);
-}
-
-static int
-hamt_node_array_traverse(HamtNode_Array *self,
-                         visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-    /* Array's tp_traverse */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-        Py_VISIT(self->a_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-hamt_node_array_dealloc(HamtNode_Array *self)
-{
-    /* Array's tp_dealloc */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
-    Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(self, hamt_node_array_dealloc)
-
-    for (i = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-        Py_XDECREF(self->a_array[i]);
-    }
-
-    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
-    Py_TRASHCAN_END
-}
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static int
-hamt_node_array_dump(HamtNode_Array *node,
-                     _PyUnicodeWriter *writer, int level)
-{
-    /* Debug build: __dump__() method implementation for Array nodes. */
-
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-
-    if (_hamt_dump_ident(writer, level + 1)) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "ArrayNode(id=%p):\n", node)) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-        if (node->a_array[i] == NULL) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (_hamt_dump_ident(writer, level + 2)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "%zd::\n", i)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        if (hamt_node_dump(node->a_array[i], writer, level + 1)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        if (_hamt_dump_format(writer, "\n")) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-error:
-    return -1;
-}
-#endif  /* Py_DEBUG */
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// Node Dispatch
-
-
-static HamtNode *
-hamt_node_assoc(HamtNode *node,
-                uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                PyObject *key, PyObject *val, int* added_leaf)
-{
-    /* Set key/value to the 'node' starting with the given shift/hash.
-       Return a new node, or the same node if key/value already
-       set.
-
-       added_leaf will be set to 1 if key/value wasn't in the
-       tree before.
-
-       This method automatically dispatches to the suitable
-       hamt_node_{nodetype}_assoc method.
-    */
-
-    if (IS_BITMAP_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_bitmap_assoc(
-            (HamtNode_Bitmap *)node,
-            shift, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-    }
-    else if (IS_ARRAY_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_array_assoc(
-            (HamtNode_Array *)node,
-            shift, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-    }
-    else {
-        assert(IS_COLLISION_NODE(node));
-        return hamt_node_collision_assoc(
-            (HamtNode_Collision *)node,
-            shift, hash, key, val, added_leaf);
-    }
-}
-
-static hamt_without_t
-hamt_node_without(HamtNode *node,
-                  uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-                  PyObject *key,
-                  HamtNode **new_node)
-{
-    if (IS_BITMAP_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_bitmap_without(
-            (HamtNode_Bitmap *)node,
-            shift, hash, key,
-            new_node);
-    }
-    else if (IS_ARRAY_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_array_without(
-            (HamtNode_Array *)node,
-            shift, hash, key,
-            new_node);
-    }
-    else {
-        assert(IS_COLLISION_NODE(node));
-        return hamt_node_collision_without(
-            (HamtNode_Collision *)node,
-            shift, hash, key,
-            new_node);
-    }
-}
-
-static hamt_find_t
-hamt_node_find(HamtNode *node,
-               uint32_t shift, int32_t hash,
-               PyObject *key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    /* Find the key in the node starting with the given shift/hash.
-
-       If a value is found, the result will be set to F_FOUND, and
-       *val will point to the found value object.
-
-       If a value wasn't found, the result will be set to F_NOT_FOUND.
-
-       If an exception occurs during the call, the result will be F_ERROR.
-
-       This method automatically dispatches to the suitable
-       hamt_node_{nodetype}_find method.
-    */
-
-    if (IS_BITMAP_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_bitmap_find(
-            (HamtNode_Bitmap *)node,
-            shift, hash, key, val);
-
-    }
-    else if (IS_ARRAY_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_array_find(
-            (HamtNode_Array *)node,
-            shift, hash, key, val);
-    }
-    else {
-        assert(IS_COLLISION_NODE(node));
-        return hamt_node_collision_find(
-            (HamtNode_Collision *)node,
-            shift, hash, key, val);
-    }
-}
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static int
-hamt_node_dump(HamtNode *node,
-               _PyUnicodeWriter *writer, int level)
-{
-    /* Debug build: __dump__() method implementation for a node.
-
-       This method automatically dispatches to the suitable
-       hamt_node_{nodetype})_dump method.
-    */
-
-    if (IS_BITMAP_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_bitmap_dump(
-            (HamtNode_Bitmap *)node, writer, level);
-    }
-    else if (IS_ARRAY_NODE(node)) {
-        return hamt_node_array_dump(
-            (HamtNode_Array *)node, writer, level);
-    }
-    else {
-        assert(IS_COLLISION_NODE(node));
-        return hamt_node_collision_dump(
-            (HamtNode_Collision *)node, writer, level);
-    }
-}
-#endif  /* Py_DEBUG */
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// Iterators: Machinery
-
-
-static hamt_iter_t
-hamt_iterator_next(HamtIteratorState *iter, PyObject **key, PyObject **val);
-
-
-static void
-hamt_iterator_init(HamtIteratorState *iter, HamtNode *root)
-{
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < _Py_HAMT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH; i++) {
-        iter->i_nodes[i] = NULL;
-        iter->i_pos[i] = 0;
-    }
-
-    iter->i_level = 0;
-
-    /* Note: we don't incref/decref nodes in i_nodes. */
-    iter->i_nodes[0] = root;
-}
-
-static hamt_iter_t
-hamt_iterator_bitmap_next(HamtIteratorState *iter,
-                          PyObject **key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    int8_t level = iter->i_level;
-
-    HamtNode_Bitmap *node = (HamtNode_Bitmap *)(iter->i_nodes[level]);
-    Py_ssize_t pos = iter->i_pos[level];
-
-    if (pos + 1 >= Py_SIZE(node)) {
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-        assert(iter->i_level >= 0);
-        iter->i_nodes[iter->i_level] = NULL;
-#endif
-        iter->i_level--;
-        return hamt_iterator_next(iter, key, val);
-    }
-
-    if (node->b_array[pos] == NULL) {
-        iter->i_pos[level] = pos + 2;
-
-        int8_t next_level = level + 1;
-        assert(next_level < _Py_HAMT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH);
-        iter->i_level = next_level;
-        iter->i_pos[next_level] = 0;
-        iter->i_nodes[next_level] = (HamtNode *)
-            node->b_array[pos + 1];
-
-        return hamt_iterator_next(iter, key, val);
-    }
-
-    *key = node->b_array[pos];
-    *val = node->b_array[pos + 1];
-    iter->i_pos[level] = pos + 2;
-    return I_ITEM;
-}
-
-static hamt_iter_t
-hamt_iterator_collision_next(HamtIteratorState *iter,
-                             PyObject **key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    int8_t level = iter->i_level;
-
-    HamtNode_Collision *node = (HamtNode_Collision *)(iter->i_nodes[level]);
-    Py_ssize_t pos = iter->i_pos[level];
-
-    if (pos + 1 >= Py_SIZE(node)) {
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-        assert(iter->i_level >= 0);
-        iter->i_nodes[iter->i_level] = NULL;
-#endif
-        iter->i_level--;
-        return hamt_iterator_next(iter, key, val);
-    }
-
-    *key = node->c_array[pos];
-    *val = node->c_array[pos + 1];
-    iter->i_pos[level] = pos + 2;
-    return I_ITEM;
-}
-
-static hamt_iter_t
-hamt_iterator_array_next(HamtIteratorState *iter,
-                         PyObject **key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    int8_t level = iter->i_level;
-
-    HamtNode_Array *node = (HamtNode_Array *)(iter->i_nodes[level]);
-    Py_ssize_t pos = iter->i_pos[level];
-
-    if (pos >= HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE) {
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-        assert(iter->i_level >= 0);
-        iter->i_nodes[iter->i_level] = NULL;
-#endif
-        iter->i_level--;
-        return hamt_iterator_next(iter, key, val);
-    }
-
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = pos; i < HAMT_ARRAY_NODE_SIZE; i++) {
-        if (node->a_array[i] != NULL) {
-            iter->i_pos[level] = i + 1;
-
-            int8_t next_level = level + 1;
-            assert(next_level < _Py_HAMT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH);
-            iter->i_pos[next_level] = 0;
-            iter->i_nodes[next_level] = node->a_array[i];
-            iter->i_level = next_level;
-
-            return hamt_iterator_next(iter, key, val);
-        }
-    }
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-        assert(iter->i_level >= 0);
-        iter->i_nodes[iter->i_level] = NULL;
-#endif
-
-    iter->i_level--;
-    return hamt_iterator_next(iter, key, val);
-}
-
-static hamt_iter_t
-hamt_iterator_next(HamtIteratorState *iter, PyObject **key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    if (iter->i_level < 0) {
-        return I_END;
-    }
-
-    assert(iter->i_level < _Py_HAMT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH);
-
-    HamtNode *current = iter->i_nodes[iter->i_level];
-
-    if (IS_BITMAP_NODE(current)) {
-        return hamt_iterator_bitmap_next(iter, key, val);
-    }
-    else if (IS_ARRAY_NODE(current)) {
-        return hamt_iterator_array_next(iter, key, val);
-    }
-    else {
-        assert(IS_COLLISION_NODE(current));
-        return hamt_iterator_collision_next(iter, key, val);
-    }
-}
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// HAMT high-level functions
-
-
-HamtObject *
-_Hamt_Assoc(HamtObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *val)
-{
-    int32_t key_hash;
-    int added_leaf = 0;
-    HamtNode *new_root;
-    HamtObject *new_o;
-
-    key_hash = hamt_hash(key);
-    if (key_hash == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    new_root = hamt_node_assoc(
-        (HamtNode *)(o->h_root),
-        0, key_hash, key, val, &added_leaf);
-    if (new_root == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (new_root == o->h_root) {
-        Py_DECREF(new_root);
-        return (HamtObject*)Py_NewRef(o);
-    }
-
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)o);
-    new_o = hamt_alloc(state);
-    if (new_o == NULL) {
-        Py_DECREF(new_root);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    new_o->h_root = new_root;  /* borrow */
-    new_o->h_count = added_leaf ? o->h_count + 1 : o->h_count;
-
-    return new_o;
-}
-
-HamtObject *
-_Hamt_Without(HamtObject *o, PyObject *key)
-{
-    int32_t key_hash = hamt_hash(key);
-    if (key_hash == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    HamtNode *new_root = NULL;
-
-    hamt_without_t res = hamt_node_without(
-        (HamtNode *)(o->h_root),
-        0, key_hash, key,
-        &new_root);
-
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)o);
-
-    switch (res) {
-        case W_ERROR:
-            return NULL;
-        case W_EMPTY: {
-            return _Hamt_New(state);
-        }
-        case W_NOT_FOUND:
-            return (HamtObject*)Py_NewRef(o);
-        case W_NEWNODE: {
-            assert(new_root != NULL);
-
-            HamtObject *new_o = hamt_alloc(state);
-            if (new_o == NULL) {
-                Py_DECREF(new_root);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-
-            new_o->h_root = new_root;  /* borrow */
-            new_o->h_count = o->h_count - 1;
-            assert(new_o->h_count >= 0);
-            return new_o;
-        }
-        default:
-            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-}
-
-static hamt_find_t
-hamt_find(HamtObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    if (o->h_count == 0) {
-        return F_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    int32_t key_hash = hamt_hash(key);
-    if (key_hash == -1) {
-        return F_ERROR;
-    }
-
-    return hamt_node_find(o->h_root, 0, key_hash, key, val);
-}
-
-
-int
-_Hamt_Find(HamtObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject **val)
-{
-    hamt_find_t res = hamt_find(o, key, val);
-    switch (res) {
-        case F_ERROR:
-            return -1;
-        case F_NOT_FOUND:
-            return 0;
-        case F_FOUND:
-            return 1;
-        default:
-            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-}
-
-
-int
-_Hamt_Eq(HamtObject *v, HamtObject *w)
-{
-    if (v == w) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (v->h_count != w->h_count) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    HamtIteratorState iter;
-    hamt_iter_t iter_res;
-    hamt_find_t find_res;
-    PyObject *v_key;
-    PyObject *v_val;
-    PyObject *w_val;
-
-    hamt_iterator_init(&iter, v->h_root);
-
-    do {
-        iter_res = hamt_iterator_next(&iter, &v_key, &v_val);
-        if (iter_res == I_ITEM) {
-            find_res = hamt_find(w, v_key, &w_val);
-            switch (find_res) {
-                case F_ERROR:
-                    return -1;
-
-                case F_NOT_FOUND:
-                    return 0;
-
-                case F_FOUND: {
-                    int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(v_val, w_val, Py_EQ);
-                    if (cmp < 0) {
-                        return -1;
-                    }
-                    if (cmp == 0) {
-                        return 0;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } while (iter_res != I_END);
-
-    return 1;
-}
-
-Py_ssize_t
-_Hamt_Len(HamtObject *o)
-{
-    return o->h_count;
-}
-
-static HamtObject *
-hamt_alloc(hamt_module_state *state)
-{
-    HamtObject *o;
-    o = PyObject_GC_New(HamtObject, state->Hamt_Type);
-    if (o == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    o->h_count = 0;
-    o->h_root = NULL;
-    o->h_weakreflist = NULL;
-    PyObject_GC_Track(o);
-    return o;
-}
-
-HamtObject *
-_Hamt_New(hamt_module_state *state)
-{
-    /* HAMT is an immutable object so we can easily cache an
-       empty instance. */
-    return (HamtObject*)Py_NewRef(state->empty_hamt);
-}
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static PyObject *
-hamt_dump(HamtObject *self)
-{
-    _PyUnicodeWriter writer;
-
-    _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer);
-
-    if (_hamt_dump_format(&writer, "HAMT(len=%zd):\n", self->h_count)) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (hamt_node_dump(self->h_root, &writer, 0)) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer);
-
-error:
-    _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
-    return NULL;
-}
-#endif  /* Py_DEBUG */
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// Iterators: Shared Iterator Implementation
-
-
-static int
-hamt_baseiter_tp_clear(HamtIterator *it)
-{
-    Py_CLEAR(it->hi_obj);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-hamt_baseiter_tp_dealloc(HamtIterator *it)
-{
-    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(it);
-    (void)hamt_baseiter_tp_clear(it);
-    PyObject_GC_Del(it);
-}
-
-static int
-hamt_baseiter_tp_traverse(HamtIterator *it, visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-    Py_VISIT(it->hi_obj);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_baseiter_tp_iternext(HamtIterator *it)
-{
-    PyObject *key;
-    PyObject *val;
-    hamt_iter_t res = hamt_iterator_next(&it->hi_iter, &key, &val);
-
-    switch (res) {
-        case I_END:
-            PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
-            return NULL;
-
-        case I_ITEM: {
-            return (*(it->hi_yield))(key, val);
-        }
-
-        default: {
-            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-hamt_baseiter_tp_len(HamtIterator *it)
-{
-    return it->hi_obj->h_count;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_baseiter_new(PyTypeObject *type, binaryfunc yield, HamtObject *o)
-{
-    HamtIterator *it = PyObject_GC_New(HamtIterator, type);
-    if (it == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    it->hi_obj = (HamtObject*)Py_NewRef(o);
-    it->hi_yield = yield;
-
-    hamt_iterator_init(&it->hi_iter, o->h_root);
-
-    return (PyObject*)it;
-}
-
-#define ITERATOR_TYPE_SHARED_SLOTS                              \
-    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(HamtIterator),                     \
-    .tp_itemsize = 0,                                           \
-    .tp_as_mapping = &HamtIterator_as_mapping,                \
-    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)hamt_baseiter_tp_dealloc,         \
-    .tp_getattro = PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                     \
-    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,        \
-    .tp_traverse = (traverseproc)hamt_baseiter_tp_traverse,     \
-    .tp_clear = (inquiry)hamt_baseiter_tp_clear,                \
-    .tp_iter = PyObject_SelfIter,                               \
-    .tp_iternext = (iternextfunc)hamt_baseiter_tp_iternext,
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// _HamtItems_Type
-
-
-static PyType_Slot HamtItems_Type_slots[] = {
-    {Py_tp_dealloc, hamt_baseiter_tp_dealloc},
-    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
-    {Py_tp_traverse, hamt_baseiter_tp_traverse},
-    {Py_tp_clear, hamt_baseiter_tp_clear},
-    {Py_tp_iter, PyObject_SelfIter},
-    {Py_tp_iternext, hamt_baseiter_tp_iternext},
-    {Py_mp_length, hamt_baseiter_tp_len},
-    {0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyType_Spec HamtItems_Type_spec = {
-    .name = "hamt.items",
-    .basicsize = sizeof(HamtIterator),
-    .itemsize = 0,
-    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
-    .slots = HamtItems_Type_slots,
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_iter_yield_items(PyObject *key, PyObject *val)
-{
-    return PyTuple_Pack(2, key, val);
-}
-
-PyObject *
-_Hamt_NewIterItems(HamtObject *o)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)o);
-    return hamt_baseiter_new(
-        state->HamtItems_Type, hamt_iter_yield_items, o);
-}
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// _HamtKeys_Type
-
-
-static PyType_Slot HamtKeys_Type_slots[] = {
-    {Py_tp_dealloc, hamt_baseiter_tp_dealloc},
-    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
-    {Py_tp_traverse, hamt_baseiter_tp_traverse},
-    {Py_tp_clear, hamt_baseiter_tp_clear},
-    {Py_tp_iter, PyObject_SelfIter},
-    {Py_tp_iternext, hamt_baseiter_tp_iternext},
-    {Py_mp_length, hamt_baseiter_tp_len},
-    {0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyType_Spec HamtKeys_Type_spec = {
-    .name = "hamt.keys",
-    .basicsize = sizeof(HamtIterator),
-    .itemsize = 0,
-    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
-    .slots = HamtKeys_Type_slots,
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_iter_yield_keys(PyObject *key, PyObject *val)
-{
-    return Py_NewRef(key);
-}
-
-PyObject *
-_Hamt_NewIterKeys(HamtObject *o)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)o);
-    return hamt_baseiter_new(
-        state->HamtKeys_Type, hamt_iter_yield_keys, o);
-}
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// _HamtValues_Type
-
-
-static PyType_Slot HamtValues_Type_slots[] = {
-    {Py_tp_dealloc, hamt_baseiter_tp_dealloc},
-    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
-    {Py_tp_traverse, hamt_baseiter_tp_traverse},
-    {Py_tp_clear, hamt_baseiter_tp_clear},
-    {Py_tp_iter, PyObject_SelfIter},
-    {Py_tp_iternext, hamt_baseiter_tp_iternext},
-    {Py_mp_length, hamt_baseiter_tp_len},
-    {0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyType_Spec HamtValues_Type_spec = {
-    .name = "hamt.values",
-    .basicsize = sizeof(HamtIterator),
-    .itemsize = 0,
-    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
-    .slots = HamtValues_Type_slots,
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_iter_yield_values(PyObject *key, PyObject *val)
-{
-    return Py_NewRef(val);
-}
-
-PyObject *
-_Hamt_NewIterValues(HamtObject *o)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)o);
-    return hamt_baseiter_new(
-        state->HamtValues_Type, hamt_iter_yield_values, o);
-}
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// _Hamt_Type
-
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static PyObject *
-hamt_dump(HamtObject *self);
-#endif
-
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_tp_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_type(type);
-    return (PyObject*)_Hamt_New(state);
-}
-
-static int
-hamt_tp_clear(HamtObject *self)
-{
-    Py_CLEAR(self->h_root);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-
-static int
-hamt_tp_traverse(HamtObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-    Py_VISIT(self->h_root);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-hamt_tp_dealloc(HamtObject *self)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_state_from_obj((PyObject*)self);
-    if (self == state->empty_hamt) {
-        /* The empty one is managed by the module state. */
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-        _Py_FatalRefcountError("deallocating the empty hamt singleton");
-#else
-        return;
-#endif
-    }
-
-    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
-    if (self->h_weakreflist != NULL) {
-        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject*)self);
-    }
-    (void)hamt_tp_clear(self);
-    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);
-}
-
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_tp_richcompare(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, int op)
-{
-    if (!Hamt_Check(v) || !Hamt_Check(w) || (op != Py_EQ && op != Py_NE)) {
-        Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
-    }
-
-    int res = _Hamt_Eq((HamtObject *)v, (HamtObject *)w);
-    if (res < 0) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (op == Py_NE) {
-        res = !res;
-    }
-
-    if (res) {
-        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
-    }
-    else {
-        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-hamt_tp_contains(HamtObject *self, PyObject *key)
-{
-    PyObject *val;
-    return _Hamt_Find(self, key, &val);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_tp_subscript(HamtObject *self, PyObject *key)
-{
-    PyObject *val;
-    hamt_find_t res = hamt_find(self, key, &val);
-    switch (res) {
-        case F_ERROR:
-            return NULL;
-        case F_FOUND:
-            return Py_NewRef(val);
-        case F_NOT_FOUND:
-            PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, key);
-            return NULL;
-        default:
-            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-}
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-hamt_tp_len(HamtObject *self)
-{
-    return _Hamt_Len(self);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_tp_iter(HamtObject *self)
-{
-    return _Hamt_NewIterKeys(self);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_py_set(HamtObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *key;
-    PyObject *val;
-
-    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "set", 2, 2, &key, &val)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return (PyObject *)_Hamt_Assoc(self, key, val);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_py_get(HamtObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *key;
-    PyObject *def = NULL;
-
-    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "get", 1, 2, &key, &def)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyObject *val = NULL;
-    hamt_find_t res = hamt_find(self, key, &val);
-    switch (res) {
-        case F_ERROR:
-            return NULL;
-        case F_FOUND:
-            return Py_NewRef(val);
-        case F_NOT_FOUND:
-            if (def == NULL) {
-                Py_RETURN_NONE;
-            }
-            return Py_NewRef(def);
-        default:
-            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_py_delete(HamtObject *self, PyObject *key)
-{
-    return (PyObject *)_Hamt_Without(self, key);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_py_items(HamtObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Hamt_NewIterItems(self);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_py_values(HamtObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Hamt_NewIterValues(self);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-hamt_py_keys(HamtObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
-{
-    return _Hamt_NewIterKeys(self);
-}
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static PyObject *
-hamt_py_dump(HamtObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
-{
-    return hamt_dump(self);
-}
-#endif
-
-
-static PyMethodDef Hamt_methods[] = {
-    {"set", _PyCFunction_CAST(hamt_py_set), METH_VARARGS, NULL},
-    {"get", _PyCFunction_CAST(hamt_py_get), METH_VARARGS, NULL},
-    {"delete", _PyCFunction_CAST(hamt_py_delete), METH_O, NULL},
-    {"items", _PyCFunction_CAST(hamt_py_items), METH_NOARGS, NULL},
-    {"keys", _PyCFunction_CAST(hamt_py_keys), METH_NOARGS, NULL},
-    {"values", _PyCFunction_CAST(hamt_py_values), METH_NOARGS, NULL},
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-    {"__dump__", _PyCFunction_CAST(hamt_py_dump), METH_NOARGS, NULL},
-#endif
-    {NULL, NULL}
-};
-
-static PyType_Slot Hamt_Type_slots[] = {
-    {Py_tp_dealloc, hamt_tp_dealloc},
-    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
-    {Py_tp_traverse, hamt_tp_traverse},
-    {Py_tp_clear, hamt_tp_clear},
-    {Py_tp_new, hamt_tp_new},
-    {Py_tp_iter, hamt_tp_iter},
-    {Py_tp_richcompare, hamt_tp_richcompare},
-    {Py_tp_hash, PyObject_HashNotImplemented},
-    {Py_tp_methods, Hamt_methods},
-    {Py_mp_length, hamt_tp_len},
-    {Py_mp_subscript, hamt_tp_subscript},
-    {Py_sq_contains, hamt_tp_contains},
-    {0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyType_Spec Hamt_Type_spec = {
-    .name = "hamt.hamt",
-    .basicsize = sizeof(HamtObject),
-    .itemsize = 0,
-    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
-    .slots = Hamt_Type_slots,
-};
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////// Tree Node Types
-
-
-static PyType_Slot Hamt_ArrayNode_Type_slots[] = {
-    {Py_tp_dealloc, hamt_node_array_dealloc},
-    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
-    {Py_tp_traverse, hamt_node_array_traverse},
-    {Py_tp_free, PyObject_GC_Del},
-    {Py_tp_hash, PyObject_HashNotImplemented},
-    {0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyType_Spec Hamt_ArrayNode_Type_spec = {
-    .name = "hamt.hamt_array_node",
-    .basicsize = sizeof(HamtNode_Array),
-    .itemsize = 0,
-    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
-    .slots = Hamt_ArrayNode_Type_slots,
-};
-
-static PyType_Slot Hamt_BitmapNode_Type_slots[] = {
-    {Py_tp_dealloc, hamt_node_bitmap_dealloc},
-    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
-    {Py_tp_traverse, hamt_node_bitmap_traverse},
-    {Py_tp_free, PyObject_GC_Del},
-    {Py_tp_hash, PyObject_HashNotImplemented},
-    {0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyType_Spec Hamt_BitmapNode_Type_spec = {
-    .name = "hamt.hamt_bitmap_node",
-    .basicsize = sizeof(HamtNode_Bitmap) - sizeof(PyObject *),
-    .itemsize = sizeof(PyObject *),
-    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
-    .slots = Hamt_BitmapNode_Type_slots,
-};
-
-static PyType_Slot Hamt_CollisionNode_Type_slots[] = {
-    {Py_tp_dealloc, hamt_node_collision_dealloc},
-    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
-    {Py_tp_traverse, hamt_node_collision_traverse},
-    {Py_tp_free, PyObject_GC_Del},
-    {Py_tp_hash, PyObject_HashNotImplemented},
-    {0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyType_Spec Hamt_CollisionNode_Type_spec = {
-    .name = "hamt.hamt_collision_node",
-    .basicsize = sizeof(HamtNode_Collision) - sizeof(PyObject *),
-    .itemsize = sizeof(PyObject *),
-    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
-    .slots = Hamt_CollisionNode_Type_slots,
-};
-
-////
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_new(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "")) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_module_state(self);
-    HamtObject *hamt = _Hamt_New(state);
-    if (!hamt) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return (PyObject *)hamt;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_assoc(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *hamt_obj;
-    PyObject *key;
-    PyObject *val;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOO", &hamt_obj, &key, &val)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(hamt_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "first argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    HamtObject *result = _Hamt_Assoc((HamtObject *)hamt_obj, key, val);
-    if (!result) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return (PyObject *)result;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_without(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *hamt_obj;
-    PyObject *key;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &hamt_obj, &key)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(hamt_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "first argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    HamtObject *result = _Hamt_Without((HamtObject *)hamt_obj, key);
-    if (!result) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return (PyObject *)result;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_find(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *hamt_obj;
-    PyObject *key;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &hamt_obj, &key)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(hamt_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "first argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyObject *val = NULL;
-    int result = _Hamt_Find((HamtObject *)hamt_obj, key, &val);
-
-    if (result == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (result == 0) {
-        Py_RETURN_NONE;
-    }
-
-    // result == 1, key found, val is a borrowed reference
-    Py_INCREF(val);
-    return val;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_eq(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *v_obj;
-    PyObject *w_obj;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &v_obj, &w_obj)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(v_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "first argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(w_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "second argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    int result = _Hamt_Eq((HamtObject *)v_obj, (HamtObject *)w_obj);
-
-    if (result == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (result == 0) {
-        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
-    }
-
-    Py_RETURN_TRUE;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_len(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *hamt_obj;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &hamt_obj)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(hamt_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    Py_ssize_t len = _Hamt_Len((HamtObject *)hamt_obj);
-    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(len);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_iter_keys(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *hamt_obj;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &hamt_obj)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(hamt_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyObject *iter = _Hamt_NewIterKeys((HamtObject *)hamt_obj);
-    if (!iter) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return iter;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_iter_values(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *hamt_obj;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &hamt_obj)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(hamt_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyObject *iter = _Hamt_NewIterValues((HamtObject *)hamt_obj);
-    if (!iter) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return iter;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-py_hamt_iter_items(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *hamt_obj;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &hamt_obj)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!Hamt_Check(hamt_obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a HAMT object");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyObject *iter = _Hamt_NewIterItems((HamtObject *)hamt_obj);
-    if (!iter) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return iter;
-}
-
-//
-
-static int _hamt_module_exec(PyObject *module)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_module_state(module);
-
-    /* Initialize type objects */
-    state->Hamt_Type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &Hamt_Type_spec, NULL);
-    if (state->Hamt_Type == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (PyModule_AddType(module, state->Hamt_Type) < 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    state->HamtItems_Type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &HamtItems_Type_spec, NULL);
-    if (state->HamtItems_Type == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    state->HamtKeys_Type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &HamtKeys_Type_spec, NULL);
-    if (state->HamtKeys_Type == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    state->HamtValues_Type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &HamtValues_Type_spec, NULL);
-    if (state->HamtValues_Type == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    state->Hamt_ArrayNode_Type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &Hamt_ArrayNode_Type_spec, NULL);
-    if (state->Hamt_ArrayNode_Type == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    state->Hamt_BitmapNode_Type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &Hamt_BitmapNode_Type_spec, NULL);
-    if (state->Hamt_BitmapNode_Type == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    state->Hamt_CollisionNode_Type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &Hamt_CollisionNode_Type_spec, NULL);
-    if (state->Hamt_CollisionNode_Type == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /* Initialize singleton objects */
-
-    /* Create empty bitmap node */
-    state->empty_bitmap_node = PyObject_GC_New(HamtNode_Bitmap, state->Hamt_BitmapNode_Type);
-    if (state->empty_bitmap_node == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    Py_SET_SIZE(state->empty_bitmap_node, 0);
-    state->empty_bitmap_node->b_bitmap = 0;
-    PyObject_GC_Track(state->empty_bitmap_node);
-
-    /* Create empty HAMT object */
-    state->empty_hamt = PyObject_GC_New(HamtObject, state->Hamt_Type);
-    if (state->empty_hamt == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    state->empty_hamt->h_root = (HamtNode *)Py_NewRef(state->empty_bitmap_node);
-    state->empty_hamt->h_weakreflist = NULL;
-    state->empty_hamt->h_count = 0;
-    PyObject_GC_Track(state->empty_hamt);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int _hamt_module_traverse(PyObject *module, visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_module_state(module);
-
-    /* Visit type objects */
-    Py_VISIT(state->Hamt_Type);
-    Py_VISIT(state->HamtItems_Type);
-    Py_VISIT(state->HamtKeys_Type);
-    Py_VISIT(state->HamtValues_Type);
-    Py_VISIT(state->Hamt_ArrayNode_Type);
-    Py_VISIT(state->Hamt_BitmapNode_Type);
-    Py_VISIT(state->Hamt_CollisionNode_Type);
-
-    /* Visit singleton objects */
-    Py_VISIT(state->empty_hamt);
-    Py_VISIT(state->empty_bitmap_node);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int _hamt_module_clear(PyObject *module)
-{
-    hamt_module_state *state = get_hamt_module_state(module);
-
-    /* Clear type objects */
-    Py_CLEAR(state->Hamt_Type);
-    Py_CLEAR(state->HamtItems_Type);
-    Py_CLEAR(state->HamtKeys_Type);
-    Py_CLEAR(state->HamtValues_Type);
-    Py_CLEAR(state->Hamt_ArrayNode_Type);
-    Py_CLEAR(state->Hamt_BitmapNode_Type);
-    Py_CLEAR(state->Hamt_CollisionNode_Type);
-
-    /* Clear singleton objects */
-    Py_CLEAR(state->empty_hamt);
-    Py_CLEAR(state->empty_bitmap_node);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void _hamt_module_free(void *module)
-{
-    _hamt_module_clear((PyObject *)module);
-}
-
-//
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(hamt_doc, _MODULE_NAME);
-
-static PyMethodDef hamt_methods[] = {
-    {"new", py_hamt_new, METH_VARARGS, "Create a new HAMT immutable mapping"},
-    {"assoc", py_hamt_assoc, METH_VARARGS, "Return a new HAMT with an additional key/value pair"},
-    {"without", py_hamt_without, METH_VARARGS, "Return a new HAMT without the specified key"},
-    {"find", py_hamt_find, METH_VARARGS, "Find a key in the HAMT, return value or None"},
-    {"eq", py_hamt_eq, METH_VARARGS, "Check if two HAMTs are equal"},
-    {"len", py_hamt_len, METH_VARARGS, "Return the number of items in the HAMT"},
-    {"iter_keys", py_hamt_iter_keys, METH_VARARGS, "Return a keys iterator over the HAMT"},
-    {"iter_values", py_hamt_iter_values, METH_VARARGS, "Return a values iterator over the HAMT"},
-    {"iter_items", py_hamt_iter_items, METH_VARARGS, "Return an items iterator over the HAMT"},
-    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
-};
-
-static struct PyModuleDef_Slot hamt_slots[] = {
-    {Py_mod_exec, (void *) _hamt_module_exec},
-    {Py_mod_gil, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED},
-    {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED},
-    {0, NULL}
-};
-
-static struct PyModuleDef hamt_module = {
-    .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
-    .m_name = _MODULE_NAME,
-    .m_doc = hamt_doc,
-    .m_size = sizeof(hamt_module_state),
-    .m_methods = hamt_methods,
-    .m_slots = hamt_slots,
-    .m_traverse = _hamt_module_traverse,
-    .m_clear = _hamt_module_clear,
-    .m_free = _hamt_module_free,
-};
-
-PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__hamt(void)
-{
-    return PyModuleDef_Init(&hamt_module);
-}