oe-python-template-example 0.4.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.4.3__py3-none-any.whl

oe_python_template_example/utils/.vendored/bottle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4563 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It
+offers request dispatching (Routes) with URL parameter support, templates,
+a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and
+template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the
+Python Standard Library.
+
+Homepage and documentation: http://bottlepy.org/
+
+Copyright (c) 2009-2024, Marcel Hellkamp.
+License: MIT (see LICENSE for details)
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+__author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp'
+__version__ = '0.14-dev'
+__license__ = 'MIT'
+
+###############################################################################
+# Command-line interface ######################################################
+###############################################################################
+# INFO: Some server adapters need to monkey-patch std-lib modules before they
+# are imported. This is why some of the command-line handling is done here, but
+# the actual call to _main() is at the end of the file.
+
+
+def _cli_parse(args):  # pragma: no coverage
+    from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+    parser = ArgumentParser(prog=args[0], usage="%(prog)s [options] package.module:app")
+    opt = parser.add_argument
+    opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.")
+    opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.")
+    opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.")
+    opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.")
+    opt("-c", "--conf", action="append", metavar="FILE",
+        help="load config values from FILE.")
+    opt("-C", "--param", action="append", metavar="NAME=VALUE",
+        help="override config values.")
+    opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.")
+    opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.")
+    opt('app', help='WSGI app entry point.', nargs='?')
+
+    cli_args = parser.parse_args(args[1:])
+
+    return cli_args, parser
+
+
+def _cli_patch(cli_args):  # pragma: no coverage
+    parsed_args, _ = _cli_parse(cli_args)
+    opts = parsed_args
+    if opts.server:
+        if opts.server.startswith('gevent'):
+            import gevent.monkey
+            gevent.monkey.patch_all()
+        elif opts.server.startswith('eventlet'):
+            import eventlet
+            eventlet.monkey_patch()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _cli_patch(sys.argv)
+
+###############################################################################
+# Imports and Helpers used everywhere else #####################################
+###############################################################################
+
+import base64, calendar, email.utils, functools, hmac, itertools, \
+    mimetypes, os, re, tempfile, threading, time, warnings, weakref, hashlib
+
+from types import FunctionType
+from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from traceback import format_exc, print_exc
+from unicodedata import normalize
+
+try:
+    from ujson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
+except ImportError:
+    from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
+
+py = sys.version_info
+
+import http.client as httplib
+import _thread as thread
+from urllib.parse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
+from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
+from http.cookies import SimpleCookie, Morsel, CookieError
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping as DictMixin
+from types import ModuleType as new_module
+import pickle
+from io import BytesIO
+import configparser
+from datetime import timezone
+UTC = timezone.utc
+import inspect
+
+json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s))
+callable = lambda x: hasattr(x, '__call__')
+
+def _wsgi_recode(src):
+    """ Translate a PEP-3333 latin1-string to utf8+surrogateescape """
+    if src.isascii():
+        return src
+    return src.encode('latin1').decode('utf8', 'surrogateescape')
+
+
+def _raise(*a):
+    raise a[0](a[1]).with_traceback(a[2])
+
+
+# Some helpers for string/byte handling
+def tob(s, enc='utf8'):
+    if isinstance(s, str):
+        return s.encode(enc)
+    return b'' if s is None else bytes(s)
+
+
+def touni(s, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
+    if isinstance(s, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        return str(s, enc, err)
+    return "" if s is None else str(s)
+
+
+def _stderr(*args):
+    try:
+        print(*args, file=sys.stderr)
+    except (IOError, AttributeError):
+        pass # Some environments do not allow printing (mod_wsgi)
+
+
+# A bug in functools causes it to break if the wrapper is an instance method
+def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka):
+    try:
+        functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka)
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+# These helpers are used at module level and need to be defined first.
+# And yes, I know PEP-8, but sometimes a lower-case classname makes more sense.
+
+
+def depr(major, minor, cause, fix, stacklevel=3):
+    text = "Warning: Use of deprecated feature or API. (Deprecated in Bottle-%d.%d)\n"\
+           "Cause: %s\n"\
+           "Fix: %s\n" % (major, minor, cause, fix)
+    if DEBUG == 'strict':
+        raise DeprecationWarning(text)
+    warnings.warn(text, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+    return DeprecationWarning(text)
+
+
+def makelist(data):  # This is just too handy
+    if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)):
+        return list(data)
+    elif data:
+        return [data]
+    else:
+        return []
+
+
+class DictProperty(object):
+    """ Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. """
+
+    def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False):
+        self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
+        self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__
+        return self
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None: return self
+        key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr)
+        if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj)
+        return storage[key]
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value):
+        if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
+        getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value
+
+    def __delete__(self, obj):
+        if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
+        del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key]
+
+
+class cached_property(object):
+    """ A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
+        itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
+        property. """
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        update_wrapper(self, func)
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None: return self
+        value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
+        return value
+
+
+class lazy_attribute(object):
+    """ A property that caches itself to the class object. """
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
+        self.getter = func
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        value = self.getter(cls)
+        setattr(cls, self.__name__, value)
+        return value
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Exceptions and Events #######################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+class BottleException(Exception):
+    """ A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """
+    pass
+
+###############################################################################
+# Routing ######################################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+class RouteError(BottleException):
+    """ This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """
+
+
+class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError):
+    pass
+
+
+class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError):
+    """ The route parser found something not supported by this router. """
+
+
+class RouteBuildError(RouteError):
+    """ The route could not be built. """
+
+
+def _re_flatten(p):
+    """ Turn all capturing groups in a regular expression pattern into
+        non-capturing groups. """
+    if '(' not in p:
+        return p
+    return re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]+>|\((?!\?))', lambda m: m.group(0) if
+                  len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:', p)
+
+
+class Router(object):
+    """ A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to
+        efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return
+        the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything,
+        usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule
+        and a HTTP method.
+
+        The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic
+        path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/<page>`). The wildcard syntax
+        and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`.
+    """
+
+    default_pattern = '[^/]+'
+    default_filter = 're'
+
+    #: The current CPython regexp implementation does not allow more
+    #: than 99 matching groups per regular expression.
+    _MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN = 99
+
+    def __init__(self, strict=False):
+        self.rules = []  # All rules in order
+        self._groups = {}  # index of regexes to find them in dyna_routes
+        self.builder = {}  # Data structure for the url builder
+        self.static = {}  # Search structure for static routes
+        self.dyna_routes = {}
+        self.dyna_regexes = {}  # Search structure for dynamic routes
+        #: If true, static routes are no longer checked first.
+        self.strict_order = strict
+        self.filters = {
+            're': lambda conf: (_re_flatten(conf or self.default_pattern),
+                                None, None),
+            'int': lambda conf: (r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))),
+            'float': lambda conf: (r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))),
+            'path': lambda conf: (r'.+?', None, None)
+        }
+
+    def add_filter(self, name, func):
+        """ Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration
+        string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple.
+        The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. """
+        self.filters[name] = func
+
+    rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)'
+        '(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)'
+          '|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)'
+            '(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>])+)?)?)?>))')
+
+    def _itertokens(self, rule):
+        offset, prefix = 0, ''
+        for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule):
+            prefix += rule[offset:match.start()]
+            g = match.groups()
+            if g[2] is not None:
+                depr(0, 13, "Use of old route syntax.",
+                            "Use <name> instead of :name in routes.",
+                            stacklevel=4)
+            if len(g[0]) % 2:  # Escaped wildcard
+                prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):]
+                offset = match.end()
+                continue
+            if prefix:
+                yield prefix, None, None
+            name, filtr, conf = g[4:7] if g[2] is None else g[1:4]
+            yield name, filtr or 'default', conf or None
+            offset, prefix = match.end(), ''
+        if offset <= len(rule) or prefix:
+            yield prefix + rule[offset:], None, None
+
+    def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None):
+        """ Add a new rule or replace the target for an existing rule. """
+        anons = 0  # Number of anonymous wildcards found
+        keys = []  # Names of keys
+        pattern = ''  # Regular expression pattern with named groups
+        filters = []  # Lists of wildcard input filters
+        builder = []  # Data structure for the URL builder
+        is_static = True
+
+        for key, mode, conf in self._itertokens(rule):
+            if mode:
+                is_static = False
+                if mode == 'default': mode = self.default_filter
+                mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf)
+                if not key:
+                    pattern += '(?:%s)' % mask
+                    key = 'anon%d' % anons
+                    anons += 1
+                else:
+                    pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask)
+                    keys.append(key)
+                if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter))
+                builder.append((key, out_filter or str))
+            elif key:
+                pattern += re.escape(key)
+                builder.append((None, key))
+
+        self.builder[rule] = builder
+        if name: self.builder[name] = builder
+
+        if is_static and not self.strict_order:
+            self.static.setdefault(method, {})
+            self.static[method][self.build(rule)] = (target, None)
+            return
+
+        try:
+            re_pattern = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern)
+            re_match = re_pattern.match
+        except re.error as e:
+            raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" % (rule, e))
+
+        if filters:
+
+            def getargs(path):
+                url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
+                for name, wildcard_filter in filters:
+                    try:
+                        url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name])
+                    except ValueError:
+                        raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.')
+                return url_args
+        elif re_pattern.groupindex:
+
+            def getargs(path):
+                return re_match(path).groupdict()
+        else:
+            getargs = None
+
+        flatpat = _re_flatten(pattern)
+        whole_rule = (rule, flatpat, target, getargs)
+
+        if (flatpat, method) in self._groups:
+            if DEBUG:
+                msg = 'Route <%s %s> overwrites a previously defined route'
+                warnings.warn(msg % (method, rule), RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
+            self.dyna_routes[method][
+                self._groups[flatpat, method]] = whole_rule
+        else:
+            self.dyna_routes.setdefault(method, []).append(whole_rule)
+            self._groups[flatpat, method] = len(self.dyna_routes[method]) - 1
+
+        self._compile(method)
+
+    def _compile(self, method):
+        all_rules = self.dyna_routes[method]
+        comborules = self.dyna_regexes[method] = []
+        maxgroups = self._MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN
+        for x in range(0, len(all_rules), maxgroups):
+            some = all_rules[x:x + maxgroups]
+            combined = (flatpat for (_, flatpat, _, _) in some)
+            combined = '|'.join('(^%s$)' % flatpat for flatpat in combined)
+            combined = re.compile(combined).match
+            rules = [(target, getargs) for (_, _, target, getargs) in some]
+            comborules.append((combined, rules))
+
+    def build(self, _name, *anons, **query):
+        """ Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. """
+        builder = self.builder.get(_name)
+        if not builder:
+            raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name)
+        try:
+            for i, value in enumerate(anons):
+                query['anon%d' % i] = value
+            url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n, f) in builder])
+            return url if not query else url + '?' + urlencode(query)
+        except KeyError as E:
+            raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % E.args[0])
+
+    def match(self, environ):
+        """ Return a (target, url_args) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). """
+        verb = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
+        path = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/'
+
+        methods = ('PROXY', 'HEAD', 'GET', 'ANY') if verb == 'HEAD' else ('PROXY', verb, 'ANY')
+
+        for method in methods:
+            if method in self.static and path in self.static[method]:
+                target, getargs = self.static[method][path]
+                return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
+            elif method in self.dyna_regexes:
+                for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
+                    match = combined(path)
+                    if match:
+                        target, getargs = rules[match.lastindex - 1]
+                        return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
+
+        # No matching route found. Collect alternative methods for 405 response
+        allowed = set([])
+        nocheck = set(methods)
+        for method in set(self.static) - nocheck:
+            if path in self.static[method]:
+                allowed.add(method)
+        for method in set(self.dyna_regexes) - allowed - nocheck:
+            for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
+                match = combined(path)
+                if match:
+                    allowed.add(method)
+        if allowed:
+            allow_header = ",".join(sorted(allowed))
+            raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.", Allow=allow_header)
+
+        # No matching route and no alternative method found. We give up
+        raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(path))
+
+
+class Route(object):
+    """ This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and
+        configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for
+        turning an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback,
+                 name=None,
+                 plugins=None,
+                 skiplist=None, **config):
+        #: The application this route is installed to.
+        self.app = app
+        #: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/<page>``).
+        self.rule = rule
+        #: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``).
+        self.method = method
+        #: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection.
+        self.callback = callback
+        #: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``.
+        self.name = name or None
+        #: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
+        self.plugins = plugins or []
+        #: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
+        self.skiplist = skiplist or []
+        #: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route`
+        #: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific
+        #: plugin configuration and meta-data.
+        self.config = app.config._make_overlay()
+        self.config.load_dict(config)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def call(self):
+        """ The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is
+            created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests."""
+        return self._make_callback()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """ Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed,
+            all plugins are re-applied. """
+        self.__dict__.pop('call', None)
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """ Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging)."""
+        self.call
+
+    def all_plugins(self):
+        """ Yield all Plugins affecting this route. """
+        unique = set()
+        for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins):
+            if True in self.skiplist: break
+            name = getattr(p, 'name', False)
+            if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue
+            if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue
+            if name: unique.add(name)
+            yield p
+
+    def _make_callback(self):
+        callback = self.callback
+        for plugin in self.all_plugins():
+            if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
+                callback = plugin.apply(callback, self)
+            else:
+                callback = plugin(callback)
+            if callback is not self.callback:
+                update_wrapper(callback, self.callback)
+        return callback
+
+    def get_undecorated_callback(self):
+        """ Return the callback. If the callback is a decorated function, try to
+            recover the original function. """
+        func = self.callback
+        func = getattr(func, '__func__', func)
+        while hasattr(func, '__closure__') and getattr(func, '__closure__'):
+            attributes = getattr(func, '__closure__')
+            func = attributes[0].cell_contents
+
+            # in case of decorators with multiple arguments
+            if not isinstance(func, FunctionType):
+                # pick first FunctionType instance from multiple arguments
+                func = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, FunctionType),
+                              map(lambda x: x.cell_contents, attributes))
+                func = list(func)[0]  # py3 support
+        return func
+
+    def get_callback_args(self):
+        """ Return a list of argument names the callback (most likely) accepts
+            as keyword arguments. If the callback is a decorated function, try
+            to recover the original function before inspection. """
+        sig = inspect.signature(self.get_undecorated_callback())
+        return [p.name for p in sig.parameters.values() if p.kind in (
+            p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, p.KEYWORD_ONLY
+        )]
+
+    def get_config(self, key, default=None):
+        """ Lookup a config field and return its value, first checking the
+            route.config, then route.app.config."""
+        depr(0, 13, "Route.get_config() is deprecated.",
+                    "The Route.config property already includes values from the"
+                    " application config for missing keys. Access it directly.")
+        return self.config.get(key, default)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        cb = self.get_undecorated_callback()
+        return '<%s %s -> %s:%s>' % (self.method, self.rule, cb.__module__, cb.__name__)
+
+###############################################################################
+# Application Object ###########################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+class Bottle(object):
+    """ Each Bottle object represents a single, distinct web application and
+        consists of routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration.
+        Instances are callable WSGI applications.
+
+        :param catchall: If true (default), handle all exceptions. Turn off to
+                         let debugging middleware handle exceptions.
+    """
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _global_config(cls):
+        cfg = ConfigDict()
+        cfg.meta_set('catchall', 'validate', bool)
+        return cfg
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        #: A :class:`ConfigDict` for app specific configuration.
+        self.config = self._global_config._make_overlay()
+        self.config._add_change_listener(
+            functools.partial(self.trigger_hook, 'config'))
+
+        self.config.update({
+            "catchall": True
+        })
+
+        if kwargs.get('catchall') is False:
+            depr(0, 13, "Bottle(catchall) keyword argument.",
+                        "The 'catchall' setting is now part of the app "
+                        "configuration. Fix: `app.config['catchall'] = False`")
+            self.config['catchall'] = False
+        if kwargs.get('autojson') is False:
+            depr(0, 13, "Bottle(autojson) keyword argument.",
+                 "The 'autojson' setting is now part of the app "
+                 "configuration. Fix: `app.config['json.enable'] = False`")
+            self.config['json.enable'] = False
+
+        self._mounts = []
+
+        #: A :class:`ResourceManager` for application files
+        self.resources = ResourceManager()
+
+        self.routes = []  # List of installed :class:`Route` instances.
+        self.router = Router()  # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances.
+        self.error_handler = {}
+
+        # Core plugins
+        self.plugins = []  # List of installed plugins.
+        self.install(JSONPlugin())
+        self.install(TemplatePlugin())
+
+    #: If true, most exceptions are caught and returned as :exc:`HTTPError`
+    catchall = DictProperty('config', 'catchall')
+
+    __hook_names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset', 'config'
+    __hook_reversed = {'after_request'}
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _hooks(self):
+        return dict((name, []) for name in self.__hook_names)
+
+    def add_hook(self, name, func):
+        """ Attach a callback to a hook. Three hooks are currently implemented:
+
+            before_request
+                Executed once before each request. The request context is
+                available, but no routing has happened yet.
+            after_request
+                Executed once after each request regardless of its outcome.
+            app_reset
+                Called whenever :meth:`Bottle.reset` is called.
+        """
+        if name in self.__hook_reversed:
+            self._hooks[name].insert(0, func)
+        else:
+            self._hooks[name].append(func)
+
+    def remove_hook(self, name, func):
+        """ Remove a callback from a hook. """
+        if name in self._hooks and func in self._hooks[name]:
+            self._hooks[name].remove(func)
+            return True
+
+    def trigger_hook(self, __name, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ Trigger a hook and return a list of results. """
+        return [hook(*args, **kwargs) for hook in self._hooks[__name][:]]
+
+    def hook(self, name):
+        """ Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. See
+            :meth:`add_hook` for details."""
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            self.add_hook(name, func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def _mount_wsgi(self, prefix, app, **options):
+        segments = [p for p in prefix.split('/') if p]
+        if not segments:
+            raise ValueError('WSGI applications cannot be mounted to "/".')
+        path_depth = len(segments)
+
+        def mountpoint_wrapper():
+            try:
+                request.path_shift(path_depth)
+                rs = HTTPResponse([])
+
+                def start_response(status, headerlist, exc_info=None):
+                    if exc_info:
+                        _raise(*exc_info)
+                    status = _wsgi_recode(status)
+                    headerlist = [(k, _wsgi_recode(v))
+                                    for (k, v) in headerlist]
+                    rs.status = status
+                    for name, value in headerlist:
+                        rs.add_header(name, value)
+                    return rs.body.append
+
+                body = app(request.environ, start_response)
+                rs.body = itertools.chain(rs.body, body) if rs.body else body
+                return rs
+            finally:
+                request.path_shift(-path_depth)
+
+        options.setdefault('skip', True)
+        options.setdefault('method', 'PROXY')
+        options.setdefault('mountpoint', {'prefix': prefix, 'target': app})
+        options['callback'] = mountpoint_wrapper
+
+        self.route('/%s/<:re:.*>' % '/'.join(segments), **options)
+        if not prefix.endswith('/'):
+            self.route('/' + '/'.join(segments), **options)
+
+    def _mount_app(self, prefix, app, **options):
+        if app in self._mounts or '_mount.app' in app.config:
+            depr(0, 13, "Application mounted multiple times. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
+                 "Clone application before mounting to a different location.")
+            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
+
+        if options:
+            depr(0, 13, "Unsupported mount options. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
+                 "Do not specify any route options when mounting bottle application.")
+            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
+
+        if not prefix.endswith("/"):
+            depr(0, 13, "Prefix must end in '/'. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
+                 "Consider adding an explicit redirect from '/prefix' to '/prefix/' in the parent application.")
+            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
+
+        self._mounts.append(app)
+        app.config['_mount.prefix'] = prefix
+        app.config['_mount.app'] = self
+        for route in app.routes:
+            route.rule = prefix + route.rule.lstrip('/')
+            self.add_route(route)
+
+    def mount(self, prefix, app, **options):
+        """ Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific
+            URL prefix. Example::
+
+                parent_app.mount('/prefix/', child_app)
+
+            :param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`.
+            :param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application.
+
+            Plugins from the parent application are not applied to the routes
+            of the mounted child application. If you need plugins in the child
+            application, install them separately.
+
+            While it is possible to use path wildcards within the prefix path
+            (:class:`Bottle` childs only), it is highly discouraged.
+
+            The prefix path must end with a slash. If you want to access the
+            root of the child application via `/prefix` in addition to
+            `/prefix/`, consider adding a route with a 307 redirect to the
+            parent application.
+        """
+
+        if not prefix.startswith('/'):
+            raise ValueError("Prefix must start with '/'")
+
+        if isinstance(app, Bottle):
+            return self._mount_app(prefix, app, **options)
+        else:
+            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
+
+    def merge(self, routes):
+        """ Merge the routes of another :class:`Bottle` application or a list of
+            :class:`Route` objects into this application. The routes keep their
+            'owner', meaning that the :data:`Route.app` attribute is not
+            changed. """
+        if isinstance(routes, Bottle):
+            routes = routes.routes
+        for route in routes:
+            self.add_route(route)
+
+    def install(self, plugin):
+        """ Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
+            applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple
+            decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API.
+        """
+        if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self)
+        if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
+            raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()")
+        self.plugins.append(plugin)
+        self.reset()
+        return plugin
+
+    def uninstall(self, plugin):
+        """ Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type
+            object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove
+            all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all
+            plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. """
+        removed, remove = [], plugin
+        for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]:
+            if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \
+            or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove:
+                removed.append(plugin)
+                del self.plugins[i]
+                if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
+        if removed: self.reset()
+        return removed
+
+    def reset(self, route=None):
+        """ Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all
+            caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route
+            is affected. """
+        if route is None: routes = self.routes
+        elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route]
+        else: routes = [self.routes[route]]
+        for route in routes:
+            route.reset()
+        if DEBUG:
+            for route in routes:
+                route.prepare()
+        self.trigger_hook('app_reset')
+
+    def close(self):
+        """ Close the application and all installed plugins. """
+        for plugin in self.plugins:
+            if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
+
+    def run(self, **kwargs):
+        """ Calls :func:`run` with the same parameters. """
+        run(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def match(self, environ):
+        """ Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route`, urlargs)
+            tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted
+            from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match."""
+        return self.router.match(environ)
+
+    def get_url(self, routename, **kargs):
+        """ Return a string that matches a named route """
+        scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/'
+        location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/')
+        return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location)
+
+    def add_route(self, route):
+        """ Add a route object, but do not change the :data:`Route.app`
+            attribute."""
+        self.routes.append(route)
+        self.router.add(route.rule, route.method, route, name=route.name)
+        if DEBUG: route.prepare()
+
+    def route(self,
+              path=None,
+              method='GET',
+              callback=None,
+              name=None,
+              apply=None,
+              skip=None, **config):
+        """ A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example::
+
+                @app.route('/hello/<name>')
+                def hello(name):
+                    return 'Hello %s' % name
+
+            The ``<name>`` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax
+            details.
+
+            :param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no
+              path is specified, it is automatically generated from the
+              signature of the function.
+            :param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of
+              methods to listen to. (default: `GET`)
+            :param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator
+              syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)``
+            :param name: The name for this route. (default: None)
+            :param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are
+              applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins.
+            :param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching
+              plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all.
+
+            Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific
+            configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`).
+        """
+        if callable(path): path, callback = None, path
+        plugins = makelist(apply)
+        skiplist = makelist(skip)
+
+        def decorator(callback):
+            if isinstance(callback, str): callback = load(callback)
+            for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
+                for verb in makelist(method):
+                    verb = verb.upper()
+                    route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback,
+                                  name=name,
+                                  plugins=plugins,
+                                  skiplist=skiplist, **config)
+                    self.add_route(route)
+            return callback
+
+        return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
+
+    def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options):
+        """ Equals :meth:`route`. """
+        return self.route(path, method, **options)
+
+    def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options):
+        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """
+        return self.route(path, method, **options)
+
+    def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options):
+        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """
+        return self.route(path, method, **options)
+
+    def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options):
+        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """
+        return self.route(path, method, **options)
+
+    def patch(self, path=None, method='PATCH', **options):
+        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PATCH`` method parameter. """
+        return self.route(path, method, **options)
+
+    def error(self, code=500, callback=None):
+        """ Register an output handler for a HTTP error code. Can
+            be used as a decorator or called directly ::
+
+                def error_handler_500(error):
+                    return 'error_handler_500'
+
+                app.error(code=500, callback=error_handler_500)
+
+                @app.error(404)
+                def error_handler_404(error):
+                    return 'error_handler_404'
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(callback):
+            if isinstance(callback, str): callback = load(callback)
+            self.error_handler[int(code)] = callback
+            return callback
+
+        return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
+
+    def default_error_handler(self, res):
+        return tob(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=res, template_settings=dict(name='__ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE')))
+
+    def _handle(self, environ):
+        path = environ['bottle.raw_path'] = environ['PATH_INFO']
+        environ['PATH_INFO'] = _wsgi_recode(path)
+
+        environ['bottle.app'] = self
+        request.bind(environ)
+        response.bind()
+
+        try:
+            out = None
+            try:
+                self.trigger_hook('before_request')
+                route, args = self.router.match(environ)
+                environ['route.handle'] = route
+                environ['bottle.route'] = route
+                environ['route.url_args'] = args
+                out = route.call(**args)
+            except HTTPResponse as E:
+                out = E
+            finally:
+                if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
+                    out.apply(response)
+                try:
+                    self.trigger_hook('after_request')
+                except HTTPResponse as E:
+                    out = E
+                    out.apply(response)
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
+            raise
+        except Exception as E:
+            if not self.catchall: raise
+            stacktrace = format_exc()
+            environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace)
+            environ['wsgi.errors'].flush()
+            environ['bottle.exc_info'] = sys.exc_info()
+            out = HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", E, stacktrace)
+            out.apply(response)
+
+        return out
+
+    def _cast(self, out, peek=None):
+        """ Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set
+        correct HTTP headers when possible.
+        Support: False, bytes/bytearray, str, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError, file-like,
+        iterable of bytes/bytearray or str instances.
+        """
+
+        # Empty output is done here
+        if not out:
+            if 'Content-Length' not in response:
+                response['Content-Length'] = 0
+            return []
+        # Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported
+        if isinstance(out, (tuple, list))\
+        and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, str)):
+            out = out[0][0:0].join(out)  # b'abc'[0:0] -> b''
+        # Encode unicode strings
+        if isinstance(out, str):
+            out = out.encode(response.charset)
+        # Byte Strings are just returned
+        if isinstance(out, bytes):
+            if 'Content-Length' not in response:
+                response['Content-Length'] = len(out)
+            return [out]
+        # HTTPError or HTTPException (recursive, because they may wrap anything)
+        # TODO: Handle these explicitly in handle() or make them iterable.
+        if isinstance(out, HTTPError):
+            out.apply(response)
+            out = self.error_handler.get(out.status_code,
+                                         self.default_error_handler)(out)
+            return self._cast(out)
+        if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
+            out.apply(response)
+            return self._cast(out.body)
+
+        # File-like objects.
+        if hasattr(out, 'read'):
+            if 'wsgi.file_wrapper' in request.environ:
+                return request.environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](out)
+            elif hasattr(out, 'close') or not hasattr(out, '__iter__'):
+                return WSGIFileWrapper(out)
+
+        # Handle Iterables. We peek into them to detect their inner type.
+        try:
+            iout = iter(out)
+            first = next(iout)
+            while not first:
+                first = next(iout)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return self._cast('')
+        except HTTPResponse as E:
+            first = E
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
+            raise
+        except Exception as error:
+            if not self.catchall: raise
+            first = HTTPError(500, 'Unhandled exception', error, format_exc())
+
+        # These are the inner types allowed in iterator or generator objects.
+        if isinstance(first, HTTPResponse):
+            return self._cast(first)
+        elif isinstance(first, bytes):
+            new_iter = itertools.chain([first], iout)
+        elif isinstance(first, str):
+            encoder = lambda x: x.encode(response.charset)
+            new_iter = map(encoder, itertools.chain([first], iout))
+        else:
+            msg = 'Unsupported response type: %s' % type(first)
+            return self._cast(HTTPError(500, msg))
+        if hasattr(out, 'close'):
+            new_iter = _closeiter(new_iter, out.close)
+        return new_iter
+
+    def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
+        """ The bottle WSGI-interface. """
+        try:
+            out = self._cast(self._handle(environ))
+            # rfc2616 section 4.3
+            if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\
+            or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD':
+                if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
+                out = []
+            exc_info = environ.get('bottle.exc_info')
+            if exc_info is not None:
+                del environ['bottle.exc_info']
+            start_response(response._wsgi_status_line(), response.headerlist, exc_info)
+            return out
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
+            raise
+        except Exception as E:
+            if not self.catchall: raise
+            err = '<h1>Critical error while processing request: %s</h1>' \
+                  % html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/'))
+            if DEBUG:
+                err += '<h2>Error:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
+                       '<h2>Traceback:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
+                       % (html_escape(repr(E)), html_escape(format_exc()))
+            environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err)
+            environ['wsgi.errors'].flush()
+            headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')]
+            start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers, sys.exc_info())
+            return [tob(err)]
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        """ Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application. """
+        return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """ Use this application as default for all module-level shortcuts. """
+        default_app.push(self)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        default_app.pop()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        if name in self.__dict__:
+            raise AttributeError("Attribute %s already defined. Plugin conflict?" % name)
+        object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+###############################################################################
+# HTTP and WSGI Tools ##########################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+class BaseRequest(object):
+    """ A wrapper for WSGI environment dictionaries that adds a lot of
+        convenient access methods and properties. Most of them are read-only.
+
+        Adding new attributes to a request actually adds them to the environ
+        dictionary (as 'bottle.request.ext.<name>'). This is the recommended
+        way to store and access request-specific data.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('environ', )
+
+    #: Maximum size of memory buffer for :attr:`body` in bytes.
+    MEMFILE_MAX = 102400
+
+    def __init__(self, environ=None):
+        """ Wrap a WSGI environ dictionary. """
+        #: The wrapped WSGI environ dictionary. This is the only real attribute.
+        #: All other attributes actually are read-only properties.
+        self.environ = {} if environ is None else environ
+        self.environ['bottle.request'] = self
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.app', read_only=True)
+    def app(self):
+        """ Bottle application handling this request. """
+        raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to an application.')
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.route', read_only=True)
+    def route(self):
+        """ The bottle :class:`Route` object that matches this request. """
+        raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'route.url_args', read_only=True)
+    def url_args(self):
+        """ The arguments extracted from the URL. """
+        raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        """ The value of ``PATH_INFO`` with exactly one prefixed slash (to fix
+            broken clients and avoid the "empty path" edge case). """
+        return '/' + self.environ.get('PATH_INFO', '').lstrip('/')
+
+    @property
+    def method(self):
+        """ The ``REQUEST_METHOD`` value as an uppercase string. """
+        return self.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET').upper()
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.headers', read_only=True)
+    def headers(self):
+        """ A :class:`WSGIHeaderDict` that provides case-insensitive access to
+            HTTP request headers. """
+        return WSGIHeaderDict(self.environ)
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        """ Return the value of a request header, or a given default value. """
+        return self.headers.get(name, default)
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.cookies', read_only=True)
+    def cookies(self):
+        """ Cookies parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. Signed cookies are NOT
+            decoded. Use :meth:`get_cookie` if you expect signed cookies. """
+        cookie_header = _wsgi_recode(self.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', ''))
+        cookies = SimpleCookie(cookie_header).values()
+        return FormsDict((c.key, c.value) for c in cookies)
+
+    def get_cookie(self, key, default=None, secret=None, digestmod=hashlib.sha256):
+        """ Return the content of a cookie. To read a `Signed Cookie`, the
+            `secret` must match the one used to create the cookie (see
+            :meth:`Response.set_cookie <BaseResponse.set_cookie>`). If anything goes wrong (missing
+            cookie or wrong signature), return a default value. """
+        value = self.cookies.get(key)
+        if secret:
+            # See BaseResponse.set_cookie for details on signed cookies.
+            if value and value.startswith('!') and '?' in value:
+                sig, msg = map(tob, value[1:].split('?', 1))
+                hash = hmac.new(tob(secret), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest()
+                if _lscmp(sig, base64.b64encode(hash)):
+                    dst = pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
+                    if dst and dst[0] == key:
+                        return dst[1]
+            return default
+        return value or default
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.query', read_only=True)
+    def query(self):
+        """ The :attr:`query_string` parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. These
+            values are sometimes called "URL arguments" or "GET parameters", but
+            not to be confused with "URL wildcards" as they are provided by the
+            :class:`Router`. """
+        get = self.environ['bottle.get'] = FormsDict()
+        pairs = _parse_qsl(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', ''), 'utf8')
+        for key, value in pairs:
+            get[key] = value
+        return get
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.forms', read_only=True)
+    def forms(self):
+        """ Form values parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
+            encoded POST or PUT request body. The result is returned as a
+            :class:`FormsDict`. All keys and values are strings. File uploads
+            are stored separately in :attr:`files`. """
+        forms = FormsDict()
+        for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
+            if not isinstance(item, FileUpload):
+                forms[name] = item
+        return forms
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.params', read_only=True)
+    def params(self):
+        """ A :class:`FormsDict` with the combined values of :attr:`query` and
+            :attr:`forms`. File uploads are stored in :attr:`files`. """
+        params = FormsDict()
+        for key, value in self.query.allitems():
+            params[key] = value
+        for key, value in self.forms.allitems():
+            params[key] = value
+        return params
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.files', read_only=True)
+    def files(self):
+        """ File uploads parsed from `multipart/form-data` encoded POST or PUT
+            request body. The values are instances of :class:`FileUpload`.
+
+        """
+        files = FormsDict()
+        for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
+            if isinstance(item, FileUpload):
+                files[name] = item
+        return files
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.json', read_only=True)
+    def json(self):
+        """ If the ``Content-Type`` header is ``application/json`` or
+            ``application/json-rpc``, this property holds the parsed content
+            of the request body. Only requests smaller than :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`
+            are processed to avoid memory exhaustion.
+            Invalid JSON raises a 400 error response.
+        """
+        ctype = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower().split(';')[0]
+        if ctype in ('application/json', 'application/json-rpc'):
+            b = self._get_body_string(self.MEMFILE_MAX)
+            if not b:
+                return None
+            try:
+                return json_loads(b)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError) as err:
+                raise HTTPError(400, 'Invalid JSON', exception=err)
+        return None
+
+    def _iter_body(self, read, bufsize):
+        maxread = max(0, self.content_length)
+        while maxread:
+            part = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
+            if not part: break
+            yield part
+            maxread -= len(part)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _iter_chunked(read, bufsize):
+        err = HTTPError(400, 'Error while parsing chunked transfer body.')
+        rn, sem, bs = b'\r\n', b';', b''
+        while True:
+            header = read(1)
+            while header[-2:] != rn:
+                c = read(1)
+                header += c
+                if not c: raise err
+                if len(header) > bufsize: raise err
+            size, _, _ = header.partition(sem)
+            try:
+                maxread = int(size.strip(), 16)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise err
+            if maxread == 0: break
+            buff = bs
+            while maxread > 0:
+                if not buff:
+                    buff = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
+                part, buff = buff[:maxread], buff[maxread:]
+                if not part: raise err
+                yield part
+                maxread -= len(part)
+            if read(2) != rn:
+                raise err
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.body', read_only=True)
+    def _body(self):
+        try:
+            read_func = self.environ['wsgi.input'].read
+        except KeyError:
+            self.environ['wsgi.input'] = BytesIO()
+            return self.environ['wsgi.input']
+        body_iter = self._iter_chunked if self.chunked else self._iter_body
+        body, body_size, is_temp_file = BytesIO(), 0, False
+        for part in body_iter(read_func, self.MEMFILE_MAX):
+            body.write(part)
+            body_size += len(part)
+            if not is_temp_file and body_size > self.MEMFILE_MAX:
+                body, tmp = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+b'), body
+                body.write(tmp.getvalue())
+                del tmp
+                is_temp_file = True
+        self.environ['wsgi.input'] = body
+        body.seek(0)
+        return body
+
+    def _get_body_string(self, maxread):
+        """ Read body into a string. Raise HTTPError(413) on requests that are
+            too large. """
+        if self.content_length > maxread:
+            raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large')
+        data = self.body.read(maxread + 1)
+        if len(data) > maxread:
+            raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large')
+        return data
+
+    @property
+    def body(self):
+        """ The HTTP request body as a seek-able file-like object. Depending on
+            :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`, this is either a temporary file or a
+            :class:`io.BytesIO` instance. Accessing this property for the first
+            time reads and replaces the ``wsgi.input`` environ variable.
+            Subsequent accesses just do a `seek(0)` on the file object. """
+        self._body.seek(0)
+        return self._body
+
+    @property
+    def chunked(self):
+        """ True if Chunked transfer encoding was. """
+        return 'chunked' in self.environ.get(
+            'HTTP_TRANSFER_ENCODING', '').lower()
+
+    #: An alias for :attr:`query`.
+    GET = query
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.post', read_only=True)
+    def POST(self):
+        """ The values of :attr:`forms` and :attr:`files` combined into a single
+            :class:`FormsDict`. Values are either strings (form values) or
+            instances of :class:`FileUpload`.
+        """
+        post = FormsDict()
+        content_type = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
+        content_type, options = _parse_http_header(content_type)[0]
+        # We default to application/x-www-form-urlencoded for everything that
+        # is not multipart and take the fast path (also: 3.1 workaround)
+        if not content_type.startswith('multipart/'):
+            body = self._get_body_string(self.MEMFILE_MAX).decode('utf8', 'surrogateescape')
+            for key, value in _parse_qsl(body, 'utf8'):
+                post[key] = value
+            return post
+
+        charset = options.get("charset", "utf8")
+        boundary = options.get("boundary")
+        if not boundary:
+            raise MultipartError("Invalid content type header, missing boundary")
+        parser = _MultipartParser(self.body, boundary, self.content_length,
+            mem_limit=self.MEMFILE_MAX, memfile_limit=self.MEMFILE_MAX,
+            charset=charset)
+
+        for part in parser.parse():
+            if not part.filename and part.is_buffered():
+                post[part.name] = part.value
+            else:
+                post[part.name] = FileUpload(part.file, part.name,
+                                            part.filename, part.headerlist)
+
+        return post
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """ The full request URI including hostname and scheme. If your app
+            lives behind a reverse proxy or load balancer and you get confusing
+            results, make sure that the ``X-Forwarded-Host`` header is set
+            correctly. """
+        return self.urlparts.geturl()
+
+    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.urlparts', read_only=True)
+    def urlparts(self):
+        """ The :attr:`url` string as an :class:`urlparse.SplitResult` tuple.
+            The tuple contains (scheme, host, path, query_string and fragment),
+            but the fragment is always empty because it is not visible to the
+            server. """
+        env = self.environ
+        http = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO') \
+             or env.get('wsgi.url_scheme', 'http')
+        host = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST') or env.get('HTTP_HOST')
+        if not host:
+            # HTTP 1.1 requires a Host-header. This is for HTTP/1.0 clients.
+            host = env.get('SERVER_NAME', '127.0.0.1')
+            port = env.get('SERVER_PORT')
+            if port and port != ('80' if http == 'http' else '443'):
+                host += ':' + port
+        path = urlquote(self.fullpath)
+        return UrlSplitResult(http, host, path, env.get('QUERY_STRING'), '')
+
+    @property
+    def fullpath(self):
+        """ Request path including :attr:`script_name` (if present). """
+        return urljoin(self.script_name, self.path.lstrip('/'))
+
+    @property
+    def query_string(self):
+        """ The raw :attr:`query` part of the URL (everything in between ``?``
+            and ``#``) as a string. """
+        return self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')
+
+    @property
+    def script_name(self):
+        """ The initial portion of the URL's `path` that was removed by a higher
+            level (server or routing middleware) before the application was
+            called. This script path is returned with leading and tailing
+            slashes. """
+        script_name = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/')
+        return '/' + script_name + '/' if script_name else '/'
+
+    def path_shift(self, shift=1):
+        """ Shift path segments from :attr:`path` to :attr:`script_name` and
+            vice versa.
+
+           :param shift: The number of path segments to shift. May be negative
+                         to change the shift direction. (default: 1)
+        """
+        script, path = path_shift(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '/'), self.path, shift)
+        self['SCRIPT_NAME'], self['PATH_INFO'] = script, path
+
+    @property
+    def content_length(self):
+        """ The request body length as an integer. The client is responsible to
+            set this header. Otherwise, the real length of the body is unknown
+            and -1 is returned. In this case, :attr:`body` will be empty. """
+        return int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or -1)
+
+    @property
+    def content_type(self):
+        """ The Content-Type header as a lowercase-string (default: empty). """
+        return self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower()
+
+    @property
+    def is_xhr(self):
+        """ True if the request was triggered by a XMLHttpRequest. This only
+            works with JavaScript libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
+            header (most of the popular libraries do). """
+        requested_with = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', '')
+        return requested_with.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest'
+
+    @property
+    def is_ajax(self):
+        """ Alias for :attr:`is_xhr`. "Ajax" is not the right term. """
+        return self.is_xhr
+
+    @property
+    def auth(self):
+        """ HTTP authentication data as a (user, password) tuple. This
+            implementation currently supports basic (not digest) authentication
+            only. If the authentication happened at a higher level (e.g. in the
+            front web-server or a middleware), the password field is None, but
+            the user field is looked up from the ``REMOTE_USER`` environ
+            variable. On any errors, None is returned. """
+        basic = parse_auth(self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', ''))
+        if basic: return basic
+        ruser = self.environ.get('REMOTE_USER')
+        if ruser: return (ruser, None)
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def remote_route(self):
+        """ A list of all IPs that were involved in this request, starting with
+            the client IP and followed by zero or more proxies. This does only
+            work if all proxies support the ```X-Forwarded-For`` header. Note
+            that this information can be forged by malicious clients. """
+        proxy = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
+        if proxy: return [ip.strip() for ip in proxy.split(',')]
+        remote = self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
+        return [remote] if remote else []
+
+    @property
+    def remote_addr(self):
+        """ The client IP as a string. Note that this information can be forged
+            by malicious clients. """
+        route = self.remote_route
+        return route[0] if route else None
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """ Return a new :class:`Request` with a shallow :attr:`environ` copy. """
+        return Request(self.environ.copy())
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.environ.get(key, default)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.environ[key]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        self[key] = ""
+        del (self.environ[key])
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.environ)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.environ)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self.environ.keys()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """ Change an environ value and clear all caches that depend on it. """
+
+        if self.environ.get('bottle.request.readonly'):
+            raise KeyError('The environ dictionary is read-only.')
+
+        self.environ[key] = value
+        todelete = ()
+
+        if key == 'wsgi.input':
+            todelete = ('body', 'forms', 'files', 'params', 'post', 'json')
+        elif key == 'QUERY_STRING':
+            todelete = ('query', 'params')
+        elif key.startswith('HTTP_'):
+            todelete = ('headers', 'cookies')
+
+        for key in todelete:
+            self.environ.pop('bottle.request.' + key, None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s: %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.url)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        """ Search in self.environ for additional user defined attributes. """
+        try:
+            var = self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name]
+            return var.__get__(self) if hasattr(var, '__get__') else var
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError('Attribute %r not defined.' % name)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        """ Define new attributes that are local to the bound request environment. """
+        if name == 'environ': return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+        key = 'bottle.request.ext.%s' % name
+        if hasattr(self, name):
+            raise AttributeError("Attribute already defined: %s" % name)
+        self.environ[key] = value
+
+    def __delattr__(self, name):
+        try:
+            del self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("Attribute not defined: %s" % name)
+
+
+def _hkey(key):
+    key = touni(key)
+    if '\n' in key or '\r' in key or '\0' in key:
+        raise ValueError("Header names must not contain control characters: %r" % key)
+    return key.title().replace('_', '-')
+
+
+def _hval(value):
+    value = touni(value)
+    if '\n' in value or '\r' in value or '\0' in value:
+        raise ValueError("Header value must not contain control characters: %r" % value)
+    return value
+
+
+class HeaderProperty(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, reader=None, writer=None, default=''):
+        self.name, self.default = name, default
+        self.reader, self.writer = reader, writer
+        self.__doc__ = 'Current value of the %r header.' % name.title()
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, _):
+        if obj is None: return self
+        value = obj.get_header(self.name, self.default)
+        return self.reader(value) if self.reader else value
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value):
+        obj[self.name] = self.writer(value) if self.writer else value
+
+    def __delete__(self, obj):
+        del obj[self.name]
+
+
+class BaseResponse(object):
+    """ Storage class for a response body as well as headers and cookies.
+
+        This class does support dict-like case-insensitive item-access to
+        headers, but is NOT a dict. Most notably, iterating over a response
+        yields parts of the body and not the headers.
+    """
+
+    default_status = 200
+    default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
+
+    # Header denylist for specific response codes
+    # (rfc2616 section 10.2.3 and 10.3.5)
+    bad_headers = {
+        204: frozenset(('Content-Type', 'Content-Length')),
+        304: frozenset(('Allow', 'Content-Encoding', 'Content-Language',
+                  'Content-Length', 'Content-Range', 'Content-Type',
+                  'Content-Md5', 'Last-Modified'))
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
+        """ Create a new response object.
+
+        :param body: The response body as one of the supported types.
+        :param status: Either an HTTP status code (e.g. 200) or a status line
+                       including the reason phrase (e.g. '200 OK').
+        :param headers: A dictionary or a list of name-value pairs.
+
+        Additional keyword arguments are added to the list of headers.
+        Underscores in the header name are replaced with dashes.
+        """
+        self._cookies = None
+        self._headers = {}
+        self.body = body
+        self.status = status or self.default_status
+        if headers:
+            if isinstance(headers, dict):
+                headers = headers.items()
+            for name, value in headers:
+                self.add_header(name, value)
+        if more_headers:
+            for name, value in more_headers.items():
+                self.add_header(name, value)
+
+    def copy(self, cls=None):
+        """ Returns a copy of self. """
+        cls = cls or BaseResponse
+        assert issubclass(cls, BaseResponse)
+        copy = cls()
+        copy.status = self.status
+        copy._headers = dict((k, v[:]) for (k, v) in self._headers.items())
+        if self._cookies:
+            cookies = copy._cookies = SimpleCookie()
+            for k,v in self._cookies.items():
+                cookies[k] = v.value
+                cookies[k].update(v) # also copy cookie attributes
+        return copy
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.body)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if hasattr(self.body, 'close'):
+            self.body.close()
+
+    @property
+    def status_line(self):
+        """ The HTTP status line as a string (e.g. ``404 Not Found``)."""
+        return self._status_line
+
+    @property
+    def status_code(self):
+        """ The HTTP status code as an integer (e.g. 404)."""
+        return self._status_code
+
+    def _set_status(self, status):
+        if isinstance(status, int):
+            code, status = status, _HTTP_STATUS_LINES.get(status)
+        elif ' ' in status:
+            if '\n' in status or '\r' in status or '\0' in status:
+                raise ValueError('Status line must not include control chars.')
+            status = status.strip()
+            code = int(status.split()[0])
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('String status line without a reason phrase.')
+        if not 100 <= code <= 999:
+            raise ValueError('Status code out of range.')
+        self._status_code = code
+        self._status_line = str(status or ('%d Unknown' % code))
+
+    def _get_status(self):
+        return self._status_line
+
+    status = property(
+        _get_status, _set_status, None,
+        ''' A writeable property to change the HTTP response status. It accepts
+            either a numeric code (100-999) or a string with a custom reason
+            phrase (e.g. "404 Brain not found"). Both :data:`status_line` and
+            :data:`status_code` are updated accordingly. The return value is
+            always a status string. ''')
+    del _get_status, _set_status
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self):
+        """ An instance of :class:`HeaderDict`, a case-insensitive dict-like
+            view on the response headers. """
+        hdict = HeaderDict()
+        hdict.dict = self._headers
+        return hdict
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return _hkey(name) in self._headers
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        del self._headers[_hkey(name)]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self._headers[_hkey(name)][-1]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)]
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        """ Return the value of a previously defined header. If there is no
+            header with that name, return a default value. """
+        return self._headers.get(_hkey(name), [default])[-1]
+
+    def set_header(self, name, value):
+        """ Create a new response header, replacing any previously defined
+            headers with the same name. """
+        self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)]
+
+    def add_header(self, name, value):
+        """ Add an additional response header, not removing duplicates. """
+        self._headers.setdefault(_hkey(name), []).append(_hval(value))
+
+    def iter_headers(self):
+        """ Yield (header, value) tuples, skipping headers that are not
+            allowed with the current response status code. """
+        return self.headerlist
+
+    def _wsgi_status_line(self):
+        """ WSGI conform status line (latin1-encodeable) """
+        return self._status_line.encode('utf8', 'surrogateescape').decode('latin1')
+
+    @property
+    def headerlist(self):
+        """ WSGI conform list of (header, value) tuples. """
+        out = []
+        headers = list(self._headers.items())
+        if 'Content-Type' not in self._headers:
+            headers.append(('Content-Type', [self.default_content_type]))
+        if self._status_code in self.bad_headers:
+            bad_headers = self.bad_headers[self._status_code]
+            headers = [h for h in headers if h[0] not in bad_headers]
+        out += [(name, val) for (name, vals) in headers for val in vals]
+        if self._cookies:
+            for c in self._cookies.values():
+                out.append(('Set-Cookie', _hval(c.OutputString())))
+        out = [(k, v.encode('utf8', 'surrogateescape').decode('latin1')) for (k, v) in out]
+        return out
+
+    content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
+    content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int, default=-1)
+    expires = HeaderProperty(
+        'Expires',
+        reader=lambda x: datetime.fromtimestamp(parse_date(x), UTC),
+        writer=lambda x: http_date(x))
+
+    @property
+    def charset(self, default='UTF-8'):
+        """ Return the charset specified in the content-type header (default: utf8). """
+        if 'charset=' in self.content_type:
+            return self.content_type.split('charset=')[-1].split(';')[0].strip()
+        return default
+
+    def set_cookie(self, name, value, secret=None, digestmod=hashlib.sha256, **options):
+        """ Create a new cookie or replace an old one. If the `secret` parameter is
+            set, create a `Signed Cookie` (described below).
+
+            :param name: the name of the cookie.
+            :param value: the value of the cookie.
+            :param secret: a signature key required for signed cookies.
+
+            Additionally, this method accepts all RFC 2109 attributes that are
+            supported by :class:`cookie.Morsel`, including:
+
+            :param maxage: maximum age in seconds. (default: None)
+            :param expires: a datetime object or UNIX timestamp. (default: None)
+            :param domain: the domain that is allowed to read the cookie.
+              (default: current domain)
+            :param path: limits the cookie to a given path (default: current path)
+            :param secure: limit the cookie to HTTPS connections (default: off).
+            :param httponly: prevents client-side javascript to read this cookie
+              (default: off, requires Python 2.6 or newer).
+            :param samesite: Control or disable third-party use for this cookie.
+              Possible values: `lax`, `strict` or `none` (default).
+
+            If neither `expires` nor `maxage` is set (default), the cookie will
+            expire at the end of the browser session (as soon as the browser
+            window is closed).
+
+            Signed cookies may store any pickle-able object and are
+            cryptographically signed to prevent manipulation. Keep in mind that
+            cookies are limited to 4kb in most browsers.
+
+            Warning: Pickle is a potentially dangerous format. If an attacker
+            gains access to the secret key, he could forge cookies that execute
+            code on server side if unpickled. Using pickle is discouraged and
+            support for it will be removed in later versions of bottle.
+
+            Warning: Signed cookies are not encrypted (the client can still see
+            the content) and not copy-protected (the client can restore an old
+            cookie). The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling
+            save, not to store secret information at client side.
+        """
+        if not self._cookies:
+            self._cookies = SimpleCookie()
+
+        # Monkey-patch Cookie lib to support 'SameSite' parameter
+        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-west-first-party-cookies-07#section-4.1
+        if py < (3, 8, 0):
+            Morsel._reserved.setdefault('samesite', 'SameSite')
+
+        if secret:
+            if not isinstance(value, str):
+                depr(0, 13, "Pickling of arbitrary objects into cookies is "
+                            "deprecated.", "Only store strings in cookies. "
+                            "JSON strings are fine, too.")
+            encoded = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps([name, value], -1))
+            sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(secret), encoded,
+                                            digestmod=digestmod).digest())
+            value = touni(b'!' + sig + b'?' + encoded)
+        elif not isinstance(value, str):
+            raise TypeError('Secret key required for non-string cookies.')
+
+        # Cookie size plus options must not exceed 4kb.
+        if len(name) + len(value) > 3800:
+            raise ValueError('Content does not fit into a cookie.')
+
+        self._cookies[name] = value
+
+        for key, value in options.items():
+            if key in ('max_age', 'maxage'): # 'maxage' variant added in 0.13
+                key = 'max-age'
+                if isinstance(value, timedelta):
+                    value = value.seconds + value.days * 24 * 3600
+            if key == 'expires':
+                value = http_date(value)
+            if key in ('same_site', 'samesite'): # 'samesite' variant added in 0.13
+                key, value = 'samesite', (value or "none").lower()
+                if value not in ('lax', 'strict', 'none'):
+                    raise CookieError("Invalid value for SameSite")
+            if key in ('secure', 'httponly') and not value:
+                continue
+            self._cookies[name][key] = value
+
+    def delete_cookie(self, key, **kwargs):
+        """ Delete a cookie. Be sure to use the same `domain` and `path`
+            settings as used to create the cookie. """
+        kwargs['max_age'] = -1
+        kwargs['expires'] = 0
+        self.set_cookie(key, '', **kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        out = ''
+        for name, value in self.headerlist:
+            out += '%s: %s\n' % (name.title(), value.strip())
+        return out
+
+
+def _local_property():
+    ls = threading.local()
+
+    def fget(_):
+        try:
+            return ls.var
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise RuntimeError("Request context not initialized.")
+
+    def fset(_, value):
+        ls.var = value
+
+    def fdel(_):
+        del ls.var
+
+    return property(fget, fset, fdel, 'Thread-local property')
+
+
+class LocalRequest(BaseRequest):
+    """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseRequest` with a different
+        set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
+        instance of this class (:data:`request`). If accessed during a
+        request/response cycle, this instance always refers to the *current*
+        request (even on a multithreaded server). """
+    bind = BaseRequest.__init__
+    environ = _local_property()
+
+
+class LocalResponse(BaseResponse):
+    """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseResponse` with a different
+        set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
+        instance of this class (:data:`response`). Its attributes are used
+        to build the HTTP response at the end of the request/response cycle.
+    """
+    bind = BaseResponse.__init__
+    _status_line = _local_property()
+    _status_code = _local_property()
+    _cookies = _local_property()
+    _headers = _local_property()
+    body = _local_property()
+
+
+Request = BaseRequest
+Response = BaseResponse
+
+
+class HTTPResponse(Response, BottleException):
+    """ A subclass of :class:`Response` that can be raised or returned from request
+        handlers to short-curcuit request processing and override changes made to the
+        global :data:`request` object. This bypasses error handlers, even if the status
+        code indicates an error. Return or raise :class:`HTTPError` to trigger error
+        handlers.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
+        super(HTTPResponse, self).__init__(body, status, headers, **more_headers)
+
+    def apply(self, other):
+        """ Copy the state of this response to a different :class:`Response` object. """
+        other._status_code = self._status_code
+        other._status_line = self._status_line
+        other._headers = self._headers
+        other._cookies = self._cookies
+        other.body = self.body
+
+
+class HTTPError(HTTPResponse):
+    """ A subclass of :class:`HTTPResponse` that triggers error handlers. """
+
+    default_status = 500
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 status=None,
+                 body=None,
+                 exception=None,
+                 traceback=None, **more_headers):
+        self.exception = exception
+        self.traceback = traceback
+        super(HTTPError, self).__init__(body, status, **more_headers)
+
+###############################################################################
+# Plugins ######################################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+class PluginError(BottleException):
+    pass
+
+
+class JSONPlugin(object):
+    name = 'json'
+    api = 2
+
+    def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps):
+        self.json_dumps = json_dumps
+
+    def setup(self, app):
+        app.config._define('json.enable', default=True, validate=bool,
+                          help="Enable or disable automatic dict->json filter.")
+        app.config._define('json.ascii', default=False, validate=bool,
+                          help="Use only 7-bit ASCII characters in output.")
+        app.config._define('json.indent', default=True, validate=bool,
+                          help="Add whitespace to make json more readable.")
+        app.config._define('json.dump_func', default=None,
+                          help="If defined, use this function to transform"
+                               " dict into json. The other options no longer"
+                               " apply.")
+
+    def apply(self, callback, route):
+        dumps = self.json_dumps
+        if not self.json_dumps: return callback
+
+        @functools.wraps(callback)
+        def wrapper(*a, **ka):
+            try:
+                rv = callback(*a, **ka)
+            except HTTPResponse as resp:
+                rv = resp
+
+            if isinstance(rv, dict):
+                # Attempt to serialize, raises exception on failure
+                json_response = dumps(rv)
+                # Set content type only if serialization successful
+                response.content_type = 'application/json'
+                return json_response
+            elif isinstance(rv, HTTPResponse) and isinstance(rv.body, dict):
+                rv.body = dumps(rv.body)
+                rv.content_type = 'application/json'
+            return rv
+
+        return wrapper
+
+
+class TemplatePlugin(object):
+    """ This plugin applies the :func:`view` decorator to all routes with a
+        `template` config parameter. If the parameter is a tuple, the second
+        element must be a dict with additional options (e.g. `template_engine`)
+        or default variables for the template. """
+    name = 'template'
+    api = 2
+
+    def setup(self, app):
+        app.tpl = self
+
+    def apply(self, callback, route):
+        conf = route.config.get('template')
+        if isinstance(conf, (tuple, list)) and len(conf) == 2:
+            return view(conf[0], **conf[1])(callback)
+        elif isinstance(conf, str):
+            return view(conf)(callback)
+        else:
+            return callback
+
+
+#: Not a plugin, but part of the plugin API. TODO: Find a better place.
+class _ImportRedirect(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, impmask):
+        """ Create a virtual package that redirects imports (see PEP 302). """
+        self.name = name
+        self.impmask = impmask
+        self.module = sys.modules.setdefault(name, new_module(name))
+        self.module.__dict__.update({
+            '__file__': __file__,
+            '__path__': [],
+            '__all__': [],
+            '__loader__': self
+        })
+        sys.meta_path.append(self)
+
+    def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
+        if '.' not in fullname: return
+        if fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[0] != self.name: return
+        from importlib.util import spec_from_loader
+        return spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if '.' not in fullname: return
+        if fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[0] != self.name: return
+        return self
+
+    def create_module(self, spec):
+        return self.load_module(spec.name)
+
+    def exec_module(self, module):
+        pass # This probably breaks importlib.reload() :/
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        if fullname in sys.modules: return sys.modules[fullname]
+        modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[1]
+        realname = self.impmask % modname
+        __import__(realname)
+        module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname]
+        setattr(self.module, modname, module)
+        module.__loader__ = self
+        return module
+
+###############################################################################
+# Common Utilities #############################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+class MultiDict(DictMixin):
+    """ This dict stores multiple values per key, but behaves exactly like a
+        normal dict in that it returns only the newest value for any given key.
+        There are special methods available to access the full list of values.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *a, **k):
+        self.dict = dict((k, [v]) for (k, v) in dict(*a, **k).items())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.dict)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.dict)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self.dict
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self.dict[key]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.dict[key][-1]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self.append(key, value)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self.dict.keys()
+
+    def values(self):
+        return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.values())
+
+    def items(self):
+        return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items())
+
+    def allitems(self):
+        return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.items() for v in vl)
+
+    iterkeys = keys
+    itervalues = values
+    iteritems = items
+    iterallitems = allitems
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1, type=None):
+        """ Return the most recent value for a key.
+
+            :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
+                   present or the type conversion fails.
+            :param index: An index for the list of available values.
+            :param type: If defined, this callable is used to cast the value
+                    into a specific type. Exception are suppressed and result in
+                    the default value to be returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            val = self.dict[key][index]
+            return type(val) if type else val
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return default
+
+    def append(self, key, value):
+        """ Add a new value to the list of values for this key. """
+        self.dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+
+    def replace(self, key, value):
+        """ Replace the list of values with a single value. """
+        self.dict[key] = [value]
+
+    def getall(self, key):
+        """ Return a (possibly empty) list of values for a key. """
+        return self.dict.get(key) or []
+
+    #: Aliases for WTForms to mimic other multi-dict APIs (Django)
+    getone = get
+    getlist = getall
+
+
+class FormsDict(MultiDict):
+    """ This :class:`MultiDict` subclass is used to store request form data.
+        Additionally to the normal dict-like item access methods, this container
+        also supports attribute-like access to its values. Missing attributes
+        default to an empty string.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.14
+            All keys and values are now decoded as utf8 by default, item and
+            attribute access will return the same string.
+    """
+
+    def decode(self, encoding=None):
+        """ (deprecated) Starting with 0.13 all keys and values are already
+            correctly decoded. """
+        copy = FormsDict()
+        for key, value in self.allitems():
+            copy[key] = value
+        return copy
+
+    def getunicode(self, name, default=None, encoding=None):
+        """ (deprecated) Return the value as a unicode string, or the default. """
+        return self.get(name, default)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name, default=str()):
+        # Without this guard, pickle generates a cryptic TypeError:
+        if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
+            return super(FormsDict, self).__getattr__(name)
+        return self.get(name, default=default)
+
+class HeaderDict(MultiDict):
+    """ A case-insensitive version of :class:`MultiDict` that defaults to
+        replace the old value instead of appending it. """
+
+    def __init__(self, *a, **ka):
+        self.dict = {}
+        if a or ka: self.update(*a, **ka)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return _hkey(key) in self.dict
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self.dict[_hkey(key)]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.dict[_hkey(key)][-1]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)]
+
+    def append(self, key, value):
+        self.dict.setdefault(_hkey(key), []).append(_hval(value))
+
+    def replace(self, key, value):
+        self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)]
+
+    def getall(self, key):
+        return self.dict.get(_hkey(key)) or []
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1):
+        return MultiDict.get(self, _hkey(key), default, index)
+
+    def filter(self, names):
+        for name in (_hkey(n) for n in names):
+            if name in self.dict:
+                del self.dict[name]
+
+
+class WSGIHeaderDict(DictMixin):
+    """ This dict-like class wraps a WSGI environ dict and provides convenient
+        access to HTTP_* fields. Header names are case-insensitive and titled by default.
+    """
+    #: List of keys that do not have a ``HTTP_`` prefix.
+    cgikeys = ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH')
+
+    def __init__(self, environ):
+        self.environ = environ
+
+    def _ekey(self, key):
+        """ Translate header field name to CGI/WSGI environ key. """
+        key = key.replace('-', '_').upper()
+        if key in self.cgikeys:
+            return key
+        return 'HTTP_' + key
+
+    def raw(self, key, default=None):
+        """ Return the header value as is (not utf8-translated). """
+        return self.environ.get(self._ekey(key), default)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return _wsgi_recode(self.environ[self._ekey(key)])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for key in self.environ:
+            if key[:5] == 'HTTP_':
+                yield _hkey(key[5:])
+            elif key in self.cgikeys:
+                yield _hkey(key)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return [x for x in self]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.keys())
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return self._ekey(key) in self.environ
+
+_UNSET = object()
+
+class ConfigDict(dict):
+    """ A dict-like configuration storage with additional support for
+        namespaces, validators, meta-data and overlays.
+
+        This dict-like class is heavily optimized for read access.
+        Read-only methods and item access should be as fast as a native dict.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_meta', '_change_listener', '_overlays', '_virtual_keys', '_source', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._meta = {}
+        self._change_listener = []
+        #: Weak references of overlays that need to be kept in sync.
+        self._overlays = []
+        #: Config that is the source for this overlay.
+        self._source = None
+        #: Keys of values copied from the source (values we do not own)
+        self._virtual_keys = set()
+
+    def load_module(self, name, squash=True):
+        """Load values from a Python module.
+
+           Import a python module by name and add all upper-case module-level
+           variables to this config dict.
+
+           :param name: Module name to import and load.
+           :param squash: If true (default), nested dicts are assumed to
+              represent namespaces and flattened (see :meth:`load_dict`).
+        """
+        config_obj = load(name)
+        obj = {key: getattr(config_obj, key)
+               for key in dir(config_obj) if key.isupper()}
+
+        if squash:
+            self.load_dict(obj)
+        else:
+            self.update(obj)
+        return self
+
+    def load_config(self, filename, **options):
+        """ Load values from ``*.ini`` style config files using configparser.
+
+            INI style sections (e.g. ``[section]``) are used as namespace for
+            all keys within that section. Both section and key names may contain
+            dots as namespace separators and are converted to lower-case.
+
+            The special sections ``[bottle]`` and ``[ROOT]`` refer to the root
+            namespace and the ``[DEFAULT]`` section defines default values for all
+            other sections.
+
+            :param filename: The path of a config file, or a list of paths.
+            :param options: All keyword parameters are passed to the underlying
+                :class:`python:configparser.ConfigParser` constructor call.
+
+        """
+        options.setdefault('allow_no_value', True)
+        options.setdefault('interpolation', configparser.ExtendedInterpolation())
+        conf = configparser.ConfigParser(**options)
+        conf.read(filename)
+        for section in conf.sections():
+            for key in conf.options(section):
+                value = conf.get(section, key)
+                if section not in ('bottle', 'ROOT'):
+                    key = section + '.' + key
+                self[key.lower()] = value
+        return self
+
+    def load_dict(self, source, namespace=''):
+        """ Load values from a dictionary structure. Nesting can be used to
+            represent namespaces.
+
+            >>> c = ConfigDict()
+            >>> c.load_dict({'some': {'namespace': {'key': 'value'} } })
+            {'some.namespace.key': 'value'}
+        """
+        for key, value in source.items():
+            if isinstance(key, str):
+                nskey = (namespace + '.' + key).strip('.')
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    self.load_dict(value, namespace=nskey)
+                else:
+                    self[nskey] = value
+            else:
+                raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key))
+        return self
+
+    def update(self, *a, **ka):
+        """ If the first parameter is a string, all keys are prefixed with this
+            namespace. Apart from that it works just as the usual dict.update().
+
+            >>> c = ConfigDict()
+            >>> c.update('some.namespace', key='value')
+        """
+        prefix = ''
+        if a and isinstance(a[0], str):
+            prefix = a[0].strip('.') + '.'
+            a = a[1:]
+        for key, value in dict(*a, **ka).items():
+            self[prefix + key] = value
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value=None):
+        if key not in self:
+            self[key] = value
+        return self[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
+            raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key))
+
+        self._virtual_keys.discard(key)
+
+        value = self.meta_get(key, 'filter', lambda x: x)(value)
+        if key in self and self[key] is value:
+            return
+
+        self._on_change(key, value)
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+
+        for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
+            overlay._set_virtual(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        if key not in self:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        if key in self._virtual_keys:
+            raise KeyError("Virtual keys cannot be deleted: %s" % key)
+
+        if self._source and key in self._source:
+            # Not virtual, but present in source -> Restore virtual value
+            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+            self._set_virtual(key, self._source[key])
+        else:  # not virtual, not present in source. This is OUR value
+            self._on_change(key, None)
+            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+            for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
+                overlay._delete_virtual(key)
+
+    def _set_virtual(self, key, value):
+        """ Recursively set or update virtual keys. """
+        if key in self and key not in self._virtual_keys:
+            return  # Do nothing for non-virtual keys.
+
+        self._virtual_keys.add(key)
+        if key in self and self[key] is not value:
+            self._on_change(key, value)
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
+            overlay._set_virtual(key, value)
+
+    def _delete_virtual(self, key):
+        """ Recursively delete virtual entry. """
+        if key not in self._virtual_keys:
+            return  # Do nothing for non-virtual keys.
+
+        if key in self:
+            self._on_change(key, None)
+        dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+        self._virtual_keys.discard(key)
+        for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
+            overlay._delete_virtual(key)
+
+    def _on_change(self, key, value):
+        for cb in self._change_listener:
+            if cb(self, key, value):
+                return True
+
+    def _add_change_listener(self, func):
+        self._change_listener.append(func)
+        return func
+
+    def meta_get(self, key, metafield, default=None):
+        """ Return the value of a meta field for a key. """
+        return self._meta.get(key, {}).get(metafield, default)
+
+    def meta_set(self, key, metafield, value):
+        """ Set the meta field for a key to a new value.
+        
+            Meta-fields are shared between all members of an overlay tree.
+        """
+        self._meta.setdefault(key, {})[metafield] = value
+
+    def meta_list(self, key):
+        """ Return an iterable of meta field names defined for a key. """
+        return self._meta.get(key, {}).keys()
+
+    def _define(self, key, default=_UNSET, help=_UNSET, validate=_UNSET):
+        """ (Unstable) Shortcut for plugins to define own config parameters. """
+        if default is not _UNSET:
+            self.setdefault(key, default)
+        if help is not _UNSET:
+            self.meta_set(key, 'help', help)
+        if validate is not _UNSET:
+            self.meta_set(key, 'validate', validate)
+
+    def _iter_overlays(self):
+        for ref in self._overlays:
+            overlay = ref()
+            if overlay is not None:
+                yield overlay
+
+    def _make_overlay(self):
+        """ (Unstable) Create a new overlay that acts like a chained map: Values
+            missing in the overlay are copied from the source map. Both maps
+            share the same meta entries.
+
+            Entries that were copied from the source are called 'virtual'. You
+            can not delete virtual keys, but overwrite them, which turns them
+            into non-virtual entries. Setting keys on an overlay never affects
+            its source, but may affect any number of child overlays.
+
+            Other than collections.ChainMap or most other implementations, this
+            approach does not resolve missing keys on demand, but instead
+            actively copies all values from the source to the overlay and keeps
+            track of virtual and non-virtual keys internally. This removes any
+            lookup-overhead. Read-access is as fast as a build-in dict for both
+            virtual and non-virtual keys.
+
+            Changes are propagated recursively and depth-first. A failing
+            on-change handler in an overlay stops the propagation of virtual
+            values and may result in an partly updated tree. Take extra care
+            here and make sure that on-change handlers never fail.
+
+            Used by Route.config
+        """
+        # Cleanup dead references
+        self._overlays[:] = [ref for ref in self._overlays if ref() is not None]
+
+        overlay = ConfigDict()
+        overlay._meta = self._meta
+        overlay._source = self
+        self._overlays.append(weakref.ref(overlay))
+        for key in self:
+            overlay._set_virtual(key, self[key])
+        return overlay
+
+
+
+
+class AppStack(list):
+    """ A stack-like list. Calling it returns the head of the stack. """
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        """ Return the current default application. """
+        return self.default
+
+    def push(self, value=None):
+        """ Add a new :class:`Bottle` instance to the stack """
+        if not isinstance(value, Bottle):
+            value = Bottle()
+        self.append(value)
+        return value
+    new_app = push
+
+    @property
+    def default(self):
+        try:
+            return self[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return self.push()
+
+
+class WSGIFileWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, fp, buffer_size=1024 * 64):
+        self.fp, self.buffer_size = fp, buffer_size
+        for attr in 'fileno', 'close', 'read', 'readlines', 'tell', 'seek':
+            if hasattr(fp, attr): setattr(self, attr, getattr(fp, attr))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        buff, read = self.buffer_size, self.read
+        part = read(buff)
+        while part:
+            yield part
+            part = read(buff)
+
+
+class _closeiter(object):
+    """ This only exists to be able to attach a .close method to iterators that
+        do not support attribute assignment (most of itertools). """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterator, close=None):
+        self.iterator = iterator
+        self.close_callbacks = makelist(close)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.iterator)
+
+    def close(self):
+        for func in self.close_callbacks:
+            func()
+
+
+class ResourceManager(object):
+    """ This class manages a list of search paths and helps to find and open
+        application-bound resources (files).
+
+        :param base: default value for :meth:`add_path` calls.
+        :param opener: callable used to open resources.
+        :param cachemode: controls which lookups are cached. One of 'all',
+                         'found' or 'none'.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base='./', opener=open, cachemode='all'):
+        self.opener = opener
+        self.base = base
+        self.cachemode = cachemode
+
+        #: A list of search paths. See :meth:`add_path` for details.
+        self.path = []
+        #: A cache for resolved paths. ``res.cache.clear()`` clears the cache.
+        self.cache = {}
+
+    def add_path(self, path, base=None, index=None, create=False):
+        """ Add a new path to the list of search paths. Return False if the
+            path does not exist.
+
+            :param path: The new search path. Relative paths are turned into
+                an absolute and normalized form. If the path looks like a file
+                (not ending in `/`), the filename is stripped off.
+            :param base: Path used to absolutize relative search paths.
+                Defaults to :attr:`base` which defaults to ``os.getcwd()``.
+            :param index: Position within the list of search paths. Defaults
+                to last index (appends to the list).
+
+            The `base` parameter makes it easy to reference files installed
+            along with a python module or package::
+
+                res.add_path('./resources/', __file__)
+        """
+        base = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(base or self.base))
+        path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base, os.path.dirname(path)))
+        path += os.sep
+        if path in self.path:
+            self.path.remove(path)
+        if create and not os.path.isdir(path):
+            os.makedirs(path)
+        if index is None:
+            self.path.append(path)
+        else:
+            self.path.insert(index, path)
+        self.cache.clear()
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """ Iterate over all existing files in all registered paths. """
+        search = self.path[:]
+        while search:
+            path = search.pop()
+            if not os.path.isdir(path): continue
+            for name in os.listdir(path):
+                full = os.path.join(path, name)
+                if os.path.isdir(full): search.append(full)
+                else: yield full
+
+    def lookup(self, name):
+        """ Search for a resource and return an absolute file path, or `None`.
+
+            The :attr:`path` list is searched in order. The first match is
+            returned. Symlinks are followed. The result is cached to speed up
+            future lookups. """
+        if name not in self.cache or DEBUG:
+            for path in self.path:
+                fpath = os.path.join(path, name)
+                if os.path.isfile(fpath):
+                    if self.cachemode in ('all', 'found'):
+                        self.cache[name] = fpath
+                    return fpath
+            if self.cachemode == 'all':
+                self.cache[name] = None
+        return self.cache[name]
+
+    def open(self, name, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
+        """ Find a resource and return a file object, or raise IOError. """
+        fname = self.lookup(name)
+        if not fname: raise IOError("Resource %r not found." % name)
+        return self.opener(fname, mode=mode, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class FileUpload(object):
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, name, filename, headers=None):
+        """ Wrapper for a single file uploaded via ``multipart/form-data``. """
+        #: Open file(-like) object (BytesIO buffer or temporary file)
+        self.file = fileobj
+        #: Name of the upload form field
+        self.name = name
+        #: Raw filename as sent by the client (may contain unsafe characters)
+        self.raw_filename = filename
+        #: A :class:`HeaderDict` with additional headers (e.g. content-type)
+        self.headers = HeaderDict(headers) if headers else HeaderDict()
+
+    content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
+    content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int, default=-1)
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        """ Return the value of a header within the multipart part. """
+        return self.headers.get(name, default)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def filename(self):
+        """ Name of the file on the client file system, but normalized to ensure
+            file system compatibility. An empty filename is returned as 'empty'.
+
+            Only ASCII letters, digits, dashes, underscores and dots are
+            allowed in the final filename. Accents are removed, if possible.
+            Whitespace is replaced by a single dash. Leading or tailing dots
+            or dashes are removed. The filename is limited to 255 characters.
+        """
+        fname = self.raw_filename
+        fname = normalize('NFKD', fname)
+        fname = fname.encode('ASCII', 'ignore').decode('ASCII')
+        fname = os.path.basename(fname.replace('\\', os.path.sep))
+        fname = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9-_.\s]', '', fname).strip()
+        fname = re.sub(r'[-\s]+', '-', fname).strip('.-')
+        return fname[:255] or 'empty'
+
+    def _copy_file(self, fp, chunk_size=2 ** 16):
+        read, write, offset = self.file.read, fp.write, self.file.tell()
+        while 1:
+            buf = read(chunk_size)
+            if not buf: break
+            write(buf)
+        self.file.seek(offset)
+
+    def save(self, destination, overwrite=False, chunk_size=2 ** 16):
+        """ Save file to disk or copy its content to an open file(-like) object.
+            If *destination* is a directory, :attr:`filename` is added to the
+            path. Existing files are not overwritten by default (IOError).
+
+            :param destination: File path, directory or file(-like) object.
+            :param overwrite: If True, replace existing files. (default: False)
+            :param chunk_size: Bytes to read at a time. (default: 64kb)
+        """
+        if isinstance(destination, str):  # Except file-likes here
+            if os.path.isdir(destination):
+                destination = os.path.join(destination, self.filename)
+            if not overwrite and os.path.exists(destination):
+                raise IOError('File exists.')
+            with open(destination, 'wb') as fp:
+                self._copy_file(fp, chunk_size)
+        else:
+            self._copy_file(destination, chunk_size)
+
+###############################################################################
+# Application Helper ###########################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+def abort(code=500, text='Unknown Error.'):
+    """ Aborts execution and causes a HTTP error. """
+    raise HTTPError(code, text)
+
+
+def redirect(url, code=None):
+    """ Aborts execution and causes a 303 or 302 redirect, depending on
+        the HTTP protocol version. """
+    if not code:
+        code = 303 if request.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL') == "HTTP/1.1" else 302
+    res = response.copy(cls=HTTPResponse)
+    res.status = code
+    res.body = ""
+    res.set_header('Location', urljoin(request.url, url))
+    raise res
+
+
+def _rangeiter(fp, offset, limit, bufsize=1024 * 1024):
+    """ Yield chunks from a range in a file. """
+    fp.seek(offset)
+    while limit > 0:
+        part = fp.read(min(limit, bufsize))
+        if not part:
+            break
+        limit -= len(part)
+        yield part
+
+
+def static_file(filename, root,
+                mimetype=True,
+                download=False,
+                charset='UTF-8',
+                etag=None,
+                headers=None):
+    """ Open a file in a safe way and return an instance of :exc:`HTTPResponse`
+        that can be sent back to the client.
+
+        :param filename: Name or path of the file to send, relative to ``root``.
+        :param root: Root path for file lookups. Should be an absolute directory
+            path.
+        :param mimetype: Provide the content-type header (default: guess from
+            file extension)
+        :param download: If True, ask the browser to open a `Save as...` dialog
+            instead of opening the file with the associated program. You can
+            specify a custom filename as a string. If not specified, the
+            original filename is used (default: False).
+        :param charset: The charset for files with a ``text/*`` mime-type.
+            (default: UTF-8)
+        :param etag: Provide a pre-computed ETag header. If set to ``False``,
+            ETag handling is disabled. (default: auto-generate ETag header)
+        :param headers: Additional headers dict to add to the response.
+
+        While checking user input is always a good idea, this function provides
+        additional protection against malicious ``filename`` parameters from
+        breaking out of the ``root`` directory and leaking sensitive information
+        to an attacker.
+
+        Read-protected files or files outside of the ``root`` directory are
+        answered with ``403 Access Denied``. Missing files result in a
+        ``404 Not Found`` response. Conditional requests (``If-Modified-Since``,
+        ``If-None-Match``) are answered with ``304 Not Modified`` whenever
+        possible. ``HEAD`` and ``Range`` requests (used by download managers to
+        check or continue partial downloads) are also handled automatically.
+    """
+
+    root = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(root), '')
+    filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename.strip('/\\')))
+    headers = headers.copy() if headers else {}
+    getenv = request.environ.get
+
+    if not filename.startswith(root):
+        return HTTPError(403, "Access denied.")
+    if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.path.isfile(filename):
+        return HTTPError(404, "File does not exist.")
+    if not os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
+        return HTTPError(403, "You do not have permission to access this file.")
+
+    if mimetype is True:
+        name = download if isinstance(download, str) else filename
+        mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(name)
+        if encoding == 'gzip':
+            mimetype = 'application/gzip'
+        elif encoding: # e.g. bzip2 -> application/x-bzip2
+            mimetype = 'application/x-' + encoding
+
+    if charset and mimetype and 'charset=' not in mimetype \
+        and (mimetype[:5] == 'text/' or mimetype == 'application/javascript'):
+        mimetype += '; charset=%s' % charset
+
+    if mimetype:
+        headers['Content-Type'] = mimetype
+
+    if download is True:
+        download = os.path.basename(filename)
+
+    if download:
+        download = download.replace('"','')
+        headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % download
+
+    stats = os.stat(filename)
+    headers['Content-Length'] = clen = stats.st_size
+    headers['Last-Modified'] = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
+    headers['Date'] = email.utils.formatdate(time.time(), usegmt=True)
+
+    if etag is None:
+        etag = '%d:%d:%d:%d:%s' % (stats.st_dev, stats.st_ino, stats.st_mtime,
+                                   clen, filename)
+        etag = hashlib.sha1(tob(etag)).hexdigest()
+
+    if etag:
+        headers['ETag'] = etag
+        check = getenv('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH')
+        if check and check == etag:
+            return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers)
+
+    ims = getenv('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')
+    if ims:
+        ims = parse_date(ims.split(";")[0].strip())
+        if ims is not None and ims >= int(stats.st_mtime):
+            return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers)
+
+    body = '' if request.method == 'HEAD' else open(filename, 'rb')
+
+    headers["Accept-Ranges"] = "bytes"
+    range_header = getenv('HTTP_RANGE')
+    if range_header:
+        ranges = list(parse_range_header(range_header, clen))
+        if not ranges:
+            return HTTPError(416, "Requested Range Not Satisfiable")
+        offset, end = ranges[0]
+        rlen = end - offset
+        headers["Content-Range"] = "bytes %d-%d/%d" % (offset, end - 1, clen)
+        headers["Content-Length"] = str(rlen)
+        if body: body = _closeiter(_rangeiter(body, offset, rlen), body.close)
+        return HTTPResponse(body, status=206, **headers)
+    return HTTPResponse(body, **headers)
+
+###############################################################################
+# HTTP Utilities and MISC (TODO) ###############################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+def debug(mode=True):
+    """ Change the debug level.
+    There is only one debug level supported at the moment."""
+    global DEBUG
+    if mode: warnings.simplefilter('default')
+    DEBUG = bool(mode)
+
+
+def http_date(value):
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, datetime):
+        # aware datetime.datetime is converted to UTC time
+        # naive datetime.datetime is treated as UTC time
+        value = value.utctimetuple()
+    elif isinstance(value, datedate):
+        # datetime.date is naive, and is treated as UTC time
+        value = value.timetuple()
+    if not isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+        # convert struct_time in UTC to UNIX timestamp
+        value = calendar.timegm(value)
+    return email.utils.formatdate(value, usegmt=True)
+
+
+def parse_date(ims):
+    """ Parse rfc1123, rfc850 and asctime timestamps and return UTC epoch. """
+    try:
+        ts = email.utils.parsedate_tz(ims)
+        return calendar.timegm(ts[:8] + (0, )) - (ts[9] or 0)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError, IndexError, OverflowError):
+        return None
+
+
+def parse_auth(header):
+    """ Parse rfc2617 HTTP authentication header string (basic) and return (user,pass) tuple or None"""
+    try:
+        method, data = header.split(None, 1)
+        if method.lower() == 'basic':
+            user, pwd = touni(base64.b64decode(tob(data))).split(':', 1)
+            return user, pwd
+    except (KeyError, ValueError):
+        return None
+
+
+def parse_range_header(header, maxlen=0):
+    """ Yield (start, end) ranges parsed from a HTTP Range header. Skip
+        unsatisfiable ranges. The end index is non-inclusive."""
+    if not header or header[:6] != 'bytes=': return
+    ranges = [r.split('-', 1) for r in header[6:].split(',') if '-' in r]
+    for start, end in ranges:
+        try:
+            if not start:  # bytes=-100    -> last 100 bytes
+                start, end = max(0, maxlen - int(end)), maxlen
+            elif not end:  # bytes=100-    -> all but the first 99 bytes
+                start, end = int(start), maxlen
+            else:  # bytes=100-200 -> bytes 100-200 (inclusive)
+                start, end = int(start), min(int(end) + 1, maxlen)
+            if 0 <= start < end <= maxlen:
+                yield start, end
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+
+#: Header tokenizer used by _parse_http_header()
+_hsplit = re.compile('(?:(?:"((?:[^"\\\\]|\\\\.)*)")|([^;,=]+))([;,=]?)').findall
+
+def _parse_http_header(h):
+    """ Parses a typical multi-valued and parametrised HTTP header (e.g. Accept headers) and returns a list of values
+        and parameters. For non-standard or broken input, this implementation may return partial results.
+    :param h: A header string (e.g. ``text/html,text/plain;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8``)
+    :return: List of (value, params) tuples. The second element is a (possibly empty) dict.
+    """
+    values = []
+    if '"' not in h:  # INFO: Fast path without regexp (~2x faster)
+        for value in h.split(','):
+            parts = value.split(';')
+            values.append((parts[0].strip(), {}))
+            for attr in parts[1:]:
+                name, value = attr.split('=', 1)
+                values[-1][1][name.strip().lower()] = value.strip()
+    else:
+        lop, key, attrs = ',', None, {}
+        for quoted, plain, tok in _hsplit(h):
+            value = plain.strip() if plain else quoted.replace('\\"', '"')
+            if lop == ',':
+                attrs = {}
+                values.append((value, attrs))
+            elif lop == ';':
+                if tok == '=':
+                    key = value
+                else:
+                    attrs[value.strip().lower()] = ''
+            elif lop == '=' and key:
+                attrs[key.strip().lower()] = value
+                key = None
+            lop = tok
+    return values
+
+
+def _parse_qsl(qs, encoding="utf8"):
+    r = []
+    for pair in qs.split('&'):
+        if not pair: continue
+        nv = pair.split('=', 1)
+        if len(nv) != 2: nv.append('')
+        key = urlunquote(nv[0].replace('+', ' '), encoding)
+        value = urlunquote(nv[1].replace('+', ' '), encoding)
+        r.append((key, value))
+    return r
+
+
+def _lscmp(a, b):
+    """ Compares two strings in a cryptographically safe way:
+        Runtime is not affected by length of common prefix. """
+    return not sum(0 if x == y else 1
+                   for x, y in zip(a, b)) and len(a) == len(b)
+
+
+def cookie_encode(data, key, digestmod=None):
+    """ Encode and sign a pickle-able object. Return a (byte) string """
+    depr(0, 13, "cookie_encode() will be removed soon.",
+                "Do not use this API directly.")
+    digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256
+    msg = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data, -1))
+    sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest())
+    return b'!' + sig + b'?' + msg
+
+
+def cookie_decode(data, key, digestmod=None):
+    """ Verify and decode an encoded string. Return an object or None."""
+    depr(0, 13, "cookie_decode() will be removed soon.",
+                "Do not use this API directly.")
+    data = tob(data)
+    if cookie_is_encoded(data):
+        sig, msg = data.split(b'?', 1)
+        digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256
+        hashed = hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest()
+        if _lscmp(sig[1:], base64.b64encode(hashed)):
+            return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
+    return None
+
+
+def cookie_is_encoded(data):
+    """ Return True if the argument looks like a encoded cookie."""
+    depr(0, 13, "cookie_is_encoded() will be removed soon.",
+                "Do not use this API directly.")
+    return bool(data.startswith(b'!') and b'?' in data)
+
+
+def html_escape(string):
+    """ Escape HTML special characters ``&<>`` and quotes ``'"``. """
+    return string.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;')\
+                 .replace('"', '&quot;').replace("'", '&#039;')
+
+
+def html_quote(string):
+    """ Escape and quote a string to be used as an HTTP attribute."""
+    return '"%s"' % html_escape(string).replace('\n', '&#10;')\
+                    .replace('\r', '&#13;').replace('\t', '&#9;')
+
+
+def yieldroutes(func):
+    """ Return a generator for routes that match the signature (name, args)
+    of the func parameter. This may yield more than one route if the function
+    takes optional keyword arguments. The output is best described by example::
+
+        a()         -> '/a'
+        b(x, y)     -> '/b/<x>/<y>'
+        c(x, y=5)   -> '/c/<x>' and '/c/<x>/<y>'
+        d(x=5, y=6) -> '/d' and '/d/<x>' and '/d/<x>/<y>'
+    """
+    path = '/' + func.__name__.replace('__', '/').lstrip('/')
+    sig = inspect.signature(func, follow_wrapped=False)
+    for p in sig.parameters.values():
+        if p.kind == p.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid signature for yieldroutes: %s" % sig)
+        if p.kind in (p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, p.KEYWORD_ONLY):
+            if p.default != p.empty:
+                yield path  # Yield path without this (optional) parameter.
+            path += "/<%s>" % p.name
+    yield path
+
+
+def path_shift(script_name, path_info, shift=1):
+    """ Shift path fragments from PATH_INFO to SCRIPT_NAME and vice versa.
+
+        :return: The modified paths.
+        :param script_name: The SCRIPT_NAME path.
+        :param script_name: The PATH_INFO path.
+        :param shift: The number of path fragments to shift. May be negative to
+          change the shift direction. (default: 1)
+    """
+    if shift == 0: return script_name, path_info
+    pathlist = path_info.strip('/').split('/')
+    scriptlist = script_name.strip('/').split('/')
+    if pathlist and pathlist[0] == '': pathlist = []
+    if scriptlist and scriptlist[0] == '': scriptlist = []
+    if 0 < shift <= len(pathlist):
+        moved = pathlist[:shift]
+        scriptlist = scriptlist + moved
+        pathlist = pathlist[shift:]
+    elif 0 > shift >= -len(scriptlist):
+        moved = scriptlist[shift:]
+        pathlist = moved + pathlist
+        scriptlist = scriptlist[:shift]
+    else:
+        empty = 'SCRIPT_NAME' if shift < 0 else 'PATH_INFO'
+        raise AssertionError("Cannot shift. Nothing left from %s" % empty)
+    new_script_name = '/' + '/'.join(scriptlist)
+    new_path_info = '/' + '/'.join(pathlist)
+    if path_info.endswith('/') and pathlist: new_path_info += '/'
+    return new_script_name, new_path_info
+
+
+def auth_basic(check, realm="private", text="Access denied"):
+    """ Callback decorator to require HTTP auth (basic).
+        TODO: Add route(check_auth=...) parameter. """
+
+    def decorator(func):
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*a, **ka):
+            user, password = request.auth or (None, None)
+            if user is None or not check(user, password):
+                err = HTTPError(401, text)
+                err.add_header('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="%s"' % realm)
+                return err
+            return func(*a, **ka)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+# Shortcuts for common Bottle methods.
+# They all refer to the current default application.
+
+
+def make_default_app_wrapper(name):
+    """ Return a callable that relays calls to the current default app. """
+
+    @functools.wraps(getattr(Bottle, name))
+    def wrapper(*a, **ka):
+        return getattr(app(), name)(*a, **ka)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+route     = make_default_app_wrapper('route')
+get       = make_default_app_wrapper('get')
+post      = make_default_app_wrapper('post')
+put       = make_default_app_wrapper('put')
+delete    = make_default_app_wrapper('delete')
+patch     = make_default_app_wrapper('patch')
+error     = make_default_app_wrapper('error')
+mount     = make_default_app_wrapper('mount')
+hook      = make_default_app_wrapper('hook')
+install   = make_default_app_wrapper('install')
+uninstall = make_default_app_wrapper('uninstall')
+url       = make_default_app_wrapper('get_url')
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Multipart Handling ###########################################################
+###############################################################################
+# cgi.FieldStorage was deprecated in Python 3.11 and removed in 3.13
+# This implementation is based on https://github.com/defnull/multipart/
+
+
+class MultipartError(HTTPError):
+    def __init__(self, msg):
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, 400, "MultipartError: " + msg)
+
+
+class _MultipartParser(object):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream,
+        boundary,
+        content_length=-1,
+        disk_limit=2 ** 30,
+        mem_limit=2 ** 20,
+        memfile_limit=2 ** 18,
+        buffer_size=2 ** 16,
+        charset="latin1",
+    ):
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.boundary = boundary
+        self.content_length = content_length
+        self.disk_limit = disk_limit
+        self.memfile_limit = memfile_limit
+        self.mem_limit = min(mem_limit, self.disk_limit)
+        self.buffer_size = min(buffer_size, self.mem_limit)
+        self.charset = charset
+
+        if not boundary:
+            raise MultipartError("No boundary.")
+
+        if self.buffer_size - 6 < len(boundary):  # "--boundary--\r\n"
+            raise MultipartError("Boundary does not fit into buffer_size.")
+
+    def _lineiter(self):
+        """ Iterate over a binary file-like object (crlf terminated) line by
+            line. Each line is returned as a (line, crlf) tuple. Lines larger
+            than buffer_size are split into chunks where all but the last chunk
+            has an empty string instead of crlf. Maximum chunk size is twice the
+            buffer size.
+        """
+
+        read = self.stream.read
+        maxread, maxbuf = self.content_length, self.buffer_size
+        partial = b""  # Contains the last (partial) line
+
+        while True:
+            chunk = read(maxbuf if maxread < 0 else min(maxbuf, maxread))
+            maxread -= len(chunk)
+            if not chunk:
+                if partial:
+                    yield partial, b''
+                break
+
+            if partial:
+                chunk = partial + chunk
+
+            scanpos = 0
+            while True:
+                i = chunk.find(b'\r\n', scanpos)
+                if i >= 0:
+                    yield chunk[scanpos:i], b'\r\n'
+                    scanpos = i + 2
+                else: # CRLF not found
+                    partial = chunk[scanpos:] if scanpos else chunk
+                    break
+
+            if len(partial) > maxbuf:
+                yield partial[:-1], b""
+                partial = partial[-1:]
+
+    def parse(self):
+        """ Return a MultiPart iterator. Can only be called once. """
+
+        lines, line = self._lineiter(), ""
+        separator = b"--" + tob(self.boundary)
+        terminator = separator + b"--"
+        mem_used, disk_used = 0, 0  # Track used resources to prevent DoS
+        is_tail = False  # True if the last line was incomplete (cutted)
+
+        # Consume first boundary. Ignore any preamble, as required by RFC
+        # 2046, section 5.1.1.
+        for line, nl in lines:
+            if line in (separator, terminator):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise MultipartError("Stream does not contain boundary")
+
+        # First line is termainating boundary -> empty multipart stream
+        if line == terminator:
+            for _ in lines:
+                raise MultipartError("Found data after empty multipart stream")
+            return
+
+        part_options = {
+            "buffer_size": self.buffer_size,
+            "memfile_limit": self.memfile_limit,
+            "charset": self.charset,
+        }
+        part = _MultipartPart(**part_options)
+
+        for line, nl in lines:
+            if not is_tail and (line == separator or line == terminator):
+                part.finish()
+                if part.is_buffered():
+                    mem_used += part.size
+                else:
+                    disk_used += part.size
+                yield part
+                if line == terminator:
+                    break
+                part = _MultipartPart(**part_options)
+            else:
+                is_tail = not nl  # The next line continues this one
+                try:
+                    part.feed(line, nl)
+                    if part.is_buffered():
+                        if part.size + mem_used > self.mem_limit:
+                            raise MultipartError("Memory limit reached.")
+                    elif part.size + disk_used > self.disk_limit:
+                        raise MultipartError("Disk limit reached.")
+                except MultipartError:
+                    part.close()
+                    raise
+        else:
+            part.close()
+
+        if line != terminator:
+            raise MultipartError("Unexpected end of multipart stream.")
+
+
+class _MultipartPart(object):
+    def __init__(self, buffer_size=2 ** 16, memfile_limit=2 ** 18, charset="latin1"):
+        self.headerlist = []
+        self.headers = None
+        self.file = False
+        self.size = 0
+        self._buf = b""
+        self.disposition = None
+        self.name = None
+        self.filename = None
+        self.content_type = None
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.memfile_limit = memfile_limit
+        self.buffer_size = buffer_size
+
+    def feed(self, line, nl=""):
+        if self.file:
+            return self.write_body(line, nl)
+        return self.write_header(line, nl)
+
+    def write_header(self, line, nl):
+        line = str(line, self.charset)
+
+        if not nl:
+            raise MultipartError("Unexpected end of line in header.")
+
+        if not line.strip():  # blank line -> end of header segment
+            self.finish_header()
+        elif line[0] in " \t" and self.headerlist:
+            name, value = self.headerlist.pop()
+            self.headerlist.append((name, value + line.strip()))
+        else:
+            if ":" not in line:
+                raise MultipartError("Syntax error in header: No colon.")
+
+            name, value = line.split(":", 1)
+            self.headerlist.append((name.strip(), value.strip()))
+
+    def write_body(self, line, nl):
+        if not line and not nl:
+            return  # This does not even flush the buffer
+
+        self.size += len(line) + len(self._buf)
+        self.file.write(self._buf + line)
+        self._buf = nl
+
+        if self.content_length > 0 and self.size > self.content_length:
+            raise MultipartError("Size of body exceeds Content-Length header.")
+
+        if self.size > self.memfile_limit and isinstance(self.file, BytesIO):
+            self.file, old = NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+b"), self.file
+            old.seek(0)
+
+            copied, maxcopy, chunksize = 0, self.size, self.buffer_size
+            read, write = old.read, self.file.write
+            while copied < maxcopy:
+                chunk = read(min(chunksize, maxcopy - copied))
+                write(chunk)
+                copied += len(chunk)
+
+    def finish_header(self):
+        self.file = BytesIO()
+        self.headers = HeaderDict(self.headerlist)
+        content_disposition = self.headers.get("Content-Disposition")
+        content_type = self.headers.get("Content-Type")
+
+        if not content_disposition:
+            raise MultipartError("Content-Disposition header is missing.")
+
+        self.disposition, self.options = _parse_http_header(content_disposition)[0]
+        self.name = self.options.get("name")
+        if "filename" in self.options:
+            self.filename = self.options.get("filename")
+            if self.filename[1:3] == ":\\" or self.filename[:2] == "\\\\":
+                self.filename = self.filename.split("\\")[-1] # ie6 bug
+
+        self.content_type, options = _parse_http_header(content_type)[0] if content_type else (None, {})
+        self.charset = options.get("charset") or self.charset
+
+        self.content_length = int(self.headers.get("Content-Length", "-1"))
+
+    def finish(self):
+        if not self.file:
+            raise MultipartError("Incomplete part: Header section not closed.")
+        self.file.seek(0)
+
+    def is_buffered(self):
+        """ Return true if the data is fully buffered in memory."""
+        return isinstance(self.file, BytesIO)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        """ Data decoded with the specified charset """
+        return str(self.raw, self.charset)
+
+    @property
+    def raw(self):
+        """ Data without decoding """
+        pos = self.file.tell()
+        self.file.seek(0)
+
+        try:
+            return self.file.read()
+        finally:
+            self.file.seek(pos)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.file:
+            self.file.close()
+            self.file = False
+
+###############################################################################
+# Server Adapter ###############################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+# Before you edit or add a server adapter, please read:
+# - https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/pull/647#issuecomment-60152870
+# - https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/pull/865#issuecomment-242795341
+
+class ServerAdapter(object):
+    quiet = False
+
+    def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, **options):
+        self.options = options
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = int(port)
+
+    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def _listen_url(self):
+        if self.host.startswith("unix:"):
+            return self.host
+        elif ':' in self.host:
+            return "http://[%s]:%d/" % (self.host, self.port)
+        else:
+            return "http://%s:%d/" % (self.host, self.port)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        args = ', '.join('%s=%r' % kv for kv in self.options.items())
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args)
+
+
+class CGIServer(ServerAdapter):
+    quiet = True
+
+    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
+        from wsgiref.handlers import CGIHandler
+
+        def fixed_environ(environ, start_response):
+            environ.setdefault('PATH_INFO', '')
+            return handler(environ, start_response)
+
+        CGIHandler().run(fixed_environ)
+
+
+class FlupFCGIServer(ServerAdapter):
+    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
+        import flup.server.fcgi
+        self.options.setdefault('bindAddress', (self.host, self.port))
+        flup.server.fcgi.WSGIServer(handler, **self.options).run()
+
+
+class WSGIRefServer(ServerAdapter):
+    def run(self, app):  # pragma: no cover
+        from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
+        from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIRequestHandler, WSGIServer
+        import socket
+
+        class FixedHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
+            def log_message(other, format, *args):
+                if not self.quiet:
+                    return WSGIRequestHandler.log_message(other, format, *args)
+
+        handler_cls = self.options.get('handler_class', FixedHandler)
+        server_cls = self.options.get('server_class', WSGIServer)
+
+        if ':' in self.host:  # Fix wsgiref for IPv6 addresses.
+            if getattr(server_cls, 'address_family') == socket.AF_INET:
+
+                class server_cls(server_cls):
+                    address_family = socket.AF_INET6
+
+        self.srv = make_server(self.host, self.port, app, server_cls,
+                               handler_cls)
+        self.port = self.srv.server_port  # update port actual port (0 means random)
+        try:
+            self.srv.serve_forever()
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            self.srv.server_close()  # Prevent ResourceWarning: unclosed socket
+            raise
+
+
+class CherryPyServer(ServerAdapter):
+    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
+        depr(0, 13, "The wsgi server part of cherrypy was split into a new "
+                    "project called 'cheroot'.", "Use the 'cheroot' server "
+                    "adapter instead of cherrypy.")
+        from cherrypy import wsgiserver # This will fail for CherryPy >= 9
+
+        self.options['bind_addr'] = (self.host, self.port)
+        self.options['wsgi_app'] = handler
+
+        certfile = self.options.get('certfile')
+        if certfile:
+            del self.options['certfile']
+        keyfile = self.options.get('keyfile')
+        if keyfile:
+            del self.options['keyfile']
+
+        server = wsgiserver.CherryPyWSGIServer(**self.options)
+        if certfile:
+            server.ssl_certificate = certfile
+        if keyfile:
+            server.ssl_private_key = keyfile
+
+        try:
+            server.start()
+        finally:
+            server.stop()
+
+
+class CherootServer(ServerAdapter):
+    def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
+        from cheroot import wsgi
+        from cheroot.ssl import builtin
+        self.options['bind_addr'] = (self.host, self.port)
+        self.options['wsgi_app'] = handler
+        certfile = self.options.pop('certfile', None)
+        keyfile = self.options.pop('keyfile', None)
+        chainfile = self.options.pop('chainfile', None)
+        server = wsgi.Server(**self.options)
+        if certfile and keyfile:
+            server.ssl_adapter = builtin.BuiltinSSLAdapter(
+                    certfile, keyfile, chainfile)
+        try:
+            server.start()
+        finally:
+            server.stop()
+
+
+class WaitressServer(ServerAdapter):
+    def run(self, handler):
+        from waitress import serve
+        serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port, _quiet=self.quiet, **self.options)
+
+
+class PasteServer(ServerAdapter):
+    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
+        from paste import httpserver
+        from paste.translogger import TransLogger
+        handler = TransLogger(handler, setup_console_handler=(not self.quiet))
+        httpserver.serve(handler,
+                         host=self.host,
+                         port=str(self.port), **self.options)
+
+
+class MeinheldServer(ServerAdapter):
+    def run(self, handler):
+        from meinheld import server
+        server.listen((self.host, self.port))
+        server.run(handler)
+
+
+class FapwsServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Extremely fast webserver using libev. See https://github.com/william-os4y/fapws3 """
+
+    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
+        depr(0, 13, "fapws3 is not maintained and support will be dropped.")
+        import fapws._evwsgi as evwsgi
+        from fapws import base, config
+        port = self.port
+        if float(config.SERVER_IDENT[-2:]) > 0.4:
+            # fapws3 silently changed its API in 0.5
+            port = str(port)
+        evwsgi.start(self.host, port)
+        # fapws3 never releases the GIL. Complain upstream. I tried. No luck.
+        if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ and not self.quiet:
+            _stderr("WARNING: Auto-reloading does not work with Fapws3.")
+            _stderr("         (Fapws3 breaks python thread support)")
+        evwsgi.set_base_module(base)
+
+        def app(environ, start_response):
+            environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
+            return handler(environ, start_response)
+
+        evwsgi.wsgi_cb(('', app))
+        evwsgi.run()
+
+
+class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
+
+    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
+        import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
+        container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
+        server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
+        server.listen(port=self.port, address=self.host)
+        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
+
+
+class AppEngineServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Adapter for Google App Engine. """
+    quiet = True
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        depr(0, 13, "AppEngineServer no longer required",
+             "Configure your application directly in your app.yaml")
+        from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
+        # A main() function in the handler script enables 'App Caching'.
+        # Lets makes sure it is there. This _really_ improves performance.
+        module = sys.modules.get('__main__')
+        if module and not hasattr(module, 'main'):
+            module.main = lambda: util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
+        util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
+
+
+class TwistedServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Untested. """
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        from twisted.web import server, wsgi
+        from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
+        from twisted.internet import reactor
+        thread_pool = ThreadPool()
+        thread_pool.start()
+        reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('after', 'shutdown', thread_pool.stop)
+        factory = server.Site(wsgi.WSGIResource(reactor, thread_pool, handler))
+        reactor.listenTCP(self.port, factory, interface=self.host)
+        if not reactor.running:
+            reactor.run()
+
+
+class DieselServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Untested. """
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        depr(0, 13, "Diesel is not tested or supported and will be removed.")
+        from diesel.protocols.wsgi import WSGIApplication
+        app = WSGIApplication(handler, port=self.port)
+        app.run()
+
+
+class GeventServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Untested. Options:
+
+        * See gevent.wsgi.WSGIServer() documentation for more options.
+    """
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        from gevent import pywsgi, local
+        if not isinstance(threading.local(), local.local):
+            msg = "Bottle requires gevent.monkey.patch_all() (before import)"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+        if self.quiet:
+            self.options['log'] = None
+        address = (self.host, self.port)
+        server = pywsgi.WSGIServer(address, handler, **self.options)
+        if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ:
+            import signal
+            signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: server.stop())
+        server.serve_forever()
+
+
+class GunicornServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Untested. See http://gunicorn.org/configure.html for options. """
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        from gunicorn.app.base import BaseApplication
+
+        if self.host.startswith("unix:"):
+            config = {'bind': self.host}
+        else:
+            config = {'bind': "%s:%d" % (self.host, self.port)}
+
+        config.update(self.options)
+
+        class GunicornApplication(BaseApplication):
+            def load_config(self):
+                for key, value in config.items():
+                    self.cfg.set(key, value)
+
+            def load(self):
+                return handler
+
+        GunicornApplication().run()
+
+
+class EventletServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Untested. Options:
+
+        * `backlog` adjust the eventlet backlog parameter which is the maximum
+          number of queued connections. Should be at least 1; the maximum
+          value is system-dependent.
+        * `family`: (default is 2) socket family, optional. See socket
+          documentation for available families.
+    """
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        from eventlet import wsgi, listen, patcher
+        if not patcher.is_monkey_patched(os):
+            msg = "Bottle requires eventlet.monkey_patch() (before import)"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+        socket_args = {}
+        for arg in ('backlog', 'family'):
+            try:
+                socket_args[arg] = self.options.pop(arg)
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        address = (self.host, self.port)
+        try:
+            wsgi.server(listen(address, **socket_args), handler,
+                        log_output=(not self.quiet))
+        except TypeError:
+            # Fallback, if we have old version of eventlet
+            wsgi.server(listen(address), handler)
+
+
+class BjoernServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Fast server written in C: https://github.com/jonashaag/bjoern """
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        from bjoern import run
+        run(handler, self.host, self.port, reuse_port=True)
+
+class AsyncioServerAdapter(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Extend ServerAdapter for adding custom event loop """
+    def get_event_loop(self):
+        pass
+
+class AiohttpServer(AsyncioServerAdapter):
+    """ Asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio
+        https://pypi.python.org/pypi/aiohttp/
+        https://pypi.org/project/aiohttp-wsgi/
+    """
+
+    def get_event_loop(self):
+        import asyncio
+        return asyncio.new_event_loop()
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        import asyncio
+        from aiohttp_wsgi.wsgi import serve
+        self.loop = self.get_event_loop()
+        asyncio.set_event_loop(self.loop)
+
+        if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ:
+            import signal
+            signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: self.loop.stop())
+
+        serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port)
+
+
+class AiohttpUVLoopServer(AiohttpServer):
+    """uvloop
+       https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
+    """
+    def get_event_loop(self):
+        import uvloop
+        return uvloop.new_event_loop()
+
+class AutoServer(ServerAdapter):
+    """ Untested. """
+    adapters = [WaitressServer, PasteServer, TwistedServer, CherryPyServer,
+                CherootServer, WSGIRefServer]
+
+    def run(self, handler):
+        for sa in self.adapters:
+            try:
+                return sa(self.host, self.port, **self.options).run(handler)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+
+
+server_names = {
+    'cgi': CGIServer,
+    'flup': FlupFCGIServer,
+    'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,
+    'waitress': WaitressServer,
+    'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,
+    'cheroot': CherootServer,
+    'paste': PasteServer,
+    'fapws3': FapwsServer,
+    'tornado': TornadoServer,
+    'gae': AppEngineServer,
+    'twisted': TwistedServer,
+    'diesel': DieselServer,
+    'meinheld': MeinheldServer,
+    'gunicorn': GunicornServer,
+    'eventlet': EventletServer,
+    'gevent': GeventServer,
+    'bjoern': BjoernServer,
+    'aiohttp': AiohttpServer,
+    'uvloop': AiohttpUVLoopServer,
+    'auto': AutoServer,
+}
+
+###############################################################################
+# Application Control ##########################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+def load(target, **namespace):
+    """ Import a module or fetch an object from a module.
+
+        * ``package.module`` returns `module` as a module object.
+        * ``pack.mod:name`` returns the module variable `name` from `pack.mod`.
+        * ``pack.mod:func()`` calls `pack.mod.func()` and returns the result.
+
+        The last form accepts not only function calls, but any type of
+        expression. Keyword arguments passed to this function are available as
+        local variables. Example: ``import_string('re:compile(x)', x='[a-z]')``
+    """
+    module, target = target.split(":", 1) if ':' in target else (target, None)
+    if module not in sys.modules: __import__(module)
+    if not target: return sys.modules[module]
+    if target.isalnum(): return getattr(sys.modules[module], target)
+    package_name = module.split('.')[0]
+    namespace[package_name] = sys.modules[package_name]
+    return eval('%s.%s' % (module, target), namespace)
+
+
+def load_app(target):
+    """ Load a bottle application from a module and make sure that the import
+        does not affect the current default application, but returns a separate
+        application object. See :func:`load` for the target parameter. """
+    global NORUN
+    NORUN, nr_old = True, NORUN
+    tmp = default_app.push()  # Create a new "default application"
+    try:
+        rv = load(target)  # Import the target module
+        return rv if callable(rv) else tmp
+    finally:
+        default_app.remove(tmp)  # Remove the temporary added default application
+        NORUN = nr_old
+
+
+_debug = debug
+
+
+def run(app=None,
+        server='wsgiref',
+        host='127.0.0.1',
+        port=8080,
+        interval=1,
+        reloader=False,
+        quiet=False,
+        plugins=None,
+        debug=None,
+        config=None, **kargs):
+    """ Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates.
+
+        :param app: WSGI application or target string supported by
+               :func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`)
+        :param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys
+               for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass.
+               (default: `wsgiref`)
+        :param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on
+               all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1)
+        :param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root
+               privileges. (default: 8080)
+        :param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False)
+        :param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1)
+        :param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False)
+        :param options: Options passed to the server adapter.
+     """
+    if NORUN: return
+    if reloader and not os.environ.get('BOTTLE_CHILD'):
+        import subprocess
+        fd, lockfile = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='bottle.', suffix='.lock')
+        environ = os.environ.copy()
+        environ['BOTTLE_CHILD'] = 'true'
+        environ['BOTTLE_LOCKFILE'] = lockfile
+        args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
+        # If a package was loaded with `python -m`, then `sys.argv` needs to be
+        # restored to the original value, or imports might break. See #1336
+        if getattr(sys.modules.get('__main__'), '__package__', None):
+            args[1:1] = ["-m", sys.modules['__main__'].__package__]
+
+        try:
+            os.close(fd)  # We never write to this file
+            while os.path.exists(lockfile):
+                p = subprocess.Popen(args, env=environ)
+                while p.poll() is None:
+                    os.utime(lockfile, None)  # Tell child we are still alive
+                    time.sleep(interval)
+                if p.returncode == 3:  # Child wants to be restarted
+                    continue
+                sys.exit(p.returncode)
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            pass
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(lockfile):
+                os.unlink(lockfile)
+        return
+
+    try:
+        if debug is not None: _debug(debug)
+        app = app or default_app()
+        if isinstance(app, str):
+            app = load_app(app)
+        if not callable(app):
+            raise ValueError("Application is not callable: %r" % app)
+
+        for plugin in plugins or []:
+            if isinstance(plugin, str):
+                plugin = load(plugin)
+            app.install(plugin)
+
+        if config:
+            app.config.update(config)
+
+        if server in server_names:
+            server = server_names.get(server)
+        if isinstance(server, str):
+            server = load(server)
+        if isinstance(server, type):
+            server = server(host=host, port=port, **kargs)
+        if not isinstance(server, ServerAdapter):
+            raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported server: %r" % server)
+
+        server.quiet = server.quiet or quiet
+        if not server.quiet:
+            _stderr("Bottle v%s server starting up (using %s)..." %
+                    (__version__, repr(server)))
+            _stderr("Listening on %s" % server._listen_url)
+            _stderr("Hit Ctrl-C to quit.\n")
+
+        if reloader:
+            lockfile = os.environ.get('BOTTLE_LOCKFILE')
+            bgcheck = FileCheckerThread(lockfile, interval)
+            with bgcheck:
+                server.run(app)
+            if bgcheck.status == 'reload':
+                sys.exit(3)
+        else:
+            server.run(app)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
+    except (SystemExit, MemoryError):
+        raise
+    except:
+        if not reloader: raise
+        if not getattr(server, 'quiet', quiet):
+            print_exc()
+        time.sleep(interval)
+        sys.exit(3)
+
+
+class FileCheckerThread(threading.Thread):
+    """ Interrupt main-thread as soon as a changed module file is detected,
+        the lockfile gets deleted or gets too old. """
+
+    def __init__(self, lockfile, interval):
+        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
+        self.daemon = True
+        self.lockfile, self.interval = lockfile, interval
+        #: Is one of 'reload', 'error' or 'exit'
+        self.status = None
+
+    def run(self):
+        exists = os.path.exists
+        mtime = lambda p: os.stat(p).st_mtime
+        files = dict()
+
+        for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
+            path = getattr(module, '__file__', '') or ''
+            if path[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'): path = path[:-1]
+            if path and exists(path): files[path] = mtime(path)
+
+        while not self.status:
+            if not exists(self.lockfile)\
+            or mtime(self.lockfile) < time.time() - self.interval - 5:
+                self.status = 'error'
+                thread.interrupt_main()
+            for path, lmtime in list(files.items()):
+                if not exists(path) or mtime(path) > lmtime:
+                    self.status = 'reload'
+                    thread.interrupt_main()
+                    break
+            time.sleep(self.interval)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.start()
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, *_):
+        if not self.status: self.status = 'exit'  # silent exit
+        self.join()
+        return exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, KeyboardInterrupt)
+
+###############################################################################
+# Template Adapters ############################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+
+class TemplateError(BottleException):
+    pass
+
+
+class BaseTemplate(object):
+    """ Base class and minimal API for template adapters """
+    extensions = ['tpl', 'html', 'thtml', 'stpl']
+    settings = {}  # used in prepare()
+    defaults = {}  # used in render()
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 source=None,
+                 name=None,
+                 lookup=None,
+                 encoding='utf8', **settings):
+        """ Create a new template.
+        If the source parameter (str or buffer) is missing, the name argument
+        is used to guess a template filename. Subclasses can assume that
+        self.source and/or self.filename are set. Both are strings.
+        The lookup, encoding and settings parameters are stored as instance
+        variables.
+        The lookup parameter stores a list containing directory paths.
+        The encoding parameter should be used to decode byte strings or files.
+        The settings parameter contains a dict for engine-specific settings.
+        """
+        self.name = name
+        self.source = source.read() if hasattr(source, 'read') else source
+        self.filename = source.filename if hasattr(source, 'filename') else None
+        self.lookup = [os.path.abspath(x) for x in lookup] if lookup else []
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.settings = self.settings.copy()  # Copy from class variable
+        self.settings.update(settings)  # Apply
+        if not self.source and self.name:
+            self.filename = self.search(self.name, self.lookup)
+            if not self.filename:
+                raise TemplateError('Template %s not found.' % repr(name))
+        if not self.source and not self.filename:
+            raise TemplateError('No template specified.')
+        self.prepare(**self.settings)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def search(cls, name, lookup=None):
+        """ Search name in all directories specified in lookup.
+        First without, then with common extensions. Return first hit. """
+        if not lookup:
+            raise depr(0, 12, "Empty template lookup path.", "Configure a template lookup path.")
+
+        if os.path.isabs(name):
+            raise depr(0, 12, "Use of absolute path for template name.",
+                       "Refer to templates with names or paths relative to the lookup path.")
+
+        for spath in lookup:
+            spath = os.path.abspath(spath) + os.sep
+            fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(spath, name))
+            if not fname.startswith(spath): continue
+            if os.path.isfile(fname): return fname
+            for ext in cls.extensions:
+                if os.path.isfile('%s.%s' % (fname, ext)):
+                    return '%s.%s' % (fname, ext)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def global_config(cls, key, *args):
+        """ This reads or sets the global settings stored in class.settings. """
+        if args:
+            cls.settings = cls.settings.copy()  # Make settings local to class
+            cls.settings[key] = args[0]
+        else:
+            return cls.settings[key]
+
+    def prepare(self, **options):
+        """ Run preparations (parsing, caching, ...).
+        It should be possible to call this again to refresh a template or to
+        update settings.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ Render the template with the specified local variables and return
+        a single byte or unicode string. If it is a byte string, the encoding
+        must match self.encoding. This method must be thread-safe!
+        Local variables may be provided in dictionaries (args)
+        or directly, as keywords (kwargs).
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class MakoTemplate(BaseTemplate):
+    def prepare(self, **options):
+        from mako.template import Template
+        from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup
+        options.update({'input_encoding': self.encoding})
+        options.setdefault('format_exceptions', bool(DEBUG))
+        lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.lookup, **options)
+        if self.source:
+            self.tpl = Template(self.source, lookup=lookup, **options)
+        else:
+            self.tpl = Template(uri=self.name,
+                                filename=self.filename,
+                                lookup=lookup, **options)
+
+    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        for dictarg in args:
+            kwargs.update(dictarg)
+        _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
+        _defaults.update(kwargs)
+        return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
+
+
+class CheetahTemplate(BaseTemplate):
+    def prepare(self, **options):
+        from Cheetah.Template import Template
+        self.context = threading.local()
+        self.context.vars = {}
+        options['searchList'] = [self.context.vars]
+        if self.source:
+            self.tpl = Template(source=self.source, **options)
+        else:
+            self.tpl = Template(file=self.filename, **options)
+
+    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        for dictarg in args:
+            kwargs.update(dictarg)
+        self.context.vars.update(self.defaults)
+        self.context.vars.update(kwargs)
+        out = str(self.tpl)
+        self.context.vars.clear()
+        return out
+
+
+class Jinja2Template(BaseTemplate):
+    def prepare(self, filters=None, tests=None, globals={}, **kwargs):
+        from jinja2 import Environment, FunctionLoader
+        self.env = Environment(loader=FunctionLoader(self.loader), **kwargs)
+        if filters: self.env.filters.update(filters)
+        if tests: self.env.tests.update(tests)
+        if globals: self.env.globals.update(globals)
+        if self.source:
+            self.tpl = self.env.from_string(self.source)
+        else:
+            self.tpl = self.env.get_template(self.name)
+
+    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        for dictarg in args:
+            kwargs.update(dictarg)
+        _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
+        _defaults.update(kwargs)
+        return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
+
+    def loader(self, name):
+        if name == self.filename:
+            fname = name
+        else:
+            fname = self.search(name, self.lookup)
+        if not fname: return
+        with open(fname, "rb") as f:
+            return (f.read().decode(self.encoding), fname, lambda: False)
+
+
+class SimpleTemplate(BaseTemplate):
+    def prepare(self,
+                escape_func=html_escape,
+                noescape=False,
+                syntax=None, **ka):
+        self.cache = {}
+        enc = self.encoding
+        self._str = lambda x: touni(x, enc)
+        self._escape = lambda x: escape_func(touni(x, enc))
+        self.syntax = syntax
+        if noescape:
+            self._str, self._escape = self._escape, self._str
+
+    @cached_property
+    def co(self):
+        return compile(self.code, self.filename or '<string>', 'exec')
+
+    @cached_property
+    def code(self):
+        source = self.source
+        if not source:
+            with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
+                source = f.read()
+        try:
+            source, encoding = touni(source), 'utf8'
+        except UnicodeError:
+            raise depr(0, 11, 'Unsupported template encodings.', 'Use utf-8 for templates.')
+        parser = StplParser(source, encoding=encoding, syntax=self.syntax)
+        code = parser.translate()
+        self.encoding = parser.encoding
+        return code
+
+    def _rebase(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
+        _env['_rebase'] = (_name, kwargs)
+
+    def _include(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
+        env = _env.copy()
+        env.update(kwargs)
+        if _name not in self.cache:
+            self.cache[_name] = self.__class__(name=_name, lookup=self.lookup, syntax=self.syntax)
+        return self.cache[_name].execute(env['_stdout'], env)
+
+    def execute(self, _stdout, kwargs):
+        env = self.defaults.copy()
+        env.update(kwargs)
+        env.update({
+            '_stdout': _stdout,
+            '_printlist': _stdout.extend,
+            'include': functools.partial(self._include, env),
+            'rebase': functools.partial(self._rebase, env),
+            '_rebase': None,
+            '_str': self._str,
+            '_escape': self._escape,
+            'get': env.get,
+            'setdefault': env.setdefault,
+            'defined': env.__contains__
+        })
+        exec(self.co, env)
+        if env.get('_rebase'):
+            subtpl, rargs = env.pop('_rebase')
+            rargs['base'] = ''.join(_stdout)  # copy stdout
+            del _stdout[:]  # clear stdout
+            return self._include(env, subtpl, **rargs)
+        return env
+
+    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ Render the template using keyword arguments as local variables. """
+        env = {}
+        stdout = []
+        for dictarg in args:
+            env.update(dictarg)
+        env.update(kwargs)
+        self.execute(stdout, env)
+        return ''.join(stdout)
+
+
+class StplSyntaxError(TemplateError):
+    pass
+
+
+class StplParser(object):
+    """ Parser for stpl templates. """
+    _re_cache = {}  #: Cache for compiled re patterns
+
+    # This huge pile of voodoo magic splits python code into 8 different tokens.
+    # We use the verbose (?x) regex mode to make this more manageable
+
+    _re_tok = r'''(
+        [urbURB]*
+        (?:  ''(?!')
+            |""(?!")
+            |'{6}
+            |"{6}
+            |'(?:[^\\']|\\.)+?'
+            |"(?:[^\\"]|\\.)+?"
+            |'{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?'{3}
+            |"{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?"{3}
+        )
+    )'''
+
+    _re_inl = _re_tok.replace(r'|\n', '')  # We re-use this string pattern later
+
+    _re_tok += r'''
+        # 2: Comments (until end of line, but not the newline itself)
+        |(\#.*)
+
+        # 3: Open and close (4) grouping tokens
+        |([\[\{\(])
+        |([\]\}\)])
+
+        # 5,6: Keywords that start or continue a python block (only start of line)
+        |^([\ \t]*(?:if|for|while|with|try|def|class)\b)
+        |^([\ \t]*(?:elif|else|except|finally)\b)
+
+        # 7: Our special 'end' keyword (but only if it stands alone)
+        |((?:^|;)[\ \t]*end[\ \t]*(?=(?:%(block_close)s[\ \t]*)?\r?$|;|\#))
+
+        # 8: A customizable end-of-code-block template token (only end of line)
+        |(%(block_close)s[\ \t]*(?=\r?$))
+
+        # 9: And finally, a single newline. The 10th token is 'everything else'
+        |(\r?\n)
+    '''
+
+    # Match the start tokens of code areas in a template
+    _re_split = r'''(?m)^[ \t]*(\\?)((%(line_start)s)|(%(block_start)s))'''
+    # Match inline statements (may contain python strings)
+    _re_inl = r'''%%(inline_start)s((?:%s|[^'"\n])*?)%%(inline_end)s''' % _re_inl
+
+    # add the flag in front of the regexp to avoid Deprecation warning (see Issue #949)
+    # verbose and dot-matches-newline mode
+    _re_tok = '(?mx)' + _re_tok
+    _re_inl = '(?mx)' + _re_inl
+
+
+    default_syntax = '<% %> % {{ }}'
+
+    def __init__(self, source, syntax=None, encoding='utf8'):
+        self.source, self.encoding = touni(source, encoding), encoding
+        self.set_syntax(syntax or self.default_syntax)
+        self.code_buffer, self.text_buffer = [], []
+        self.lineno, self.offset = 1, 0
+        self.indent, self.indent_mod = 0, 0
+        self.paren_depth = 0
+
+    def get_syntax(self):
+        """ Tokens as a space separated string (default: <% %> % {{ }}) """
+        return self._syntax
+
+    def set_syntax(self, syntax):
+        self._syntax = syntax
+        self._tokens = syntax.split()
+        if syntax not in self._re_cache:
+            names = 'block_start block_close line_start inline_start inline_end'
+            etokens = map(re.escape, self._tokens)
+            pattern_vars = dict(zip(names.split(), etokens))
+            patterns = (self._re_split, self._re_tok, self._re_inl)
+            patterns = [re.compile(p % pattern_vars) for p in patterns]
+            self._re_cache[syntax] = patterns
+        self.re_split, self.re_tok, self.re_inl = self._re_cache[syntax]
+
+    syntax = property(get_syntax, set_syntax)
+
+    def translate(self):
+        if self.offset: raise RuntimeError('Parser is a one time instance.')
+        while True:
+            m = self.re_split.search(self.source, pos=self.offset)
+            if m:
+                text = self.source[self.offset:m.start()]
+                self.text_buffer.append(text)
+                self.offset = m.end()
+                if m.group(1):  # Escape syntax
+                    line, sep, _ = self.source[self.offset:].partition('\n')
+                    self.text_buffer.append(self.source[m.start():m.start(1)] +
+                                            m.group(2) + line + sep)
+                    self.offset += len(line + sep)
+                    continue
+                self.flush_text()
+                self.offset += self.read_code(self.source[self.offset:],
+                                              multiline=bool(m.group(4)))
+            else:
+                break
+        self.text_buffer.append(self.source[self.offset:])
+        self.flush_text()
+        return ''.join(self.code_buffer)
+
+    def read_code(self, pysource, multiline):
+        code_line, comment = '', ''
+        offset = 0
+        while True:
+            m = self.re_tok.search(pysource, pos=offset)
+            if not m:
+                code_line += pysource[offset:]
+                offset = len(pysource)
+                self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
+                break
+            code_line += pysource[offset:m.start()]
+            offset = m.end()
+            _str, _com, _po, _pc, _blk1, _blk2, _end, _cend, _nl = m.groups()
+            if self.paren_depth > 0 and (_blk1 or _blk2):  # a if b else c
+                code_line += _blk1 or _blk2
+                continue
+            if _str:  # Python string
+                code_line += _str
+            elif _com:  # Python comment (up to EOL)
+                comment = _com
+                if multiline and _com.strip().endswith(self._tokens[1]):
+                    multiline = False  # Allow end-of-block in comments
+            elif _po:  # open parenthesis
+                self.paren_depth += 1
+                code_line += _po
+            elif _pc:  # close parenthesis
+                if self.paren_depth > 0:
+                    # we could check for matching parentheses here, but it's
+                    # easier to leave that to python - just check counts
+                    self.paren_depth -= 1
+                code_line += _pc
+            elif _blk1:  # Start-block keyword (if/for/while/def/try/...)
+                code_line = _blk1
+                self.indent += 1
+                self.indent_mod -= 1
+            elif _blk2:  # Continue-block keyword (else/elif/except/...)
+                code_line = _blk2
+                self.indent_mod -= 1
+            elif _cend:  # The end-code-block template token (usually '%>')
+                if multiline: multiline = False
+                else: code_line += _cend
+            elif _end:
+                self.indent -= 1
+                self.indent_mod += 1
+            else:  # \n
+                self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
+                self.lineno += 1
+                code_line, comment, self.indent_mod = '', '', 0
+                if not multiline:
+                    break
+
+        return offset
+
+    def flush_text(self):
+        text = ''.join(self.text_buffer)
+        del self.text_buffer[:]
+        if not text: return
+        parts, pos, nl = [], 0, '\\\n' + '  ' * self.indent
+        for m in self.re_inl.finditer(text):
+            prefix, pos = text[pos:m.start()], m.end()
+            if prefix:
+                parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, prefix.splitlines(True))))
+            if prefix.endswith('\n'): parts[-1] += nl
+            parts.append(self.process_inline(m.group(1).strip()))
+        if pos < len(text):
+            prefix = text[pos:]
+            lines = prefix.splitlines(True)
+            if lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-3]
+            elif lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\r\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-4]
+            parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, lines)))
+        code = '_printlist((%s,))' % ', '.join(parts)
+        self.lineno += code.count('\n') + 1
+        self.write_code(code)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def process_inline(chunk):
+        if chunk[0] == '!': return '_str(%s)' % chunk[1:]
+        return '_escape(%s)' % chunk
+
+    def write_code(self, line, comment=''):
+        code = '  ' * (self.indent + self.indent_mod)
+        code += line.lstrip() + comment + '\n'
+        self.code_buffer.append(code)
+
+
+def template(*args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Get a rendered template as a string iterator.
+    You can use a name, a filename or a template string as first parameter.
+    Template rendering arguments can be passed as dictionaries
+    or directly (as keyword arguments).
+    """
+    tpl = args[0] if args else None
+    for dictarg in args[1:]:
+        kwargs.update(dictarg)
+    adapter = kwargs.pop('template_adapter', SimpleTemplate)
+    lookup = kwargs.pop('template_lookup', TEMPLATE_PATH)
+    tplid = (id(lookup), tpl)
+    if tplid not in TEMPLATES or DEBUG:
+        settings = kwargs.pop('template_settings', {})
+        if isinstance(tpl, adapter):
+            TEMPLATES[tplid] = tpl
+            if settings: TEMPLATES[tplid].prepare(**settings)
+        elif "\n" in tpl or "{" in tpl or "%" in tpl or '$' in tpl:
+            TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(source=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
+        else:
+            TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(name=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
+    if not TEMPLATES[tplid]:
+        abort(500, 'Template (%s) not found' % tpl)
+    return TEMPLATES[tplid].render(kwargs)
+
+
+mako_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
+cheetah_template = functools.partial(template,
+                                     template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
+jinja2_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
+
+
+def view(tpl_name, **defaults):
+    """ Decorator: renders a template for a handler.
+        The handler can control its behavior like that:
+
+          - return a dict of template vars to fill out the template
+          - return something other than a dict and the view decorator will not
+            process the template, but return the handler result as is.
+            This includes returning a HTTPResponse(dict) to get,
+            for instance, JSON with autojson or other castfilters.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(func):
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+            if isinstance(result, (dict, DictMixin)):
+                tplvars = defaults.copy()
+                tplvars.update(result)
+                return template(tpl_name, **tplvars)
+            elif result is None:
+                return template(tpl_name, **defaults)
+            return result
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+mako_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
+cheetah_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
+jinja2_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
+
+###############################################################################
+# Constants and Globals ########################################################
+###############################################################################
+
+TEMPLATE_PATH = ['./', './views/']
+TEMPLATES = {}
+DEBUG = False
+NORUN = False  # If set, run() does nothing. Used by load_app()
+
+#: A dict to map HTTP status codes (e.g. 404) to phrases (e.g. 'Not Found')
+HTTP_CODES = httplib.responses.copy()
+HTTP_CODES[418] = "I'm a teapot"  # RFC 2324
+HTTP_CODES[428] = "Precondition Required"
+HTTP_CODES[429] = "Too Many Requests"
+HTTP_CODES[431] = "Request Header Fields Too Large"
+HTTP_CODES[451] = "Unavailable For Legal Reasons" # RFC 7725
+HTTP_CODES[511] = "Network Authentication Required"
+_HTTP_STATUS_LINES = dict((k, '%d %s' % (k, v))
+                          for (k, v) in HTTP_CODES.items())
+
+#: The default template used for error pages. Override with @error()
+ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """
+%%try:
+    %%from %s import DEBUG, request
+    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
+    <html>
+        <head>
+            <title>Error: {{e.status}}</title>
+            <style type="text/css">
+              html {background-color: #eee; font-family: sans-serif;}
+              body {background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #ddd;
+                    padding: 15px; margin: 15px;}
+              pre {background-color: #eee; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 5px;}
+            </style>
+        </head>
+        <body>
+            <h1>Error: {{e.status}}</h1>
+            <p>Sorry, the requested URL <tt>{{repr(request.url)}}</tt>
+               caused an error:</p>
+            <pre>{{e.body}}</pre>
+            %%if DEBUG and e.exception:
+              <h2>Exception:</h2>
+              %%try:
+                %%exc = repr(e.exception)
+              %%except:
+                %%exc = '<unprintable %%s object>' %% type(e.exception).__name__
+              %%end
+              <pre>{{exc}}</pre>
+            %%end
+            %%if DEBUG and e.traceback:
+              <h2>Traceback:</h2>
+              <pre>{{e.traceback}}</pre>
+            %%end
+        </body>
+    </html>
+%%except ImportError:
+    <b>ImportError:</b> Could not generate the error page. Please add bottle to
+    the import path.
+%%end
+""" % __name__
+
+#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalRequest`. If accessed from within a
+#: request callback, this instance always refers to the *current* request
+#: (even on a multi-threaded server).
+request = LocalRequest()
+
+#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalResponse`. It is used to change the
+#: HTTP response for the *current* request.
+response = LocalResponse()
+
+#: A thread-safe namespace. Not used by Bottle.
+local = threading.local()
+
+# Initialize app stack (create first empty Bottle app now deferred until needed)
+# BC: 0.6.4 and needed for run()
+apps = app = default_app = AppStack()
+
+#: A virtual package that redirects import statements.
+#: Example: ``import bottle.ext.sqlite`` actually imports `bottle_sqlite`.
+ext = _ImportRedirect('bottle.ext' if __name__ == '__main__' else
+                      __name__ + ".ext", 'bottle_%s').module
+
+
+def _main(argv):  # pragma: no coverage
+    args, parser = _cli_parse(argv)
+
+    def _cli_error(cli_msg):
+        parser.print_help()
+        _stderr('\nError: %s\n' % cli_msg)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    if args.version:
+        print(__version__)
+        sys.exit(0)
+    if not args.app:
+        _cli_error("No application entry point specified.")
+
+    sys.path.insert(0, '.')
+    sys.modules.setdefault('bottle', sys.modules['__main__'])
+
+    host, port = (args.bind or 'localhost'), 8080
+    if ':' in host and host.rfind(']') < host.rfind(':'):
+        host, port = host.rsplit(':', 1)
+    host = host.strip('[]')
+
+    config = ConfigDict()
+
+    for cfile in args.conf or []:
+        try:
+            if cfile.endswith('.json'):
+                with open(cfile, 'rb') as fp:
+                    config.load_dict(json_loads(fp.read()))
+            else:
+                config.load_config(cfile)
+        except configparser.Error as parse_error:
+            _cli_error(parse_error)
+        except IOError:
+            _cli_error("Unable to read config file %r" % cfile)
+        except (UnicodeError, TypeError, ValueError) as error:
+            _cli_error("Unable to parse config file %r: %s" % (cfile, error))
+
+    for cval in args.param or []:
+        if '=' in cval:
+            config.update((cval.split('=', 1),))
+        else:
+            config[cval] = True
+
+    run(args.app,
+        host=host,
+        port=int(port),
+        server=args.server,
+        reloader=args.reload,
+        plugins=args.plugin,
+        debug=args.debug,
+        config=config)
+
+
+def main():
+    _main(sys.argv)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':  # pragma: no coverage
+    main()